1.

Aniline point

•:• The aniline point of an oil is defined as the

minimum temperature at which equal volumes of
aniline and diesel are miscible, i.e. form a single
phase upon mixing.
•:• Aniline point indicates the degree of aromaticity
of the fraction. The higher the aniline point, the
lower the aromatic content {the higher paraffinic
content). The lower the aniline point of the oil,
the higher aromatic content.
•:• Lower aniline point has very good ignition quality
of oil.
 2. Preparation of Nitrobenzene from Benzene

•:• Nitrobenzene is prepared by nitration of benzene with a

mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid, water, and nitric
acid. The nitration process involves formation of the
.nitr~mlt,~m. ion (N02•), followed by an electrophilic
aromatic substitution reaction of it with benzene.

•:• The o.lti!?Qi~.m ion is generated by the reaction of nitric

acid and an acidic dehydration agent, typically sulfuric
acid.
•:• Nitrobenzene is also used to produce lubricating oils
such as those used in motors and machinery. A small

0•
Benune
ffi<O,
heat

N1trobenzeone
amount of nitrobenzene is used in the manufacture of
dyes, drugs, pesticides, and synthetic rubber.
3. ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) Distillation
•:• It specifies the distillation characteristics of gasoline.
•:• At boiling temperature, the volatility of gasoline starts to
fluctuate and it directly affects the performance of your
engine. So we should know the volatility of the fuel by
l
using ASTM method.
•:• Dry point, the temperature indicated at the instant the last
drop of liquid evaporates from the lowest point in the
distillation flask, disregarding any liquid on the side of the
flask.
•:• Initial boiling point for a distillation fraction is the
temperature at which the fraction just begins to evaporate
when distilled.
• • •
•:• Final boiling point : Maximum temperature indicated by
the distillation thermometer during distillation.
 4. Cloud point & Pour Point

•
-
I·'~~
I ""
....r
•
•!• Cloud point is the minimum temperature at
which the first crystal formation starts.

•!• Pour point is the minimum temperature below

which a liquid loses its flow characteristics.

•!• The cloud point is helpful in identifying the

tempelature at which waK separation may clog
the filter saeens in the fuel intake system of
diesel engine.

•!• In short , cloud point and pour point tell us the

suitability of lubricating oil in cold conditions.

l
 5. Preparation of Diazoaminobenzene
•!• Diazoaminobenzene is an orange crystalline
solid compound. Diazoaminobenzene is
used as a chemical intermediate,
complexing agent and polymer additive and
is a contaminant in several dyes used in
drugs, cosmetics and foods.

•!• BY DIAZOTIZING ANILINE o fssOLVED

, IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID WITH SODIUM

NITRITE AND THEN ADDING A

CONCENTRATED SOLUTION OF SODIUM

ACETATE
6. Preparation of Methyl Salicylate
•!• Methyl salicylate Is an organic compound
with the formula C.H1 0 5• It is the methyl
ester of salicylic acid. It Is a colorless, viscous
liquid with a sweet, fruity odor.

•:• Methyl salicylate can be produced

by esterifying salicylic acid with methanol.
I

•:• Methyl salicylate is used in muscle pain and

0
rheumatic pain. It is used as a flavouring
agent in chewing gums and mints in small
concentrations and added as antiseptic in
mouthwash solutions.
 7. Preparation of Acetanilide
•:• Acetanilide is an odourless solid chemical of leaf or flake-like
appearance. It is also known as N-!!h~nY..I!Jgt~mJde, a~c_eJ!I!lil, or
acetanilide.
•:• Acetanilide is prepared from aniline when it reacts with acetic
anhydride/glacial acetic acid in the presence of zinc dust. A
mixture of aniline, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride and zinc
dust is refluxed under anhydrous condition and then poured the
mixture into ice cold water to get acetic anhydride precipitate.
The crude precipitate of acetic anhydride is rey ystallized to get
pure crystals of acetanilide.
•:• Acetanilide is used as an inhibitor of hydrogen peroxide

Readion: decomposition. It has also found uses in the intermediation in

rubber accelerator synthesis, dyes and dye intermediate
synthesis, and camphor synthesis.
8. Determination of Nitrogen content of NH 4 CI by formaline method

When formaline added to ammonium salt solution, they

react with each other like condensation. The condensation
products are hexamethylenetetramine and acid radicals.
The acid is titrated with standard NaOH solution to
determine N2 content.

6HCJIO .. 4'\lH4Cl-· (CH.m,N, + 4HCI + 6H20

-~

•:• Use as a nitrogen supply in fertilizer

•:• As an electrolyte in dry cells.

9. Determination of acid value and saponification value of given oil
sample
•:• Acid value (AV) is the milligrams of potassium hydroxide required

to neutralize the FFA in one gram of fat. It is a relative measure of

rancidity as free fatty acids are normally formed during

decomposition of triglycerides.

•:• Saponification value is defined as the number of milligrams of KOH

required to completely hydrolyse (saponify) one gram of the

oil/ fat.
I

•:• It is a measure of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of

all the fatty acids present in the sample as triglycerides. The higher
the saponification value, the lower the f atty acids average length,
the l·ighter the mean molecular weight of triglycerides and vice-

versa.
10. Determination of AmmontcaJ Nitrogen by Distillation

When ammonium salt is treated with strong alkali at high

• temperature ammonia is evolved which is absorbed in an
I
acidic buffer solution and ammonium borate that is
formed, which can be calculated if this borate is titrated
against standard acid.