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City University of New York (CUNY)

CUNY Academic Works

Publications and Research Guttman Community College

2012

The mathematics portfolio: An alternative tool to evaluate


students’ progress
Marla A. Sole
CUNY Guttman Community College

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Table 1. Number of People Living in Poverty in the United States by Gender for the Years 2005-2010

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