ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

Cebu Main: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
Manila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, Manila Tel # (02) 736-4438

POWER PLANT ENGINEERING – DAY 4

I. PURE SUBSTANCE

DEFINITIONS:
Sub-cooled liquid or compressed liquid – if the liquid is not about to vaporized.
Saturated liquid - if the liquid is about to vaporized.
Saturated vapor - if the vapor is about to condense.
Superheated vapor - if the vapor is not about to condense.
Vapor - is the name given to a gaseous phase that is in contact with the liquid phase.
Degrees superheat - is the difference between the actual temperature of superheated vapor.
Degrees Sub-cooled - is the difference between the saturation temperature for the given pressure and the actual sub-
cooled liquid temperature.
Wet vapor or mixture - is a combination of saturated vapor and saturated liquid.
Critical point - is the point at which the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are identical.

T-s DIAGRAM OF PURE SUBSTANCE

1. Degree sub-cooled
= Saturation temperature
– Actual liquid temperature
= tsat – ta

2. Degree Superheat
= Actual superheated temperature
– Saturation temperature
= ta - tsat

3. Properties of wet steam:

1. v = specific volume
v - vf
v = vf + x vfg = vf + x (vg – vf) or x =
v fg
2. s = entropy
s - sf
s = sf + x sfg = sf + x (sg – sf) or x =
sfg
h - hf
3. h = enthalpy h = hf + x hfg = hf + x (hg – hf) or x =
hfg

U - Uf
4. U = internal energy U = Uf + x Ufg = Uf + x (Ug – Uf) or x =
Ufg

f = represents properties of saturated liquid

g = represents properties of saturated vapor

fg = represents the difference by evaporation

U = internal energy s = entropy

h = enthalpy v = specific volume

x = quality of steam

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 II. QUALITY AND MOISTURE
Quality - it is the ratio of the mass of vapor to the total
mass of liquid and vapor.

mv
A. x = quality =
m v + mL

Moisture - it is the ratio of mass of liquid to the total mass of vapor and liquid.

mL
B. y = moisture = 1 - x = C. VL = volume of liquid = mL vL = mL vf
mL + m v

D. Vv = volume of vapor = mv vv = mv vg E. V = total volume = VL + Vv

where: mL = mass of liquid

mv = mass of vapor
vf = saturated liquid specific volume
vg = saturated vapor specific volume

Note: For saturated liquid: ( y = 100%; x = 0%)

For saturated vapor: ( y = 0%; x = 100%)

III. APPROXIMATE ENTHALPY, hf

A. Given temperature in oC (SI)

hf = cp t, KJ/kg where: cp = 4.187 KJ/kg-K

B. Given temperature in oF (English Unit)

hf = cp (t – 32) , Btu/lb where: cp = 1 Btu/lb-R

IV. PROCESSES OF STEAM T

2
1. Constant Pressure Process:
1. W = P(v2 - v1) 2. DU = U2 - U1
3. Dh = h2 - h1 4. Q = h2 - h1 1
5. Ds = s2 - s1 6. Dv = v2 - v1

S
c

T
=

2 c
V

2. Constant Volume Process: P=

1. W = 0 2. Q = U2 - U1
3. Dh = h2 - h1 4. DU = U2 - U1 1
5. Ds = s2 - s1 6. Dv = v2 - v1

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 T
3. Constant Temperature Process:

c
c

=
1. W = Q - DU 2. Q = T(s2 - s1)
P=

V
3. Dh = h2 - h1 4. Ds = s2 - s1
5. DU = U2 - U1 6. Dv = v2 - v1 T=c
1 2

4. Throttling Process (h2 = h1): JTC = Joule Thompson Coefficient t=c

JTC = ΔT/ΔP = (T2 – T1) / (P2 – P1) h
t=c
h1 = h2 = hf2 + x hfg2
2
1
Where: Usually point 2 is wet
P=c
P=c
S

5. Adiabatic Process – no heat loss, no heat gain

A. Reversible adiabatic process = adiabatic (Q = 0) = reversible (s = c)

Formulas:
T
1. w = - Du = u1 – u2
= non-flow work 2
2. Du = u2 - u1
3. Dh = h2 - h1
4. Q = 0
5. Ds = 0 1
6. Dv = v2 - v1
7. Ws = steady flow work
= - Dh = h1 - h2
S

B. Irreversible adiabatic process

Formulas:
1. S2’ – S2 = irreversibility of the process 2’
2. h2’ – h2 = internal reheat
T =P
2’ P2
3. w ’ = u1 – u2’
4. ws ’ = h1 – h2’ 2
5. Q = 0 P1
6. e = compression efficiency
Ws h - h2
e= = 1 1
W s ' h1 - h 2 '
e = expansion efficiency S
W h - h2 ' T-S Diagram
e= s = 1 (Compression)
W s ' h1 - h 2

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V. STEAM CYCLES

1. RANKINE CYCLE
The Rankine cycle is the most common steam cycle. The working fluid is water.

A. Heat Added in the Boiler, QA

QA = h1 – h4, KJ/kg = m(h1 – h4), KW

B. Turbine Work, Wt

Wt = ideal turbine work

Wt = h1 - h2, KJ/kg = m(h1 - h2), KW

Quality after Turbine Expansion

s2 = s1 = sf + xsfg

s - sf s - sf
or x = = h2 = hf + x hfg
s fg sg - sf

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 Wo = turbine work output = Wt x e
Where: e = turbine efficiency

C. Heat Rejected in the Condenser, QR

QR = h2 - h3 , KJ/kg = m(h2 - h3), KW

where: h3 = hf at given condenser temperature or pressure

Qw = heat carried by cooling water = mw cp (t2 – t1)

mw = mass of cooling water requirement in Condenser

m(h2 - h3 )
mw =
cp ( t 2 - t1 )

D. Pump Work, Wp

Wpo = pump work output = h4 - h3, KJ/kg

Wpo = v3(P4 - P3), KJ/kg = m(h4 - h3), KW

W po
ep = pump efficiency =
W pi

Wpi = pump work input

E. Enthalpy, h4
h4 = v3(P4 - P3) + h3
where:
P4 = boiler pressure
P3 = condenser pressure

F. Cycle Efficiency, e

Turbine Work - Pump Work ( WT - Wp ) QA - QR

e = = =
Heat Added QA QA

(Q R + W T )
G. Cogeneration efficiency, ec ec =
QA

Net Plant Output G.O

H. Overall thermal efficiency, eo eo = =
Heat Input Qg

I. Back work ratio = Pump work / Turbine work = Wp / W

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2. REHEAT CYCLE:

A. Heat Added QA = (h1 - h6) + (h3 – h2), KJ/kg

QA = m[(h1 - h6) + (h3 – h2)], KW

B. Turbine Work
WT = (h1 - h2) + (h3 - h4) , KJ/kg
WT = m[(h1 - h2) + (h3 - h4)], KW

C. Pump Work
WP = h6 - h5, KJ/kg = m(h6 - h5), KW
WP = v5(P6 - P5), KJ/kg

D. Enthalpy (h6) h6 = v5(P6 - P5) + h5

E. Heat Rejected QR = (h4 – h5), KJ/kg

QR = m(h4 – h5), KJ/kg

( W T - Wp )
F. Thermal Efficiency e =
QA

PROBLEMS:
PURE SUBSTANCE AND PROCESSES OF STEAM
1. What is the approximate value of temperature of water having enthalpy of 208 Btu/lb?
A. 138.67oC B. 115.55oC C. 258.67oC D. 68.67oC

2. At 1.3 Mpa, mixture steam and water has an entropy of 3 KJ/kg-oK. Find the enthalpy of the mixture.
At 1.3 Mpa: sf = 2.2515, sg = 6.4953, hf = 814.93, hfg = 1972.7
A. 1,627.71 KJ/kg B. 1,533.33 KJ/kg C. 1,234.45 KJ/kg D. 1,162.40 KJ/kg

3. Mixture with 70% quality at 500 Kpa is heated isothermally until its pressure is 300 Kpa. Find the heat added
during the process.
At 500 Kpa: sf = 1.8607, sfg = 4.9606 At 300 Kpa and 151.86oC: s = 7.0888 KJ/kg
A. 745.92 KJ/kg B. 535.16 KJ/kg C. 983.44 KJ/kg D. 765.34 KJ/kg
4. Steam leaves an industrial boiler at 827.4 Kpa and 171.6°C. A portion of the steam is passed through a throttling
calorimeter and is exhausted to the atmosphere when the calorimeter pressure is 101.4 Kpa. How much
moisture does the steam leaving the boiler contain if the temperature of the steam at the calorimeter is 115.6°C?
At 827.4 Kpa (171.6°C): hf = 727.25 KJ/kg, hfg = 2043.2 KJ/kg
From table 3:
At 101.4 Kpa and 115.6°C: h2 = 2707.6 KJ/kg
A. 3.78% B. 3.08% C. 4.56% D. 2.34%

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 STEAM CYCLES

1. Find the Rankine cycle thermal efficiency of a steam plant with the following enthalpies in KJ/kg:
entering turbine = 3100, leaving turbine = 2400, entering pump = 140, leaving pump = 180
A. 52.5% B. 41.7 % C. 32.1% D. 22.6%

2. In a Rankine cycle steam enters the turbine at 2.5 Mpa (enthalpies & entropies given) and condenser of 50 Kpa
(properties given), what is the thermal efficiency of the cycle?
At 2.5 Mpa: hg = 2803.1 KJ/kg sg = 6.2575
At 50 kpa: sf = 1.0910 sfg = 6.5029
hf = 340.49 hfg = 2305.4
vf = 0.0010300
A. 25.55% B. 45.23% C. 34.23% D. 12.34%

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