Bidang Pembelajaran: Algebra

Bab

4 Indeks, Surd dan Logaritma

54n + 2 × 25n 54n + 2 × 52n 7 3m−1 + 3m − 12 = 0

1 =
5 6n – 1
56n – 1 3m
+ 3m − 12 = 0
=5 4n + 2 + 2n – (6n – 1) 3
= 53 3m + 3(3m) = 36
= 125 4(3m) = 36
3m = 9
2 5n + 2 − 5n + 1 − 5n = (5n)(52) − 5n(51) − 5n 3m = 32
= 25(5n) − 5(5n) − 5n m =2
= 19(5n)
p = 19 8 23x = 12 − 23x − 1
2 +2
3x
= 12
3x − 1
56n × 94n × 152n 56n × (32)4n × (3 × 5)2n
3 = 23x
32n 32n 2 +
3x
= 12
2
56n × 38n × 32n × 52n
= 2(2 ) + 2 = 24
3x 3x
32n
3(23x) = 24
=5 6n + 2n
× 38n + 2n − 2n
23x = 8
= 5 × 38n
8n
23x = 23
= (5 × 3)8n
3x = 3
= 158n
x =1
k = 15

25m × 10m + 1 52m × (2 × 5)m + 1 11

4 = 9 3x + 2 + 2(3x) =
2m – 1 × 52 + 3m 2m – 1 × 52 + 3m 27
= 52m + (m + 1) − (2 + 3m) × 2m + 1 − (m − 1) 11
3 (3 ) + 2(3 ) =
x 2 x

= 5–1 × 22 27
4 11
= 9(3x) + 2(3x) =
5 27
243(3x) + 54(3x) = 11
5 16(83x) =1 (243 + 54)(3x) = 11
24(23)3x = 20 297(3x) = 11
24 + 9x = 20 1
3x =
4 + 9x =0 27
4 3x = 3(−3)
x =–
9 x = –3
2
6 5x – 256 – 2x = 0 10 3r − 1 + 3r + 2 = 84
2
5x = 256 – 2x 3r
x2 + (3r)(32) = 84
5 = (52)6 – 2x 3
x2 = 2(6 − 2x) 3r + 27(3r) = 252
x2 = 12 − 4x 28(3r) = 252
x2 + 4x − 12 = 0 3r = 9
(x −2)(x + 6) = 0 3r = 3 2
x = 2 atau –6 r=2

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 1 1 1 × 2 + √3
11 272x – 5 = (b) =
√9x + 1 2 – √3 2 – √3 2 + √3
1
(33)2x – 5 = 1 2 + √3
=
(3 ) 
2 x+1 2
4–3
= 2 + √3
1
36x – 15 =
2x + 2
3 2 
15 (a) √2 + 1 = √2 + 1 × √2 + 1
36x − 15 = 3−(x + 1) √2 – 1 √2 – 1 √2 + 1
6x − 15 = −x − 1
2 + 2√2 + 1

Bab
7x = 14 =
2–1
x=2

4
= 3 + 2√2

Tingkatan 4
12 5y + 2x = 11 + 25x (b) √3 – √2 = √3 – √2 × √3 – √2
5y × 52x = 11 + 52x √3 + √2 √3 + √2 √3 – √2
h × k = 11 + k
3 – 2√2 √3 + 2
hk − k = 11 =
3–2
k(h − 1) = 11 = 5 – 2√6
11
k=
h–1
16 (a) 3 + √2 + 3 – √2
13 3p = 7q = 21r = k 3 – √2 3 + √2
3p = k (3 + √2 )2 + (3 – √2 )2
1 =
3 = kp (3 – √2 )( 3 + √2 )
9 + 6√2 + 2 + (9 – 6√2 + 2)
7q = k =
1 9–2
7 = kq 22
=
7
21r = k
1
21 = k r (b) √5 + 1 + √5 – 1
√5 + 2 √5 – 2
Dengan menggunakan 3 × 7 = 21,
(√5 + 1)(√5 – 2) + (√5 – 1)(√5 + 2)
1 1 1
=
kp × kq = kr (√5 + 2) (√5 – 2)
1 1 1
+ q
kp =kr 5 – √5 – 2 + 5 + √5 – 2
=
1 1 1 5–4
+ = =6
p q r
p+q 1
= 17 = √x – 1
pq r √x – 2
pq (√x – 2 )2 = (√ x – 1)2
r=
p+q x–2 = x – 2√ x + 1
2√x =3
(2√x )2 = 32
14 (a) 2 2 × √5 + 1
= 4x =9
√5 – 1 √5 – 1 √5 + 1 9
x=
2√5 + 2 4
=
5–1
√5 + 1
=
2

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 18 √4x – 9 = 2√ x – 1 log3 a log3 b
log9 a + log27 b = +
(√4x – 9)2 = ( 2√ x – 1)2 log3 9 log3 27
4x − 9 = 4x − 4√x + 1 log3 a log3 b
4√x = 10 = +
log3 32 log3 33
16x = 100 p q
25 = +
x= 2 3
4
3p + 2q
=
6
19 √3 – 3x – √2 – x = 1
(√3 – 3x – √2 – x )2 = 12 23 log√x 9 = u
Tingkatan 4

3 − 3x − 2√3 – 3x √2 – x + 2 − x = 1 log9 9
1
=u
3 − 3x + 2 − x − 1 = 2√3 – 3x √2 – x 2
log9 x
4 − 4x = 2√3 – 3x √2 – x
1
4

(4 − 4x)2 = (2√3 – 3x √2 – x )2 =u
1
Bab

16 − 32x + 16x2 = 4(3 − 3x)(2 − x) log9 x

2
4 − 8x + 4x2 = (3 − 3x)(2 − x)
2
4 − 8x + 4x2 = 6 – 3x – 6x + 3x2 =u
x2 + x − 2 = 0 log9 x
2
(x + 2)(x − 1) = 0 log9 x =
u
x = –2 atau 1
log9 x3 = 3 log9 x
2
x = 1 tidak diterima kerana tidak
=3  
u
memuaskan persamaan asal. 6
=
∴ x = –2 u
loga x logk n
20 log 1 x = logm n = 24 logy 2 = k
loga 1
logk m
a
a log2 2
loga x =k
log2 y
=
loga a–1 1
=k
= –loga x log2 y
= –u 1
log2 y =
k
loga 12 log2 y
21 log6 12 = log4 y =
loga 6 log2 4
loga (22 × 3) 1
= k
loga (2 × 3) =
log2 22
2loga 2 + loga 3
= 1
loga 2 + loga 3 =
2k
2h + k
=
h+k 25 4t = 23.4
22 a = 3p b = 3q t lg 4 = lg 23.4
log3 a = p log3 b = q lg 23.4
t=
lg 4
N = x a ⇒ logx N = a t = 2.274

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 26 2x + 3 − 7 = 0 5t – 3 1 1
2x + 3 = 7 = 2–2 =
4t 4 22
(x + 3) lg 2 = lg 7 5t – 3 = t
x lg 2 + 3 lg 2 = lg 7 4t = 3
lg 7 – 3 lg 2 3
x= t=
lg 2 4
x = −0.1926
33 3logx 5 + 2logx 4 − logx 250 = 3
27 3x × 5x = 8x + 1 logx 53 + logx 42 − logx 250 = 3
lg (3x) + lg (5x) = (x + 1) lg 8 125 × 16
 

Bab
x lg 3 + x lg 5 = x lg 8 + lg 8 logx =3
250
x(lg 3 + lg 5 − lg 8) = lg 8

4
logx 8 = 3 loga N = x
∴ N = ax
lg 8 x3 = 8

Tingkatan 4
x=
lg 3 + lg 5 – lg 8 x=2
x = 3.308
1
34 log4 (1 – x) = + log4 3x
2
2
28 log27 n = 2 log4 (1 − x) = 1 + 2 log4 3x
3
2 2 log4 (1 − x) − 2 log4 3x = 1
n = 27 3 log4 (1 − x)2 − log4 (3x)2 = 1
n =9
 (19x– x)  = 1
2
log4 2
29 lg 5 + lg (2s − 1) = lg 3 + lg (s + 2)
lg 5 (2s − 1) = lg 3(s + 2) 1 – 2x + x2
= 41 41 = 4
5(2s − 1) = 3(s + 2) 9x2
x2 − 2x + 1 = 36x2
10s − 5 = 3s + 6
35x2 + 2x − 1 =0
7s = 11
11 (7x − 1)(5x + 1) =0 pemfaktoran

s= 1 atau – 1
7 x=
7 5
1
30 logt (t − 2) + logt (t + 5) = 2 x=– tidak diterima.
5
logt (t −2)(t + 5) = 2
1
(t − 2)(t + 5) = t 2 ∴x=
7
t2 + 3t − 10 = t 2
3t = 10
10 35 2 − log10 y = 3 log10 x
t= 3 log10 x + log10 y =2
3
log10 x3y =2
1 1 x3y = 102
31 logm 9 + logm 81 = 2 100
2 4 y= 3
1 1 x
logm 9 2 + logm 81 4 =2
logm 3 + logm 3 =2 36
7
9log (2x – 1) = 7
2 logm 3 =2 log(2x − 1) 7 = log9 7
logm 3 =1 2x − 1 = 9
3 = m1 x1 = x
x=5
m =3
37 2 log3 x = 32
32 log2 (5t − 3) + 2 = log2 4t log3 x = log2 32
log2 (5t − 3) − log2 4t = −2 log3 x = log2 25
5t – 3 log3 x = 5
log2
4t   = –2 x = 35
5t – 3 x = 243
= 2–2
4t
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 1 8
38 log49 [log2 (5x − 2)] =
2
1

(b) log4 13
9  = log  125
4
9 
125
log  9 
log2 (5x − 2) = 49 2

log2 (5x −2) = 7 =

2

5x − 2 = 27 log2 4
5x = 130
x = 26 log2  125
9 
=
log2 4
39 log10 (k + 6k + 28) = 2
2
53
k2 + 6k + 28 = 102 log2 32  
Tingkatan 4

k2 + 6k − 72 = 0 =
log2 22
(k + 12)(k − 6) = 0
log2 53 – log2 32
k = −12 atau 6 =
2 log2 2
4

40 log3 r = log9 36 3 log2 5 – 2 log2 3

=
Bab

log3 36 2(1)
log3 r = 3 log2 5 – 2 log2 3
log3 9
=
log3 36 2(1)
log3 r = 3(2.322) – 2(1.585)
log3 32
=
log3 36 2(1)
log3 r = = 1.898
2
2 log3 r = log3 36
log3 r2 = log3 36
r2 = 36
43 (a) (i) log5 4.2 = log5 4  15 
r =6
= log5  215 
41 log2 x − log4 x = −2
log2 x
= log5  3 ×5 7 
l og2 x − = −2 = log5 3 + log5 7 – log5 5
log2 4
= 0.683 + 1.209 – 1
log2 x = 0.892
log2 x − = −2
log2 22
(ii) log7 315 log5 315
log2 x =
l og2 x − = −2 log5 7
2 log5 (32 × 5 × 7)
2 log2 x − log2 x = −4 =
log5 7
log2 x2 − log2 x = −4
log5 32 + log5 5 + log5 7
log2 x = −4
 
2
=
x 1.209
x = 2–4 = 2 log5 3 + 1 + log5 7
1 2(0.683) + 1 + 1.209
x= =
16 1.209
= 2.957
42 (a) log2 90 = log2 (2 × 32 × 5)
= log2 2 + log2 32 + log2 5 (b) 9log3 x = 7
= 1 + 2 log2 3 + log2 5 log3 x = log9 7
= 1+ 2(1.585) + 2.322 log3 7
log3 x =
= 6.492 log3 9
log3 7
log3 x =
log3 32
log3 7
log3 x =
2

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 2 log3 x = log3 7 Maka, 1
log3 x2 = log3 7 loga √xy = loga (xy) 2
x2 =7 1
= loga (xy)
x = √7 2
= 2.646 1
= (loga x + loga y)
2
44 (a) 1 1
√4x + 1 = = (3 + 2)
8x . 2x + 3 2
1
(4x + 1) 2 = (8x . 2x + 3)–1 1
=2
x+1 2
4 2  = 8–x . 2–(x + 3)

Bab
2x + 1 
2 2 = 23(–x) . 2–x – 3 46 (a) log√x 54 – log√x 2 = 3

4
2x + 1 = 2–3x – x – 3 54
log√x =3  

Tingkatan 4
2x + 1 = 2–4x – 3 2
∴ x + 1 = –4x – 3 log√x 27 = 3
3
5x = –4 27 = x 2
4 2
x =– x = 27 3
5
x =9
(b) log2 x + log4 (4x) = −2
log2 (4x) (b) Katakan 2a = 5b = 20c = k,
log2 x + = −2 2a = k 5b = k 20c = k
log2 4 1 1 1
log2 (4x) 2 = ka 5 = kb 20 = k c
log2 x + = −2
2 Dengan menggunakan: 20 = 22 × 5,

 
log2 4 = log2 2 = 2 log2 2 = 2(1) = 2
2 1 1 2 1
kc = ka × kb
2log2 x + log2 (4x) = −4 1 2 1
log2 x2 + log2 (4x) = −4 kc = ka
+
b

log2 4x3 = −4
4x3 = 2–4 ∴ 1 = 2 + 1
c a b
1
4x3 = 1 2b + a
16 =
c ab
1
x3 = c = ab
64
2b + a
1
x=
4 47 log2 xy = log2 x + log2 y
log4 x log4 y
45 loga xy = 9 3
= +
loga x + 3loga y = 9 ....① log4 2 log4 2
log4 x log4 y
loga x2y = 8 = 1
+ 1
2 loga x + loga y = 8 ....② log4 4 2 log4 4 2
2 loga x + 6 loga y = 18 ....① × 2 log4 x log4 y
– 2 loga x + loga y = 8 ....② = +
1 1
5 loga y = 10 2 log4 4 2 log4 4
loga y = 2 ....③ log4 x log4 y
= +
Gantikan loga y = 2 ke dalam ①: 1 (1) 1 (1)
loga x + 3(2) = 9 2 2
loga x = 3 log4 x log4 y
= +
1 1
2 2
= 2 log4 x + 2 log4 y
(Tertunjuk)

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 log2 xy = 10 logy 3 = b
2 log4 x + 2 log4 y = 10 ....① 1 1
log3 y = log k =
h log h
log4 x b k

3
= log9 xy2 = log9 x + 2 log9 y
log4 y 2
log3 y
2 log4 x = 3 log4 y
2 log4 x – 3 log4 y = 0 ....②
2
= +2
a 
log3 9 
log3 y
–
2 log4 x + 2 log4 y = 10
2 log4 x – 3 log4 y = 0
....①
....②
2
= +2
a  2 
5 log4 y = 10 2 log3 9 = log3 32 = 2
= + log3 y
Tingkatan 4

log4 y =2 a
y = 42 2 1
= +
y = 16 ....③ a b
2b + a
Gantikan ③ ke dalam ②: =
4

ab
2 log4 x − 3(2) = 0
Bab

log4 x = 3
50 8x + 1 = 2y
x = 43
23(x + 1) = 2y
= 64
∴ 3(x + 1) = y
3x + 3 = y ....①
48 (a) 2 log2 (x + y) = 3 + log2 x + log2 y
log2 (x + y)2 = 3 + log2 xy log3 y = 2 + log3 (x − 1)
log2 (x + y)2 – log2 xy = 3 log3 y − log3 (x − 1) = 2
y
log2 
(x + y)2
=3 
log3 x–1
=2 
xy y
(x + y) 2 = 32
= 23 x–1
xy
(x + y)2 = 8xy y = 9(x − 1)
x + 2xy + y2 = 8xy
2 y = 9x − 9 ....②
x2 + y2 = 8xy − 2xy Gantikan ① ke dalam ②:
x2 + y2 = 6xy (Tertunjuk) 3x + 3 = 9x − 9
6x = 12
1
log 2  x=2
(b) log9 [log3 (3x − 6)] = 5 5

1 Daripada ②:
log9 [log3 (3x − 6)] = a loga x = x
Apabila x = 2, y = 9(2) − 9
2
1 =9
log3 (3x − 6) = 92
log3 (3x − 6) =3 51 (a) 23x = a4 . 32x
3x − 6 = 33 loga 23x = loga (a4 . 32x)
3x − 6 = 27 loga 23x = loga a4 + loga 32x
3x = 33 loga 23x = loga a4 + loga 32x
x = 11 loga 23x – loga 32x =4
loga 8x – loga 9x =4
49 log√x 9 = a x loga 8 − x loga 9 =4
1 1 x(loga 8 − loga 9) =4
log9 √x = a logh k =
logk h
8
1
2
log9 x = a
1
x loga
9   =4
4
x =
 89 
1
2 1 loga
log9 x = a
1 1 (Tertunjuk)
log9 x = a
2
2
log9 x = a
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 (b) 2 log5 xy2 = 3 + log5 y – y
log5 x
log3 x =2
log5 (xy2)2 – log5 y + log5 x = 3 y
= 32
log5 (x2y4) – log5 y + log5 x = 3 x
y = 9x
x2y4x
log5
y =3  (b) logab x
=
1
logm n =
1
logn m
log5 (x3y3) = 3 logx ab
x3y3 = 53 = 1
(xy)3 = 53 logx a + logx b
xy = 5 1

Bab
=
(Tertunjuk) 2.32 + 2.81
= 0.1949

4
52 (a) Diberi log3 t = m,

Tingkatan 4
1 1
54 (a) 3x − 1 × 243y + 2 = 81
logt 3 = log b =
3x − 1 × 35(y + 2) = 34
m log a
a
b

3x − 1 + 5(y + 2) = 34
Diberi log5 t = n,
∴ x − 1 + 5(y + 2) = 4
1 1
logt 5 = log b= x − 1 + 5y + 10 = 4
n a logb a
x + 5y = −5 ....①
logt 45 = logt (32 × 5)
= 2 logt 3 + logt 5 83–y
=1
1 1 23x
=2  
m
+
n 23(3 – y)
= 20
2n + m 23x
= 23(3 – y) – 3x = 20
mn
∴ 3(3 – y) – 3x = 0
(b) log9 (3 − x) = log3 (x − 1) 9 – 3y – 3x = 0
log3 (3 – x) 3x + 3y = 9
= log3 (x − 1) x+y =3 ....②
log3 9
log3 (3 – x) ① – ②: 4y = –8
= log3 (x − 1) ⇒ y = –2
2
log3 9 = log3 32 = 2
Daripada ②:
x + (−2) = 3
log3 (3 − x) = 2 log3 (x − 1) ⇒x=5
log3 (3 − x) = log3 (x − 1)2
3 − x = (x − 1)2 (b) 3 log8 (2x +14) − 4 log16 (x + 1) = 3

   
3 − x = x2 − 2x + 1 log2 (2x + 14) log2 (x + 1)
3 −4 =3
x2 − x − 2 = 0 log2 8 log2 16
(x + 1)(x − 2) = 0
   
log2 (2x + 14) log2 (x + 1)
x = −1 atau 2 3 −4 =3
log2 2 3
log2 24
x = −1 tidak diterima

   
∴x=2 log2 (2x + 14) log2 (x + 1)
3 −4 =3
3 4
53 (a) 2 log9 y − 3 log27 x =2 log2 (2x + 14) − log2 (x + 1) = 3
log3 y log3 x
2 
log3 9  
–3
log3 27  =2 log2  2xx ++ 14
1 
=3
log3 y log3 x 2x + 14
2 log3 3 2 
–3
log3 33  =2 x+1
= 23

log3 y log3 x 2x + 14 = 8(x + 1)

2  2  
–3
3  =2 2x + 14 = 8x + 8
log3 y − log3 x =2 8x − 2x = 14 − 8
6x =6
x =1
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 55 log3 (3x + 1) – log3 x2 + log9 x2 =2 5
(c) log9 x + logx 9 =
log3 x2 2
log3 (3x + 1) – log3 x2 + =2 log9 9 5
log3 9 log9 x + =
log3 x2 log9 x 2
log3 (3x + 1) – log3 x2 + =2 1 5
log3 32 log9 x + =
2 log3 x log9 x 2
log3 (3x + 1) – log3 x2 + =2 5
2 (log9 x)2 + 1 = (log9 x)
log3 (3x + 1) – log3 x2 + log3 x =2 2
2(log9 x)2 + 2 = 5 log9 x
(3x + 1)(x)
log3 =2
Tingkatan 4

x2 Katakan log9 x = u,
2u2 + 2 = 5u
3x2 + x 2u2 – 5u + 2 = 0
= 32
x2 (2u – 1)(u – 2) = 0
3x2 + x = 9x2
4

1
6x2 – x =0 u = atau 2
2
Bab

x(6x – 1) =0 1
x = 0 tidak diterima. Apabila u = ,
2
1
∴x= 1
6 log9 x =
2
1
2
56 (a) 7x – 496 – 2x = 0 x = 92
2
7x – 72(6 – 2x) = 0 x=3
2
7x = 72(6 – 2x) Apabila u = 2,
Dengan menyamakan indeks, log9 x = 2
x2 = 2(6 – 2x) x = 92
x2 = 12 – 4x = 81
x2 + 4x – 12 = 0
(x – 2)(x + 6) = 0 57 p  600 000
x = 2 atau –6 450 000(1.04)h  600 000
(4 + √ 2 )(2 + √ 2 ) 4
(b) 4 + √ 2 = 1.04h 
3
2 – √2 (2 – √ 2 )(2 + √ 2 )
4
8 + 4√ 2 + 2√ 2 + 2 h lg 1.04  lg
= 3
4–2 4
=
10 + 6√ 2 lg 3 
h
2 lg 1.04
= 5 + 3√ 2 h  7.335
Maka, bilangan minimum tahun yang
diperlukan ialah 8 tahun.

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