A Quantitative Study About Time Management and Its Relation To Procrastination Among Senior High School Students of Our Lady of Fatima University

A QUANTITATIVE STUDY ABOUT TIME…..
A Quantitative study about Time Management and its relation to Procrastination among
Senior High School Students of Our Lady of Fatima University.
Rafael Anao123, John Jordan Fernandez123, Marko Angelo Gacelo123, Claire Gono123,
John Edrick Grajo123, Mikaella Nicolas123, Steven Sicabalo123, Ms.Paulyn Ann Silvestre, RPm1234
1
Basic Education Department
2
Senior High School
3
Our Lady of Fatima University
4
Research Adviser
September 28, 2018
1.0 Introduction
OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Time is something that everyone can lose but never get back (Ronan, 2001).Most of the
time, people wish they had more hours available in a day. Every daily cycle is consisting of a
twenty-four hour period but having a good time management allows to do more in a short period
of time, which leads to more free time. Time Management is essentially the ability to organize
and plan the time spent on activities in a day.Gerald (2002) defined time management as set of
principles, practices, skills, tools and systems that work together to help someone get more value
out of their time with the aim of improving the quality of life. While, Argarwal (2008), in his
contribution asserts that time management is usually a personal problem and if one instinctively
knows what the right is, then there is no need to worry. Daily life that is not actually a gamble
and allocating time to every activity will help. Unlike other things, time lost never comes back.
The result of good time management is increased effectiveness and productivity. It is a key
aspect of project management and involves skills such as planning, setting goals and prioritizing
for a better performance (Tran, 2015).
Many people tend to have troubles in time managing (Baker, 2007). Often, people tend to
have trouble managing time because they try to manage too many tasks at a time and also there
are many people who just waste their time doing nothing just because of their pure laziness.
Effective use of time is beneficial and that in any aspect of life one shall realize the significance
of time and must measure the value of every minute and each second (Rutte, 2005). Time
management plays a vital role in improving student’s academic performance and achievements.
Each and every student should have time management ability which includes setting goals &
priorities, using time management mechanism and being organized in using time. In this case,
time management is only possible through self-motivation; performance, ability and motivation
(Brigitte &Classens, 2005).

Most people put tasks off from time to time but if doing this too much that it seriously
affects their academic work or other aspects of their life, then they may have a problem with
procrastination. Procrastination is behavior of delaying doing a task that can be done earlier but
chooses to do it last minute. This behavior problem exists in almost every aspect in someone
daily lives, be it in academic, financial or even in health management (Miguel, 2007).
Procrastination takes the best time of life of any person (Johnson, 2003). There are always
hundred reasons to wait and to postpone something that seems to be extremely unpleasant to do
(Michaels, 2006). Procrastination hides in almost every aspect of someone everyday life and it is
very hard to overcome it. Procrastination is the thief of time. According to Lay (2001),
procrastination means putting off something which is central to reach some goal. However, the
fact is that procrastinating students earn lower scores than the non-procrastinators, perhaps due to
underestimating the amount of time needed to perform tasks (Bender, 2006). Normally, the
procrastinator will work on less important responsibility, rather than fulfilling the more
important obligations, or someone may use his or her time extravagantly in some minor activity
or pleasure. In most cases, procrastinators keep themselves ready to work, but end up avoiding
the activity. Hence, procrastination is avoiding a task that needs to be accomplished on
precedence (Yaakub, 2000). Procrastination considerably wastes significant time, if there is
something supposed to be performed (Hobbs, 2008).
In modern industrial society, time and punctuality are considered important standards.
Those who procrastinate have found to carry a heavy cost due to inability to abide by these
values, whereby effecting all domains of life. Without proper concentration and attention, quality

of performance and work is definite to fall. Researches point in the direction that procrastination
raises students' anxiety and sinks their self-esteem. The most convincing research in this regard
was done by Burka and Yuens (2008). According to their model of procrastination, low self-
esteem is a central constituent of procrastination. A person who procrastinates starts feeling
powerless and hopeless; their confidence suffers and future seems dark.
Time management and procrastination appear to be logically related, in the sense that
time management may be a way to overcome procrastination (Diana, 2005). This is because a lot
of students just have the urge to procrastinate their requirements, no matter what that
requirement is. According to Chernoff (2001), there can be different reasons why people tend to
procrastinate. One reason is when they do not have sufficient motivation to start their work.
Another is when they are distracted by their surroundings, making it difficult for them to start
working. At times, people procrastinate because they find it hard to decide where they should
start first or because they completely do not understand what they need to do. Also, some are
usually lazy to do their work while others do not start their work because they want to think
about it carefully first so that they can do it perfectly. There are various reasons why people
procrastinate and in the same way, there are also various effects when people tend to
procrastinate. Procrastination brings unfavorable effects on how the students perform in school
though it can be beneficial to them with proper time management (Morgan,2002).
The purpose of this research is to know the level of time management and procrastination
among Senior High School students. Furthermore, to know how procrastination is related to an
individual’s time management.

This study aims to benefit the following: First, this will be beneficial for the students for
them to deeply understand how their time patterns related to their procrastinating habits. Second,
for every individual to give them knowledge how time management related to procrastinating
habits of an individual, and for them to use their time wisely and lessen procrastinating. Lastly,
for the future researchers, this will be beneficial when they conduct their own research and
similar to this study, for them to have related literature, to help them to have a strong and reliable
research.
1.1 Variable Discussion

1.1.1 Time Management
There is no agreement on the definition of time management in past studies. Although
many authors referred to Lakein (2003) who suggested that time management involves the
process of determining needs, setting goals to achieve these needs, prioritizing and planning
tasks required to achieve these goals, several other definitions were suggested. Thus, time
management has been referred to as: techniques for managing time. Time management, self-
management with an explicit focus on time in deciding what to do; on how much time
to allocate to activities; on how activities can be done more efficiently; and on when the time is
right for particular activities. The secret to achieving success in life is effectively managing this
resource that everyone possesses equally and paying sufficient emphasis to planning (Macan,
Shahani, Dipboye& Phillips, 2000). Though effective and efficient use of time varies with
respect to the tasks performed, the further increase in the level of knowledge and skills expected
from modern employees has further increased the necessity of time planning. Time Management
is the control and focus of a person’s actions for the purpose of improving efficiency. Time
management techniques typically involve setting goals, establishing priorities, budgeting the

amount of time allotted to a given activity, and planning and scheduling the steps needed to
achieve goals. Generally, time management refers to the development of processes and tools that
increase efficiency and productivity. Time management as behaviors that aim at achieving an
effective use of time while performing certain goal-directed activities, this highlights that the use
of time is not an aim in itself and cannot be pursued in isolation. The focus is on some goal-
directed activity, such as performing a work task or an academic duty, which is carried out in a
way that implies an effective use of time
Time is one of life most valuable possessions (Mayberry, 2016). As it is somethingyou
can never get back. Subsequently, one of the most essential life skills to master is time
management. After all, time management is really life management. Learning how to make every
day count for something is the objective. Balson (2002) stated that mastering time management
does more than just increase productivity. It can yield important health benefits as well. When
time is managed wisely, it minimizes stress and improves the overall quality of your life.
There are people who think that managing their time is all they need to remove stress
from their lives and get their work and their essays done. But, simply managing someone time is
not as easy as it sounds. Students with poor time management skills are far more likely to be
stressed or feel increased levels of anxiety (Basil, 2006).
1.1.2 Procrastination
Procrastination is the deferment of actions or tasks to a later time, or even to infinity. The
word itself comes from the Latin word procrastinatus: pro (forward) and crastinus (of tomorrow).

Procrastination is very common and takes place in everyday behaviors. A wide array of studies
link procrastination to personal behavioral factors, such as lack of motivation, deficiencies in
self-regulation, external locus of control, perfectionism, disorganization, and poor time
management (Ackerman &Gross, 2005). Procrastination is the avoidance of doing a task which
needs to be accomplished. It is the practice of doing more pleasurable things in place of less
pleasurable ones, or carrying out less urgent tasks instead of more urgent ones, thus putting off
impending tasks to a later time. Sometimes, procrastination takes place until the "last minute"
before a deadline (Green, 2005). Procrastination is wide spread in academic contexts, where
students are required to meet deadlines for assignment completion in an environment full of
events and activities which compete for the students’ time and attention. Student syndrome refers
to the phenomenon that many students will begin to engage themselves in a task just before a
deadline (Ariely&Wertenbroch, 2002). Studies conducted in academic environments found that
procrastination affects 46% to 95% of undergraduate students (Gallagher et al., 2002)
Procrastination cannot be simply defined as a person intentionally delaying completing a
task due to people having differing perceptions regarding delay (Eerde, 2003). In addition to a
person intending to delay a task, another component to the definition is that procrastination is
“needless” in nature or avoidable. This concept is needed because some people delay completing
a task on purpose in order to complete more important tasks. Thus, when more important tasks
are needing to be completed delaying working on smaller or less important tasks would not be
considered procrastination. When people delay completing the smaller tasks, a person is
managing their time efficiently. An example of procrastination being avoidable is when a person
chose to delay completing an important task in order to a more favorable and less important task

such as socializing with friends. Time management is extremely important, especially when it
comes to university students because it will boost their grades and enhance their productivity
(Laurie &Hellsten, 2002). However, most of the time students face problems like task aversion
and uncertainty, so they start to procrastinate because they lack organizational skills.
1.1.3 Time management & Procrastination
Time management and procrastination would appear to be logically related, in the sense
that time management may be a way to overcome procrastination (Diana, 2005). Procrastination
takes the best time of everyone’s life. Too much procrastination can lead to stress and anxiety,
and these in turn are linked to health issues. If procrastination leads to feelings of depression,
over time this depression will start to affect other areas of your life (Donovan, 2007). Good time
management allows someone to accomplish more in a shorter period of time, which leads to
more free time, which lets everyone to take advantage of learning opportunities, lowers their
stress, and helps their focus, which leads to more career success. Each benefit of time
management improves another aspect of everyone’s life. Procrastinating greatly affect
everyone’s time patterns that leads to many self -issues (Michael, 2008).
1.2 Conceptual Framework
Time Management Procrastination

This framework has two set of variables which is interconnected by a two-headed arrow
line that signifies relationship between the variables. The researchers hypothesized that time
management has its relation to procrastination. Procrastination not only affect time pattern but it

has been linked to a number of negative associations, such as depression, irrational behavior, low
self-esteem, anxiety and neurological disorders (George, 2001). According to Diana (2005), time
management and procrastination would appear to be logically related in the sense that time
management may be a way to overcome procrastination.
1.3 Theoretical Framework

1.3.1 Pareto Principle
Vilfredo Pareto was an Italian economist and philosopher who formulated 80-20 rule. His
research work became the thumb rule of many business organizations where 80% of productivity
came from 20% of working employees. This 20% comprised the most efficient people who
conducted their work within a specific span of time, thereby contributing to high rate of
productivity. Based on this theory, business and quality management pioneer, Dr. Joseph Juran
said that, ‘vital few, trivial many’ build organizations. The 80-20 rule could be applied
everywhere, where time plays a major role to uplift productivity and success of organizations.
The key element of this theory is the 20% that matters the most. The Pareto principle (also
known as the 80/20 rule, the law of the vital few, or the principle of factor sparsity) states that,
for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes (Reh, 2015).
1.3.2 The Pickle Jar Theory
The pickle jar theory is very simple to understand and execute. This is actually a time
management model that will aid in prioritizing work and in reaching the milestones of life. A
pickle jar filled with rocks and spaces in between the rock stones could be filled up with pebbles.
The jar becomes more compact after filling up with pebbles but still there are inconspicuous

spaces that can be compacted with sand and water over it. The pickle jar is the replica of the life.
The major responsibilities of the life or goals are represented by the rocks that occupy most of
the space. This infers that, one should dedicate more time to such goals. The chipped stones or
the pebbles symbolize the hobbies that require comparatively lesser time than the important
goals. Lastly, the daily chores in life are the sand particles that get placed perfectly between the
goals and hobbies. The distractive force in the life that takes away the attention from the path of
success is the water. Apart from teaching us the right way to manage time, this theory also makes
us aware of the fact that distractions that lead to mismanagement should be avoided completely
in order to follow the right track (Wright, 2002).
1.4 Research Questions
1: What is the level of Procrastination among Senior High School Students?
2:What is the level of Time Management among Senior High School Students?
3: What is the relationship between the Procrastination and Time Management among Senior
High School Students?
Research Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant relationship between time management and procrastination.
Ha: There is a significant relationship between time management and procrastination.
1.5 Definition of Terms
Time Management is the process of planning and exercising conscious control of time
spent on specific activities to work smarter than harder. It is a juggling act of various things that
help to increase efficiency and strike a better time balance.

Procrastination is putting off important tasks that should be focusing on right now, in
favor of something more pleasurable, or more comfortable doing.
2.0 Methodology
2.1 Research Design
This study was been utilized a Quantitative, Non- Experimental Correlational Research
design. This research method is highly numerical and the results are in form of “data”. The
analysis of this data is numerical and so the data collection is also done in form of numbers. Non
experimental is a type of research wherein the researchers cannot manipulate the variables and
correlational research design use to know the relationship within the set of variables (Nereho,
2013). This research design was utilized to gather the needed information from the respondent.
2.2 Research Locale
The respondent came from Our Lady of Fatima University located in Valenzuela City.
The researcher chose this university because of the geographical proximity and convenience for
the researchers to gather respondents.
2.3 Population and Sampling

A non-probability sampling wasutilized in this study, specifically, purposive quota
sampling. Ritchie et al. (2003) defined this sampling approach as a strategy where members of a
sample are chosen with a purpose to represent a location and identifies population sections or
strata and decides how many participants are required from each section.
The researchers set criteria that should met by the respondent. First, the respondent must
be 16-18 years old. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2005 defines an

adolescent as any person between ages 10 and 19. Second, the respondent must be currently
studying at Our Lady of Fatima University. Lastly, the respondent must be composed of
25 students per strand (ABM, HUMMS, GAS AND STEM)
2.4 Research Instrument
The researchers used standardized test that consist of a series of questions for the purpose
of gathering information from the respondents. Each variable has sets of questionnaires (Time
Management, Procrastination). For the time management, the TMQ developed by Britton and
Tesser was used. And for the procrastination, the general procrastination scale developed by
Clarry Lay.
2.4.1 Time Management Scale
Britton and Tesser (1991) initially employed a 35-item questionnaire of time
management. Factor analysis of this questionnaire resulted in the identification of an 18-item
scale which consisted of 3 subscales: a 7-item measure of Short Range Planning; a 6-item
measure of Time Attitudes; and a 5-item measure of Long Range Planning. Three components
accounted for 36 % of the total variance. Factor 1 accounts for 16 % of variance, Factor 2 for 11
%, and Factor 3 for 9 %. This scale had high reliability. Cronbach alpha level for time planning
scale (35-items) is .88 These levels are acceptable based on Nunnallycriterion of .70.
35-item TMQ developed to measure time management practices of university students
has 5-point Likert scale. Responses under each item consist of always, frequently, sometimes,
infrequently and never. In scoring, 5 point was assigned to answer "always" at positive items,
and 1 point was assigned to answer "always" at negative meaning items. Higher values on the

TMQ correspond to better time management practices. Time Management Questionnaire was
administered to subjects at classroom and it took 10 minutes.
2.4.2 General Procrastination Scale
General Procrastination scale: Procrastination will be assessed as the score on the
measure of Procrastination scale authored by (Lay, 1986). It is self-reported five point Likert
scale (Extremely uncharacteristic= 1, moderately uncharacteristic= 2, Neutral=3, Moderately
characteristic =4 and Extremely characteristic= 5). It comprises of 20 statements. 10 items are
reversed-keyed items: (3, 4,6,8,11,13,14,15,18, and 20). Total score on this measure ranges
between 20-100. This scale demonstrates good internal consistency, reporting Cronbach’s alpha
of 0.82 (Lay, 1986; Schouwenburg, 1994) and good stability with a test-retest reliability of 0.8
(Lay, 1986; Ferrari, 1989). Cronbach’s coefficient alpha for the scale in the present sample was
0.74.
2.5 Data Collection
First, the researchers get respondents from Our Lady of Fatima University, Valenzuela
Campus. Second, the researchers give an informed consent to the respondents for them to know
what the study all about. The researchers distributed the questionnaire among the chosen
respondents. The researchers set criteria, the respondent must be 16-18 years old, a grade 12
student and currently studying at Our Lady of Fatima University, Valenzuela campus. The
researchers give the respondent the choice of being anonymous. Lastly the researchers will
carefully interpret all the information on this study.

2.6 Research Ethics
The researchers following the legal and ethical guideline principle that center the rights
of the respondents. In any kind of research that should follow the principle of respect for the
people, beneficence, and justice.
The respondents should participate on the basis of informed consent. The principle of
informed consent involves the researchers providing sufficient information and assurances about
taking part to allow individuals to understand the implications of participation and to reach a
fully informed, considered and freely given decision about whether or not to do so, without the
exercise of any pressure or coercion. And the anonymity of respondents is a paramount
importance (Bryman, 2014).
Also the researchers strictly acknowledged the works of other authors used in any part of
the research with the use of APA referencing system. The researchers did not plagiarize any of
the content of this research.
2.7 Data Analysis
The researchers utilized quantitative data analysis. Specifically, the Pearson Correlation
Coefficient (r). It is a statistical measure of the strength of the linear relationship between paired
data. It is also a measure of strength of the association between two variables.
Mean was used to get the average score of the participants.
Median was used to identify the middle score of the participants.
Mode was used to determine the score that appears most often.

Standard Deviation was used to indicate the extent of the deviation for a group s a whole.
It quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values.
3.0 Results
This part of the research paper contains the mean scores of participants, standard
deviation of the data, and the correlational level of the variables. It also shows that the data
obtained from the administered survey of the selected students from different strands. These data
are arranged into tables containing different values of measure to better and efficiently view
these values to be interpreted lateron. Guided by the framework of the study, the researchers will
obtain the followingresults.
Table 1. The Level of Time Management of Senior High School Students
Mean Standard Deviation Interpretation

63.03 8.48 High
This first table shows the level of time management with a mean score of 63.03 which
indicates a high time management skill among senior high school students. It also has a 8.48
standard deviation which is less than the mean score and specifies that the participants are
homogeneous. Caglayan and Goral (2009) eloquently stated that the concept of time is
perceptive and it is essential that time should be used correctly and effectively from childhood.
From adolescence onwards, a sense of time management should be developed. The table shows
that students from different strands has good time managing skills. Time management is
extremely important, especially when it comes to university students because it will boost their

grades and enhance their productivity (Laurie &Hellsten, 2002). Koepping (2007) added that the
students are being productiveand they can manage their time efficiently.
Table 2. The Level of Procrastination of Senior High School Students
Mean Standard Deviation Interpretation
54.21 7.26 Satisfactory
Table 2 presents the level of procrastination with a mean score of 54.21 which indicates
that it has a satisfactory level among senior high school students. It has7.26 value for standard
deviation which is less than the mean score and specifies that the participants are homogeneous.
In relation to the study conducted by Smith (2008), when students tends to manage their time
more efficient, they can overcome their procrastination. Diana (2006) defined procrastination as
an absence of time management, and time management as a way to prevent procrastination. Steel
(2007) have inferred that more than half of students specifically the undergraduate students due
to hectic schedules and a lot of activities and written works to do in a just a couple of days.
Koepping (2007) articulated that procrastination cannot be halted because it is one of the leisure
of each individual. Furthermore, Ellis et al. (2000) stated that 95% of university students
procrastinate from time to time wherein 50% are ongoing and being problematic, 25% are
stressed, and 20% caused by work on daily tasks.
Table 3. The Correlation of Time Management Level and Procrastination Level of Students
r-value p-value Decision Inference

There is a
Time Management -0.453 0.007 Reject Ho significant
and Procrastination relationship
The third table presents the value of correlation between the variables; Time Management
and Procrastination. From the data above, it is shown that the p-value scored 0.007 that satisfies
the rule if p-value<0.05, then reject null hypothesis. Therefore, in this correlation, where the null
hypothesis has been rejected, the alternative hypothesis will be accepted and indicates that there
is a significant relationship in time management and procrastination observed. Scoring -0.453 on
the r-value, this indicates that the variables are inversely proportional to each other which
denotes that, as time management increases in level, the procrastination level tends to decrease
and vice versa. In accordance with Diana (2005),time management and procrastination appear to
be logically related, in the sense that time management may be a way to overcome
procrastination.Time management has been referred to as a set of techniques for managing,
planning and appropriate using of time. According to Steel (2007); Ferrari et al.(2008),
procrastination is consist of intentional delayed on an intended course of action, inspite of an
awareness of negative outcomes. It often results in unsatisfactory performance (Klassen,
Krawchuk& Rajani, 2008). Academic procrastination wasalso defined as leaving academic tasks,
such as preparing for exams and doing homework to the last minute and to feeldiscomfort out of
this (Çapan, 2010). Anecdotally, it has been suggested that approximately 95% of all
collegestudents procrastinate (Ellis &Knaus, 1977). Other researchers have estimated the
prevalence of procrastinationamong college students to vary between 25% and 50% depending
on the type of academic tasks being completed(Solomon &Rothblum, 1984). Furthermore,
several studies have found a moderate to strong negative correlationbetween academic

procrastination and academic performance (Van Eerde, 2003). For college students
particularly,academic procrastination has been associated with guilt, stress, neuroticism, low
self-esteem and low grades(Fritzsche, Young & Hickson, 2003).
4.0 Discussion
After the data has been presented and the values of it has been offered with
interpretations, the section of data will spring out to further analyze the role of these obtained
data and with their respective interpretations after statistical procedure have been performed.
Going back to the goals and purpose of the study, the section of data discussion will hold not
only the answers of the research question, but it will constitute how these data are interconnected
with one another, merging into one comprehensive research investigation. According to Chernoff
(2007), every time that a student tries to manage their time with their household chores and
school activities, they had a good time management skills and they can prevent to procrastinate.
On the other hand, if they tend to delay their works and prioritize unnecessary things, they are
not using their time efficiently and do procrastinate.
Cimino (2008) mentioned that self-discipline affects an individual in terms of time
managing. He added that there are various aspects that affect time management like goal setting
and study skills. He also distinguished different reasons that triggers a student to procrastinate
like anxiety, boredom, cool character, negativity, and being perfectionist.
It is closely related to the other dissertations which focused on the procrastination and
time management. Parallel to the study of Berkeley (2005), it stated that there is an inverse
relation between time management and procrastination, that time management diminishing

procrastination level of students. Ferrari et al. (2005); Moon & Illingworth(2005); and Steel
(2007) are all gained highly inversed correlation in their studies, sharing same ideas that time
management is the way of overcoming and preventing procrastination habits of every individual.
This research established negative correlation of 0.453 which implies inverse connection
of time management to procrastination and are highly related to one another, whereas time
management level increases, the procrastination level decreases and vice versa.
4.1 Conclusion
The study shows that time management has a negative relationship with procrastination.
Information gathered shows that senior high school students has a great time management. It also
shows that they were satisfactorily procrastinated.
The data above shows how time management and procrastination are interconnected to
one another, whereas the time management level increases, the procrastination decreases and
vice versa. The researchers conclude that the time management maybe a way to overcome
procrastination, and every time that students procrastinate they were not using their time
efficiently.
4.2 Recommendation
The researchers of the study recommend this to the future researchers for them to get
productive information they can use. The researchers suggest that a study should perform the
inner aspects of the time management as it affects the procrastination level. The researchers also

recommend to the future researchers to explore other factors and put additional variables like
motivation, perseverance and grit to developed more progressive and innovative study.
Furthermore, the researchers also recommend to the future researchers related to this topic, to
expand the scope of the study by enlarging the number of participants to see significant results.

A Quantitative Study About Time Management and Its Relation To Procrastination Among Senior High School Students of Our Lady of Fatima University

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A QUANTITATIVE STUDY ABOUT TIME…..

Senior High School Students of Our Lady of Fatima University.

September 28, 2018

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

for a better performance (Tran, 2015).

(Brigitte &Classens, 2005).

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

daily lives, be it in academic, financial or even in health management (Miguel, 2007).

the activity. Hence, procrastination is avoiding a task that needs to be accomplished on

precedence (Yaakub, 2000). Procrastination considerably wastes significant time, if there is

something supposed to be performed (Hobbs, 2008).

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

esteem is a central constituent of procrastination. A person who procrastinates starts feeling

though it can be beneficial to them with proper time management (Morgan,2002).

individual’s time management.

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

1.1 Variable Discussion

There is no agreement on the definition of time management in past studies. Although

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

way that implies an effective use of time

Time is one of life most valuable possessions (Mayberry, 2016). As it is somethingyou

stressed or feel increased levels of anxiety (Basil, 2006).

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

link procrastination to personal behavioral factors, such as lack of motivation, deficiencies in

self-regulation, external locus of control, perfectionism, disorganization, and poor time

deadline (Ariely&Wertenbroch, 2002). Studies conducted in academic environments found that

procrastination affects 46% to 95% of undergraduate students (Gallagher et al., 2002)

Procrastination cannot be simply defined as a person intentionally delaying completing a

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

1.1.3 Time management & Procrastination

management improves another aspect of everyone’s life. Procrastinating greatly affect

1.2 Conceptual Framework

Time Management Procrastination

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

management may be a way to overcome procrastination.

1.3 Theoretical Framework

1.3.2 The Pickle Jar Theory

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

in order to follow the right track (Wright, 2002).

1.4 Research Questions

1: What is the level of Procrastination among Senior High School Students?

High School Students?

Ho: There is no significant relationship between time management and procrastination.

Ha: There is a significant relationship between time management and procrastination.

1.5 Definition of Terms

help to increase efficiency and strike a better time balance.

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

favor of something more pleasurable, or more comfortable doing.

2.1 Research Design

2.2 Research Locale

the researchers to gather respondents.

2.3 Population and Sampling

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

studying at Our Lady of Fatima University. Lastly, the respondent must be composed of

25 students per strand (ABM, HUMMS, GAS AND STEM)

2.4 Research Instrument

2.4.1 Time Management Scale

Britton and Tesser (1991) initially employed a 35-item questionnaire of time

management. Factor analysis of this questionnaire resulted in the identification of an 18-item

35-item TMQ developed to measure time management practices of university students

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

administered to subjects at classroom and it took 10 minutes.