ASSIGNMENT NO.

04
RIYA YOGESH PATIL
ROLL NO.: 20
SEM – III
VIVA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021
BARC 308 – BUILDING SERVICES
 BARC 308

Question No.-01

Define Sanitation and explain the difference between sanitation

system, sanitation service and sanitation technology.

SANITATION

Sanitation is the process of maintaining cleanliness and dealing with sewage. Sanitation refers
to the maintenance of hygienic conditions and improvement and promotion of human health
through different practices including safe disposal of human waste, waste water and waste
solid, garbage collection and health and hygiene management.

SANITATION SYSTEM:

Sanitation systems are a combination of different functional units that together allow managing
and reusing or disposing the different waste flows from households, institutions, agriculture or
industries in order to protect people and the environment. The systems are designed to
address the whole water as well as the nutrients cycle, from the toilet user where wastewater
is generated, over the collection, treatment up to reuse or discharge. A sanitation system
includes the capture, storage, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta and
wastewater.

SANITATION SERVICES:

Sanitation services refer to the management of excreta from the facilities used by individuals,
through emptying and transport of excreta for treatment and eventual discharge or reuse.
Services programme works to ensure the safe, reliable, equitable and efficient supply and
service delivery of water and sanitation.

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SANITATION TECHNOLOGY:

It refers to the infrastructural specific methods configuration, desgined specifically to contain,

transform or transport waste to another proces, point of use or disposal. Sanitation
technologies may involve centralized civil engineering structures like sewer systems, sewage
treatment, surface runoff treatment and solid waste landfills. These structures are designed to
treat wastewater and municipal solid waste.

SANITATION TECHNOLOGY

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SN No. – 01

What is a seal explain its role.

 Water seal in drain pipe under a sink.

 It is a hydraulic device that prevents the reverse flow of gases in piping. It is used in sanitary
engineering to prevent the entry of sewer gases into premises through sanitary equipment
like sinks, toilet bowls, and so on.

 Water enters at right, fills the trap, and continues left.Because of its shape, the trap retains
some water after the fixture's use.

 This water creates an air seal that prevents sewer gas from passing from the drain pipes
back into the building.

 Essentially all plumbing fixtures including sinks, bathtubs, and showers must be equipped
with either an internal or external trap. Toilets almost always have an internal trap.

 If the seal beneath the toilet base fails, it could cause serious water leakage that could
eventually rot your floor.

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SN No. – 02

Explain what are traps, its uses and types and explain each trap in detail
with explanatory sketches.

TRAP:

A trap is a device which is used to prevent sewer gases from entering the buildings. The traps
are located below or within a plumbing fixture and retains small amount of water. The retaining
water creates a water seal which stops foul gases going back to the building from drain pipes.
Therefore all plumbing fixtures such as sinks, washbasins, bathtubs and toilets etc. are
equipped with traps. The main use of trap is to prevent sewer gases from entering our
buildings.

TYPES OF TRAPS:

 P. Trap

 S. Trap

 Q. trap

 Floor trap/Nahani trap

 Gully Trap

 Intercepting Trap

 Grease Trap

 Bottle Trap

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1) P. TRAP:

 P-trap installed under the sinks in the bathroom and kitchens

 It traps debris that has drained from the sink and prevents it from forming a clog deep
within the plumbing system, and to stops sewer gases from passing into the home.
 P-traps can be made from PVC pipe or steel, the latter is often used for exposed plumbing
as it looks more attractive.
 A P-trap gets its name because it combines two 90 degrees joints with a horizontal overflow
pipe and gives the entire unit the shape of the letter “P.” One of the 90 degree joints exits
the drain of the sink and then is joined to another which contains a water seal system that
allows for water to flow into the overflow pipe, but not to flow backward toward the sink.
 It is this back flow prevention that prevents sewer gas from escaping into the house. Sewer
gas can contain many noxious odors which at the least, may smell like rotten eggs and at
their worst, can be explosive and poisonous. The traps installed in the plumbing lines help
to form a barrier of water within the P-trap. At the bottom of the “P” is a small cleanout tap
that can be used to remove clogs the P-trap has contained.

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2) S. TRAP:

 The mechanical purpose of the trap is to hold water to prevent sewer gases containing
viruses and bacteria from entering the home through the drain.
 With an “S” trap drain, the trap is easily siphoned dry with each use and the water seal no
longer exists.

3) Q. TRAP:
 This trap is used in toilet under water closet.
 It is almost similar to S trap and is used in upper storey other than ground floor.

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4) NAHANI TRAP / FLOOR TRAP:

 Traps are an important component of a plumbing system. They prevent ingress of foul air,
insects and vermin from the sewers into the building and resist the spread of disease. Traps
are constructed, so that they retain a body of water which acts as a water seal.

 Traps should be of the self-cleansing type. They should generate enough velocity from the
available flow to have a self-cleansing effect, a smooth finish and a full uniform bore.

 It is normally made in 80 mm diameter and the depth of water seal provided is about
50mm.

 To collect wastewater from the bathroom, wash area, wash basin, kitchen sinks etc., floor
trap or Nahni trap is provided into the floor.

 Floor traps are available in PVC, UPVC and CI.

 They are without vent pipe but removable grating is provided at the top of Traps.

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5) GULLY TRAP
• A gully trap is a basin in the ground that receives piped wastewater from your house before
it enters the underground sewer (wastewater pipe). The basin has a water seal to prevent
odours reaching the surface.

• Well-made gully traps prevent sewage flowing into your property or public pipes. They also
protect your family’s health. If there is a blockage, sewage will not overflow into your home.

• All houses have at least one gully trap against an outside wall, usually next to the kitchen,
bathroom or laundry.

• Gully traps should be raised off the ground. This will prevent groundwater from entering
our wastewater network, and reduce the chance of overflows.

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6) INTERCEPTING TRAP:

 Intercepting trap is provided in to the Interceptor Manhole (Interceptor Chamber). An

Interceptor manhole is provided at the intercept of building sewer and Public sewer.

 Intercepting trap is provided to prevent the foul gases entering in to the building sewer by
providing water seal. It has deep water seal of 100 mm depth and it also prevents entry of
bugs and insects from sewer line to building sewer.

 Foul gases of larger municipal sewers are prevented from entering house drainage system.

 Well designed and constructed interceptors can quickly remove foul matter of house drain
to muncipal sewers.

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7) BOTTLE TRAP:

 A bottle trap is provided to receive waste from washbasin, kitchen sinks and other
appliances where the appliances do not have a built-in trap.

 The bottle trap prevents harmful gases to enter the bathrooms, thus helping maintain
hygiene in the bathroom and keeping it safe for us.

 The bottle traps are normally cast in one piece in brass with copper content not less than 56
percent and then chromium plated or nickel-plated. It is also manufactured in PVC.

 Bottle traps are manufactured in 32mm/40mm diameter size.

 It's through piping bends and curves that some water remains behind to block odors and
sewer gases that can reenter the bathroom.

 It can be cleaned quickly by unscrewing the bottom screw.

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8) GREASE TRAP:

 A grease trap is a receptacle into which wastewater containing FOG flows through before
entering a drainage system. The receptacle is designed to intercept or trap the FOG while
allowing clear water to escape.

 When wastewater enters a grease trap, the flow rate is reduced enough so the wastewater
is given enough time to cool and separate into 3 layers.

 The grease rises to the top inside the interceptor and is trapped using a system of baffles.
Solids settle at the bottom and the separated clear water escapes under an outlet baffle.

 Many grease traps also have strainers for collecting solid debris, which reduces the amount
of solids that settle at the bottom of the trap.

 Over time, solids and grease build-up, and if left to accumulate for long enough they can
start to escape through the outlet and in some circumstances, they can back-up through the
inlet. For this reason, the trap must be cleaned / pumped out on a regular basis.

 The time between cleaning out the trap will depend on the amount of wastewater
produced and the size of the grease trap but it is usually every 2-4 weeks.

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There are 3 main types of grease trap

1) PASSIVE HYDROMECHANICAL GREASE TRAP:

 Used in smaller establishment.

 They can be easily installed under most sinks while larger units are available to
accommodate bigger wastewater production requirements.
 They’re usually constructed from plastic or stainless steel and must be cleaned manually
and on a regular basis.

2) AUTOMATIC GREASE TRAP:

 Automatic systems, also known as AGRU’s (automatic grease removal units), use some
of the same principals as a traditional passive trap but re-heat and skim out the FOG
automatically on a programmed schedule.

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 The skimmed FOG is then transferred into a collector bin for easy removal and recycling.
The programmed schedule is based on the amount of FOG produced and means
operators don’t have to measure or check grease levels.

 Much like passive systems they’re available in a variety of sizes to accommodate a range
of requirements. While they have a higher initial investment cost, they are more
efficient and have lower long term running and servicing costs.

3) GRAVITY GREASE TRAPS:

 Gravity systems are usually large in-ground tanks constructed from concrete, fibreglass
or steel. They work in a similar way to a passive hydromechanical trap but have a much
larger capacity and are better for high-flow applications.

 Gravity traps must be pumped out on a scheduled basis, usually by a specialist grease
management service company.

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