Analysis of Stress and Strain

Lecture 4

Dereje Engida Woldemichael (PhD, CEng MIMechE)

Lesson Outcomes

n At the end of this lesson you should be able to:

q Formulate plane stress and plane strain problems

q Compute the stress, strain and displacement of plane

stress and plane strain problems

Introduction
n A two-dimensional state of stress exists when the
stresses and body forces are independent of one
of the coordinates, here taken as z.

n Such a state is described by stresses σx, σy, and

τxy and the x and y body forces.

n Two-dimensional problems are of two classes:

plane stress and plane strain.
 Plane Stress
n Consider a thin flat plate subjected to in-plane forces.

n If the plate is not loaded on its faces, i.e, Fz=0, then

σz = τxz = τzy = 0 on its lateral surfaces (z = ±h/2).
n σx, σy, and τxy are independent of z.
n Likewise, the forces Fx and Fy each are functions of x and
y only and the stress are functions of two variables.
Plane Stress

n The nonzero stress components σ x , σ y , τ x y remain

constant over the th ickness of the plate and are
functions of x and y only.
n The stress tensor is given by    x xy
 ij  
 xy  y 
n The stress strain relationship is given by

x 
1
E
 
 x  y , y 
1
E
 
 y  x , z 
E
 y   x  (a)
 xy
 xy  ,  xz   yz  0
G
Plane Stress

n The strain-displacement relations are given by:

u v u v
x  , y  ,  xy   (b)
x y y x

n The equations of equilibrium of plane stress are given

by:   xy
x
  Fx  0
x y
 y  xy (c)
  Fy  0
y x
 z  Fz  0
Plane stress
,

n Compatibility Equations or Saint – Venant’s Equations

u   v     u
n From strain-displacement relation,  x  x y y xy
x  y
q differentiate εx twice with respect to y and εy twice with respect to

x.
 u   v 

2
    y 
2

  
2

3 2

 
u
 x  v
3
x

y

x x y x
2 2 2

y y x y
2 2 2

q differentiate γxy with respect to x and y.

           v   u
2
2 3 3
xy v u

        x   y x y x y x y
2
y x
2

n Combining these equations, the compatibility equation is thus

given by      
2
xy
2 2
y
x

  y x x y
(d)
2 2
2D Stress Transformation
Plane stress Direction Cosines
x y z
X l1=cos  m1=sin  n1=0
Y l2= -sin  m2=cos  n2=0
Z l3=0 m3=0 n3=1
Axis transformation for plane stress

The plane stress transformation is given by:

1 1
Or
2 2
1 1
2 2
1
2
Plain Strain
n I f a l o n g cy l in d ri c a l o r p r is m a t i c b o d y , i . e . , t h e
dimensions of the body in the z-direction is very large,
the principal strain in the z- direction is constrained and
can be assumed as zero, yielding a plane strain
condition

Plane strain a
cylinder under
pressure with fixed
ends
n In plane strain problem, the displacements u and v are
independent of z and w = 0 for all x, y, z in which

 z   xz   yz  0
 Plane Strain Examples:
1. Dam
Slice of unit
thickness
1

y y
 xy
 xy
z x
x
z
2. Long cylindrical pressure vessel subjected to internal/external
pressure and constrained at the ends
 Saint-Venant’s Principle
n If an actual distribution of forces is replaced by a statically
equivalent system, the distribution of stress and strain
throughout the body is altered only near the regions of load
application.

Stress distribution due to a concentrated load in a rectangular cubic plate,

confirming the Saint-Venant’s principle
Saint-Venant’s Principle
Plain Strain
n Th e s t ra in d ep end s on x an d y. He nce, t he s t rain
displacement relations for plane strain problems are given
by u v u v
x  , y  ,  xy  
x y y x
w u w v w
z   0,  xz    0,  yz   0
z z x z y

n The stress-strain relations for plane strain conditions are

given by
 x  2G x   ( x   y ),  y  2G y   ( x   y ),  z   ( x   y )   ( x   y )
 xy  G xy ,  xz   yz  0,
E
Where 
(1  )(1  2 )
Plane strain

Equation of Equilibrium
n Since the stress components are functions of x and y only,
the governing equation of equilibrium for plane strain
condition is
 x  xy
  Fx  0
x y
 y  xy
  Fy  0
y x
 Plane strain
Compatibility
n The three expressions for two-dimensional strain at a point
are functions of only two displacements, u and v, and
therefore a compatibility relationship exists among the
strains
Activity

n Show that the equations of compatibility in terms

of stress is given by:
 Plane strain
Boundary condition
n Plane strain will result in a prismatic body if the surface
forces Fx, and Fy are each functions of x and y and Fz = 0.
n On the lateral surface, n =0, the boundary conditions are
given by:

n Note:
q for plane strain problem, eight quantities, σx, σy , τxy, εx,
ε y ,γ xy , u and v must be determined to satisfy strain-
displacement, stress-strain, equations of equilibrium,
compatibility equation and boundary conditions.
 Relationship between plane stress and plane strain
n In the absence of body forces or in the case of constant
body forces, the compatibility equations for plane strain and
plane stress are the same.
n Comparing the stress-strain relations for plane stress and
plane strain equations, the following table can be used to
convert solutions of place stress to plane strain and vice
versa
Conversion between Plane Stress and Plane Strain Solution
Exercise
The square block is in plane strain and is subjected to the
following strains y

 x  2 xy
2
 y  3 xy 2 1
2

 xy  x 2  y 3
2

3 4
x

Compute the displacement field (i.e., displacement components

u(x,y) and v(x,y)) within the block
 Solution

Recall from definition

u
x   2 xy (1)
x
v
 y   3xy 2 (2)
y
u v
 xy    x 2  y 3 (3)
y x
Integrating (1) and (2)

u ( x, y )  x 2 y  C1 ( y ) (4)
v( x, y )  xy 3  C2 ( x) (5)
Plug expressions in (4) and (5) into equation (3)

u v
  x 2  y 3 (3)
y x


   
 x 2 y  C1 ( y )  xy 3  C2 ( x)
  x2  y3
y x
C1 ( y ) C2 ( x)
x 
2
y 3
 x2  y3
y x
C ( y ) C2 ( x)
 1  0
y x

Function of ‘y’ Function of ‘x’

 Hence
C1 ( y ) C2 ( x)
  C (a constant)
y x
Integrate to obtain
C1 ( y )  Cy  D1 D1 and D2 are two constants of
C2 ( x)  Cx  D2 integration

Plug these back into equations (4) and (5)

(4) u ( x, y )  x 2 y  Cy  D1
(5) v( x, y )  xy 3  Cx  D2

How to find C, D1 and D2?

Use the 3 boundary conditions
y
u (0,0)  0
v(0,0)  0 2

v(2,0)  0 2 1

To obtain 2

C 0 3 4
x
D1  0
D2  0
Hence the solution is

u ( x, y )  x 2 y
v( x, y )  xy 3
References:

n Timoshenko, S.P., and Goodier, J.N., (1970),

Theory of Elasticity, New York: McGraw-Hill
n Boresi, A. P., & Schmidt, R. J. (2002). Advanced
Mechanics of Materials (6th ed.): John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
n Ugural, A. C., & Fenster, S. K. Advanced Strength
and Applied Elasticity (5th ed): Prentis Hall (2011).