MODULE 2-Chapter 2

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GEHIST-1STSEM-2020-2021
College of Arts and Sciences

Bayombong Campus
DEGREE PROGRAM General Education COURSE NO. GE HIST

SPECIALIZATION Philippine History COURSE TITLE Readings in Philippine History
YEAR LEVEL All level TIME FRAME 6 hrs WK NO. 3-5 IM NO. 2
I. UNIT TILE/CHAPTER TITLE: Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary

Sources in Philippine History
II. LESSON TITLE:
A. Content Analysis vs. Context Analysis

B. Analysis of Five Primary Sources in History
 First Voyage Around the World by Antonio Pigafetta
 Kartilya ng Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto
 The Declaration of Philippine Independence
 Political Caricature during the American Era
 Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the Joint Session of US Congress
III. LESSON OVERVIEW:
This chapter is divided in various topics basing from the selected primary sources. It is important
to note that in understanding primary sources, a reader should be critical enough in examining
the author’s main argument and point of view. Hence, the authors’ views were first presented
followed by the understanding of other historians and scholars. Basically, the purpose is to
analyze the context and content of the primary sources.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Analyze the context, content, and perspective of different kinds of primary sources;
2. Determine the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in understanding Philippine
history; and
3. Develop critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources.
V. LESSON CONTENT:
CONTEXT AND CONTENT ANALYSIS
According to Stephen Behrendt (2008), a contextual analysis is “simply an analysis of a text (in whatever
medium, including multi-media) that helps us to assess that text within the context of its historical and
cultural setting, but also in terms of its textuality – or the qualities that characterize the text as a text”. It
aims to “combine features of formal analysis with features of cultural archeology or the systematic study
of social, political, economic, philosophical, religious, and aesthetic conditions that were (or can be
assumed to have been) in place at the time and place when the text was created. While this may sound
complicated, it is in reality deceptively simple: it means “situating” the text within the milieu of its times
and assessing the roles of author, readers (intended and actual), and “commentators” (critics, both
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“In accordance with Section 185. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.
professional and otherwise) in the reception of the text”. To simply put, contextual analysis an evaluation
of the time, place, and situation when the primary source was written. It also includes the author’s
background, authority on the subject and perceptible intentions and its relevance and meaning to people
and society today.
On the other hand, content analysis is a systematic evaluation of the primary source like in the form of
a text, painting, caricature, speech etc. in order to develop and present an argument based on
understanding of the evidence. To illustrate these concepts:
For this chapter, there will be five primary sources that we are going to analyze. Some analysis will be
provided and some will be done by you as students of history. Remember that one of the objectives of
this chapter is to develop your critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources. The
primary sources that we are going to analyze are as follows:
1. The First Voyage around the World by Antonio Pigafetta

2. Kartilya ng Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto
3. The Declaration of Philippine Independence as read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
4. Political Carricature of the American Era by Alfred McCoy and Alfredo Roces
5. Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the Joint Session of US Congress
Analysis of Primary Sources
A. The First Voyage Around the World by Antonio Pigafetta
The First Voyage around the World by Antonio Pigafetta is a detailed description of the first world
circumnavigation as initiated by Ferdinand Magellan. Unfortunately, he died in the Philippines thus the
title to first circumnavigate the globe was given to Juan Sebastián Elcano, the Captain of the ship which
was able to return to Spain. This narrative serves as an essential source of our knowledge about Magellan
and Elcano's voyage. It is an important tool in understanding our history for it details the discovery of the
Western route to the Moluccas and the lives of the people (Stanley, 2003).
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Analysis of the Context
Author’s Background
Who is Antonio Pigafetta? Antonio Pigafetta was a well-known Italian scholar and explorer from the
Republic of Venice. He was a scribe or chronicler commissioned by the Spanish Crown to accompany
Ferdinand Magellan and document a voyage intended to expand the Spanish empire. He was from a
noble descent from a rich family in Venice. Perhaps his being a scholar of cartography and geography
got him the job. Interestingly, his account was a major reference to the events leading to Magellan’s
arrival in the Philippines, his encounter with local leaders, his death in the hands of Lapulapu’s forces in
the so-called Battle of Mactan as well as the departure of what was left from the fleet.
Situation/Condition of the Times
What prompted the Europeans to travel during the 16 th Century? Perhaps you have ideas in mind. But I
would like us to remember the basics, the 3Gs – God, Gold, and Glory. These can be explained as
follows:
 God: Europe was dominated by the Holy Roman Empire whose goal was the domination of the
Catholic Church all over the world.
 Gold: 16th Century economic system is MERCANTILISM, a system which measures the wealth of
kingdoms/empires based on accumulation of precious metals like gold and silver. They came to
acquire new lands and find these precious metals.
 Glory: Spain wanted to search for new lands to acquire more wealth in order to be on top of all
European nations. Moreover, they also wanted to prove in Science that the earth is round and to
control the source of spices in the Far East. Spices during those times were considered scarce
and prestige goods. When these things are done, their name (or Spain) will be glorified.
Analysis of the Content
In the First Voyage, Pigafetta had narrated what he actually saw and what was in his mind: “I grew up, in
the Marianas, hearing about this gulf. It is part of why travel writing can be so fraught for me now. On
reaching the Marianas after nearly four months at sea with no new provisions, "The captain-general
wished to stop at the large island and get some fresh food, but he was unable to do so because the
inhabitants of that island entered the ships and stole whatever they could lay their hands on, in such a
manner that we could not defend ourselves” (Stanley, 2003).
The sailors did not understand that this was custom, that for the islanders, property was communal and
visitors were expected to share what they had. As a result, Magellan and his starving crew retaliated.
They went ashore and burned, by Pigafetta's account, forty to fifty houses. They killed seven men. Mutual
astonishment at the new and the wondrous took a dark turn. Magellan then named the archipelago Islas
de los Ladrones, the Islands of Thieves. This name of the island lasted for three hundred years, long
after the islands were absorbed into the Spanish empire. But it was a surprise to see in Pigafetta's text
that the sailors moved to compassion. They seem to understand, in that moment of astonishment, that
the islanders are defenseless against the unknown.
From the Marianas, the fleet moved on to the Philippines. They linger there, exploring the land,
exchanging gifts with the chiefs, observing the people. And I know what's coming for the people; I know
that we're seeing, through Pigafetta, the hush of a world just before it changes, wholly and entirely (Essay
Daily, 2013).
Meanwhile, Pigafetta in his travel writing showed how he was so amazed by many things and products
such as the coconuts and the bananas and the naked, beautiful people. It's happening even now in the
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text, as the Filipino pilots are captured to direct the way to the Moluccas, the way to the spices. There is
Pigafetta, roaming and cataloging and recording, caught up in the first flush of a new world. This is what
“great travel writing gives us: a way to wholly enter a moment, a feeling, a body during the past. We can
be our forefathers, marveling at the country, our country, transformed by its vast expanse”. Or we can be
in the shoes of Pigafetta, on the deck of the Trinidad, moved to write from shock and wonder. We can
also be the women on a boat in the Marianas, crying out of love for the dead (Essay Daily, 2013).
Scholars’ Comment on Pigafetta’s Account
Pigafetta’s journal served as the basis for his 1525 travelogue. According to scholar Theodore Cachey
Jr., the travelogue represented “the literary epitome of its genre and achieved an international reputation”.
To him, the First Voyage is an:
“Intent on marveling at what it encounters—and therein lies much of its appeal. It is a work
that is intent on wonder and astonishment. In travel writing, one often must recreate the first
moment of newness, that fresh sense of awe, on the page for the reader; Pigafetta does it
again and again, by reveling in odd and odder bits of detail. We watch Pigafetta wonder at
trees in Borneo whose leaves appear to walk around once shed, leaves that "have no blood,
but if one touches them they run away. I kept one of them for nine days in a box. When I
opened the box, that leaf went round and round it. I believe those leaves live on nothing but
air.” (Pigafetta,76). We marvel, in the Philippines, at sea snails capable of felling whales, by
feeding on their hearts once ingested (48). On a stop in Brazil, we see an infinite number of
parrots, monkeys that look like lions, and "swine that have their navels on their backs, and
large birds with beaks like spoons and no tongues" (10) (cited in Essay Daily, 2013).
However, there were perceived problems in the travel writing of Pigafetta. First is that, the travel writer
has the authority grounding from his or her own observation without considering the thoughts of others.
Second is the call for humility in confronting the unknown. Pigafetta, for example, had encountered new
people. He tried to earn his authority through a lot of details. Nevertheless, Pigafetta, attempted to
reconstruct their world for us, as to what they look like, where they live, what they eat, what they say. He
gives us pages and pages of words, from Patagonia, from Cebu, from Tidore.
There is little humility, and one can hardly expect there to be so, not early in Sixteenth century. A few
decades after the Pope had divided the unchartered world between Spain and Portugal. Certainly not
on this expedition, where Magellan and his partners have been promised, in a contract agreement with
the Spanish monarchy, the titles of Lieutenants and Governors over the lands they discover, for
themselves and their heirs, in perpetuity plus an amount of money (Cachey, 2007).
Other authors also commented that Pigafetta’s account is remarkably ethnocentric thinking that European
culture is superior over the early Filipinos. For example, Pigafetta regarded indigenous belief systems
and way of life as inferior to that of Christianity and of the Europeans.
Also, he emphasized too much on the “nakedness” and “exotic” culture of the “natives” and stressed on
the early Filipinos’ amazement and illiteracy to European artillery and goods. But undeniably, the interest
of Europeans for spices and gold is obvious in his accounts. Of course, Pigafetta behaved in such way
because he was Catholic and one of their objectives is to spread Christianity to places they had reached.
The eye for spices and gold was also clear because they also came for those.
Nonetheless, Pigafetta’s accounts provided a first-hand information observation and general impression
of the “Far East” during the 16th Century.
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B. Kartilya by Emilio Jacinto
The Kartilya is one of the most important documents of Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK). It was given the original title as Mga Aral ng Katipunan nang manga
A.N.B. The acronym A.N.B stands for Anak ng Bayan. Remember that the Katipunan is a society which
has been organized as a secret organization with its laws, bureaucratic structure and an elective
leadership. It envisioned a united Filipino Nation and the only organization which aimed for total
independence from Spain during the Spanish period. Its founder is no other than Andres Bonifacio who
was regarded as the Supremo. But why was it given the original title as mentioned? Within the Katipunan
are 3 ranks/grades of membership namely 1) Katipon, 2) Kawal, and 3) Bayani. This is illustrated in the
image below:
https://www.facebook.com/PhilippinesMyPhilippines/photos/a.251529181653283/294778527328348/?type=1&theater
There are passwords used within each rank. For members of katipon, the agreed password is “Anak ng
Bayan”. The kawal group used the password “GOMBURZA” and “Rizal” was the chosen password for
the Bayani group. Most of the members are in the Katipon group for a start and that is where the original
title of the Kartilya is based. A recruited individual is considered a rightful member after submitting oneself
to the sandugo or blood compact and oath which states:
Source: Aguinaldo and the Revolution of 1896 by Pedro S. de Achutegui, SJ and Miguel A. Bernad, SJ
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Emilio Jacinto is considered the Brain of the Katipunan. He is the confidante and right hand of Andres
Bonifacio. He was raised from a poor family in Tondo. Stories would tell that in order to save, Jacinto
cut fabric from the skirt of his mother and used it as shoe lace. He also has long hair, not that he is cool
but he is actually short of money for that matter. But despite poverty, he was educated. After graduating
from Colegio San Juan de Letran, he attended the University of Sto. Tomas taking Law but he failed to
finish.
How old is Emilio Jacinto when he joined the Katipunan? He became a member of Katipunan at the age
of 18. In fact, he is regarded as the youngest member of KKK and the most intellectual of them. Hiding
under the pen name Dimasilaw, he served as the editor of Kalayaan, the official organ of the organization.
He is known within the secret society as Pingkian. Unlike the other members of KKK, Jacinto remained
loyal to Andres Bonifacio. He died of malaria at the age of 24 in Majayjay, Laguna.
Remember that the Kartilya was conceived during the planned revolution of KKK against the Spanish
government. It was still in use during the first phase of the revolution, and Bonifacio was planning to print
more copies shortly before he was killed (Robertson, 2013). Written and published in 1896, the
Katipunan’s Kartilya (or Cartilla) defined its major objectives as mentioned by Guerrero et al. (2003):
Ang kabagayan pinaguusig ng katipunang ito ay lubos at dakila at mahalaga; papagisahin

ang loob at kaisipan ng lahat ng tagalog sa pamamagitan ng isang mahigpit na panunumpa,
upang sa pagkakaisang ito’y magkalakas na iwasak ang masinsing tabing na nakabubulag
sa kaisipan at matuklasan ang tunay na landas ng Katuiran at Kaliwanagan.
Sa salitang tagalog katutura’y ang lahat nang tumubo sa Sangkapuluang ito; sa makatuid,
bisaya man, iloko man, kapangpangan man, etc., ay tagalog din.
(The objective pursued by this association is noble and worthy; to unite the inner being and
thoughts of the tagalogs through a binding pledge, so that through this unity they may gain
the strength to destroy the dense shroud that benights the mind and to discover the Path of
Reason and Enlightenment. The word tagalog means all those born in this archipelago;
therefore, though visayan, Ilocano,pampango, etc. they are all tagalogs.) (p. 52)
Note that the term “Tagalog” included all persons born in the archipelago. Hence the Tagalog nation
or Katagalugan consisted not only of Tagalog speakers but inclusive of all those who grew up in
the Philippines, regardless of ethnolinguistic classification and ancestry. Remember that at that
time, the term “Filipino” applied solely to Spaniards born in the islands. Bonifacio and Jacinto made
“Tagalog” a term applicable to all indios or natives (Guerrero et al.,2003).
The Kartilya as cited from Robertson (2013):
MANGA ARAL NANG

KATIPUNAN NG MGA A.N.B
1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na

walang lilim, kun di damong makamandag.
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2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang

gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.
3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapua at ang isukat
ang bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran.
4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay; mangyayaring
ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.
5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na
kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.
6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.
7. Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala’y mangyayaring magbalik;
nguni’t panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang magdadaan.
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.
9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang
dapat ipaglihim.
10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung
ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng inaakay ay kasamaan din.
11. Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuang
at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang
kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan.
12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa,
anak, at kapatid ng iba.
13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha,
wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios, wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa;
wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kun di ang sariling
wika, yaong may magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong
di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa
bayang tinubuan.
14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan
dito sa kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang
nangagkaisang magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga
ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan.
Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang
mga tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa sa kasunod nito.
As one looks into the content of the Kartilya, one can obviously infer that it contains the rules of conduct
of Katipunan members, both intrapersonal and interpersonal. There are rules that guide the individual to
become an upright person as well as rules that guide the way he treats others. An example of rule that
will yield an upright individual is Rule 5. How one treats others, women for example, is clear in Rule 11.
However, because our society is so much patriarchal way back then, one can clearly understand that
Rule 10 implies a secondary regard for women in relation to men. In this particular rule, men are expected
to be the guide of women and children and that he should set a good example.
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The content of the Kartilya is also a reaction and response to certain value systems that Filipinos found
disgusting and are against with under the Spanish government. Rule 4 and Rule 13, for example clearly
renounces the equality and discrimination the Filipinos experienced under colonial Spain. Thus, the
Kartilya invokes inherent equality regardless of race, occupation or status.
The Kartilya also emphasizes and upholds the liberal ideals that are influences of the Enlightenment
Period. As Robertson (2013) has noticed, the Tagalog words that resound loudest in the Kartilya, beyond
doubt, are the equivalents of the Enlightenment’s defining watchwords: Liberty (Kalayaan), Equality (lahat
ng tao’y magkakapantay), Fraternity (kayong lahat ay magkakapatid), Reason (Katuiran), Progress
(Kagalingan), and Enlightenment itself (Kaliwanagan).
C. The Declaration of Philippine Independence by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
The Declaration of Philippine Independence is 2,000-word document which summarized the reason
behind the revolution against Spain, the war for Independence, and the future of the new republic under
Aguinaldo.
Stephen Macaraeg (n.d.) in his paper provided a detailed information on the life of this author: “After 333
years of Spanish colonial rule, the Philippines finally declared its independence on June 12, 1898 in
Kawit, Cavite, but unlike the composer of the national anthem and the maker of the Philippine Flag,
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, the author of the Declaration of the Philippine Independence itself, is
considered to be “one of the unsung and unhonoured great Filipinos albeit his notable contributions to
the cause of Philippine revolution. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista was born in Biñan, Laguna, on
December 7, 1830. He finished his law degree at the University of Santo Tomas and practiced his
profession in Manila, wherein Dr. Jose Rizal “during his student days in Manila, even sought the advice
of Don Ambrosio, whom he called “Tio Bosyong”. In the eyes of the public, he was known to be as a
stalwart defender of the poor, and labourers; giving them free legal advices and defending their cases in
court free of charge. An anecdote relates to this incident in is life:
“Once Bautista was captured by a group of bandits on his way toMalolos, Bulacan. When
the bandits knew that he was the famous “Don Bosyong,” as he was popularly known by the
people, who had saved many of their friends from the gallows and the poor in court cases
against the greedy Spaniards and rich Filipino deciques , they immediately apologized and
set him free.”
His generosity is so popular that it quickly spread even to the brigands, and outlaws caused by Spanish
tyranny. Bautista, as a lawyer, was deeply esteemed and respected by his fellow contemporaries. Upon
the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in July 1896, Bautista was among those who were arrested and
jailed in Fort Santiago. However, he was later on released after eloquently defending himself, and finally
convincing the Spanish authorities “that the rebellion was not actually against Spain but a blind desperate
plea for reforms. However, the Spanish government gave him a second warrant of arrest after finding out
that he was in fact directly involved in the revolution. Fortunately, after his release from prison, he
immediately went into hiding somewhere in Malabon, successfully avoiding prison for the second time.”
With the failure of the Philippine Revolution, and the attempt of the Spanish government to douse the
flames of the revolution, Bautista has given the chance to work as one of the advisers of the governor-
general at that time.
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The decline of Spanish control as a result of alliance of Filipinos and Americans as led by General Emilio
Aguinaldo in that historic Battle of Manila Bay in May 1, 1898, caused the revolutionary leaders to
convene again. Bautista got news of Aguinaldo’s arrival on May 19, 1898, and immediately travelled to
Kawit, to offer his services to the formerly exiled general. With his exceptional knowledge in law, he
became the political adviser of Aguinaldo, subsequently appointing Bautista as his Auditor General de
Guerra. During his time of service to Aguinaldo, Bautista have penned some of the most important state
documents that shifted the course of Philippine History. The most significant document that Bautista
penned was none other than the “Act of the Proclamation of the Independence of the Filipino People
(Ibid).
The historic Declaration of Philippine Independence took place in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898. During
this day, Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and
independence of the Philippine islands from Spanish colonization after the latter was defeated at the
Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898 during the Spanish-American War. However, the proclamation was
not recognized by the United States or Spain, as the Spanish government ceded the Philippines (and
other Spanish colonial territories like Cuba and Puerto Rico) to the United States in the Treaty of Paris
signed on 10 December 1898 in consideration for an indemnity for Spanish expenses and assets lost
(Candelaria, 2018). One can say that Aguinaldo proclaimed Independence so naïve that the political
interests of America in the Pacific was overlooked. Later did the Filipinos know of the coming of the next
colonizers.
Here is a copy cited:

Declaration of PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
Translation by Sulpicio Guevara
In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite, this 12th day of June 1898:
BEFORE ME, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counsellor and Special Delegate designated to proclaim and
solemnize this Declaration of Independence by the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines, pursuant to, and by
virtue of, a Decree issued by the Engregious Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy,
The undersigned assemblage of military chiefs and others of the army who could not attend, as well as the
representatives of the various towns,
Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are already tired of bearing the ominous yoke of Spanish
domination,
Because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards who cause deaths in connivance with and even under
the express orders of their superior officers who at times would order the shooting of those placed under arrest
under the pretext that they attempted to escape in violation of known Rules and Regulations, which abuses were
left unpunished, and because of unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos, especially those decreed by General
Blanco at the instigation of the Archbishop and friars interested in keeping them in ignorance for egoistic and selfish
ends, which deportations were carried out through processes more execrable than those of the Inquisition which
every civilized nation repudiates as a trial without hearing.
Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the independence and sovereignty of which the
people had been deprived by Spain through Governor Miguel Lopez de Legazpi who, continuing the course followed
by his predecessor Ferdinand Magellan who landed on the shores of Cebu and occupied said Island by means of
a Pact of Friendship with Chief Tupas, although he was killed in the battle that took place in said shores to which
battle he was provoked by Chief Kalipulako ** of Mactan who suspected his evil designs, landed on the Island of
Bohol by entering also into a Blood Compact with its Chief Sikatuna, with the purpose of later taking by force the
Island of Cebu, and because his successor Tupas did not allow him to occupy it, he went to Manila, the capital,
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winning likewise the friendship of its Chiefs Soliman and Lakandula, later taking possession of the city and the
whole Archipelago in the name of Spain by virtue of an order of King Philip II, and with these historical precedents
and because in international law the prescription established by law to legalize the vicious acquisition of private
property is not recognized, the legitimacy of such revolution cannot be put in doubt which was calmed but not
complete stifled by the pacification proposed by Don Pedro A. Paterno with Don Emilio Aguinaldo as President of
the Republic established in Biak-na-Bato and accepted by Governor-General Don Fernando Primo De Rivera under
terms, both written and oral, among them being a general amnesty for all deported and convicted persons; that by
reason of the non-fulfillment of some of the terms, after the destruction of the plaza of Cavite, Don Emilio Aguinaldo
returned in order to initiate a new revolution and no sooner had he given the order to rise on the 31st of last month
when several towns anticipating the revolution, rose in revolt on the 28th , such that a Spanish contingent of 178
men, between Imus Cavite-Viejo, under the command of major of the Marine Infantry capitulated , the revolutionary
movement spreading like wild fire to other towns of Cavite and the other provinces of Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas,
Bulacan, Laguna, and Morong, some of them with seaports and such was the success of the victory of our arms,
truly marvelous and without equal in the history of colonial revolutions that in the first mentioned province only the
Detachments in Naic and Indang remained to surrender; in the second all Detachments had been wiped out; in the
third the resistance of the Spanish forces was localized in the town of San Fernando where the greater part of them
are concentrated, the remainder in Macabebe, Sexmoan, and Guagua; in the fourth, in the town of Lipa; in the fifth,
in the capital and in Calumpit; and in last two remaining provinces, only in there respective capitals, and the city of
Manila will soon be besieged by our forces as well as the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pangasinan, La Union,
Zambales, and some others in the Visayas where the revolution at the time of the pacification and others even
before, so that the independence of our country and the revindication of our sovereignty is assured.
And having as witness to the rectitude of our intentions the Supreme Judge of the Universe, and under the protection
of our Powerful and Humanitarian Nation, The United States of America, we do hereby proclaim and declare
solemnly in the name by authority of the people of these Philippine Islands,
That they are and have the right to be free and independent; that they have ceased to have allegiance to the Crown
of Spain; that all political ties between them are should be completely severed and annulled; and that, like other
free and independent States, they enjoy the full power to make War and Peace, conclude commercial treaties, enter
into alliances, regulate commerce, and do all other acts and things which and Independent State Has right to do,
And imbued with firm confidence in Divine Providence, we hereby mutually bind ourselves to support this
Declaration with our lives, our fortunes, and with our sacred possession, our Honor.
We recognize, approve, and ratify, with all the orders emanating from the same, the Dictatorship established by
Don Emilio Aguinaldo whom we reverse as the Supreme Head of this Nation, which today begins to have a life of
its own, in the conviction that he has been the instrument chosen by God, inspite of his humble origin, to effectuate
the redemption of this unfortunate country as foretold by Dr. Don Jose Rizal in his magnificent verses which he
composed in his prison cell prior to his execution, liberating it from the Yoke of Spanish domination,
And in punishment for the impunity with which the Government sanctioned the commission of abuses by its officials,
and for the unjust execution of Rizal and others who were sacrificed in order to please the insatiable friars in their
hydropical thirst for vengeance against and extermination of all those who oppose their Machiavellian ends,
trampling upon the Penal Code of these Islands, and of those suspected persons arrested by the Chiefs of
Detachments at the instigation of the friars, without any form nor semblance of trial and without any spiritual aid of
our sacred Religion; and likewise, and for the same ends, eminent Filipino priest, Doctor Don Jose Burgos, Don
Mariano Gomez, and Don Jacinto Zamora were hanged whose innocent blood was shed due to the intrigues of
these so-called Religious corporations which made the authorities to believe that the military uprising at the fort of
San Felipe in Cavite on the night of January 21, 1872 was instigated by those Filipino martyrs, thereby impeding
the execution of the decree- sentence issued by the Council of State in the appeal in the administrative case
interposed by the secular clergy against the Royal Orders that directed that the parishes under them within the
jurisdiction of this Bishopric be turned over to the Recollects in exchange for those controlled by them in Mindanao
which were to be transferred to the Jesuits, thus revoking them completely and ordering the return of those parishes,
all of which proceedings are on file with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to which they are sent last month of the year
of the issuance of the proper Royal Degree which, in turn, caused the grow of the tree of the liberty in our dear land
that grow more and more through the iniquitous measures of oppressions, until the last drop of our chalice of
suffering having been drained, the first spark of revolution broke out in Caloocan, spread out to Santa Mesa and
continued its course to the adjoining regions of the province were the unequalled heroism of its inhabitants fought
a one sided battle against superior forces of General Blanco and General Polavieja for a period of 3 months, without
proper arms nor ammunitions, except bolos, pointed bamboos, and arrows.
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 10

Moreover, we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers necessary to enable him to
discharge the duties of Government, including the prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty,
And lastly, it was results unanimously that this Nation, already free and independent as of this day, must used the
same flag which up to now is being used, whose designed and colored are found described in the attached drawing,
the white triangle signifying the distinctive emblem of the famous Society of the "Katipunan" which by means of its
blood compact inspired the masses to rise in revolution; the tree stars, signifying the three principal Islands of these
Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay where the revolutionary movement started; the sun representing the
gigantic step made by the son of the country along the path of Progress and Civilization; the eight rays, signifying
the eight provinces - Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas - which
declares themselves in a state of war as soon as the first revolt was initiated; and the colors of Blue, Red, and
White, commemorating the flag of the United States of America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude
towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lent us and continues lending us.
And holding up this flag of ours, I present it to the gentlemen here assembled:
Don Segundo Arellano Don Ramon Gana Don Manuel Salafranca
Don Tiburcio del Rosario Don Marcelino Gomez Don Simon Villareal
Sergio Matias Don Valentin Politan Don Calixto Lara
Don Agapito Zialcita Don Felix Politan Don Buenaventura Toribio
Don Flaviano Alonzo Don Evaristo Dimalanta Don Zacarias Fajardo
Don Mariano Legazpi Don Gregorio Alvarez Don Florencio Manalo
Don Jose Turiano Santiago y Acosta Don Sabas de Guzman Don Buenaventura Toribio
Don Aurelio Tolentino Don Esteban Francisco Don Gabriel Reyes
Don Felix Ferrer Don Guido Yaptinchay Don Hugo Lim
Don Felipe Buencamino Don Mariano Rianzares Bautista Don Emiliano Lim
Don Fernando Canon Faustino Don Francisco Arambulo Don Fausto Tinorio
Don Anastacio Pinzun Don Antonio Gonzales Don Rosendo Simon
Don Timoteo Bernabe Don Juan Antonio Gonzales Don Leon Tanjanque
Don Flaviano Rodriguez Don Juan Arevalo Don Gregorio Bonifacio
Don Gavino Masancay Don Ramon Delfino Don Epitacio Asuncion
Don Narciso Mayuga Don Honorio Tiongco Don Catalino Ramon
Don Gregorio Villa Don Francisco del Rosario Don Juan Bordador
Don Luis Perez Tagle Don Epifanio Saguil Don Jose del Rosario
Don Canuto Celestino Don Ladislao Afable Jose Don Proceso Pulido
Don Marcos Jocson Don Sixto Roldan Don Jose Maria del Rosario
Don Martin de los Reyes Don Luis de Lara Don Ramon Magcamco
Don Ciriaco Bausa Don Marcelo Basa Don Antonio Calingo
Don Manuel Santos Don Jose Medina Don Pedro Mendiola
Don Mariano Toribio Don Efipanio Crisia Don Estanislao Galinco
Don Gabriel de los Reyes Don Pastor Lopez de Leon Don Numeriano Castillo
Don Hugo Lim Don Mariano de los Santos Don Federico Tomacruz
Don Emiliano Lim Don Santiago Garcia Don Teodoro Yatco
Don Faustino Tinorio Don Andres Tria Tirona Don Ladislao Diwa(?).
Don Rosendo Simon Don Estanislao Tria Tirona
Don Leon Tanjanque Don Daniel Tria Tirona
Don Gregorio Bonifacio Don Andres Tria Tirona
Don Manuel Salafranca Don Carlos Tria Tirona
Don Simon Villareal Don Sulpicio P. Antony
Don Calixto Lara
Who solemnly swear to recognize and defend it unto the last drop of their blood.
In witness thereof, I certify that this Act of Declaration of Independence was signed by me and by all those here
assembled including the only stranger who attended those proceedings, a citizen of the U.S.A., Mr. L.M. Johnson,
a Colonel of Artillery.
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

War Counsellor and Special Delegate-Designate
Source: Centennial Publication. National Historical Insitute
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 11

The Declaration contains several things:
1. It mentioned about the abuses and inequalities suffered by the Filipinos as justification of the revolution
against Colonial Spain. The Spanish domination is likened to an ominous yoke or a burden which
made the lives of Filipinos miserable. Arbitrary arrests and harsh treatment by civil guards;
killing/shooting of prisoners; intervention of the Church in state affairs; unequal protection before the
law; unjust deportation without proper hearing are examples of exploitations having been experienced.
2. It gave a brief historical overview of Spanish occupation and gave a specific detail about the
occurrence of the Philippine revolution spreading “like wild fire” describing the intensity of the clamour
for independence.
3. It cited Rizal’s execution as unjust. Accordingly, Rizal’s death was a result of manipulation of the friars
of laws for vengeance.
4. It narrated about the Cavite Mutiny which took place on January 21, 1872. Remember that the Cavite
mutiny refers to the military uprising of about 200 soldiers in the fort of San Felipe in Cavite. This event
implicated the three priests Father Burgos, Father Gomez and Father Zamora. With the manipulation
of their enemies, the Spanish friars, they were accused to have initiated the said mutiny. Nonetheless,
those unfortunate incidents like the Cavite Mutiny and the death of GOMBURZA awakened the
national consciousness of the Filipinos to fight for reforms and eventually for independence.
5. It invoked that the established Philippine Republic be led by Emilio Aguinaldo and thus Filipinos must
support him.
6. It explained the original meaning of the Philippine flag which was waved during that day. It is surprising
to know that the colors red, white and blue were adopted from the flag of USA as “manifestation of
profound gratitude towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lent us and
continues lending us”.
But I would like you to remember some lessons or insights from analyzing such primary source:
1. It helped us realize that a re-examination of the document reveals some overlooked historical truths
about Philippine history. Example is the meaning of the colors red, white and blue in our national flag.
2. From the tone of the declaration, one can feel the revolutionary sentiment during those times.
3. Official records and documents like the proclamation of independence is influenced by politics (power)
during that time. This is manifested in the selectiveness of information contained in the document. It
historicized the struggle for independence but it never mentioned about the initiative of the Katipunan
established by Andres Bonifacio. Why? Because some Filipinos including President Emilio Aguinaldo
turned their back from the Supremo. Remember, it was the government of Aguinaldo which had killed
Andres Bonifacio.
D. Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era by Alfred McCoy’s

Political Cartoon is a recent form of art which tends to use exaggeration or oversimplification of the
characteristics of its subject. This type of art became part of the print media, especially concerning
political or social commentaries to target individuals in power. Deviating from the usual editorials or
opinion pieces which are normally verbose, caricatures turned out to be effective through its use of
representations or symbolisms when it comes to publicizing socially relevant sentiments or opinions. The
unique way that a caricature represents opinion and captures the audience’s imagination and creativity
is reason enough for historians to examine these political cartoons. Commentaries in mass media
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 12

inevitably shape public opinion and such kind of opinion is definitely worthy of historical examination
(Candelaria, 2018).

Alfred McCoy is an educator at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and a historian who specializes in
Southeast Asian History and Politics whose teaching interests include Modern Philippine Social and
Political History. He was awarded as one of the world’s leading historians of Southeast Asia in 2012
(Oneworld Publications, 2016). Three of his edited volume books on Philippine historiography have won
the Philippines’ National Book Award. Aside from that, in 2001, the Association for Asian Studies awarded
him the Goodman Prize for a “deep and enduring impact on Philippine historical studies.” (UW-Madison,
2020). Together with Alfredo Roces who holds a prominent place in the history of Philippine art, McCoy
compiled political Cartoons from 1900-1941 published in newspaper dailies and periodicals. According
to McCoy, the prewar political cartoons are an evocative record of a half-forgotten history, and that for
those who drew and published them, such cartoons were simultaneously a mirror of their society’s
colonial condition, an act of protest, and a weapon in the struggle for social reform.
Situation/Conditions of the Times

After three centuries of slow development under Spain, Filipinos next experienced explosive change
under the rule of the United States of America. The transition from the Spanish Colonial period to the
American Occupation period demonstrated different strands of changes in culture, society, and politics.
During the American Period, democracy was introduced to the Philippines. Different manifestations of
modernity like healthcare, modern transportation, and media. This led to a more open, and freer press.
The post-independence and the post-Filipino-American period in the Philippines were experienced
differently by Filipinos coming from different classes. The upper principalia class experienced economic
prosperity with the opening up of the Philippine economy to the United States, but the majority of the poor
Filipinos remained poor, desperate, and victims of state repression (Candelaria, 2018).
This caricature was published in The

Independent on May 20, 1916. The
cartoon shows a politician from Tondo,
named Dr. Santos, passing his crown to
his brother-in-law, Dr. Barcelona.
A Filipino guy (as depicted wearing
salakot and barong tagalog) was trying
to stop Santos, telling the latter to stop
giving Barcelona the crown because it is
not his to begin with.
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 13

This cartoon was published by Lipang

Kalabaw on August 24, 1907.
In the cartoon we can see Uncle Sam (who
embodies the United States) giving out
porridge to the politicians and members of
the Progresista Party (sometimes known as
the Federalista Party), while members of the
Nacionalista Party look on and wait for their
turn.
Both cartoons paint a broad image of Philippine politics under the United States. We see the price that
Filipinos paid for the democracy modeled after the Americans. First, it seemed that the Filipino politicians
at that time did not understand well enough the essence of democracy and the accompanying democratic
institutions and processes. This can be seen in the rising dynastic politics in Tondo as depicted in the
cartoon published by The Independent. Patronage also became influential and powerful, not only
between clients and patrons but also between the newly formed political parties composed of the elite
and the United States. This was depicted in the cartoon where the United States, represented by Uncle
Sam, provided dole outs for members of the Federalista while Nacionalista politicians looked on and
waited for their turn. Thus, the essence of competing political parties to enforce choices among the voters
was cancelled out. The problem continues up to the present where politicians transfer from one party to
another depending on which part was powerful in specific periods of time.
This Cartoon was published by the Philippine

Free Press as a commentary to the
unprecedented increase of motorized
vehicles in the city, wherein cases involving
colorum vehicles and taxis causing fatal
accidents are too often already.
During the American Period, automobiles
became a popular mode of transportation in
the city and led to the emergence of taxis.
However, the laws and policy implementation
were mediocre.
This resulted in the increasing colorum and unlicensed vehicles transporting people around the city. The
rules governing the issuance of driver’s license was loose and traffic polices could not be bothered by
the rampant violations of traffic rules. This is a direct consequence of the drastic urbanization of the
Philippine society.
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 14

This fourth cartoon depicts a scenario in a

cinema. A police officer was at the screen
saying that the couples are not allowed to
neck and make love in the theater. Two
youngsters looked horrified while an older
couple seemed amused.
The transition from a Catholic-centered,
Spanish-Filipino society on American-
assimilated one is depicted in this cartoon. An
example of this is what McCoy called the
“sexual revolution” that occurred in the 1930s.
Young people, as early as that period,
disturbed the conservative Filipino mindset by
engaging in daring sexual activities in public spaces like cinemas. Here, we can see how the period was
the meeting point between conservative past and the liberated future of the Philippines.
Lastly, the cartoons also illustrated the

conditions of the poor Filipinos in the
Philippines now governed by the United
States.
This cartoon was published by The
Independent on June 16, 1917. This was
drawn by Fernando Amorsolo and was aimed
as a commentary to the working of Manila
Police at that period. Here we see Filipino child
who stole a skinny chicken because he had
nothing to eat. The police officer was
relentlessly pursuing the said child.
A man wearing a salakot, labeled as Juan de
la Cruz was grabbing the officer, telling him to leave the small-time pickpockets and thieves and turn to
the great thieves instead. He was pointing to a huge warehouse containing bulks of rice, milk, and grocery
products. This cartoon depicted how police authorities oppress petty Filipino criminals while turning a
blind eye on hoarders who monopolize goods in their huge warehouses.
E. Revisiting Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the U.S., September 18, 1986 at Washington DC
Corazon Aquino’s speech was an important event in the political and diplomatic history of the country
because it arguably cemented the legitimacy of the EDSA government in the international arena. The
purposes of Cory’s speech were to declare the liberation of the Filipino people from the Marcos regime
and dictatorship, to mark a new beginning for the people and the government of the Philippines, and to
appeal for financial assistance by informing the Americans about the status of the Philippines. She
delivered the historic speech and was able to sway in our favor for US Congress to provide the Philippines
an emergency $200-million aid appropriation. It was a speech written by her speechwriter (and our current
ambassador to the United Nations) Teddy Locsin, Jr., Aquino.
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 15


Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco Aquino functioned as the symbol of the restoration of democracy and the
overthrow of the Marcos dictatorship in 1986. The EDSA People Power, which installed Cory Aquino in
the presidency, put the Philippines in the international spotlight for overthrowing a dictator through
peaceful means.
She served as the 11th President of the Philippines, becoming the first woman to hold that office.
She graduated Bachelor of Arts, Major in French and Mathematics, College of Mount Saint Vincent in
New York (1953). She was born at Tarlac, and came from a family of haciendaro, owning a vast estates
of sugar plantation and whose relatives occupy local and national government positions.
Situation/Conditions of the Times

The People Power Revolution of 1986 was widely recognized around the world for its peaceful character.
When former senator Ninoy Aquino was shot at the tarmac of Manila International Airport on August 21,
1983, the Marcs regime greatly suffered crisis of legitimacy. Protests from different sectors frequented
different areas in the country.
Marcos’ credibility in the international community also suffered. Paired with the looming economic crisis,
Marcos had to do something to prove his allies in the United States that he remained to be democratically
anointed leader of the country. He called for a Snap Election in February 1986, where Corazon Aquino
run against Marcos. The canvassing was set up in favor of Marcos but the people expressed their protests
against the corrupt and authoritarian government of Marcos.
Leading Military officials of the regime and Martial Law orchestrators themselves, Juan Ponce Enrile and
Fidel V. Ramos, plotted to take over the presidency, until civilian heeded the call of then Manila
Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin and the other civilian leaders gathered in EDSA. The overwhelming
presence of civilians in EDSA successfully turned a coup into a civilian demonstration. The thousands of
people who gathered overthrew Ferdinand Marcos from the presidency after 21 years.
On September 18, 1986 just 7 months after Cory became president, she went to the United States and
spoke before the joint session of the US Congress. Cory was welcomed with a log applause as she
took the podium and addressed the US Congress.
A PART OF THE SPEECH OF

Her Excellency Corazon C. Aquino
President of the Philippines
During the Joint Session of the United States Congress
The government sought to break him (Ninoy) by indignities and terror. They locked him up in a tiny,
nearly airless cell in a military camp in the north. They stripped him naked and held the threat of
sudden midnight execution over his head. Ninoy held up manfully–all of it. I barely did as well. For 43
days, the authorities would not tell me what had happened to him. This was the first time my children
and I felt we had lost him.
When that didn’t work, they put him on trial for subversion, murder and a host of other crimes before
a military commission. Ninoy challenged its authority and went on a fast. If he survived it, then, he
felt, God intended him for another fate. We had lost him again. For nothing would hold him back from
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 16

his determination to see his fast through to the end. He stopped only when it dawned on him that the
government would keep his body alive after the fast had destroyed his brain. And so, with barely any
life in his body, he called off the fast on the fortieth day. God meant him for other things, he felt. He
did not know that an early death would still be his fate, that only the timing was wrong.
And then, we lost him, irrevocably and more painfully than in the past. The news came to us in Boston.
It had to be after the three happiest years of our lives together. But his death was my country’s
resurrection in the courage and faith by which alone they could be free again. The dictator had called
him a nobody. Two million people threw aside their passivity and escorted him to his grave.
I held fast to Ninoy’s conviction that it must be by the ways of democracy. I held out for participation
in the 1984 election the dictatorship called, even if I knew it would be rigged. I was warned by the
lawyers of the opposition that I ran the grave risk of legitimizing the foregone results of elections that
were clearly going to be fraudulent. But I was not fighting for lawyers but for the people in whose
intelligence I had implicit faith. By the exercise of democracy, even in a dictatorship, they would be
prepared for democracy when it came. And then, also, it was the only way I knew by which we could
measure our power even in the terms dictated by the dictatorship.
The people vindicated me in an election shamefully marked by government thuggery and fraud. The
opposition swept the elections, garnering a clear majority of the votes, even if they ended up, thanks
to a corrupt Commission on Elections, with barely a third of the seats in parliament. Now, I knew our
power.
Again, as we restored democracy by the ways of democracy, so are we completing the constitutional
structures of our new democracy under a constitution that already gives full respect to the Bill of
Rights. A jealously independent Constitutional Commission is completing its draft which will be
submitted later this year to a popular referendum. When it is approved, there will be congressional
elections. So within about a year from a peaceful but national upheaval that overturned a dictatorship,
we shall have returned to full constitutional government.
My predecessor set aside democracy to save it from a communist insurgency that numbered less
than 500. Unhampered by respect for human rights, he went at it hammer and tongs. By the time he
fled, that insurgency had grown to more than 16,000. I think there is a lesson here to be learned
about trying to stifle a thing with the means by which it grows.
Finally, may I turn to that other slavery: our $26 billion foreign debt. I have said that we shall honor it.
Yet must the means by which we shall be able to do so be kept from us? Many conditions imposed
on the previous government that stole this debt continue to be imposed on us who never benefited
from it.
Wherever I went in the campaign, slum area or impoverished village, they came to me with one cry:
democracy! Not food, although they clearly needed it, but democracy. Not work, although they surely
wanted it, but democracy. Not money, for they gave what little they had to my campaign. They didn’t
expect me to work a miracle that would instantly put food into their mouths, clothes on their back,
education in their children, and work that will put dignity in their lives. But I feel the pressing obligation
to respond quickly as the leader of a people so deserving of all these things.
We face a communist insurgency that feeds on economic deterioration, even as we carry a great
share of the free world defenses in the Pacific. These are only two of the many burdens my people
carry even as they try to build a worthy and enduring house for their new democracy, that may serve
as well as a redoubt for freedom in Asia. Yet, no sooner is one stone laid than two are taken away.
Half our export earnings, $2 billion out of $4 billion, which was all we could earn in the restrictive
markets of the world, went to pay just the interest on a debt whose benefit the Filipino people never
received.
Yet to all Americans, as the leader of a proud and free people, I address this question: has there
been a greater test of national commitment to the ideals you hold dear than that my people have
gone through? You have spent many lives and much treasure to bring freedom to many lands that
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 17

were reluctant to receive it. And here you have a people who won it by themselves and need only the
help to preserve it.
The speech talks of her family background, especially here relationship with her late husband, Ninoy
Aquino. It is well known that it was Ninoy who served as the real leading figure of the opposition at that
time. Indeed, Ninoy’s eloquence and charisma could very well compete with that of Marcos. In ger
speech, Cory talked length about Ninoy’s toil and suffering in the hands of the dictatorship that he
resisted. Even when she proceeded talking about her new government, she still went back to Ninoy’s
legacies and lessons. Moreover, her attribution of the revolution to Ninoy’s death demonstrates not only
Cory’s personal perception on the revolution, but since she was the president, it also represents what
dominant discourse was at that point in our history.
The ideology or the principles of the new democratic government can also be seen on the same speech.
Aquino was able to draw the sharp contrast between her government and of her predecessor by
expressing her commitment to a democratic constitution drafted by an independent commission. She
claimed that such constitution upholds and adheres to the rights and liberty of the Filipino people. Cory
also hoisted herself as the reconciliatory agent after more than two decades of a polarizing authoritarian
politics. For example, Cory saw the blown-up communist insurgency as a product of a repressive and
corrupt government. Here response to this insurgency rooted from her diametric opposition of the dictator.
Cory claimed that her main approach to this problem was through peace and not through the sword of
war.
Despite Cory’s efforts to hoist herself as the exact opposite of Marcos, her speech still revealed certain
parallelism between her and the Marcos’s government. This is seen in terms of continuing the alliance
between the Philippines and the United States despite the known affinity between US and Marcos. The
Aquino regime, as seen in Cory’s acceptance of the invitation to address the US Congress and to the
content of the speech, decided to build and continue with such alliance. For example, Cory recognized
the foreign debts incurred by the Marcos regime and expressed her intention to pay off those debts.
Reading through Aquino’s speech, we can already take cues, not just on Cory’s individual ideas and
aspirations, but also the guiding principles and framework of the government that she represented.
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 18

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES (Learning activities are included in the answer sheet next to this page)
VII. ASSIGNMENT (Assignments are included in the answer sheet next to this page)
VIII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)
IX. REFERENCES
Cachey, Theodore Jr (2007) in Pigafetta, Antonio. The First Voyage Around the World, 1519-1522: An Account of
Magellan’s Expedition. Ed. Theodore J. Cachey, Jr. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
Candelaria, J. P., & Alphora, V. C. (2018). Readings in Philippine History. Manila, Philippines:
Rex Book Store, Inc
Del Rosario F. G., & Dacles, D. M. (2018). Readings in Philippine History: A Workbook.
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya: SMU Publishing House.
De La Paz, C. L. (2016). Alfredo Roces: Man of Arts and Letters (First of Two Parts). Retrieved
from http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/185/alfredo-roces-man-of-arts-and-letters-first-of-two-parts-
Guerrero Milagros C., Encarnacion, Emmanuel N. and Villegas, Ramon N. (2013). Andres Bonifacio and the 1896
Revolution. NCCA Sulyap Kultura, 3-12.
Macaraeg, Stephen. (n.d.) Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista: The Unsung Hero of the Act of Proclamation of Independence by
the Filipino People. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from https://academia.edu.
National Historical Institute Centennial Publication (n.d.). The Philippine Revolution: The Act of Declaration of Philippine
Independence. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from https://filipino.biz.ph/history/declaration.html.
Pigafetta, Antonio. The First Voyage Around the World, 1519-1522: An Account of Magellan’s Expedition. Translated by
Stanley, Lord. 2003. Retrieved from https://en . The First _Voyage _Round_the_ World/ Pigafetta% 27s_ Account_
of_ Magellan %27s_Voyage.
Pigafetta, Antonio. The First Voyage Around the World, 1519-1522: An Account of Magellan’s Expedition. Ed. Theodore J.
Cachey, Jr. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
Robertson, J. (2013). The light of liberty : Documents and Studies on the Katipunan, 1892-1897. Quezon City, Philippines:
Ateneo de Manila University Press.
UW Madison - Department of History. (2020). Alfred W. McCoy: Harrington Professor of History.
Retrieved from https://history.wisc.edu/people/mccoy-alfred-w/
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 19


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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Arts and Sciences

DEGREE PROGRAM General Education COURSE NO. GE HIST

I. UNIT TILE/CHAPTER TITLE: Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary

II. LESSON TITLE:

A. Content Analysis vs. Context Analysis

III. LESSON OVERVIEW:

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

CONTEXT AND CONTENT ANALYSIS

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1

1. The First Voyage around the World by Antonio Pigafetta

Analysis of Primary Sources

A. The First Voyage Around the World by Antonio Pigafetta

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 2

Analysis of the Context

Situation/Condition of the Times

Analysis of the Content

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 3

Scholars’ Comment on Pigafetta’s Account

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 4

B. Kartilya by Emilio Jacinto

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 5

Analysis of the Context

Situation/Condition of the Times

Ang kabagayan pinaguusig ng katipunang ito ay lubos at dakila at mahalaga; papagisahin

Analysis of the Content

The Kartilya as cited from Robertson (2013):

MANGA ARAL NANG

1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na

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2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang

6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.

8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.

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C. The Declaration of Philippine Independence by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

Analysis of the Context

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Situation/Condition of the Times

Analysis of the Content

Here is a copy cited:

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Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

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The Declaration contains several things:

D. Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era by Alfred McCoy’s

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Analysis of the Context

Situation/Conditions of the Times

Analysis of the Content

This caricature was published in The

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This cartoon was published by Lipang

This Cartoon was published by the Philippine

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This fourth cartoon depicts a scenario in a

Lastly, the cartoons also illustrated the

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Analysis of the Context

Situation/Conditions of the Times

A PART OF THE SPEECH OF

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