FOUR STROKE DISEL ENGINE PRINCIPLE & FUNCTION OF ITS COMPONENTS

Conducted By:
Engr. Md. Jalal Uddin
Assistant Engineer(O&M),UPGD.
Adjunct Faculty,Dept.of EEE,UIU.
TABLE OF CONTENTS :

BASIC FUNCTION OF FOUR STROKE ENGINE

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
 INTAKE STROKE.
 COMPRESSION STROKE
 POWER STROKE
 EXHAUST STROKE
P-V DIAGRAM OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
 OTTOCYCLE
 DIESEL CYCLE
CONSTRUCTION OF ENGINE
SUPERCHARGING AND TURBOCHARGING
 TURBOCHARGING
 SUPERCHARGING
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION
BASIC FUNCTION OF FOUR STROKE ENGINE

A four-stroke engineis an internal combustion engine in which the piston

completes four separate strokes—intake, compression, power, and exhaust—
during two separate revolutions of the engine's crankshaft, and one single
thermodynamic cycle
There are two common types of four-stroke engines. They are closely related to
each other, but have major differences in design and behavior
Otto cycle engine developed in 1876 by Nikolaus August Otto in Cologne,
Germany.
Diesel engine developed in 1893 by Rudolph Diesel, also of Germany.
In IC engine combustion takes place inside the engine & the gas pressure
created inside the cylinder perform mechanical work by forcing the piston down
& acting on back and forth going or rotating piston.this movement rotate the
crank shaft.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

Four-stroke internal
combustion engines
have four basic steps
that repeat with every
two revolutions of the
engine:
Intake stroke(1)
Compression stroke
(2)
Power stroke and (3)
Exhaust stroke (4)
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

INTAKE STROKE

The first stroke of the internal

combustion engine is also
known as the suction stroke.
The piston moves to the
maximum volume position
(downward direction in the
cylinder).
The inlet valve opens as a
result of the cam lobe
pressing down on the valve
stem, and the vaporized fuel
mixture enters the
combustion chamber.
The inlet valve closes at the Top dead center,before cycle begin
Intake stroke
end of this stroke
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

COMPRESSION STROKE
In this stroke, both valves
are closed.
the piston starts its
movement to the minimum
volume position (upward
direction in the cylinder)
and
compresses the fuel
mixture. During the
compression process,
pressure, temperature and
the density of the fuel
mixture increases.
Compression stroke Fuel ignites
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

POWER STROKE
When the piston reaches a point
just before top dead center,
The fuel is injected in the form of
fine spray.
The point at which the fuel
ignites varies by engine;
typically it is about 10 degrees
before top dead center.
This expansion of gases caused
by ignition of the fuel produces
the power that is transmitted to
the crank shaft mechanism.
Power stroke

•To burn 1kg of fuel a minimum of about 14 kg of air must be

available in the cylinder.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

EXHAUST STROKE

In the end of the power stroke, the

exhaust valve opens.
During this stroke, the piston starts
its movement in the maximum
volume position.
The open exhaust valve allows the
exhaust gases to escape the
cylinder.
At the end of this stroke, the
exhaust valve closes, the inlet valve
opens, and the sequence repeats in
the next cycle.
Four-stroke engines require two
revolutions.
Exhaust stroke
P-V DIAGRAM OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

OTTOCYCLE
The idealized four-stroke Otto cycle p-V
diagram:
A: the intake (A) stroke is performed by an
isobaric expansion,
B: the compression (B) stroke, performed
by an adiabatic compression. Through the
combustion of fuel an isochoric process is
produced, followed by an adiabatic
expansion,
C: the power (C) stroke. The cycle is
closed by an isochoric process and an
isobaric compression.
D: the exhaust (D) stroke
P-V DIAGRAM OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

DIESEL CYCLE
The ideal Diesel cycle follows the following four
distinct processes:
Process 1 to 2 is isentropic compression of the
fluid (blue colour).
Process 2 to 3 is reversible constant pressure
heating (red).
Process 3 to 4 is isentropic expansion (yellow).
Process 4 to 1 is reversible constant volume
cooling (green).
 Work in (W in) is done by the piston compressing
the working fluid.
 Heat in (Qin) is done by the combustion of the fuel
 Work out (W out) is done by the working fluid
expanding on to the piston.
 Heat out (Qout) is done by venting the air.
CONSTRUCTION OF ENGINE

According the number of cylinder head :

(1) One cylinder engine, (2) Multi cylinder engine.
According to the arrange arrangement of cylinder head:
(1) In line engine-longer than V engeine (2) V-engine,V –angles
can varies between 45 0 ~90 .
According to theengine speeds:Engines are often categorized
by their rotational speeds into three groups:
High-speed engines : In the range of 1200~300 rpm. Out put
below 500 Kw.
Medium-speed engines: In the range of 300 ~ 800 rpm for
bigger size .Out put 1.5 ~ 18 MW & for smaller size 600 ~ 1200
rpm & out put 0.4 ~ 7 MW.
Slow-speed engines: In the range of 85 ~ 300 rpm.Out put 7
~40 Mw.
SUPERCHARGING AND TURBOCHARGING

Turbocharger:
A turbocharger is a forced induction device
used to allow more power to be produced for
an engine of a given size.
The key difference - supercharger is
mechanically driven from the engine often from
a belt connected to the crankshaft, whereas a
turbocharger is driven by the engine's exhaust
gases.
A turbocharged engine can be more powerful
and efficient than a naturally aspirated engine
because the turbine forces more intake air,
proportionately more fuel, into the combustion
chamber than if atmospheric pressure alone is
used.
Turbos are commonly used on truck, car, train
and construction equipment engines. Turbos
are popularly used with Otto cycle and Diesel
cycle internal combustion engines.
SUPERCHARGING AND TURBOCHARGING

Supercharger :
• A supercharger is an air compressor
used for forced induction of an internal
combustion engine.
• The greater mass flow-rate provides
more oxygen to support combustion
which allows more fuel to be burned
and more work to be done per cycle,
increasing the power output of the
engine.
• Power for the unit can come
mechanically by a belt, gear, shaft,
or chain connected to the engine's
crankshaft.
• When power comes from an exhaust
gas turbine a supercharger is known as
a turbosupercharger – typically referred
to simply as a turbocharger or just turbo.
.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Main components:
Internal combustion engines are made from various parts.Each part
has its own location and function for proper working of engine. Some
important parts and its function is as described below.

Camshaft. Main bearings & thrust bearings

Connecting rod Piston
Flywheel
Piston ring
Crankshaft
Cam Push rod
Valve Mechanism Rocker arm
Crankcase
Crank Pin
Cylinder liner
Cylinder head Inlet valve & Exhaust valve:
Gudgeon pin: Governor
Fuel Injector
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Camshaft:

A camshaft is a shaft to
which a cam is fastened or
of which a cam forms an
integral part. Camshafts can
be made out of several
different types of material
such as : Chilled iron
castings & Billet Steel
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Connecting rod :

The connecting rod or conrod

connects the piston to the crank or
crankshaft. Together with the crank,
they form a simple mechanism that
converts linear motion into rotating
motion.
As a connecting rod is rigid, it may
transmit either a push or a pull and so
the rod may rotate the crank through
both halves of a revolution, i.e. piston
pushing and piston pulling.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Flywheel :

A flywheel is a rotating mechanical device

that is used to store rotational energy.The
amount of energy stored in a flywheel is
proportional to the square of its rotational
speed.
Three common uses of a flywheel include:
Provide continuous energy when the energy
source is discontinuous.
Deliver energy at rates beyond the ability of
a continuous energy source. This is
achieved by collecting energy in the
flywheel over time and then releasing the
energy quickly, at rates that exceed the
abilities of the energy source.
They control the orientation of a mechanical
system.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Crankshaft :

The crankshaft is the part of

an engine that translates
reciprocating linear piston
motion into rotation.
It typically connects to a
flywheel, to reduce the
pulsation characteristic of the
four-stroke cycle.
sometimes a torsional or
vibrational damper at the
opposite end, to reduce the
torsional vibrations often
caused along the length of the
crankshaft by the cylinders
farthest from the output end
acting on the torsional elasticity
of the metal.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Cam:
A cam is a rotating or sliding
piece in a mechanical linkage
used especially in transforming
rotary motion into linear motion or
vice-versa.
It is often a part of a rotating
wheel or shaft that strikes a lever
at one or more points on its
circular path.
The cam can be a simple tooth,
as is used to deliver pulses of
power to a steam hammer, for
example, or an eccentric disc or
other shape that produces a
smooth reciprocating (back and
forth) motion in the follower,
which is a lever making contact
with the cam.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Valve Mechanism:
Valve tappet follow the cam
profile of a rotating camshaft and
transfer the movement through
push rod s to the rocker arms.
The rocker arms operate inlet
and exhaust valves through a
yoke.
Components:
01 camshaft,
02 valve tappet,
03 cover,
04 Protecting pipe,
05 Push rod,
06 Rocker arm braket,
07 Rocker arm &
08 yoke.
Valve mechanism
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Crankcase:

The crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft,

located below the cylinder(s), which in a multicylinder
engine are usually integrated into one or several
cylinder blocks.
the area around the crankshaft is still usually called
the crankcase.
Crankcases and other basic engine structural
components are typically made of cast iron or cast
aluminium via sand casting.
Crank case cover with relif valve
Components:
01 Relif valve
02 Screw
03 Sealing ring
04 Nut
05 O-ring.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Cylinder liner:

The cylinder liner form the

combustion space where the
piston moves back & forth.
The antipolishing ring at the
top of the cylinder liner
removes deposits from the
piston top on every stroke.
The top of the liner is bore
cooled.
Components :
01 cylinder liner.
02 Antipolishing ring
03 O-ring
04 X Honing marks.

Cylinder liner
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Cylinder head :
The cylinder head sits above the
cylinders on top of the cylinder block.
It closes in the top of the cylinder,
forming the combustion chamber.
This joint is sealed by a head gasket.
In most engines, the head also provides
space for the passages that feed air and
fuel to the cylinder, and that allow the
exhaust to escape.
The head can also be a place to mount
the valves, spark plugs, and fuel
injectors
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Gudgeon pin
Gudgeon is a pivot or journal.
The gudgeon pin is that which
connects the piston to the connecting
rod and provides a bearing for the
connecting rod to pivot upon as the
piston moves.
The gudgeon pin is typically a forged
short hollow rod made of a steel alloy
of high strength and hardness that
may be physically separated from
both the connecting rod and piston or
crosshead.
The design of the gudgeon pin,
especially in the case of small, high-
revving automotive engines is
challenging.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Main bearing and thrust bearing :

In a piston engine, the main bearings are

the bearings on which the crankshaft rotates,
The main bearings and thrust bearings are
bi-metal aluminum bearings with steel back
and Alsn+ lining. The main bearing shells
offer a good sliding surface for the crankshaft
journals in the main bearings caps.
Components:
O1 Main bearing shell,Upper.
02 Main bearing shell,Lower
03 Thrust bearing shell,Upper
04 Thrust bearing shell,Lower
05 Thrust bearing rail.
Layers:
06 steel back
07 lining AlSn+
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Piston :
A piston is a component of
reciprocating engines.
It is the moving component that is
contained by a cylinder and is made
gas-tight by piston rings.
In an engine, its purpose is to transfer
force from expanding gas in the
cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston
rod and/or connecting rod.
During suction stroke,it sucks the fresh
charge of air-fuel.This way piston
receives power from the expanding
gases after ignition in cylinder.
Components:
Also forces the burnt exhaust gases 01 piston crown
out of the cylinder through exhaust 02 piston skirt
valve mixture through exhaust valve 03 piston pin
04 Retaining pin
05 O-ring.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Piston ring:

A piston ring is a split ring that fits

into a groove on the outer diameter
of a piston in a reciprocating engine
such as an internal combustion
engine
The three main functions of piston
rings in reciprocating engines are :
Sealing the combustion/expansion
chamber.
Supporting heat transfer from the
piston to the cylinder wall.
Regulating engine oil
consumption.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Push rod

Places the camshaft within the

cylinder block
Uses pushrods or rods to actuate
rocker arms above the cylinder head
to actuate the valves.
Lifters or tappets are located in the
engine block between the camshaft
and pushrods.
Components:
01 camshaft,
02 valve tappet,
03 cover, 04 Protecting pipe,
05 Push rod
06 Rocker arm braket,
07 Rocker arm & 08 yoke.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Rocker arm:
the rocker arm is an oscillating lever
that conveys radial movement from
the cam lobe into linear movement at
the poppet valve to open it.
One end is raised and lowered by
the rotating lobes of the camshaft
(either directly or via a tappet (lifter)
and pushrod) while the other end acts
on the valve stem.
When the camshaft lobe raises the
outside of the arm, the inside presses
down on the valve stem, opening the
valve.
When the outside of the arm is
permitted to return due to the
camshafts rotation, the inside rises,
allowing the valve spring to close the
giver.
Components:01 camshaft,02 valve tappet, 03 cover, 04 Protecting pipe,05
Push rod 06 Rocker arm braket, 07 Rocker arm & 08 yoke
MAIN COMPONENTS OF DIESEL ENGINE AND FUNCTION

Crank Pin:
Function-hand over the power and motion to the
crank shaft which come from piston through
connecting rod.
Inlet valve & Exhaust valve:
Function:Inlet valve allow the fresh charge of air
to enter the cylinder bore.Exhaust valve permits
the burnt gases to escape from the cylinder at
proper timing.
Governor:
Function: It controls the speed of engine at a
different load by regulating fuel supply in diesel
engine.
Fuel injector:
Function:this device is used in diesel engine only
and delivers fuel in fine spray under pressure.
END

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