Senior High School

Media and
Information Literacy
Quarter 4 – Module 4: Power, Impact, and
Implications of Media and Information
Media and Information Literacy – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4–Module 4: Power, Impact, and Implications of Media and Information
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Misamis Oriental

Division Superintendent: Jonathan S. Dela Peña, PhD, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Author/s: Mary Antoinette M. Magallanes
Reviewers: Cherlita M. Sulague, Jackie Lou P. De Mata
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Evaluator: Renel Jay A. Quirit, MIT
Development Team
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Regional Director

Co-Chairpersons: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr. CESO V

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Jonathan S. dela Peña, PhD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
Rowena H. Para-on, PhD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Mala Epra B. Magnaong, Chief ES, CLMD

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11

Media and
Information Literacy
Quarter 4 – Module 4: Power, Impact, and
Implications of Media and Information
 Table of Contents

Introductory Message ............................................................................................... i

General Instructions ................................................................................................. i
Module Icons ........................................................................................................... ii

Lesson 9: Opportunities, Challenges, and Power of Media and

Information ....................................................................................................... 1
What I Need to Know......................................................................................................... 1
What I Know ...................................................................................................................... 1
What’s In ........................................................................................................................... 2
What’s New ....................................................................................................................... 2
Activity 9.1: Imagine a World without Media ............................................................ 2
What is It ........................................................................................................................... 3
1. Informational (Social Media and the Web).................................................................. 3
2. Economic (Business and Marketing) .......................................................................... 5
3. Educational ................................................................................................................ 5
4. Political (Politics and Governance) ............................................................................. 6
5. Social (Citizen Engagement and Social Change) ....................................................... 6
What’s More ...................................................................................................................... 8
Activity 9.2: Fill Out The Table ................................................................................ 8
Activity 9.3: A Look into the Past ............................................................................. 9
Activity 9.4: Cartoon Analysis ................................................................................ 10
What I Have Learned....................................................................................................... 11
What I Can Do ................................................................................................................. 11
Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 12
Additional Activity ............................................................................................................ 13

Lesson 10: Current and Future Trends of Media and Information ........... 14
What I Need to Know....................................................................................................... 14
What I Know .................................................................................................................... 14
What’s In ......................................................................................................................... 15
What’s New ..................................................................................................................... 16
Activity 10.1: Identifying Technologies .................................................................. 16
What is It ......................................................................................................................... 16
1. Massive Open Online Courses ................................................................................. 16
Example of a MOOC from course provider edX: ................................................ 18
Activity 10.2: Question and Answer ....................................................................... 18
 2. Wearable Technology .............................................................................................. 19
3. 3D Environment ....................................................................................................... 21
4. Ubiquitous Learning ................................................................................................. 21
Activity 10.3: Question and Answer ....................................................................... 22
5. Paperless Society .................................................................................................... 22
What’s More .................................................................................................................... 23
Activity 10.4: Examining a MOOC ......................................................................... 23
Activity 10.5: Weighing Pros and Cons ................................................................. 24
What I Have Learned....................................................................................................... 24
What I Can Do ................................................................................................................. 25

Answer Key ......................................................................................................... 27

References........................................................................................................... 28
 Introductory Message
You have learned in the previous modules that all media messages are constructed –
creators make choices each step of the way, from their work’s purpose and focus to the point
of view they use to relay their message. Media, as a vehicle of these constructed messages,
hold substantial influence on the opinion or belief of a person or even of the public, as humans
are intrinsically easily persuaded by the views or choices of the majority. Moreover, the
revolution in media, information, and technology has had direct implications in the shaping of
a society’s systemic landscape both in positive and negative ways.

In this module, you will further look into the media’s impact, and contribution,
particularly the opportunities and advancements media and information puts on the table as
well as the risks and challenges that come with it. In addition, this module will discuss in detail
the overall implications of media and information to you as an individual and to society as a
whole.

Specifically, this module consists of the following lessons:

• Lesson 9 – Opportunities, Challenges, and Power of media and information
• Lesson 10 – Current and Future Trends of Media and Information

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

For the learners: For the teacher:

To be guided in achieving the
objectives of this module, do the
following:
1. Read and follow instructions
carefully.
2. Answer the pretest before
going through the lessons.
3. Take note and record points
for clarification.
4. Compare your answers
against the key to answers
found at the end of the
module.
5. Do the activities and fully
understand each lesson.
6. Answer the self-check to
monitor what you learned in
each lesson.
7. Answer the posttest after you
have gone over all the
lessons.
To facilitate and ensure the students’
learning from this module, you are
encouraged to do the following:
1. Clearly communicate learning
competencies and objectives
2. Motivate through applications
and connections to real life.
3. Give applications of the theory
4. Discuss worked-out examples
5. Give time for hands-on
unguided classroom work and
discovery
6. Use formative assessment to
give feedback
7. Introduce extensions or
generalizations of concepts
8. Engage in reflection questions
9. Encourage analysis through
higher order thinking prompts
10. Provide alternative formats for
student work

i
Module Icons

What I Need to In this section, you will know what you need to
Know learn in this module.

In this test, we will see what you already know

What I Know
about the module lesson.

This is a short exercise or review to help you

What’s In
relate the current lesson to the previous lesson.

In this section, the new lesson will be introduced

What’s New in many ways, such as a story, song, poem,
opening problem, task, or situation.

In this section, you will be given a brief

What is It discussion of the topics in this lesson. It aims to
help you understand new concepts and skills.

This section consists of activities for guided and

What’s More independent training to strengthen your
understanding and skills in the subject.

What I Have This contains sentence stems to help you

Learned process what you have learned from the lesson.

This contains activities that can help you

What I Can Do translate new knowledge or skills into real-life
situations or current realities.

This section contains the post-test, which will

Assessment evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the
learning objectives.

Additional In this part, you will be given additional activities

Activities that will reinforce your learnings.

It contains the objective answers to all the

Answer Key
activities in the module.

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 Lesson Opportunities,
Challenges, and Power of
9 Media and Information
The world is changing at a startling pace. Developments in information,
communication, and technology in the past decades have enabled society to transform the
mechanisms of how information circulates and how people interact, access information,
create new knowledge, learn, and work. This information revolution has opened new waves
of opportunities and challenges not only for media and information but also in social systems,
commercial and economic approaches, and citizens’ engagement.

Over the years, media has evolved to be more than just a vehicle of information, but
an influential instrument powerful enough to transform established systems. However, despite
the fact the access to information and knowledge has increased during the last decade,
significant challenges and obstacles still remain. In this lesson, we will look into the
opportunities, challenges, and power of media and information.

What I Need to Know

Learning objectives

Particularly, at the end of this lesson, you will:

1. Realize the opportunities and challenges in media and information
(MIL11/12OCP-IIIh24); and
2. Research and cite recent examples of the power of media and information to
affect change (MIL11/12OCP-IIIh25)

What I Know
Pretest

Direction: In a separate sheet of paper, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. What composes of the New Media?

a. TV and radio c. Books and newspapers
b. Internet and Social Media d. AIs and robots
2. All are cybercrime offenses EXCEPT one:
a. Content-related offenses c. Copyright infringement
b. Computer-related offenses d. Profile stalking
3. Businesses will always be connecting with customers, both actual and potential ones, and
social media enable for a more fast and __________ mechanism.
a. Cost-efficient c. Amazing
b. Hassle d. Challenging
4. This refers to the kind of education where students need not attend classes physically.
a. Modular c. Distance learning
b. Mobile Education d. Summer class

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5. The media assists the working of a __________ system through facilitating free speech
and unrestricted public debate .
a. Unfair c. Dictatorial
b. Balanced d. Democratic
6. Refers to ABS-CBN’s citizen journalism arm.
a. Ipaglaban Mo! c. It’s Showtime!
b. Bayan Mo Ipatrol Mo! d. TV Patrol
7. Media, as a vehicle of these targeted contents, brought about action and mobilization
a. True c. Maybe
b. False d. Doubtful
8. What is the revolution in Egypt called?
a. Libyan Revolution c. Ukrainian Revolution
b. Arab Spring d. Million People March
9. Who was the Philippines President when the Million People March was actualized?
a. Erap Estrada c. Benigno Aquino III
b. Gloria Arroyo d. Rodrigo Duterte
10. Refers to using business and marketing techniques to encourage people to adopt certain
behaviors that would lead to better physical and mental health, and eventually to wide-
scale social change.
a. Social Marketing c. Promotions
b. Business Marketing d. Protests

What’s In
Review

In the previous lesson, you have learned about the policies and ethics of information
production, consumption, and sharing. Media and information literacy also calls for individuals
to be mindful of the ethical and legal implications of how they use and share information.
Copyright, intellectual property, netiquette, these are only a few concerns that dominate the
Information Age, concerns that media and literate individuals must understand and inculcate
the importance. Now, it’s time to move on to the next topic!

What’s New
Activity 9.1

What you will do

Activity 9.1: Imagine a World without Media

Media and information has definitely evolved throughout the decades. With the
advent of technology, human life has been continually influenced, shaped, and
improved. In this warm-up activity, illustrate how you would imagine yourself and the
society without all the media instruments we have today. Submit your output on an A4-
sized bond paper and be ready with a brief explanation of your illustration.

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 What is It
Discussion

There are both endless opportunities and challenges in the Information Age. As a
digital native, you ought and be able to make the best use out of the media’s opportunities
and hurdle over its challenges. Read and reflect on how these opportunities and challenges
exist and affect some of the different aspects of society.

1. Informational (Social Media and the Web)

Whether we like it or not, the advent of the Internet has forced practically almost
everyone to migrate to the virtual world, especially when most of the information we need is
now available via the Internet. Today the World Wide Web is at the forefront of information
providers given its multimedia format, which have “enriched information through a synergy of
text, audio, image, and video (Liquigan, 2016).” The new media has enabled audiences to
faster, easier, and more efficient access and utilization of data and information, especially that
search engines have made information seeking more interacting, engaging, and convenient.
It also links users through the vast networks of communication platforms such as e-mail,
Internet search, and messaging applications. Moreover, the Internet has afforded the
audiences to a world that connects people and share cultures transcending physical
boundaries.

Aside from the Web, one of our most accessed source of information is social media.
Study the table below for the challenges and opportunities that you, as a netizen, face in the
midst of your engagement with social media (Liquigan, 2016).

Table 9.1. The Challenges/Opportunities of Social Media

In terms of:
Collaborative • Projects enable the joint and
projects simultaneous creation of
content by many end-users
• Wikis-Websites which allow
users to add, remove, and
change text-based content,
e.g., online encyclopedia
Wikipedia currently available
in more than 230 different
languages
Blogs • Special types of websites that
usually display date-stamped
entries in reverse
chronological order.
• The social media equivalent
of personal web pages and
can come in a multitude of
different variations, from
personal diaries describing
the author’s life to summaries
of all relevant information in
one specific content area
Challenges/Opportunities
• The joint effort of many actors
leads to a better outcome than
any actor could achieve
individually.
• From a corporate perspective,
firms must be aware that
collaborative projects are trending
toward becoming the main source
of information for many
consumers.
• Many companies are already
using blogs to update employees,
customers, and shareholders on
developments they consider to be
important.
• [It is risky because] customers
who turn out to be dissatisfied
with or disappointed by the
company’s offerings may decide
to engage in virtual complaints,
which results in the availability of
potentially damaging information
in online space.

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 In terms of:
Content • Main objective of content
communities communities is the sharing of
media content between users
• Exist for a wide range of
different media types
including text, photos, videos,
and PowerPoint presentations
Social • Applications that enable users
networking to connect by creating
sites personal information profiles,
inviting friends and colleagues
to have access to those
profiles, and sending e-mails
and instant messages
between each other
• Can include any type of
information, including photos,
video, audio files, and blogs
Source: Media and Information Literacy (Liquigan, 2016)
Challenges/Opportunities
• From a corporate viewpoint,
content communities carry the risk
of being used as platforms for the
sharing of copyright-protected
materials
• While major content communities
have rules in place to ban and
remove such illegal content, it is
difficult to avoid popular videos
being uploaded only hours after
they have been aired on
television.
• On the positive side, the high
popularity of content communities
makes them a very attractive
contact channel for many firms.
• Other firms rely on content
communities to share recruiting
videos, as well as keynote
speeches and press
announcements, with their
employees and investors.
• High popularity, specifically
among younger Internet users

On the other hand, still because of all the information and data right at the audience’s
disposal, Cybercrime has also been one of the greatest challenges in media and information.
According to the Department of Justice, Cybercrime is “a crime committed with or through
the use of information and communication technologies such as radio, television, cellular
phone, computer and network, and other communication device or application.”

According to the 2001 Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, criminal offenses in

cyberspace include:

1. offenses against the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computer data and
systems;
2. computer-related offenses;
3. content-related offenses; and
4. offenses related to infringements of copyright and related rights

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2. Economic (Business and Marketing)
To put up a business means having to disburse money. It’s an expensive endeavor.
Starting a business is one thing, but sustaining and marketing your business is another. In the
old days, traditional marketing mediums such as print and broadcast were very costly, and
actually even until now. Due to the impact of social media as a new medium, the relationship
between brands and consumers has changed a lot. Now, through social media marketing,
business owners can connect with their target consumers for free through using social media
platforms like Facebook, Twitter, etc., and can significantly lower their marketing costs.

The New Media also allows them to see what potential customer’s opinions are and
network with them as well. It creates a platform for discourse and lets the business owners
respond to customer grievances, questions, and concerns almost instantly. Businesses will
always be connecting with customers, both actual and potential ones, and social media enable
for a more fast and cost-efficient mechanism.

However, its opportunities are also its disadvantages. First, because the connection
to customers is put on a priority, you may have to spend more time being active in social
media answering queries, responding to feedback, and updating your online presence with
creative marketing content. This may be a challenge for some as this is time-consuming and
may compromise the time you get to use for actual work or production instead. Moreover, the
ability for new media to cater to online feedback may also pose a challenge as they can also
spread bad things from your product or brand. Competitors may also be lurking around
studying your business.

3. Educational
Media and information have made a radical impact on education (Gonzales, 2016).
Today, learning has never been easier and faster. When we talk about education, we usually
refer to its most technical sense, “the knowledge, skill, and understanding that you get from
attending a school, college, or university (Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary).” In the past
decades, society has been limited to the idea that people can only learn and get an education
through sitting and listening to lectures in a classroom, passing exams, or doing projects.
Today, learning and education have taken a whole new meaning with media and information.

At present, the advancement in media tools and information dissemination has made
learning and education resources more open and free for public use. What we had to research
in the library before can already be sought through your laptop or phone today. Thanks to the
Internet, a learner may also get information from a wide variety of sources like e-books,
articles, videos, and the like.

Furthermore, it has also opened the opportunity for various modes of learning to exist,
both informal and non-formal arrangements. One of the growing trends in education is
distance or online learning where students need not attend classes physically, instead,
register to online courses or programs and attend in such even in the comfort of their homes.
This is especially beneficial to people who are constrained by their schedules or due to some
personal reasons. The convenience, abundance, and interconnection, aspect of media and
information for education are opportunities worth taking advantage of (Gonzales, 2016).

However, the opportunities that media and information brought has also opened
several challenges. For instance, the problem with overflowing information available for

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public use is people having to assess and evaluate the usefulness and credibility of the
information on their hands. It is unfortunate, though, that people in some communities,
especially rural ones, don’t even have the chance to evaluate information because they have
no access to such technology and data in the first place. As the world and education rapidly
progress, people who have been left behind are even stuck at a farther distance making it
more difficult for them to catch up.

4. Political (Politics and Governance)

The communication of political information is an important process in the political
system, and the mass media play a central role in this activity (Coxall et al., 2003). Media, as
a vehicle in communication, can provide the audience with news and information, which will
help them develop more informed opinions and choices. For instance, during the election
period, most of what the people would know about political candidates and political parties is
the information we get from media, which often affects how they perceive a certain candidate
or party, both positively and negatively. The media also acts as a watchdog that monitors the
conduct and governance of elected government officials. In today’s politics and society at
large, media is essential to safeguarding the transparency of democratic processes.

Through media and more information provided to the public, a bigger platform for
political discussions has also been opened. This validates that “the media assist the working
of a democratic system through facilitating free speech and unrestricted public debate
(Coxall et al., 2003).”

On the other way around, politics can also have an effect on media as, at times,
although not explicitly, powerful political figures and even the government can manipulate or
influence media’s content. This kind of media regulation can be best seen in communist
systems like North Korea’s, where the government enforces rules and regulations governing
the media industry and prescribing the kind of information they are allowed to broadcast. This
is one of the challenges of media as an element in politics, the truth or information the media
disseminates may be manipulated by external factors. An example of this is what we call
propaganda, a communication that is primarily used to influence an audience and further an
agenda; thus, information may be made incomplete, twisted, or presented selectively.

The interrelationship between media and politics provides a fair foundation in the
function of media as a source of information (Gonzales, 2016). However, today, the widening
gap between the media, the government, and the public’s trust is becoming a pressing
challenge.

5. Social (Citizen Engagement and Social Change)

Have you ever heard of ABS-CBN’s “Bayan mo, Ipatrol Mo!”? The program where
ordinary citizens send reports, photos, videos, of problems in their communities, issues they
want to put the spotlight on, or advocacies they want to promote. How about this, have you
ever noticed that news organizations are now using photos and footages from ordinary
citizens when reporting for a story? Have you ever wondered at what point did ordinary
citizens take part in providing information for mass broadcast? This trend is brought about by
advancements in technology and the fast and widespread dissemination of information. This
is what we call citizen journalism.

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 As defined by Encyclopedia Britannica, citizen journalism is “journalism that is
conducted by people who are not professional journalists but who disseminate information
using Web sites, blogs, and social media.” Citizen journalism is one of the biggest
opportunities in media and information as it encourages ordinary citizens to take part in the
news production process. It gives the then-receivers an opportunity to become news
producers as well. Moreover, it also urges them to be more wary and mindful of the things
happening around them and gives them the confidence to speak out when they see something
wrong.

According to TCC Group, their work revealed that media influences an audience (i.e.,
affects change) through a flow, illustrated in the diagram below.

Source: Gasper, 2016. How Media Affects Social Change. Retrieved from https://www.tccgrp.com/insights-resources/insights-
perspectives/how-media-affects-social-change/)

As opposed to the traditional communication process where the message to be sent

is usually found in the middle, this flow reveals that there may be several entry points of
targeted contents, and media audiences may start at various points along with the flow. This
means that some may just be aware of an issue or topic, some may actually understand it, or
some are just acquainted with it because of emotional connection. Whatever the case is,
“content can individually and collectively (as part of a campaign) serve to affect an increase
in audience understanding and help foster an emotional connection between the audience
and the issue being presented (Gasper 2016).”

Several events in history proved this to be true, that media, as a vehicle of these
targeted contents brought about action and mobilization. In fact, history has concretely shown
society how media can be a powerful tool for social change and mass revolution.

The speed at which information is spread through social media is the main reason why
platforms such as Facebook or Twitter have had increasingly large roles in civil society, even
fueling the revolution. Check out the powerful ways social media has been used to create
change around the world.

1. Libyan Revolution – When official media outlets like television and print media were
controlled by the state, social media became the reliable source of information for the
revolutionaries and even a platform used to distribute information and firsthand accounts
of what was going on within the country. As a result, media tools like tablets and phones
played crucial roles in the revolution.

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 2. Arab Spring – In 2011, an online frenzy of activity commenced a revolution in Egypt
which saw more than 3 million tweets on Twitter, hundreds of hours of Youtube video, and
countless posts on Facebook and blogs which told stories of the revolution from citizens
who needed to get their voices heard.

3. Ukrainian Revolution – In Ukraine, much like traditional revolutions, protesters line

the streets to call for social change. Nonetheless, social media still played a role in the
movement as protester used some as a strategic tool for communication, using platforms
such as Twitter and Facebook to organize thousands of like-minded individuals.

Apart from mass protests, calls for social change may also be in the form of what we
call social marketing. Social marketing refers to using business and marketing techniques to
encourage people to adopt certain behaviors that would lead to better physical and mental
health, and eventually to wide-scale social change.

On the other hand, although media has the ability to bring people together, conversely,
it also has the potential to bring people apart, attitude, and ideology-wise. As earlier
mentioned, social media and the World Wide Web offers the audience a wider avenue for
intellectual discussion and productive conversations. However, due to the influx of various
differing ideas, the broadening problem of polarization has been one of the undeniable
challenges in media and information. Because of the differences in views and opinions of the
audience, a culture of social division is becoming evident and is taking a toll on unity and even
social trust.

What’s More
Enrichment

What you will do

Activity 9.2: Fill Out The Table

Fill out this table with your personal view and experience regarding the opportunities
and challenges of media and information in the following aspects:

Aspect Opportunities Challenges

Informational

Economic

Educational

Political

Social

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Activity 9.3: A Look into the Past

As mentioned earlier, many events in the past showed us how media play a
pivotal role in bringing awareness and action addressing social and political issues
around the world. In the Philippines, an example of these events is the Million People
March. In this activity, you are to read the article below about the Million People March
– what is was, how it came to be, how it ended, and what role media and information
played in between. Read, reflect, and answer the guide questions that follow on a
separate sheet of paper.

The Million People March

August 17, 2013, a day after the Commission on Audit (COA) released a special report
on the Priority Assistance Development Fund (PDAF), saw how social media became a
springboard for a mass protest. Calls for protest began circulating on Facebook and Twitter after
a series of exposés by the Philippine Daily Inquirer about a mammoth scam involving Congress’
PDAF.

PDAF or more popularly known as the “pork barrel”, the term used to mean funds
allocated to senators and congressmen to be used in their pet development projects, sparked
online outrage from the Filipinos because of how, by nature, vulnerable it is to corruption and
how it has become a fund source for some legislators. What enraged citizens more was that
then-President Benigno Aquino III earlier maintained that he wanted to keep the PDAF.

Consequently, friends Arnold Pedrigal, Peachy Bretana, and Bernardo Bernardo,

created a Facebook event page to gather people who wanted the PDAF scrapped. They said
they wanted a "massive pocket picnic" and to bring one million people at the Luneta Park on
August 26. Astonishingly, the #MillionPeopleMarch surfaced by August 18 and immediately
dominated Twitter.

This hashtag, together with #PDAFKalampag and #ScrapPork, flooded Twitter and FB
feeds with over 140,000 social media mentions as of 8PM of August 26. Many Filipinos
expressed their anger through creating blogs, pages, advertisements and even memes to show
that they agree to the idea of stopping the Pork Barrel Fund.

Although the movement originally called to bring in a million people to march against the
graft-tainted pork barrel fund, it has still been deemed a success as the online campaign was
actualized with 80,000-100,000 people at Luneta according to the police. This number included
professionals, students, workers, priests, nuns and even civic and showbiz personalities. The
movement was even emulated on a smaller-scale in other cities across the country and in various
cities around the world where there are concentrations of Filipinos.

In the face of the mass’ growing collective anger, President Aquino announced that he
was suspending the releases of money and vowed to reform the system. After the protests,
senators also released statements acknowledging the legitimacy of protesters’ call to abolish
lawmakers’ Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) or pork barrel.

This was the Million People March – a tale of how a group of 3’s call to reform in social
media sparked a crusade against corruption, a movement actualized on the ground.

Sources: Hundreds of thousands join people’s march against pork barrel

(https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/475165/tens-of-thousands-join-peoples-march-against-pork-barrel),
#MillionPeopleMarch: Online and offline success (https://www.rappler.com/nation/37360-million-people-
march-social-media-protest-success

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Guide questions for Activity 9.3:

1. What was the “Million People March” all about?

2. Who initiated the movement?
3. What role did media play in the conception and actualization of the Million People
March?
4. What was the outcome of the Million People March movement? Was it successful in
terms of achieving its goals?
5. What can you recommend for the betterment of mass media-assisted campaigns
such as the Million People March?

What you will do

Activity 9.4: Cartoon Analysis

Instructions: Analyze the cartoon below and answer the guide questions that follow.

Source: Truth and Media. 2009. Retrieved from

https://www.toonpool.com/cartoons/truth%20and%20media_57496 (May 30, 2020)

Guide questions:
1. What is the message in this cartoon?

2. Is the situation about media depicted in the cartoon true in the Philippines?
Why or why not?

3. Does the cartoon show a challenge or an opportunity? Why do you say so?

10
 What I Have Learned
Generalization

Complete the sentence stem below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The advancement of media and information brings society countless opportunities

such as _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
2. However, along with these opportunities are risks and challenges like ____________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
3. The media is considered a powerful catalyst in a way that _____________________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

What I Can Do
Application

Understanding the opportunities and challenges of media and information is best done
by reflecting on how it exists in your life. With this, in the table below, write what you think are
the opportunities (positive effects) or challenges (threats or negative effects) brought by media
(new and traditional) and information citing personal experiences or examples.

Media and Information

Opportunities Challenges

11
 Assessment
Posttest

Direction: In a separate sheet of paper, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. What composes of the New Media?

a. TV and radio c. Books and newspapers
b. Internet and Social Media d. AIs and robots

2. All are cybercrime offenses EXCEPT one:

a. Content-related offenses c. Copyright infringement
b. Computer-related offenses d. Profile stalking

3. Businesses will always be connecting with customers, both actual and potential ones, and
social media enable for a more fast and __________ mechanism.
a. Cost-efficient c. Amazing
b. Hassle d. Challenging

4. This refers to the kind of education where students need not attend classes physically.
a. Modular c. Distance learning
b. Mobile Education d. Summer class

5. The media assists the working of a __________ system through facilitating free speech
and unrestricted public debate .
a. Unfair c. Dictatorial
b. Balanced d. Democratic

6. Refers to ABS-CBN’s citizen journalism arm.

a. Ipaglaban Mo! c. It’s Showtime!
b. Bayan Mo Ipatrol Mo! d. TV Patrol

7. Media, as a vehicle of these targeted contents, brought about action and mobilization
a. True c. Maybe
b. False d. Doubtful

8. What is the revolution in Egypt called?

a. Libyan Revolution c. Ukrainian Revolution
b. Arab Spring d. Million People March

9. Who was the Philippines President when the Million People March was actualized?
a. Erap Estrada c. Benigno Aquino III
b. Gloria Arroyo d. Rodrigo Duterte

10. Refers to using business and marketing techniques to encourage people to adopt certain
behaviors that would lead to better physical and mental health, and eventually to wide-
scale social change.
a. Social Marketing c. Promotions
b. Business Marketing d. Protests

12
 Additional Activity

What you will do

Research work

Instructions:
1. Research a news article (2015 up to present) on the internet about an event that
that shows the power of media and information to affect change or an event
where media and information was instrumental in making a change.
2. Copy and paste the article on a short bond paper.
3. Cite the source of the news using APA style.
4. Write a summary and a reaction about the article.
5. Answer the following guide questions:
o What media is important or instrumental in the course of event?
o Why do you think the identified media was instrumental or very important
in this event?
o Was the outcome a positive or a negative change? Explain your answer.

Great work! You are done with Lesson 9.

Have a break! You deserve one 😊
Now off to Lesson 10! Read on!

13
 Lesson Current and Future
Trends of Media and
10 Information
Technological advancements, digitization, and the Internet are swiftly changing the
nature of information production, consumption, and sharing. With this, even the economic,
societal, political, and educational landscapes of society have been aligning its mechanisms
and policies to the realities in the Information Age. In a fast-paced era of information and
technology, society is left with only two choices: adapt to change or get left behind. As such,
MIL encourages us to learn the current trends in Media and Information as well as anticipate
what may come in the future so that we may understand, as consumers, in what ways we can
adapt to and maximize the innovations of these changing times.

In this lesson, you will identify the latest advancements in media and information
technology and realize how they shape people’s media experience and influence information
needs.

What I Need to Know

Learning objectives

By the end of this lesson, you will:

1. Evaluate current trends in media and information and how it will affect/how
they affect individuals and society as a whole (MIL11/12CFT-IIIi-26);
2. Describe massive open online (MIL11/12CFT-IIIi-26); and

What I Know
Pretest

Let’s see how much you already know before we tackle the next lesson. Write the
letter of your choice on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Another term for MOOC.

a. Distance Learning c. Online Information Hub

b. E-school d. Internet School

2. It refers to the model delivering content online to any person who wants to take a course,
with no limit to attendance.

a. Education Model c. Massive Open Online Course

b. Model of Online Learning d. Electronic Learning Model

14
3. The letter M is MOOC stands for?

a. Media c. Market
b. Massive d. None of the Above

4. Which of the following is not a material suitable for 3D printing?

a. Concrete c. Glass
b. Plastic d. Human tissue

5. Which of the following is not a type of wearable technology with health applications?

a. Pedometer c. Calorie Tracker

b. Heart-rate monitor d. None of the Above

6. A technology that helps instructors evaluate their students’ learning.

a. Analytics c. Online exams

b. Learning trackers d. All of the above

7. This refers to a society’s characterized by the shift from letters to e-mails, newspapers to
news web pages, books to e-books, and so on.

a. Electronic Society c. Paperless Society

b. Internet Society d. Digital Society

8. Which of the following is not an element of the 3D environment?

a. Height c. Length
b. Width d. Depth

9. Which of the following is not an example of modern wearable technology?

a. Smart Watches c. Smartphones

b. Fitness Trackers d. Headsets

10. Refers to a type of learning that happens anytime, anywhere, and with anyone.

a. Ubiquitous Learning c. Wide Learning

b. Global Learning d. None of the Above

What’s In
Review

In Lesson 10, you have learned that media and information open both opportunities
and challenges for you as an individual and to the society in general. Media as well carry with
them meaning – even powerful ones – that can influence media and information consumers’
attitudes, behavior, and views. As a digital native and a media and information literate
individual, you are expected to manage its challenges and make the best use of its
opportunities. In this lesson, we will focus on these developments, specifically the current
trends of media and information and how it plays a role in the Digital Era.

15
 What’s New
Activity 10.1

What you will do

Activity 10.1: Identifying Technologies

Instructions: Identify these technological tools. Name as many as you can and give a
guess as to how and for what purpose it is used.

1 2 3 4

What is It
Discussion

Media and information, much like almost anything in the world, is a dynamic and
developing entity. It is ever-changing in nature – a product of continuous improvement. The
photos above are just a few examples of the many technologies and innovations that have
emerged throughout the recent years. Here, you will explore more of these developments and
visualize what the future may bring in terms of the trends in media and information.

1. Massive Open Online Courses

EDUCAUSE, a nonprofit organization composed of IT leaders and professionals,
defines MOOC as “a model for delivering learning content online to any person who wants to
take a course, with no limit on attendance.”

Furthermore, MOOCs can be characterized by the following:

1. A revolutionary approach to education that transitions from physical setting to a

virtual set-up
2. A kind of learning that is facilitated online, breaking the norm of having to
physically go to traditional schools or universities for higher education
3. Utilizes information technologies like analytics to help instructors evaluate their
students’ learning
4. Emphasizes connectedness (Gonzales, 2016)

16
 MOOCS are asynchronous, open-access, Web-based courses geared toward
enrolling hundreds or thousands of students at a time. MOOCs deliver content via recorded
video lectures, online readings, and online assessments, as well as various degrees of
student-student and student-instructor interaction (Kurt, 2018). People enroll in MOOCs for a
range of purposes, including Career development, college preparations, supplemental
learning, lifelong learning, corporate training, and more.

There is a distinction though as to whether an online learning material or program is

considered as a MOOC. Here are a number of features that are typically required for a course
to be considered a MOOC:

1. Massive - It should allow access to a very large number of students, much

larger than a face-to-face class, or a traditional online course. It can even reach
up to 500,000 learners or more!
2. Open – It does not have an admission process nor qualifications to be able to
register or enroll. MOOCs being open also means free and open access to
educational resources hosted in varied online places.
3. Online – The course is done remotely via the Internet and does not require
physical attendance at a classroom, which also means that anyone from
anywhere around the world with an Internet connection can avail of these
courses.
4. Courses - It should have learning objectives to be achieved by students after
certain activities within a given period of time.

MOOCs are made and hosted by universities and companies through open enrollment
or open registration. However, most of these institutions do not host MOOCs under their
organization per se but rely on course providers such as Coursera, edX, Udacity, and many
others. They range in length from 1 to 16 weeks (Bowden, 2019). While others run on a
schedule, MOOCs remain flexible, letting you progress through them at your own pace, which
means you are able to study and go through the lessons and activities according to your time,
schedule, and pacing. Like in a traditional classroom, students will also be graded through
quizzes, assignments, or activity. However, these may come as peer review, which is graded
by other students according to a rubric or automatically-marked tests which are graded directly
upon submission.

MOOCs offer a strong starting point for a number of reasons, including:

1. Lack of entry requirements – a MOOC can be taken by anyone who is
interested in the subject matter and able to access the course, regardless of
age, background, or location
2. Repetition – a MOOC will often run two or three times a year, ensuring that
students won’t miss their chance
3. High quality – MOOCs are led by subject matter experts (SMEs) and
supported by teaching assistants so that students have access to first-rate
educational resources
4. Feasibility – a MOOC usually necessitates around 1-2 hours of study a week
for about five weeks, making learning doable for students with busy lives
5. Self-paced but supported learning – a MOOC enables students to work
through the course materials and assessments at their own rates while also
interacting with a global learning community (Kurt, 2018).

In sum, MOOCs are a game-changer for higher education. The large scale availability,
the low cost to students, the questions raised around credentialing, and the analytics that
MOOCs provide all create momentum for new pathways to education. Check out an example
of a MOOC on the next page.

17
Example of a MOOC from course provider edX:

Course title

Course
provider

Registration link

Other details about

the course

Course description

Course objectives

Host institution

Screenshot from edX Online Course: How to Write an Essay (Retrieved from https://www.edx.org/course/how-to-write-an-
essay) May 30, 2020

What have you learned so far?

Activity 10.2: Question and Answer

Instructions: Answer the questions briefly in your own words. Write your answers in a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the impact of MOOC in information access?
2. Can MOOCs replace the traditional mode of information and knowledge
delivery? Expound your answer.
3. Are MOOCs potentially harmful to copyright? Why or why not?

18
2. Wearable Technology
Also known as wearables or fashion technology, wearable technology is a general
term that encompasses a field of smart devices that are worn on the body. This technology is
also considered as a trend in media and information as with it, people and access information
through media in a much faster manner.

Earlier versions of wearables were devices clipped to the body or on pieces of clothing.
Today, however, advancements in technology allowed powerful sensors to have direct contact
with the skin. Thus, the tech gravitated to other body parts: the wrists, fingers, chest, forearms,
ears, eyes, forehead, temple, and anywhere else you can think of (yes, even those parts).

According to Wearable Devices magazine (Liquigan, 2016), the characteristics of

wearable include the following:
• Performing computer-related tasks such as laptops and mobile phones
• Provide sensory and scanning features
• Have some form of communication capability and will allow the wearer access
to information in real-time
• Data-input capabilities
• Local storage capabilities

Wearable technology is growing to be one of the fastest-rising innovation in the ICT

industry. The new age of wearables is loaded with smart sensors that track our movements
and biometrics, often using Bluetooth to sync wirelessly to a smartphone. Others also rely on
Wi-Fi connectivity and standalone mobile 4G LTE data connections. Wearables also use
sensors to connect to you as a person, helping you to achieve goals such as staying fit and
active, losing weight, being more organized, or tracking your overall mental and physical
health. In the case of VR and AR heads-up displays, they’re providing a wealth of new
entertainment and educational opportunities, as well as enhancing the world around us
(Smith, 2019).

Different fields, such as in gaming, music, entertainment, health and medicine, fitness
and wellness, education, transportation, and many others, have slowly started to adapt to the
use of this technology. Let’s look at these examples of wearable tech:

1. Smartwatch

Smartwatches are wrist-worn devices that connect to your mobile

phone. As they are synced to your smartphone, it allows you to
see notifications on your wrist at a glance. This technology eases
the burden of having to constantly open and check your
smartphone text messages, e-mails, or other notifications. It can
even track your physical activity!

Most smartwatches rely on a smartphone to function,

which also means the model you choose will depend on your
phone. For example, the Apple Watch can only be synced with
Image source:
https://lh3.googleusercontent.co an iPhone, while Android Wear devices—such as the Moto
m/MXePhzfVe8V2E4yt3SUxchV 360 and Samsung Gear—can only be connected to Android
RYm_1-- phones.
mqhwRvy0c87Hb8QzuC16nr3k
eB3DHOyHNvUd92ow=s151

19
2. Fitness trackers and sports watches

Whether for formal training or just trying to be active

and fit, fitness trackers and sportswatch help you get a better
understanding of your fitness activities. According to GCF
Global, they can track the number of steps you take, your
average heart rate, how long you sleep, and more. This
data can then be synced with another device, which allows
you to see trends and patterns in your activity. For example,
you could find out how far you’ve walked over the past week
or estimate how many calories you’ve burned in a day.

Image source: https://products.galeriesdelacapitale.com/fr/products/ca-the-source-Fitbit-bracelet-d-activita-c-

charge-3-de-fitbita-r-or-rose-bleu-gris/0ef2f6c4-fa99-4cc1-b844-97ba3b78ab82

3. Smartglasses
No longer do your specs just help you see things more
clearly: smart glasses can link up with your phone, control
the volume of your music, and even take photographs
(Stevens, 2018). Google Glass was the first to launch this
technology in 2013. Basically, it brings wireless connectivity
and imaging into the frames and lenses of our eyewear,
controls that we can only usually do on our smartphones and
computers. So instead of a keyboard or mouse, you can
Image source: control smart glasses by tapping or swiping control built into
https://news.knowledia.com/US/en/se the frame or even verbalizing your commands as you do with
arch?query=&topic=Zll Alexa and Siri.

4. Hearables
Most have had or known earphones and headphones
throughout their lives. Today, these devices, like the ones we
previously discussed, have now also utilized wireless
connectivity as well. These Hearables work just like the
traditional earphones and headphones but are already
wireless and are worn in the ear. The most popular example
is Apple’s AirPods, those true wireless earphones that offer
quick access to the Siri voice assistant. However, these
hearable aren’t only for music or entertainment, but some are
actually used as smart hearing aids.
Image source: https://www.lizardtienda.com/producto/auriculares-bluetooth/

5. VR Headsets

VR or Virtual Reality headsets are devices

connected to a PC/games console and show you a
computer-generated virtual reality that fools you sight and
your brain into thinking you are in a different scenario.

Image source: https://www.giga.de/deals/vr-set-oculus-rift-beim-red-friday-bei-mediamarkt-stark-reduziert/

20
 Today, many industries and fields are using and developing more innovations of these
wearable techs, especially in the health care industry, where they’re looking into devices that
could be used to monitor things like blood pressure, vital signs, or blood sugar levels for
diabetics. From the basic fitness trackers and highly-advanced sports and smartwatches to
virtual and augmented reality headsets, wearables are definitely establishing their names. As
such, wearable technology will most likely continue to have an impact on modern society,
especially given its efficient use and aesthetic quality.

3. 3D Environment
3D or three-dimensional, in its literal sense, refers to anything that has a width, height,
and depth (Gonzales, 2016). The physical world, the realm we live in, including us humans,
are examples of 3D environments. This technological concept of a 3D environment is explored
to imitate and simulate the physical world through media. The most common examples of this
are computer animations in video games and TV shows. Films have also been among the
most common media modalities that employ 3D. 3D films make objects in their material
appear solid to the audience through the illusion of perception (Gonzales, 2016). If you have
been to one of these 3D films, you are made to wear special 3D glasses, which directs each
of your eyes to see a slightly different picture. According to American Paper Optics, a
manufacturer of 3D eyewear, “this is done in the real world by your eyes being spaced apart,
so each eye has its own slightly different view. The brain then puts the two pictures together
to form one 3D image that has depth to it.

Another 3D technology, which has existed for actually quite a while now, is 3D
printing. This innovation brings digital data and design to the physical world – literally. Simply
put, it brings your design to life! According to The University of Tennessee Knoxville, 3D
printing “creates objects by bonding the print material one layer at a time. They work by making
use of 3D design files, such as those created in AutoCAD or similar applications. These files
are processed by specialized software that slices the data into cross-sections. The printer
uses this data to build the desired object from the bottom up one layer at a time.” Unlike laser
printers that utilize inks, 3D printers “prints” in layers of material like plastic, metal, and
concrete.

Overall, the 3D environment has already been widely used because it gives the
audience or the users a more engaging and enjoyable media experience because the images
and videos are in three-dimensional rendering – meaning it’s as if we’re looking at something
real!

4. Ubiquitous Learning
Ubiquitous learning or u-learning is a kind of e-learning experience that “implies a
vision of learning which is connected across all the stages on which we play out our lives.
Learning occurs not just in classrooms, but in the home, the workplace, the playground, the
library, museum, and nature center, and in our daily interactions with others (Bruce, 2009).”
Compared to mobile learning and e-learning, it is a more context-based approach and more
adaptive to the needs and pacing of the learner.

U-learning is a kind of wireless modality where learning takes place at any time,
anywhere, and with anyone. It benefits from the use of technologies to implement learning
activities and achieve learning objectives. These technologies incorporate learning materials
such as videos, audios, PowerPoint presentations, or notes with embedded source data in
them (Liquigan, 2016). It is a very personalized and dynamic mechanism that uses devices
integrated into the students’ environment. Furthermore, u-learning maximizes the use of any
form of media like mobile phones and computers for efficient use.

21
 However, in the Philippine setting, especially in the public education system, most u-
learning tools fail to endure because of the lack of resources and, thus, not effectively
sustaining the actual needs of the students. It is, nevertheless, still a promising endeavor that
both private and public education institutions hope to embark on.

What have you learned so far?

Activity 10.3: Question and Answer

Instructions: Answer the questions briefly in your own words. Write your answers in a
separate sheet of paper.
1. How has wearable technology revolutionized the way people access
information?
2. How does a 3D environment affect the audience’s media experience?
3. How does ubiquitous learning (u-learning) impact the traditional mode of
learning?

5. Paperless Society
A call for faster transactions and greener mechanisms brought paperless transactions
as a viable and useful practice in society. A paperless society is a society where
communication and transactions are done electronically or digitally, and all forms of printed
communication have become obsolete. It is characterized by the shift from letters to e-mails,
newspapers to news web pages, books to e-books, and so on (Gonzales, 2016). Paperless
transactions also include cashless dealing, which is often done through credit or debit cards
or through virtual wallets like PayMaya and GCash.

Going paperless offers several benefits, like acquiring savings on costs on materials,
printing, labor, and storage. In addition, paperless transactions minimize the risk of losing or
misplacing a digital document and allow employees to access and edit a digital document,
whether remotely or in the office, then electronically manage or send it. These documents can
also be accessed simultaneously, eliminating the need for multiple copies and thus saving
time and adding to work efficiency.

However, for a country like the Philippines where many places are still without
electricity, even more so Internet, going entirely paperless, is still a far-fetched aim.
Bureaucracy in several companies and organizations, both public and private, also hamper
the actual realization of a paperless society. Despite such, societies are positively gearing
towards going paperless as places, and people who are capable of carrying it out have already
adapted such procedures.

MOOCs, Wearables, 3D, U-Learning – these are only a few of the many technological
advances that we can only expect to shape our daily life now and in the future
– the way we communicate, conduct business and even have fun. From virtual worlds,
wireless devices, artificial intelligence, holographic images and videos, and so much more. All
these trends will continue to advance, empower, and transform every aspect of our lives.

Now, let’s further harness your knowledge of these trends and technologies by
answering the following enrichment activities!

22
 What’s More
Enrichment

What you will do

Activity 10.4: Examining a MOOC

Identify the important details of this MOOC. Write your answers on the activity matrix
found on the next page.

Screenshot from Coursera Online Course: Journalism Skills for Engaged Citizens (Retrieved from
https://www.coursera.org/learn/journalism-skills) May 30, 2020

23
Activity 10.4 Matrix
Component Answer
1. Course title
2. Course brief description
3. Course provider
4. Host institution
5. Course instructor/s
6. Course duration
7. Cost of enrollment

What you will do

Activity 10.5: Weighing Pros and Cons

Instructions: In the table below, write down what you think are the pros (advantages) and
cons (disadvantages) of the previously discussed trends in media, information, and
technology.

Trend Pros Cons

1. MOOCs

2. Wearable
technology
3. 3D
environment

4. U-Learning

5. Paperless
Society

What I Have Learned

Generalization

Complete the sentence stem below.

1. Current trends in media and information include _____________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
2. These developments change society’s way of life by __________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
3. However, these advanced technological tools also pose disadvantages such as ____
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

24
 What I Can Do
Application

Essay: Tech Then and Now

Technology isn’t what it is now compared to what our parents, grandparents, or elder
relatives have grown up to. In this activity, you will discover how our tech now differ from
what they have used before. On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following
questions:

1. Choose a current media and information technology you know or currently own or
patronize and create a review about it.

2. Ask an elder (parents, aunts or uncles, grandparents) for their opinion of a similar
yet earlier version of the technology you used for your own review.

3. Write an essay comparing the difference between their technology and yours.

Assessment
Posttest

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Identify the correct answer to the following questions. Write the letter
of your choice in the space before the number.

______ 1. The letter M in MOOC stands for?

a. Media c. Market
b. Massive d. None of the Above

______ 2. A technology that helps instructors evaluate their students’ learning.

a. Analytics c. Online exams

b. Learning trackers d. All of the above

______3. This refers to a society’s characterized by the shift from letters to e-mails,
newspapers to news web pages, books to e-books, and so on.

a. Electronic Society c. Paperless Society

b. Internet Society d. Digital Society

______ 4. Which of the following is not an example of modern wearable technology?

a. Smart Watches c. Smartphones

b. Fitness Trackers d. Headsets

______ 5. Refers to a type of learning that happens anytime, anywhere, and with anyone.

a. Ubiquitous Learning c. Wide Learning

b. Global Learning d. None of the Above

25
II. IDENTIFICATION: Identify the term/s being referred to below. Write your answers to the
space provided before the number.

_______________ 1. The unabbreviated term for a model delivering learning content to any
online person who wants to take a course, with no limit on attendance.
_______________ 2. Refers to the eyewear used to watch 3D films.
_______________ 3. A transaction that is done electronically or digitally without the use of
physical documents.
_______________ 4. A kind of technology that brings digital data and design to the physical
world.
_______________ 5. Refers to the obsoleteness of printed communications in society.
_______________ 6. Refers to the material used in 3D printing aside from plastic and metal.
_______________ 7. Broadly defined as any gadget that is worn instead of being carried.
_______________ 8. An example of a wearable technology that tracks your wellness and
physical activity.
_______________ 9. The sense tricked in 3D films.
_______________ 10. Refers to the device that shows you a computer-generated virtual
reality.

Additional Activity

Exploring More Online Courses

To further expand your knowledge on MOOCs, this activity will let you explore
on the various online courses available on the Web. So here’s what you have to do:
1. Research for two (2) specific MOOCs of your choice.
2. Take note of the following details for the two MOOCs and write them on a
separate sheet of paper:
a. Course title
b. Course description
c. Course objectives (if any)
d. Host institution
e. Course provider
f. Course Duration
g. Cost
h. Certificate
3. Answer the following questions:
a. Would you be willing to enroll yourself for a MOOC?
b. How effective do you think are MOOCs in providing training and
education?

Awesome! You are done with Lesson 10.

Great work! You deserve a tap on the shoulder 😊
Now, get ready for Module 5!

26
 27
Lesson 11 Posttest
Test II – Multiple Choice
1 Massive Open Online Course
2 3D Glasses
3 Paperless
4 3D Printing
5 Paperless Society
6 Concrete
7 Wearable
8 Fitness Tracker
9 Sight
10 VR Headset
Lesson 11 Posttest Lesson 10
Lesson 11 Pretest
Test I – Multiple Choice Pretest/Posttest
1 B 1. A 1. B
2 A
2. C 2. D
3 C
3. B 3. A
4 C
4. C 4. C
5 A
5. D 5. D
6. A 6. B
7. C 7. A
8. C 8. B
9. C 9. C
10. A 10. A
Answer Key
References
ABREU , JARITZA. “Social Media Is the Platform for the Start of a Revolution.” Continuing
Revolutions. Accessed June 3, 2020.
http://web.colby.edu/continuingrevolutions/2016/10/03/social-media-is-the-platform-for-
the-start-of-a-revolution/.

“Beginners Guide to Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs).” Class Central Help Center.
Accessed June 3, 2020. https://www.classcentral.com/help/moocs/.

Borreo, Raiza. “Ubiquitous Learning for Senior High School Students: Philippines Scenario.”
Academia.edu. Accessed June 3, 2020.
https://www.academia.edu/22733213/Ubiquitous_Learning_for_Senior_High_School_
Students_Philippines_Scenario.

Bruce , Bertram C. “Ubiquitous Learning, Ubiquitous Computing, and Lived Experience.”

CiteSeerX. Accessed June 3, 2020.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.570.8763.

Coxall, Bill, Lynton Robins, and Robert Leach. “The Mass Media and Politics.” SpringerLink.
Palgrave, London, January 1, 1970. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-
349-14821-9_10.

“The Definition and Characteristics of Ubiquitous Learning ...” Accessed June 3, 2020.
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