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Civil Engineers Hand Book For Construction Supervision PDF Free
Civil Engineers Hand Book For Construction Supervision PDF Free
HAND BOOK
FOR
CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION
S.K.GUMASTA
RAJASTHAN ATOMIC
POWER PROJECT – 5&6
UNVEILED BY
PROJECT DIRECTOR, RAPP-5&6
ON
11.02.05 AT RAPP-5&6 SITE.
PREFACE
In order to sustain within competitive environment, stress is
2. Mechanization in construction.
Supervisor / Engineers.
construction.
This document has been prepared as handy tool for ready
responsibilities.
How to organize the job for effective and desired out put
at site.
Pour planning.
Pour checks.
development.
placement.
Post-concrete inspection.
job.
Awareness of QA requirements.
document.
S.K. GUMASTA
RAPP-5&6
INDEX
SR.
DESCRIPTION
NO.
1 How to organize the job for effective and desired out put at site.
7 Pour Planning.
8 Pour Checking.
11 Post-concrete inspection.
17 Awareness of QA requirements.
CHAPTER - 1
Following are the few points, which shall be helpful to achieve the above
objectives: -
1) Develop confidence within our self and our team for having
capability to deliver the task.
11) Practice to be a good leader and not the boss for effective team
sprit and desired output.
12) Motivate the team and set an inspiring example for others.
IMPORTANCE AND
REQUIREMENT OF SURVEY
CHAPTER - 2
IMPORTANCE AND
REQUIREMENT OF SURVEY
Survey plays an important role in Construction activities. It is basic requirement
to ensure the correct location and alignment including required elevation slop etc
for structure or total layout of a plant. Survey is done for the maintaining above
requirement. Brief of survey terms used is indicated below: -
Sr.
Description Desired output
no.
i. Total quantity of excavation to be done In Cu.m.
ii. Total time available. No. of Days.
iii. Target excavation to be done per day. Total Qty/No. of days.
iv. Increase target excavation by 15% to Row no. iii X 1.5 cu.m /
20% due to uncontrolled conditions like per day.
break down of machineries/non
availability of explosive materials /
restriction in blasting due to nearness of
on going works / critical structure.
(Assuming blasting is permitted once in a
day)
2 RESOURCE PLANNING
i. Considering capacity of a poclain to handle No. of required
excavated muck/day and using target poclain can be
excavation/day, we can calculate - No. of calculated based on
required poclain. this data.
ii. Considering the capacity of dumpers to No. of required
handle the excavated muck to disposal dumpers per day can
yard / day and using the target excavation be calculate based on
rate per day, we can calculate - No. of this data.
required dumpers.
iii. Based on the experience at this site This will help to
approx. depth of borehole in RM required calculate total Drilling
to achieve one Cu.m. of excavation and required in RM.
the total excavation is to be done, we can
calculate total RM of drilling required.
(Approximate assumption as 0.8 to 1.0 RM
drilling as an average to achieve one Cum
excavation at this site may be assumed
for planning purpose. This data may
vary for various types of work and their
location.)
iv. Considering the capacity of borehole drill No. of borehole
machine to drill-RM/day and using the drilling machine
target excavation rate per day, we can required can be
calculate total no. of borehole drilling calculate with this
machine requirement. (Approx. 70 to 80 data.
RM drilling is done per day by a borehole
drill machine can be safely assumed for
planning purpose)
v. Considering the capacity of jackhammer No. of jack hammer
capability to drill RM/day and using the required can be
target excavation rate per day, we can calculated with this
calculate total no. of jackhammers data.
requirement. (Approx. 50 to 80 RM
drilling per shift can be safely assumed for
planning purpose)
vi. Based on the experience at this site This will help up to
amount of explosive required in Kg to calculate total
achieve one Cu.m. of excavation and the quantity of explosive
total excavation is to be done, we can required in kgs. This
calculate total explosive requirement. will help us to assess
(Approx. 0.5 to 0.7 Kg explosive the requirement of
requirement can be assumed to achieve storage of explosive /
one Cum excavation at this site for magazine.
planning purpose.)
EXPLOSIVES
4. ECONOMICS OF BLASTING
i. To achieve Following parameters are required to be taken into
optimum results: consideration –
1) Type of explosive, weight of explosive and
distribution of explosive in holes.
ii. Effective spacing: - For good results – effective spacing of holes = 1.25 x
effective burden.
iii. Sub drill depth: - To avoid excessive shovel operation at floor level depth
of hole is kept little less than required.
5 MONITORING OF ACTUAL PROGRESS AGAINST PLANNED PROGRESS
OF BLASTING: -
1) Compare for no. of holes blasted against no. of holes planned to blast
per week.
2) Target excavation rate against achieved excavation rate per week / per
month.
ii. Connecting the blast charge with desired delays in specific circuits to be
ensured by licensed blaster only.
iii. Ensuring the cordon-off the area for entry of vehicle / explosive / Labour.
Using whistle / red flag / siren.
v. Compare the PPV observed against permissible Peak Particle Velocity for the
area.
9 Following details also must be known for effective monitoring of
blasting operation.
BLASTING AREAS: -
Blasting areas where concreting is being done i.e. w.r.t. green age of the
concrete. This data is obtained from the conclusion drawn by CWPRS at site in
their survey.
In nutshell it refer that blasting in the nearby area where green age of the
concrete is 0-4 hrs. is not harmful. But for the concrete having age between 4-
12 hrs. - No Blasting to be permitted in near by area.
CHAPTER – 4
TYPE OF REINFORCEMENT: -
i. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Constituents Fe415 Fe500 Fe550
Carbon 0.30 0.30 0.30
Sulphur 0.060 0.055 0.055
Phosphorus 0.060 0.055 0.050
Sulphur & Phosphorus 0.11 0.105 0.10
i) CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
LAYING
(i) Location
(ii) Alignment and array
(iii) Spacing / numbers
(iv) Binding / tying
(v) Cover
(vi) Staggering if any
(vii) Splicing – numbers and location
Inspection status shall be mentioned in the form of Pour Card.
(7) PLACING OF REINFORCEMENT
Rough handling, shock loading prior to embedment and the
dropping of reinforcement for a height should be avoided.
Reinforcement should be secured against displacement outside the
specified limits.
(8) TOLERANCES ON PLACING OF REINFORCEMENT
Unless otherwise specified by Engineer-In-Charge, the
reinforcement shall be placed within the following tolerances:
a) For effective depth 200 mm or less ± 10 mm
b) For effective depth more than 200 mm ± 15 mm
(9) TOLERANCE FOR COVER
Unless specified otherwise, actual concrete cover should not deviate
from the required nominal cover by 0, +10 mm.
IMPORTANCE OF CONCRETE
COVER
CHAPTER - 6
IMPORTANCE OF CONCRETE COVER
In addition to integrity, strength and other design requirement, durability
of structure during its design life is extremely important. No matter care
have been exercised while designing the concrete mix, formwork and
effective methods have been used for placing, consolidating and curing
of concrete. But if care towards required concrete cover is not made
than the efforts made towards all the above could loose their
significance, which result, pour durability of structure. The importance of
concrete cover is more significant in structures located in aggressive
environment. The cover also protects the reinforcement to get it exposed
in environment and prevent formation of oxygen concentration cell,
which is the major reason for starting the corrosion of reinforcement.
Site engineer must understand the importance of the concrete cover and
necessary care must be exercised to ensure it as per drawing
requirement.
Following care shall help in achieving the above objectives: -
1. Proper alignment of formwork and re steel at location, to be
ensured.
2. Concrete cover block should be of similar mix design.
3. Proper cover blocks in columns, beam bottom, beam side and slab
as per drawing requirement.
4. Additional cover requirement for the structure where it is exposed
to sea, aggressive environment or alternate drying and wetting,
should be given due care as per drawings requirement.
5. Specific care to be ensure during vibration of concrete, so that
concrete cover block remains intact as placed.
6. Cover blocks must be properly tied to the reinforcement.
7. Properly cured cover blocks only to be used at site. There fore, as
per requirement of cover block site engineer must ensured that
they have to be casted well in advance.
CHAPTER – 7
POUR PLANNING
CHAPTER – 7
POUR PLANNING
It is needless to say that any work whether construction activities or our
day-to-day activities, requires specific plans for completion of the same
successfully.
This facilitates: -
??Total under standing of the work.
??Various requirements at different stages of execution of the work.
??Sequence of the work to be followed.
??Proactive approach of attending possible hindrances if any.
??Developing an over all aptitude for systematic approach for
completion any work.
The brief description regarding pre requisite for pour planning and w.r.t
supervision of Civil Engineering Construction is summarized below: -
POUR PLANNING: -
Pour planning refers to ensure systematic arrangement of all
requisite to take up a defined work within schedule time and
preferably ahead of schedule plan.
FOLLOWING ARE REQUISITE FOR PLANNING OF A
POUR.
A. IDENTIFICATION OF POUR. These include identification of: -
i. Location of a pour in a building and reference grids.
ii. Elevation.
B. AVAILABILITY OF LATEST DRAWINGS: -
It is required to check the latest revision of referred drawings and
also following details: -
i. To check for DCN if any.
ii. To check for FCN if any.
iii. To check for ECN if any.
iv. To check the hold in the drawing if any.
v. To check the reference drawings listed in the drawings.
C. Quantum of the work: –
Depending upon the size and importance of the pour, following
information helps for effective pour planning: -
1) Quantity of concrete to be done in single stretch.
2) It is preferable to have plan for the daily activities to be completed
w.r.t. the schedule date of pouring.
D. DAILY ACTIVITIES HELPS US TO KNOW ABOUT THE
FOLLOWING: -
??Total no of sub activities required to be done within schedule
time.
??Total quantity of material required being handle.
??Sequencing of activities can be planned effectively.
??Requirement of equipments / machinery can be plan.
??Requirement of construction material and their availability
schedule.
??It also ensure NPCIL acceptance of Material before actual use at
site.
??Availability of qualified manpower for various construction
activities. Work procedure duly approved.
??Various requirement for sub activities to be identified for: -
?? Pre construction
?? During construction
?? Post construction.
E. DEPLOYMENT OF MACHINERIES: -
Since requirements and pour size has been frozen, pre planning of
deployment of machineries is to be ensured with following details: -
??Availability of machineries on the day of concreting.
??The conditions of equipment - Whether break down or working.
??Availability of qualified crew to handle the machineries during
construction
??Availability of manpower for maintenance, if there is breakdown
during execution of work.
??To ensure the safe access for deployment of machines at site
including: -
F. AVAILABILITY OF AREA LIGHTING AND PROPER
ILLUMINATION AT WORK SITE.
G. ENSURING SAFE ACCESS.: -
Inspection of access for ramps, any intervening obstacles from batching
plant to site and at site up to pouring point.
H. Stand by arrangement in case failure of
equipment/Mechinary / Lighting arrangement.
I. Arrangement of Sun / Rain protection.
J. Arrangement for green cutting requirement and avalibility of
approved material for green cutting.
K. Availability of required number of mould for concrete cubes /
Cylinder as per requirement.
L. Review of improvement of pour plans done for earlier pours
w.r.t effective out put obtained v/s planned.
M. Necessary alteration or addition in requirements based on
the review as per Para – L above
CHAPTER – 8
POUR CHECKING
CHAPTER –8
POUR CHECKING
The pre construction stage can be broadly classified as Pour Planning
stage and Pour Checks stage.
??Once pour is planned, it is required to check the various sub
activities listed earlier in chapter – 4 in parallel for speedy
clearance of the pour.
??This is ensured to avoid any delay required for rectification if any
after pour is ready.
Following procedures is to be followed during pour
checking: -
A. SITE REGISTER: - During parallel checking record of sub activities
are to be cleared or observation to be recorded requiring rectification.
This should be maintained at site regularly.
B. Pour Card: - This gives pour inspection information. This enables to
know about all concerned officials have extended their clearance for
the specific pour.
A Checklist can be prepared for specific activities, which shall help for
clearing the pour card.
C. Drawing control record: - Reference drawing must be checked
with updated drawing control record. Further ECN, DCN, FCN, or hold
if any between various grids and elevation also needs to be checked.
Details of pour plan and sequence of concreting to be done at site
and must be properly defined before start of the work.
D. Other requirements: - Following information is also to be identified
before start of the work.
??Type of finish required.
??Slope and its extent on the surface of concrete.
??Location of sump in a pour if any.
??Location of green cutting requirement in a pour.
??Level of bulb of PVC water stops, its location and alignment.
??Location and alignment of EP’s.
??Planned schedule for availability of workers during and
immediately after the concreting. If required the shift
arrangement must be ensured.
??In addition to above following details are also important for Site
Supervisor / Site Engineer
??Concrete requisition slip shall be given at least 24 hrs. in advance
for all major pours to ensure availability of approved construction
material.
??Pour card clearance should be ensure before start of the work.
??Assessment of job hazard and preventive measures to be ensured
by Site Engineer.
??Aptitude for safety and house keeping helps for faster and safer
completion.
??Post-concrete inspection report to be prepared for all major pours.
E. Following are also required before start of concrete: -
??To ensure availability and functioning of vibrators.
??Proper walkways.
??Adequate Lighting arrangement.
??Availability of walky talkies / Phones.
??Covering material, for sun / rain protection.
??Dewatering arrangement: - If work is being done during the
monsoon and at lower elevation.
??Stand - by arrangement of machineries to be ensured before start
of the work.
??Stand - by arrangement of power supply to be ensured before
start of the work.
??Ensure the availability of supervision staff for next few hours after
last concrete is placed at site to maintain proper finishing, slope,
etc as per requirement.
??Awareness of reporting system to whom matter to be informed, in
case of emergencies. (Knowledge of telephone nos. of immediate
superior official is essential.)
??During pour checking apart from the above requirement should
important for a site supervisor / site engineer.
??Pour card i.e pour inspection clearance.
??Assessment of job hazard and preventive measures.
??Aptitude for safety and house keeping.
??Post-concrete inspection report
??Concrete requisition slips at least 24 hrs in advance to be given to
ensure, availability of approved material for the work.
??Post-concrete inspection report
??Rectification, if found any non-conformance during Post concrete
inspection.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF SUPERVISOR / SITE ENGINEERS: -
CHECKING REQUIREMENT PRE CONCRETING: -
i. Site engineer has to ensure that necessary checking at the pour
wise reference to various agencies have been checked and
cleared.
ii. Assessment of safe access, approach for machineries, workers
etc is available.
iii. Requirement w.r.t ramp, slope of access & approach and skilled
manpower to handle the machineries like placer boom, concrete
pumps, vibrators, concrete pipes, and necessary stand by spare
parts is available.
iv. Proper communication system from the batching plant to the
place of pouring the concrete is available.
v. Details regarding location from grid to grid - indicating final level
/ slope or finish to be maintained is identified.
vi. Arrangement for green cutting and stand by arrangement for
concreting is ensured.
CHECKING REQUIREMENT DURING CONCRETING
i. Skilled manpower like carpenter is available to review the
position of formwork during concreting.
ii. Proper slope /levels/finishing/green cutting to be made on the
finish concrete surface.
According to Neville: -
“High performance concrete is concrete selected so as to be fit for
the purpose for which it is required.”
There is no mystery about it, no unusual ingredients are needed
and no special equipment has to be used. “All we use is an
understanding of the behavior of the concrete and will to produce a
concrete mix within closely controlled tolerances”.
b) MINERAL ADMIXTURES: -
??Fly ash
??Silica fume
??Combination of fly ash & silica fume
BASIC STEPS FOR DESIGNING CONCRETE
MIXES AS PER IS 10262
??TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX DESIGN: -
fck = fck + 1.656
fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days.
s= Standard deviation for each grade of concrete.
Characteristic strength is defined as that value below which not more
than 5% results are expected to fall.
Code provides values of standard deviations for various grades of
concrete as per degree of control
Mean str. x = ex
n
MEAN
1.65á
95%
B) SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO: - Water cement ratio
may be selected based on concrete target strength for different cement
strength & the same is to be checked according to limitations given for
environmental exposure conditions by IS code IS 456-2000.
Compressive strength –
(a) Mean strength determined from any group of four consecutive test
results complies with the appropriate limits – in column 2 of table
below: -
(b) Any individual test result complies with the appropriate limits in
column 3 of table below.
Mean strength for (a) Individual test
Specified grade
(N/mm2) results in (N/mm2)
M15 =fck + 0.825 x ? or fck + 3 =fck –3 (N/mm2)
(N/mm2) which ever is greater
M20 =fck + 0.825 x ? or =fck –4 (N/mm2)
Or
Above fck + 4 (N/mm2) which ever is
greater
REQUIREMENT FOR
CONCRETE PRODUCTION,
TRANSPORTATION, AND
PLACEMENT.
CHAPTER - 10
REQUIREMENT FOR CONCRETE PRODUCTION,
TRANSPORTATION, AND PLACEMENT.
It is important for Site Engineer/ Site Supervisor engaged in the Civil
Engineering construction that the required quality of the work should be
obtained while executing the work. Out of the total Civil work, concreting
constitute the major part of the work hence required to exercise due
care while production of concrete either through a Batching Plant or
Concrete mixer, transportation of concrete either through manually or
mechanically by transit mixers and placement of the concrete to the
desired location in a pour either through manually or machineries i.e by
crane or through a concrete pump or placer booms or through a chute.
Awareness regarding the requirement at every stages are to be decided
based on the requirement and mode of production/ transportation /
placement methods for concrete. Following are few areas requirements
are listed for exercising care by Site Engineer for the above for effective
and desired output.
iii. Availability of power supply / DG supply / diesel fuel etc for running
the batching plant / mixture for the desired duration.
iv. Based on the past record of batching plant /mixture for production
of concrete for no. of running hours / cumulative concrete
production in cu. m., availability of spare parts to be ensured which
needs frequently repair / replacement to avoid any delay during
concreting.
12. Sun protection of transit mixers and its pipes with gunny bags
and ensuring the wetness of the same.
After formwork is removed site engineer must ensure the following w.r.t
post concrete inspection.
*****
CHAPTER - 12
VARIOUS TYPES OF FINISHES
IN CONCRETE
CHAPTER - 12
VARIOUS TYPES OF FINISHES IN CONCRETE
Various construction requirements particularly for the surface finish are
decided based on the functional requirement / Aesthetical requirement in
structure.
VARIOUS TYPES OF FINISHES IN CONCRETE: -
Type of Finishes in concrete: -
(1) Formed Surface
Finish F1: - Shall apply to all formed surfaces for which finish F2, F3 or
any other special finish is not specified. Finish F1: - Shall include filling
all form tie holes.
Finish F2: - Shall apply to all formed surfaces so shown in the drawings
or specified by the Engineer. Finish F2- shall include filling all form tie
holes repair of gradual irregularities exceeding 6 mm, removal of ridges
and fins and abrupt irregularities by grinding.
Finish F3- shall apply to all formed surfaces exposed to view or where
shown on the drawings or specified by the Engineer. Finish F3- shall
include all measures specified for finish F2 and in addition, filling air
holes with mortar and treatment of the entire surface with sack rubbed
finish. It shall also include clean up of loose and adhering debris, where
a sack rubbed finish is specified, the surfaces shall be prepared within
two days after removal of the forms. The surfaces shall be wetted and
allowed to dry slightly before mortar is applied by sack rubbing. The
mortar used shall consist of one part cement to one and one half parts
by volume of fine (IS No 16 mesh) sand. Only sufficient mixing water to
give the mortar a workable consistency shall be used. The mortar shall
then be rubbed over the surface with a fine burlap or linen cloth so as to
fill all the surface voids. The mortar in the voids shall be allowed to
stiffen and solidify after which the whole surface shall be wiped clean
with burlap so that the entire surface presents a uniform appearance
without air holes and irregularities.
Curing of surface shall be continue for a period of ten days.
2) UNFORMED SURFACES
Finish U1
Finish U1 requires the surface in the specified slope /grade and
the gradual surface irregularities not exceeding 6 mm when measured
with respect to a plane surface parallel to slope with a template 300 mm
long.
Screeding the surface of the concrete to the required slopes and
grade as specified on drawings. Surfaces to be covered with concrete
topping, terrazzo and similar surfaces shall be smooth screeded and
leveled to produce even surface, irregularities not exceeding 6 mm.
Finish U2
Requirements shall be same as for U1 finish except the abrupt
irregularities shall be repaired slope and grade. The surface shall have
wooden finish.
Finish U3
Requirement shall be same as for U2 finish except that the
surface shall have steel trowel finish and the edges of the concrete shall
have the finish with edging tools.
Repair of gradual irregularities exceeding 6 mm, finishing joints
and edges of concrete with edging tools.
SURFACE PREPARATION FOR CONCRETE
Site engineers must ensure the following points for surface preparation
while proposing concreting against rock surface or existing concrete
surface.
(A) Rock Surface
(i) Inspection of rock surface for soundness.
(ii) Cleaning of the surface to receive concrete.
(B) Concrete Surface
(i) Surface preparation: -
a) By Green Cutting
b) By Chipping
c) Cleaning of the surface
(ii) Wetting of the surface prior to concreting.
Chapter - 13
DEFECTS IN CONCRETE AND ITS
REPAIR
CHAPTER – 13
DEFECTS IN CONCRETE AND ITS REPAIR
Post concrete inspection is a tool to identify the possible general defects
in newly hardened concrete. The typical defects are: -
Repair
Site engineer can follow either of the following methods for corrective
action.
1) Sack rubbing to repair the blemishes and the fill air bug holes.
2) Action should be such that the treatment is less apparent and
more pleasing appearance.
3) Such treated surface should be cured properly
B. HONEY COMB: - During concreting if the voids left in the concrete
due to failure of mortar to effectively fill the space among coarse
aggregate than structure is said to have defect of honeycomb. Such
defects occur due to: -
? ?Congested reinforcement.
? ?Improper vibration.
? ?Difficult construction.
? ?Improper mix i.e. improper aggregate ratio of fine aggregate to
total aggregate.
? ?Leakage of slurry from formwork gaps or damaged formwork.
Site engineer can follow the either of the methods to minimize the
defects: -
? ?Ensure proper vibration.
? ?Ensure proper consistency using water-reducing admixture to
increase slump.
? ?Ensure no gaps in the formwork to prevent slurry leakage.
? ?Using polymer modified cement sand mortar – by hand of
toweling – this method can be used if honeycomb is less than
concrete cover.
? ?If it is more than concrete cover that the area must be chipped off
and concrete must be replaced with normal insitu concrete of
same grade.
C. Cavity holes due to tie rods.
Tie rods, made of reinforcement steel, are often used to ensure that
the form assembly remains intact when subjected to concrete
pressure during concreting process. These tie rods are fixed with
cones at both ends. These cones are open from outer end hence,
when the formwork is removed, they are visible as holes. As this rods
are made of reinforcement and their ends are open to atmosphere, if
left expose for a long period, they are susceptible to correction.
? ?Repair method: - By dry pack mortar
CRACKS IN CONCRETE
CRACK IN CONCRETE: - This defect permits the ingress of aggression
agent in the structure and adversely affect.
A. The durability.
B. Water tightness.
C. Integrity of structure i.e. strength
Sound transmission: - Crack trough NDT techniques
D. Various types of cracks in concrete.
Every Engineer has to deliver the output based on the requirement and
facing the challenges to meet the quality standards with optimum use of
manpower. It is need less to say that in a competitive environment, the
restricted and compressed time schedule, the structural adequacies for
the various problems are need to be reviewed as listed below: -
Various type defect and damages in structures have been noticed over a
period of time in various localities this has resulted a need for an
Engineer to understand these defect and their respective possible
causes. Responsibility is not only limited to identification of the damages
but require to recommend necessary corrective measures including
investigations if necessary.
Brief details of defects and damages occurred in concrete are
indicated below along with their possible causes and suggested
investigations for ready reference: -
CONCRETE
Investigation
Visible Defect Possible Causes
Suggested
Rust on surface. Iron compounds in Chemical analysis of
aggregates, nails/wires samples.
left in formwork.
Rust stains on surface. Corrosion of binding wires, Check cover and
corrosion of reinforcement carbonation of concrete.
steel.
Cracking of concrete Corrosion of reinforcement Check cover, test for
cover, exposure of and other steel due to chlorides and
reinforcement and moisture and chloride carbonation, check
spelling of concrete ingress, frost attack and reinforcement adequacy.
poor quality of concrete
low density, high porosity
and high water to cement
ratio).
Surface crazing. Concrete Mix too wet and Check concrete mix and
poor curing. construction method
used.
Random diagonal Inadequate protection Check reinforcement,
cracking, lateral against shrinkage, over spacing of joint, analyze
cracking at equal rich or over wet and non- samples of concrete.
spacing cohesive concrete.
Repetitive vertical or Joint spacing too large. Examine joint
horizontal cracks. details/spacing check
concrete sample and
aggregates used.
Wet and damp spots, Honeycombs due to poor Check concrete after
deteriorated applied placement of concrete recovering applied
finishes without mix, poor compaction or finishes, checks detailing
cracking. water stopper missing. of joints, check for water
stopper, test and analyze
concrete.
Cracks at intervals. Restrained shrinkage, Check spacing of joints
reinforcement too near 9design), check
the surface, corrosion of distribution of
reinforcement, moisture reinforcement, concrete
movements. sample.
Faulty movement joints, Check concrete at joints,
faulty or missing water check water bars and
stopper, inadequate or reinforcement details.
improperly constructed
join, inadequate
reinforcement.
Rust stains below Tendon corrosion, poor Check location/ extent of
mortar covering of grouting of tendons. corrosion.
external pre-stressing.
Map cracking. Alkali-silica reaction (ASR), Check concrete
early drying out constituents, pertographic
conditions, over rich analysis.
mixes, over compaction
and poor curing.
Surface abrasion. Excessive wear. Check abrasive loading,
check quality of concrete
surface, check history of
usage.
Cracking or spelling Corrosion of reinforcement Check condition of
with or without staining steel or pre-stress tendons embedded steel, check
(generally parallel to the corrosion of encases steel, cover, carbonation,
direction of alkali silica reaction (ASR), chloride content, check
reinforcement steel). restrained by presence of ASR.
reinforcement.
1) CONSTRUCTION JONTS: -
2) EXPANSION JOINT AND CONTRACTION JOINT: -
3) COLD JOINT: -
CONSTRUCTION JONTS: -
*****
CHAPTER - 15
ASSESSMENT OF SAFE
WORKING CONDITIONS
WHILE EXECUTING THE JOB.
CHAPTER–15
ASSESSMENT OF SAFE WORKING
CONDITIONS WHILE EXECUTING THE JOB.
Responsibility of Site engineer with respect to safety
requirements at site is most important parameter.
IMPORTANCE OF JOB
HAZARD ANALYSIS.
CHAPTER - 16
IMPORTANCE OF JOB HAZARD
ANALYSIS.
Work can only be said to complete successfully if requirements
with respect to quality have been maintained without any
accident during execution of the work. Safe working condition
not only increases the output, but also gives satisfaction and
confidence while working in any of difficult conditions.
For a Site engineer it always preferred that we must know about the
work in totality. This will help us to identify the various sub activities
involved in the work and to assess the possible hazards during executing
the work. Action required to prevent such possible hazards must be
enlisted and honest efforts must be made to avoid any unsafe conditions
during execution of the work. It is preferred that job hazard analysis
should be done before start of the work.
Sample format for job hazard analysis in given below for ready
reference.
Name of the work :-
MAJOR ACTIVITY TO BE TAKEN UP: -
Duration of the activities :-
Sr.no Activities Possible hazards Action to be
taken for
prevention of
hazards
CHAPTER - 17
AWARENESS OF QA
REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER – 17
AWARENESS OF QA REQUIREMENTS
A most impartment part for implementing any QA requirement
needs to understand about the intent and meaning of the
quality. The brief description about the terms generally used
related to QA are summarized below.
1) Monitoring a process.
2) Removes causes of conformity at relevant stages to increase
economic effectiveness
Process: - A set of interrelated resources and activates which
transforms input to output.
1) Whether the quality activities and related result comply with the
planned arrangement.
2) Whether there planned arrangement are implemented effectively
or not.
3) Planned arrangements are suitable to achieve the objective.
Site engineer must know that there are three Quality Assurance
manual in our organization.
C.P. JHAMB
PROJECT DIRECTOR, RAPP-5&6
D.K.JAIN
CHIEF ENGINEER (CIVIL), RAPP-5&6