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INTRODUCTION
338
Local and localized scour can occur in one of two ways: (1) Clear-water
scour; and (2) live-bed scour. Local scour can be superimposed on both
a general and a localized scour. Clear-water scour occurs when the bed
material upstream of the scour area is at rest. The bed shear stresses
away from the scour area are thus equal to or less than the critical or
threshold shear stress for the initiation of particle movement. In clear-
water scour the maximum scour depth is reached when the flow can no
longer remove particles from the scour hole.
Live-bed scour, also referred to as scour with sediment transport, oc-
curs when there is general bed load transport by the stream. Equilibrium
scour depths are reached when over a period of time the amount of
material removed from the scour hole by the flow equals the amount of
material supplied to the scour hole from upstream. It is important to
distinguish between these two types of scour because both the devel-
opment of the scour hole with time and the relationship between scour
depth and approach flow velocity depend upon the type of scour (clear-
water or live bed) that is occurring. These relationships are shown, dia-
grammatically, in Fig. 1. In the live-bed case, scour depth increases rap-
idly with time [Fig. 1(a)] and then fluctuates (in response to the passage
of bed forms) about a mean value which will be referred to as the equi-
librium scour depth. For a given pier and sediment this is less than the
maximum scour depth achieved in clear-water conditions [Fig. 1(b)].
It is, however, conceivable that in the transitional flat bed transport stage
fine sand will be kept in motion by the horseshoe vortex. This could,
therefore, lead to an increased scour hole, i.e., there could be a second
Time Velocity
(al lb)
FIG. 1.—Scour Depth for a Given Pier and Sediment Size as a: (a) Function of
Time; (h) Function of Approach Velocity
339
EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
340
tema (7). Their results indicate that value of the equilibrium scour depth,
dse(<rg), for nonuniform alluvial sediments can be estimated in terms of
the geometric standard deviation, a , of the sediment from
4K) _ K 4 (1)
D "D
in which dse = the equilibrium scour depth in uniform sediment (<jg —
1.0); D = pier diameter; and Ka = a function which depends on og as
shown in Fig. 2. The ka value also depends on whether or not the sed-
iment is ripple forming. Ripple forming refers here to noncohesive al-
luvial sediments of about 0.05 mm-0.7 mm in particle size which form
distinctive small bed features at bed shear stresses slightly greater than
the threshold value. With uniform ripple forming sands the scour depth
is smaller than with nonripple forming uniform sediments. The reason
for this is that it is not possible to maintain a flat sand bed at near thresh-
old conditions; thus ripples develop, and a small amount of general sed-
iment transport takes place which replenishes some of the sand scoured
at the pier. Thus, true clear-water scour conditions cannot be maintained
experimentally. The resultant scour depths where ug —> 1.0 are dse/D
==1.4 — 1.5. If the bed shear stress is lowered to a value where the small
ripples do not develop the scouring power is reduced and the scour
depth remains at about the same value. As the standard deviation of
the grain size distribution increases, the larger sand grains form, in due
course, and armour layer on the upstream bed, preventing the devel-
opment of ripples. There is a critical value of <rg where armouring can
just be achieved in the plane bed but not in the scour hole where the
local applied forces on the grains are higher due to increased turbulence
in the flow, the downflow and the horseshoe vortex in front of the pier.
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
When u*/u*c < 0.8, the formation of a grain thick armour larger on the
surface of non-uniform ripple forming sands prevents the growth of rip-
ples and the scour develops as in a nonripple forming sediment.
Time Development of Clear-Water Scour.—The development of clear-
water scour at a 101.6 mm diameter pier is shown as ds/D vs. (dm/
D)(u#t/D)(v/u*D), in Fig. 3, with the value of ag of each sediment as
a parameter. The bracketed dimensionless terms combine from dimen-
sional analysis the relative size of the sediment to the pier diameter to-
gether with a Strouhal number and a Reynolds number. The value of
the shear velocity ratio u*/u*c along the center line of the flume was, for
all the tests, approximately 0.95. The data appear to define three
straight-line segments on the semi-logarthmic plot. The first segment is
associated with the rapid scouring by the down flow. As shown by the
sketch inset into Fig. 3 the downflow excavates a groove around the
upstream perimeter of the pier. The middle segment describes the de-
velopment of the scour hole as the horseshoe vortex moves away from
the cylinder and grows in strength. The last segment indicates the equi-
librium depth. However, as the value of ag increases, the middle seg-
ments gradually vanish, leaving only two. The results show for each d
particle size a steady reduction in the depth of scour with increasing
nonuniformity of the bed sediment. Some overlapping of data occurs.
This is principally due to either ripple formation by the 0.55 mm sand
or the relative particle size D/d50. The influence of D/d50 on the equilib-
rium depth of scour in uniform sediment suggests that the reduction in
the equilibrium value of dJD with increasing <jg may also depend
slightly on the pier size. An armor layer at the base of a scour hole
around a small pier may be stable. However, it may be unstable at a
larger pier where the size of the secondary flow and the scale of tur-
bulence are larger and the turbulence intensity is higher.
The formation of an armor layer in the base of a scour hole reduces
both the rate of scour development and equilibrium scour depth in non-
ripple forming sediments and in ripple forming sediments with ag > 1.5.
342
1. D/d50 a 130; the sediment is fine relative to pier diameter. The sed-
iment is entrained from the groove by the downflow and from the slope
by the horseshoe vortex until equilibrium is reached.
2. 130 > D/d5a s 30; the sediment is of an intermediate size. The sedi-
ment is entrained mainly from the groove with only a limited entrain-
ment under the horseshoe vortex. The supply of sediment to the groove
is accomplished by sliding down the slope.
3.0 i i i i
D ~ (mm)
X 29.5
o 45.0
. a 50.8
2.5- A 101.6 X
v 150.0
• 240.0
9^°AV
2.0
D 1.5\
d > 0.70mm
&* f
1.0 •v /
"a^ as 0.70 mm
INTER-
0.5 LARGE COARSE .MEDIATE , FINE
Id) Ic) lb) (a)
i i i i
l
100 • '' 1000
°/d50
4. D/d50 < 8; the stones are so large that the erosion phase does not
develop. The scour is mainly due to the entrainment at the flanks of the
pier.
1 1 d$Q (mm)
i D
(m) 0.63 1.1b J.J
.05
.10
.125 » •
U./^-W .15
la)
' Dim!
2,0- oa_j>— _ ,04 „
-*-"""% •°7 "
•&£& .to v
J& " .20 »
0 L 1 1 1 1
0 t , i 3
lb)
FIG. 5.—Depth: (a) Scour Depth dJD versus y9/D after Two Hours (2); (b) Equi-
librium Scour Depth dJD versus y0/D (1)
344
discharge:
d„ = 1.5D a7 y°' 3 (3)
This, partly at least, arises from a transition from live-bed to clear-
water scour. The argument used was that the approach velocity at the
grain level decreases while the strength of the horseshoe vortex is af-
fected little by the increase in flow depth. Thus the velocities at the grain
level in the scour hole remain unchanged. The decreasing rate of sedi-
ment supply into the scour hole from upstream leads to an increased
scour depth.
The presence of the pier causes a surface roller around the pier, like
a bow wave to a boat, and a horseshoe vortex at the base of the pier.
These two rollers have opposite senses of rotation. In principle, as long
as the two rollers do not interfere with each other, the local scour depth
is insensitive to depth of flow. With decreasing depth of flow the surface
roller becomes the more dominant and finally eliminates the horseshoe
vortex altogether, i.e. the vortex at the base of the pier changes direction
of rotation for small depth.
The stagnation pressure increases with the velocity of approach flow
and, for a constant ratio of M*/M*C , with the particle size. If the surface
roller dominates the flow to a depth proportional to the stagnation head,
Hi, of the surface velocity then in a shallow flow the equilibrium scour
depth decreases with particle size for the same values of «*/M*C and yj
D. This is shown in Figs. 6 and 7. It is seen that the finer the sediment,
relative to pier size, the smaller the range is of influence of flow depth.
For fine sediments the scour depth may be essentially independent of
flow depth at y0/D ~ 1, whereas for relatively coarse sediments the ratio
may be closer to six. At shallow depths the formation of a bar down-
stream of the pier also causes a decrease in the depth of scour.
The Effect of the Pier Size.—The depth of local scour is of major in-
terest when laboratory data are interpreted for field use. The effects of
pier shape and orientation to the flow on the depth of local scour are
well established and have been analyzed in literature, e.g. Breusers, et
al. (3). The pier size affects primarily the time required for the local clear-
water scour to reach the equilibrium depth dse/D, not its magnitude rel-
ative to pier diameter. Thus, if the effects of y0/D and D/d ratios, con-
sidered previously, are excluded this action will occur. The actual value
of the dJD in addition depends on the grading of the bed material. In
the case of live-bed scour the time is strongly dependent on the excess
bed shear stress and comparisons can be made only for the same values
of excess shear stress.
As the depth of scour varies proportionally with pier diameter, the
volume of the conical local scour hole formed around the upstream half
of the perimeter of the pier is proportional to the cube of pier diameter
(or the projected width of the pier). The larger the pier the larger the
scour volume is and the longer the time is-required to erode it at a given
bed shear stress, e.g. u*/u*c = 1.0. Laboratory data (D = 50, 100, 150,
345
0 'i 1.90
5.0 II
© 5.35
a 240.0 0.38
4.0 a " 1.90
m ti 5.35
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
ds(y0)/ds!0.6m)
u • 5.35mm
0.5 50
0.4
Symbols as in
Fig. 6
0.3-
y0
0.2
d50 -1.90mm 0.40 m
0.1
d50- 0.38mm
and 240 m m , and uniform grain sizes D/rf50 a 130, 130 > D/d > 30 a n d
D/d50 < 30) show that time to a certain d e p t h , ds/D, is proportional to
D 3 . From Fig. 8
— = A In +B (4)
D D-
in which A and B are constants. Thus, for a given particle size a n d value
of dJD, the value of t a D 3 . Data plotted as (dJD) versus (dS0/D3)t yield
an almost single function. W h e n plotted as (dJD) against (d50/D) t the
result is clearly a family of parallel lines, i.e. the larger the pier diameter
346
1.5 rfA °
1.0 JP*> A A
^ '
0.5
0
70" 10' 10'2 10-' 10'
Id^/Dllu^t/Dllv/u^D)
(a)
3.0 I I I
dsolmm) Dim)
° — 1.90— 0.150 X X
2.5 - o— 1.90 — 0.102
v—0.84 — 0.051
2.0
- A—0.84— 0.045
0.045
^ a ^
ryS* \ A •
&
.
• —0.38*-
1-—0.84 — 0.029
1.5 - yS" X •
A
1.0 ^DO^TAK
0.5
0 I I I I
(dso/DI(u^t/D)tv/u^D)
(b)
3.0
dsotmm) Dim)
a—5.35— 0.102
2.5
• — 1.90 — 0.051
0 — 1.90— 0.029
2.0
Is.
D
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
10'" 10~3 10~2 10'' 10° --•'
td^/Dllu^t/Dllv/u^D)
(c)
FIG. 8.—Scour Depth with Time: (a) u*/u*c = 0.95, D/d > 130, and * = Ripple
Forming Sediment ag < 1.5; (b) Scour Depth with Time: «*/u*c = 0.95, 130 > 30;
and * = Ripple Forming Sediment as < 1.5; (c) Scour Depth with Time: M*/U*C =
0.95; D/d < 30, and ag < 1.5
347
8(fl and b). Shown in each of Figs. 8(a) and 8(b) is a curve fitted to the
collapsed data. The departure of the 0.84 mm sand in Fig. 8(b) arose
from this experiment being performed in the 450 mm wide flume which
introduced a time delay at the beginning of the experiment. The slight
shift of sand data is due to the small amounts of sediment transport,
i.e., due to an inability to run a test at «*/«#,. = 0.95 with sand without
any transport.
The Maximum Equilibrium Depth of Local Scour.—The data pre-
sented in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 indicate for a cylindrical pier in a uniform
grain-size sediment, with a scour process uneffected by relative flow
depth or relative grain size, that the maximum depth of clear-water local
scour is
CONCLUSIONS
The basic postulate for all the work presented is that somewhere, just
past the peak flow rate of a translating flood wave, clear-water scour
conditions will exist long enough for the equilibrium clear-water scour
depth to be approached. Thus, for design, the reduction in scour depth
due to live-bed conditions could be ignored. The live-bed conditions
accordingly serve to establish the scour rapidly and the clear-water scour
conditions yield the maximum scour depth.
The main conclusions drawn from this study can be summarized as
follows:
relative size of pier diameter to m e a n bed particle size for values less
than about 20 to 25 as depicted in Fig. 4. With decreasing values of D /
d50, the sediment becomes increasingly coarser compared to the scale of
the local flow within the scour hole, a n d a significant proportion of the
energy of the d o w n flow is dissipated at the base of the scour hole.
3. The maximum equilibrium d e p t h of clear-water local scour is a
function of the relative depth, y0/D, and the relative size, D/dso / as shown
in Fig. 6.
4. The equilibrium d e p t h of local scour decreases at a greater rate with
decreasing flow d e p t h for smaller values of the relative flow d e p t h , y 0 /
D. The decrease in the equilibrium d e p t h is d u e to the interference of
the water surface roller formed a r o u n d the pier with the d o w n w a r d s
flow into the scour hole.
APPENDIX I.-—REFERENCES
APPENDIX II.—NOTATION
A,B,KlfK2 = constants;
a,b,c = mutually perpendicular axes of a particle;
D = pier diameter;
ds = depth of scour;
dse = depth of equilibrium scour;
i "15.9 I "#l.i /
15.9,84.1% = finer particle sizes of sediment;
Hi = stagnation head of surface velocity;
Ka = coefficient for equilibrium scour depth as a function
of ov;
349
y0 = depth of flow;
(jg = geometric standard deviation of grain size distri-
bution; and
v = kinematic viscosity.
350