GEOGRAPHY

WEATHER
What is weather?
Weather is the condition of the atmosphere of a place at a given time. Weather can be viewed as
the mix of atmospheric elements over an area at a given time of period of time. Weather is
different in different parts of the world and changes over minutes, hours, days, and even years.
The air surrounding the earth forms the atmosphere.

Elements of Weather and Their Measurement

The various components that make up the weather are called the elements of weather. They
include:
1. Sunshine: This is the amount of sunlight that reaches a region
2. Temperature: This is the coldness or hotness of the atmosphere around a region
3. Wind: This is the magnitude or measure of the moving air around a region
4. Humidity: This is the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere around a region
5. Cloud cover: This is the visible mass of floating water body in the atmosphere above a
region
6. Precipitation: Water that falls back to the earth in from of rain, ice or dew
The instrument for measuring the elements of weather

Sunshine is measured with a Weather temperature is recorded Rainfall or amount of precipitation is

sunshine recorder. with a maximum and minimum measured with a rain gauge
thermometer.
 Humidity is measured using a The cloud cover over a region is Wind velocity is measured using the
hygrometer measured using cloud mirror anemometer

Types of Weather

Different Climate Regions and

Seasons
A season is a period of the year that is
distinguished by special weather
elements like sunshine, precipitation,
temperature, humidity, wind, etc.
1. The polar regions: these regions
cover from the arctic/Antarctic
circles to the poles. They
experience one season
commonly called Winter.
2. The temperate regions: These regions go from the Arctic circle to the tropic of cancer, and
the Antarctic circle to the tropic of Capricorn. They experience four (4) seasons namely:
Summer, Spring, Autumn, Winter.
3. The tropical regions: These regions cover from the tropic of cancer in the Northern
hemisphere to the tropic of capricorn in the Southern hemisphere, passing through the
equator. They experience two (2) seasons, namely: dry season and wet/rainy season.
 Question Bank (Week 1)
Multiple Choice Questions
1. One of the following instruments is not associated with the measurement of weather
elements.
A. Anemometer
B. Sunshine recorder
C. Maximum and minimum thermometer
D. Rain vane
E. hygrometer
2. Temperate climate regions experience four major seasons, namely
A. Sunny, cloudy, winter and autumn
B. Summer, spring, winter, dry
C. Summer, spring, winter and autumn
D. Winter, harmattan, autumn, spring
E. Cold, warm, dry, and rainy
3. Weather is defined as ____________
A. The condition of the atmosphere of a place at a given time
B. The condition of the atmosphere of a place over a long period of time
C. The condition of the climate of a place at a given year
D. The dryness or wetness of a place over a period of time
E. All of the above
4. What instrument can we use to measure the daily maximum and minimum temperature of
a place?
A. Maximum and minimum temperate meter
B. Maximum and minimum thermometer
C. Temperature sensor
D. Maximum and minimum anemometer
E. None of the above
5. One of the following is not a latitude on the earth surface
A. Tropic of Cancer
B. Tropic of Capricorn
C. Arctic circle
D. Antarctic circle
E. Circle of Longitude
 Subjective Tests
1. _____________________ is used to measure the wind velocity of a region, while
_____________________ is used to measure the humidity of the region
2. Identify each of the weather instruments below

_____________________________ ____________________________
3. Four elements of weather are (i).__________________ (ii)______________________
(iii)_______________________ (iv)_______________________________

THEORY TESTS
1. (a). what is weather?
__________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

(b). List two elements of weather and the instrument used to measure each of them
Element of weather Measurement instrument
i.
ii.

2. (a). What is the difference between weather and season?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

3. (b). List two climate regions and the seasons associated with them
 Climate region Associated season(s)
i.
ii.
 GEOGRAPHY
NATURAL RESOURCES (RAW MATERIALS)
Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson, the pupil will be able to:
1. Explain natural resources are
2. List 4 examples of agro-allied natural resources
3. List 4 examples of mineral natural resources
4. Identify some raw materials and states of Nigeria where they are found
Definition
Raw materials are things in their natural forms which man can change to make other useful
products. That is the basic materials from which products are made.
Examples of Raw Materials
Agro-allied Resources: These are materials produced as a result of agricultural processes like
planting of crops and rearing of animals. Examples include: cocoa, coffee, cotton, palm kernel,
cassava, groundnut, fruits, etc
Mineral Resources: They can be gases, liquids or gases. These are materials dug out from the soil
or from water. They are usually in their crude form before they are refined into useful economic
materials. Examples are limestone, gold, bauxite, coal, aluminium, crude oil, etc.
Solid minerals are gotten through mining, e.g. Gold, diamond, tin.
Liquid minerals are gotten through exploration either offshore or onshore, by drilling e.g. Crude
oil
Some Places in Nigeria where Some Raw Materials are Found
Agricultural Raw Materials
1. Cocoa – Edo, Kwara, Ondo, Ogun, Osun, Oyo States
2. Coffee – Kwara, Bauchi, Osun States.
3. Cotton – Katsina, Kano, Niger, Kwara, Sokoto States
4. Groundnut – Ebonyi, Katsina, Sokoto, Kano, Niger States
5. Kola nut – Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Kwara States
6. Oil palm – Akwa Ibom, Imo, Anambra, Oyo, Aba States
7. Plantain – Ogun, Oyo, Osun.
8. Rubber – Delta, Cross River, Ogun, Edo States.
9. Sugarcane – Sokoto.
10.Timber – Edo, Ogun, Delta States
Mineral Raw Materials
1. Bitumen – Lagos, Edo, Ondo States
2. Coal – Ondo, Enugu States
3. Oil and gas – Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Delta, Rivers State
4. Gold – Edo, Ebonyi, Kaduna, Oyo States
5. Iron ore – Benue, Anambra, Kogi, Kwara States
6. Lead and zinc – Ebonyi, Benue, Ogoja, Kano States
7. Salt – Akwa Ibom, Abia, Ebonyi, Cross River States
8. Tin – Jos, Bauchi States
 Question Bank (Week 2)
Multiple Choice Questions
6. Raw materials are ____________
A. Raw finished products used mainly at home
B. Materials that have been refined, and ready for use
C. Materials in their natural form which man can change to make useful products
D. Polished materials that have domestic values
E. All of the above
7. Resources that are gotten from agricultural processes and agriculture-related activities are
called ____________
A. Agricultural solid mineral resources
B. Agro-allied liquids resources
C. Agro-allied resources
D. Mineral resources
E. None of the above
8. Which of the following is not an example of mineral raw materials?
A. Iron ore
B. Crude oil
C. Bauxite
D. Cocoa
E. Coal
9. Two states of Nigeria where tin is found in commercial quantity are
A. Rivers and Akwa Ibom States
B. Kogi and Bayelsa States
C. Plateau and Bauchi States
D. Rivers and Delta States
E. None of the above
 Subjective Tests
4. _____________________ is a kind of natural resources that can be gotten from
underneath the soil or from water
5. Four agricultural raw materials found in Nigeria are: (i)_____________________,
(ii)___________________, (iii)____________________ (iv)___________________
6. Four mineral resources found in Nigeria are: (i)___________________,
(ii)___________________, (iii)______________________, (iv)__________________

THEORY TESTS
4. (a). What are raw materials?
__________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

(b). List two states where each of the mineral resources in the table is found
Mineral Resource States
i. Coal (i)
(ii)
ii. Crude oil (i)
(ii)

5. (a). Two categories of raw materials are

i. ___________________________
ii. ___________________________
(b). What is the difference between extraction and refining?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
 GEOGRAPHY
PRODUCTS OF RAW MATERIALS
Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson, the pupil will be able to:
i. Explain the importance of derivatives from raw materials
ii. List four agro-allied raw materials and their derived products
iii. List four mineral raw materials and their derived products.
Importance of Derivatives from Raw Materials
Derivatives are products derived or obtained from another material. The derivative of a raw
material is a product obtained from the raw material. Most raw materials are of little use by
themselves, until they are refined or transformed to other products.
Some Products Obtained from Agricultural Raw Materials
Raw material Products
Cocoa Chocolate, beverages, creams, soaps, etc
Groundnut Groundnut oil, groundnut cake, snacks, animal feed, etc
Cotton/wool Thread, yarn, cloth, etc
Rubber Tyre, shoes, containers, plastics, etc
Palm oil kernel Soaps, margarine, candles, lubricants, creams, etc
Hides and skin Bags, shoes, belts, etc
Fruits Fruit drink, soft drinks, flavourings for baking, pharmaceuticals,
etc
Maize Flour, custard, poultry feed, etc
Flower Decoration, bouquet and flower beds
Cassava Flour, garri, starch, biofuel, ethanol, etc
Yam Flour, pounded yam, etc

Some Products Obtained from Mineral Raw materials

 Multiple Choice Questions
6. The following are products of oil palm except __________
A. Palm oil
B. Vegetable oil
C. Soap
D. Cream
E. Gold
7. One of the following is not a product of crude oil
A. Kerosene
B. Diesel
C. Uranium
D. Cooking gas
E. Petrol
8. All the following are used for making flour except ____________
A. Cassava
B. Yam
C. Plantain
D. Potato
E. Rubber
9. Which of the following is not an example of mineral raw materials?
A. Iron ore
B. Crude oil
C. Bauxite
D. Cocoa
E. Coal
 Subjective Tests
1. Two agricultural raw materials found in Nigeria are:
(i)_____________________, (ii)___________________
2. Two mineral resources found in Nigeria are:
(i)_____________________, (ii)___________________

THEORY TESTS
3. List two products derived from each of the following raw materials
Raw material Products
Oil palm i._____________________ ii. _______________________
Crude oil i._____________________ ii. _______________________
Limestone i._____________________ ii. _______________________

4. Explain briefly the importance of derivatives from raw materials.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
 GEOGRAPHY
NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION
Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson, the pupil will be able to:
i. Explain what natural resources management is;
ii. List some natural resources found in Nigeria;
iii. List at least two locations where these natural resources are found.
Importance of Derivatives from Raw Materials
Natural resources are materials or substances that occur in nature and can be used for economic
gain. These resources have to be properly managed in other to get the best values from them.
Natural resources management is the act of properly managing the resources for economic gain
and sustenance.
Some natural resources include:
Water resources: these include
Water for drinking and fishing
Fresh water for crop irrigation
Water from lakes, rivers for fishing and tourism
Some Natural Resources and Places in Nigeria Where they are Found
1. Cocoa – Edo, Kwara, Ondo, Ogun, Osun, Oyo States
2. Coffee – Kwara, Bauchi, Osun States.
3. Cotton – Katsina, Kano, Niger, Kwara, Sokoto States
4. Groundnut – Ebonyi, Katsina, Sokoto, Kano, Niger States
5. Kola nut – Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Kwara States
6. Oil palm – Akwa Ibom, Imo, Anambra, Oyo, Aba States
7. Plantain – Ogun, Oyo, Osun.
8. Rubber – Delta, Cross River, Ogun, Edo States.
9. Sugarcane – Sokoto.
10.Timber – Edo, Ogun, Delta States
11.Bitumen – Lagos, Edo, Ondo States
12.Coal – Ondo, Enugu States
13.Oil and gas – Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Delta, Rivers State
14.Gold – Edo, Ebonyi, Kaduna, Oyo States
15.Iron ore – Benue, Anambra, Kogi, Kwara States
16.Lead and zinc – Ebonyi, Benue, Ogoja, Kano States
17.Salt – Akwa Ibom, Abia, Ebonyi, Cross River States
18.Tin – Jos, Bauchi States
 Multiple Choice Questions
10.The following are products of oil palm except __________
F. Palm oil
G. Vegetable oil
H. Soap
I. Cream
J. Gold
11.One of the following is not a product of crude oil
F. Kerosene
G. Diesel
H. Uranium
I. Cooking gas
J. Petrol
12.All the following are used for making flour except ____________
F. Cassava
G. Yam
H. Plantain
I. Potato
J. Rubber
13.Which of the following is not an example of mineral raw materials?
F. Iron ore
G. Crude oil
H. Bauxite
I. Cocoa
J. Coal
 Subjective Tests
1. Two agricultural raw materials found in Nigeria are:
(i)_____________________, (ii)___________________
5. Two mineral resources found in Nigeria are:
(i)_____________________, (ii)___________________

THEORY TESTS
6. List two products derived from each of the following raw materials
Raw material Products
Oil palm i._____________________ ii. _______________________
Crude oil i._____________________ ii. _______________________
Limestone i._____________________ ii. _______________________

7. Explain briefly the importance of derivatives from raw materials.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________