© T.S.

Zhao, 2004
The heating load Qin=Qin,sensible+Qin,latent

Qout=Qout,sensible+Qout,latent

© T.S. Zhao, 2004

Heating loads & heat loss

Qout=fun( ΔT, R)

© T.S. Zhao, 2004

Heat Losses – Transmission heat losses
Transmission heat losses - the heat transmitted through
the walls, ceiling, floor, glass, other surfaces.

q& = UA( ti − to )

© T.S. Zhao, 2004

 Heat Losses – due to infiltration
Heat losses due to infiltration - the heat required to warm
outdoor air entering the space.

Sensible heat:
Q&
q& s = m
& o c p ( ti − to ) = c p ( ti − to )
vo
m& o = mass flow rate of the infiltrating air, kg / s
c p = specific heat capacity of the air, J / (kg - C)
Q& = volume flow rate, m 3 / s
v o = specific volume, m 3 / kg

© T.S. Zhao, 2004

Heat Losses – due to infiltration

Latent heat:

Q&
q& l = m& o (Wi − Wo )i fg = (Wi − Wo )i fg
vo
(Wi − Wo ) = difference in design humidity ratio, kgv/kga
i fg = latent heat of vaporization at indoor conditions.

© T.S. Zhao, 2004

 Finding the infiltration rate
Crack method:
Estimate the infiltration rate based on per unit
length of a crack opening

Based on 25 MPH
© T.S. Zhao, 2004
wind speed
© T.S. Zhao, 2004
 Finding the infiltration rate
Crack method:
Corner Room Infiltration

Wind direction
© T.S. Zhao, 2004
 Finding the infiltration rate

Air-change method:

Q& = ( ACH )(V ) / C

ACH = the number of air change per hour, 0.5 < ACH < 2.0
V = gross space volume, m3
C = constant, 60 for English units and 3600 for SI

ACH depends on building type, construction, and use.

© T.S. Zhao, 2004

 Finding the infiltration rate
Air-change method:

© T.S. Zhao, 2004

Outdoor & indoor design temperature

‰ Outdoor: to=8.9oC, typically in Hong Kong

‰ ASHRAE Standard: ti=22oC

© T.S. Zhao, 2004

Room heat loss & Room heating
load

steady case for both

© T.S. Zhao, 2004
 Building net heating load
The building heating load is the amount of
heat required for the building at outdoor
design conditions

‰ Building heat transfer loss

‰ Building infiltration loss

© T.S. Zhao, 2004

 System heat losses

‰ Duct heat transfer loss

‰ Duct leakage
‰ Piping losses
‰ Pickup factor or allowance

Gross heating load=

net heating load +System heat losses

© T.S. Zhao, 2004