2020-08-12

PRENATAL, BIRTH, AND NEONATAL

PERIODS
PSYC 333

Reproductive structures: Male

Reference: https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/male-repro.html

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Reproductive structures: Female

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19263.jpg

Overview
 Fertilization
 Implantation
 Pregnancy
 Threats to the developing baby
 Birth
 Threats during childbirth
 Newborn

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Video – Life in the womb

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7kaw40pPYw

Prenatal development: Principles

 Cephalocaudal
 Growth from head (cephalo) to tail (caudal)

 Proximodistal
 Growth from middle to outside

 Mass to specific sequence

 Large structures appear before finer details

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Prenatal development: Milestones

Trimester Period Weeks Length and Major Events
Weight

1st Zygote 1 1-1.5 mm One cell multiplies and forms blastocyst.

2 Blastocyst begins implantation.

Embryo 3-4 6 mm Primitive brain and spinal cord. Organs begin to grow.

5-8 2.5 cm External body parts grow.

4g Embryo can move.

Fetus 9-12 7.6 cm Rapid increase in size. Internal organs become organized. Genitals grow.
28 g

2nd Fetus 13-24 30 cm Fetus enlarges. Fetal movements felt by mother. Sensitive to light & sound.
820 g

3rd Fetus 25-38 50 cm Size increases. Organs mature. Fat is added. Antibodies are transmitted.
3400 g

Prenatal development

Germinal Stage
First 2 weeks Period of zygote

Embryonic Stage
Week 3 to 8 Period of embryo

Fetal Stage
Week 9 to Birth Period of fetus

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Fertilization
 Union of sperm and ovum

Fertilization
 Union of sperm and ovum = zygote

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Fertilization: Genetics behind it

 DNA:
 Holds blueprint of organism
 Double helix

 Gene:
 Segment of DNA passed down from parents

 Chromosomes:
 23 pairs

Map of human chromosomes

Note. Karyotype showing the 46 chromosomes in their matched pairs.

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Implantation
 Blastocyst adheres to the wall of the uterus

http://pregnancymummydiary.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/When-Does-Implantation-Occur.jpg

Prenatal development

Germinal Stage
First 2 weeks Period of zygote

Embryonic Stage
Week 3 to 8 Period of embryo

Fetal Stage
Week 9 to Birth Period of fetus

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Pregnancy
 Week 3-8:
 Ectoderm
 Mesoderm
 Endoderm

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CtgKkCyHj9g/UZ4l1ni-4DI/AAAAAAAAAoQ/_Drg9TO3dA8/s1600/stem+cell.JPG+7.JPG

Pregnancy
 By ≈19th day: neural groove

http://www.ucadia.com/uca/u16/163300.htm

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Pregnancy
 By ≈21st-23rd day: neural tube

http://www.ucadia.com/uca/u16/163300.htm

Pregnancy
 By ≈29th day:
 Genital organs forming
 Brain development

 Throughout 30-60 days:

 Brain region differentiation

http://www.ucadia.com/uca/u16/163300.htm

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Prenatal development

Germinal Stage
First 2 weeks Period of zygote

Embryonic Stage
Week 3 to 8 Period of embryo

Fetal Stage
Week 9 to Birth Period of fetus

Pregnancy
 Week 9 and on:
Amniotic sac filled with amniotic fluid:
protects and nourishes the fetus

Umbilical cord: connects the fetus to the placenta

Placenta: connects the fetus to the placenta,
exchanging the nutrients, oxygen and waste

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Pregnancy

Lanugo

Vernix

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/11-dev-170126160526/95/11-dev-integumentary-system-2-20-638.jpg?cb=1485446754

Pregnancy
 Throughout 3rd-4th months:
 Head growth slows
 Hair develops
 Cartilage to be replaced by bone
 Throughout 5th- 7th months:
 Quickening
 Lanugo and vernix
 Fetal position
 Throughout 8th-9th months:
 Significant weight gain
 Fetus rotates, head pointed down

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Threats during pregnancy

 Teratogens: agent causing damage during prenatal period. E.g.
 Drugs, medication, alcohol, tobacco
 Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome, Phocomelia, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
 Maternal distress
 Maternal infectious diseases
 Genetic disorders
 Down syndrome, Patau syndrome, Edward’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, Kleinfelter syndrome
 Environmental radiation

Teratogens

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Prenatal tests
 Ultrasound
 Alpha-fetoprotein test
 Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
 Amniocentesis

Pregnancy on the outside

 Pregnancy:
 Varying (physical and emotional) experience
of pregnancy

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Pregnancy on the outside

First Trimester Second Trimester Third Trimester

• Headaches, fatigue, • Feeling better physically • Physical and

morning sickness etc. Emotional Symptoms
• Maternity clothes • Leg cramps,
• Miscarriages more backaches, insomnia
prevalent at this time • First baby’s movement • Unpleasant
irregular uterine
contractions
• Feelings of attachment • Anxious anticipation

Childbirth
 Stages:
1. Dilation and effacement of cervix

2. Delivery of baby

3. Expulsion of placenta

https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-yjhHYxGQY94/TXq1NS7PDVI/AAAAAAAABfQ/NWuy0v12w1k/s1600/labor.jpg

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Childbirth
 Stages:
1. Dilation and effacement of cervix

2. Delivery of baby

3. Expulsion of placenta

https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-yjhHYxGQY94/TXq1NS7PDVI/AAAAAAAABfQ/NWuy0v12w1k/s1600/labor.jpg

Childbirth

https://usercontent1.hubstatic.com/693234.jpg

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Threats during childbirth

 Cervix not fully dilated
 Breech position: when a baby is turned so that the buttocks or feet would be
delivered first
 Anoxia: inadequate oxygen supply during labor and delivery

Medical interventions
 Episiotomy
 Epidural
 Cesarean (C-)section
 Isolette at NICU

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Newborn: APGAR scale

 1 minute, then 5 minutes after birth:
 Color
 Muscle Tone
 Respiration
 Heart Rate
 Reflex Response
 ≥ 7 = healthy
 < 7 = must be resuscitated
or monitored and may go to NICU

Discussion
 Different settings to have the baby:
1. In a hospital
2. In a birthing center
3. At home

 What are the pros and cons of each choice?

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