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Phytochemical Analysis of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis niloticus (Nile
Tilapia) Viscera as Potential Source of Organic Liquid Fertilizer
A Research Paper
Presented to the Board of Judges
of the 13th National Science Quest
Cluster II- Life Science Team
IVY GERALDINE D. FERRER
MA. TRISHIA JANE C. AMPONGAN
JIAN S. MAHINAY
Researchers
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13th National Science Quest

RESEARCH PLAN
Required for all Projects
To be submitted to IRB/SRC Before the Experimentation Begins
Name: Cluster : Category:
Ivy Geraldine D. Ferrer 2 Life Science
Ma. Trishia Jane C.
Ampongan
Jian S. Mahinay
School: Rizal National Science High School Fair Division: National
School Address: J.P. Rizal St. Brgy. Batingan, Tel No: (02) 652-2197
Binangonan, Rizal
Title Project: Phytochemical Analysis of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and

Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) Viscera as Potential Source of
Organic Liquid Fertilizer
Project Adviser: Mr. Marlon P. Sta. Catalina
A. Question or Problem Being Addressed
This study presents the organic liquid fertilizer through Chanos chanos
(Milkfish) and Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) Viscera. Specifically, the
study will answer the following questions:
1) What are the chemical contents of the Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and
Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) that are needed for the production of organic
fertilizer in terms of its phytochemical test?
2) Is there any significant difference of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis
niloticus (Nile Tilapia) to other organic fertilizers in terms of:
a. Color of Leaves
b. Plant Height
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c. Soil Texture
d. Length of roots
e. Plant Diameter
f. pH level
B. Goals/Expected Outcomes/Hypotheses
General Objectives
 To determine the potential use of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis
niloticus (Nile Tilapia) viscera as fertilizer
 To test the level of effectiveness of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis
niloticus (Nile Tilapia) viscera as potential source of organic liquid fertilizer
Specific Objectives
 To utilize the contents of fish viscera in producing a new farming agent
 To help in the agriculture and fishery industries in the country
 To produce an inexpensive and effective organic liquid fertilizer for agricultural
purposes
Hypotheses
Ho: The potential use of fish viscera from Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and
Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) provided no significant difference in terms of
color of leaves, height, soil texture, length of roots, diameter and pH level compared
to using fertilizers that are available in the market.
Ha: The use of fish viscera from Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis
niloticus (Nile Tilapia) provided a significant difference in terms of color of leaves,

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height, soil texture, length of roots, diameter and pH level compared to using
fertilizers that are available in the market.
C. Materials/Procedure (Describe in detail)
Preparation of Product
The Tilapia and Milkfish viscera were put into separate containers and
were mixed with molasses. The containers were left to rot for 2 weeks. After 2
weeks, water was added to each container and was transferred in 2 bottles.
Holes were drilled into the bottle caps and were placed back into the
bottles. The bottles were inverted and containers were put under them. After a
week, the product concentrates were retrieved from the containers and mixed with
water to dilute the concentrates.
Fertilizer Efficiency Experimentation
For this experiment, the researchers’ bought three Brassica Rapa (Pechay)
seeds and planted six seeds in five different pots labelled A, B, C, D and E.
The plants were left to grow for a few days. Only water was applied to Pot
A which is the control in the experiment. All of the pots were watered daily and
received the same amount of soil and sunlight. Pot B was applied with
commercial fertilizer. Pot C was applied with 20 mL of the Tilapia product
concentrate and diluted in water twice a week. Pot D was applied with 20 mL of
the Milkfish concentrate and diluted in water twice a week. Pot E was applied
with a mixture of both Milkfish and Tilapia product concentrate. The experiment
was conducted in one of the researcher’s residence and observed for 3 weeks.
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D. Bibliography
David, C. (1995). Philippine Agriculture: Its Path to Modernization. Discussion paper

series no. 95-29.
Dorner, M. (2013). Biol Manual Organic Liquid Fertilizer.
Habito, C. & Briones, R. (2005). Philippine Agriculture over the Years: Performance,
Policies and Pitfalls.
Johnson, R. (2011). Selecting and Using Organic Fertilizers.
Lopez, N. (2006). Sustainable Development and Trends in the Philippine Aquaculture.
Key, J. (1197). Module R13 Experimental Research and Design. Retrieved from
Research Design in Occupational Education:
http://www.okstate.edu/ag/agedcm4h/academic/aged5980a/5980/newpage2.htm
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARIES
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………i
RESEARCH PLAN……………………………………………………………….ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………vi
LIST OF TABLES…..……………………………………………………….........x
LIST OF FIGURES………………………….……………………………….......xi
Forms
Checklist for Adult Sponsor (1)……………...…………………………………..xii
Student Checklist (1A)……………………………………….....……….……...xiii
Approval Form (1B)……………………………..………...…………………....xiv
Regulated Research Institutional/Industrial Setting Form (1C)..………………xvii
Qualified Scientist Form (2)………………..…..……………………….…..…xviii
Abstract Form (7)……………………………..………………...………………xix
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………...……….1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1
Background of the Study………………………………………………….……….3

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Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………….5
Hypotheses
Alternative…………………………………………………………………5
Null………………………………………………………………….……..5
Objectives
General Objective…………………………………………………………6
Specific Objectives………………………………………………………..6
Significance of the Study………………………………………………………….6
Scope and Limitations……………………………………………………………..7
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE
Related Literature…………………………………………………………….…...9
Related Studies…………………………………………………………………...15
Conceptual Framework………………………………...………………………...18
METHODOLOGY
Process Flow……………………………………………………………………..19
Research Design…………………………………………………………………20
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Methods and Materials
Preparation of Product…………………………………………………...20
Fertilizer Efficiency Experiment………………………………………...21
Product Analysis………………………………………………………...21
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS………………………...........................…………….23
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings…………………………………………………………….30
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….31
Recommendations………………………………………………………………..31
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………….……32
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………33
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APPENDICES
Appendix A – Scanned Project Data Book………………………………………37
Appendix B – Letter of Request to Conduct the Study…………………….…….51
Appendix C-Documentation……………………………………………………..52
Appendix D– Definition of Terms………………………………………………54
Appendix E– Setting of the Study……………………………………………….56
Appendix F – Gantt Chart of the Study………………………………………….57
Appendix G – Curriculum Vitae……………………………………………58

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List of Tables
Table 1. Phytochemical Test for Chanos chanos and 23
Oreochromis niloticus
Table 2. Comparison of 5 Replicates on the Color of Leaves, 25
Height, Diameter, And Length of Roots
Table 3. Comparison of Soil Textures 26
Table 4. Determination of pH Level of Soil 27

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List of Figures
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study 18
Figure 2. Process Flow of the Study 19
Figure 3 Graph of Average Temperature and Humidity 29

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Phytochemical Analysis of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Orechromis Viscera as
Potential Source of Organic Liquid Fertilizer
Ferrer, I.G.D., Ampongan, M.T.J.C., Mahinay, J.S
Phytochemical Analysis of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and

Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) Viscera as Potential
Source of Organic Liquid Fertilizer
Ivy Geraldine D. Ferrer, Ma. Trishia Jane C. Ampongan, Jian S. Mahinay1
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Rizal National Science High School, Batingan, Binangonan, Rizal, Philippines 1940
Abstract: The Philippines, gifted with great marine biodiversity, has been under intense
pressure from overfishing during the past 10 years. Chanos chanos (Milkfish) And
Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) are fishes found in the country currently vast in
population. This study was conducted to determine whether fish viscera can be utilized
to aid in soil development. 500 mL samples of both Chanos chanos and Oreochromis
niloticus Viscera were collected, and decomposed for 2 weeks. They were then
subjected to phytochemical analysis. Each sample was then diluted with 100 mL of
water. The researchers formed 5 replicates, with one replicate involving the use of a
commercial fertilizer. Results of the experiment prove that there is a significant
difference between using organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer. To prove the
product effectiveness, the two fertilizers: Chanos chanos and Oreochromis niloticus
Fish Viscera Fertilizer were subjected into three tests: Leaf color, Height, and Soil
texture. Mixture of Chanos Chanos and Oreochromis niloticus Fish Viscera Fertilizer
proved to be the most effective since it aced the five tests: plant height, leaf color,
diameter root length and pH level when compared to the other replicates: Replicate A-
Without fertilizer, Replicate B- Commercial Urea Fertilizer, Replicate C- Chanos
chanos Fish Viscera Fertilizer, Replicate D- Oreochromis Niloticus Fish Viscera
Fertilizer and Replicate E- Mixed Chanos Chanos and Oreochromis niloticus Viscera
Fertilizer. Positive results gained from this experiment prove that fish viscera can be
used as fertilizer since it contains the nutrients and chemicals suitable for soil
development.
Keywords: Phytochemical Analysis, Chanos Chanos, Oreochromis Niloticus, Organic

Liquid Fertilizer, Viscera, Soil, Agriculture
INTRODUCTION
The Philippines is now the "Center of Marine Biodiversity" in the world,
surpassing the Great Barrier Reef of Australia (Carpenter, 2006). In 2012, the Philippines
ranked 7th among the top fish producing countries in the world with its total production
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Phytochemical Analysis of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Orechromis niloticus (Nile
of 4.87 million metric tons of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants (including
seaweeds). The production constitutes 2.66% of the total world production of 182.9
million metric tons thus making the Philippines as the 3rd largest producer of aquatic
resources (Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, 2013).
During the past decade, the Philippine coastal zone has been under intense
pressure from overfishing. Fishing capacity for demersal and small pelagic fisheries
exceeded the levels allowed to ensure maximum productivity of fish stocks. The near
shore fish stocks are believed to have been fished most heavily. Furthermore, due to the
extent of overfishing in the country, small and juvenile fish are now being caught along
with the bigger fish, further slowing down the natural recovery of the fish stocks. The
country’s increasing population further aggravates the situation as it causes a
corresponding increase in the demand for fish (Philippine Marine Fishery Resources,
1985).
On the other hand, ecological risk assessments for soil applications of heavy
metals in fertilizers and related products are not available (Curtis & Smith, 2002). Rates
of nutrients in the soil affect the quality of yield. In the permanent agricultural land, the
soil will be very poor in nutrients, as a result, inefficient. Therefore, producers, fertilize
the soil, combat pests, irrigation and process of agricultural activities to make more
efficient to soil. (Savci, 2012).
Evidently, some fertilizers nowadays contain chemical contents that are heavily
dangerous for the plants which may not have enough efficiency and better quality in
agricultural purposes.
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To address this situation, the researcher decided to provide a potential source of
organic liquid fertilizer utilizing Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis niloticus
(Nile Tilapia) which is effective, inexpensive and accessible.
Providing alternative fertilizers which farmers can use will surely help boost the
agriculture industry, while at the same time providing a use for those fish viscera that
populate the trash cans in markets. In a case study entitled “Nature farming in the
Philippines” performed by U.P Los Baños Student T.C. Mendoza in 2015, Mendoza
directed his study toward minimizing or reducing the input costs of production. On one
experiment, the use of natural farming methods and alternative fertilizers such as cattle
dung and biomass (grasses and leaves) resulted into healthy plants to better resist pest
infestation, allowed spontaneous biological nitrogen fixation, and maximum light
penetration even up to harvest time.
Since fishing of Milkfish and Tilapia is dominant in the country, most of its
viscera (internal organs) have been thrown out but it has components that are safe and not
chemically hazardous, which can improve the industry both in agriculture and
aquaculture.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Fish is an important component of the Filipino diet and a valuable source of
animal protein and other nutrients. The per capita consumption of fish and fish products
and among the top consumed fishes in the Philippines are Milkfish (Chanos chanos) and
Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) since they are cheaper and accessible. In 1984, statistics
from the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) revealed that there were
3
about 207,000 ha of brackish-water ponds in the Philippines, 90% of which are devoted
to milkfish culture. The Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) on the other hand, was to first introduce
the Philippines in 1972, has gained wide acceptance among consumers, and dominates
farmed freshwater fish production in the country, particularly in Region III (Central
Luzon) and Region IV (Bestari, et.al, 2001).
In 2009, 356,935 metric tons of milkfish were produced in the country. On the
average, milkfish production for the five (5) year period (2005-2009) increased 5.45%
per year. Aquaculture subsector contributed 98.83% while production from inland fishing
recorded only 1.17% of the total production (Alsons Development And Investment
Corporation, 2009). On the other hand, Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) is becoming
increasingly important as food fish in the Philippines. The industry is growing rapidly as
tilapia has become more accepted by consumers (I. R. Smith, et. al., 1985). Fish are well
recognized bioindicators of environmental changes, including chemical pollution, and are
adequate for monitoring programs (Espino, 2000). Viscera – one of the parts of the
viscera is a hepatic secretion that functions to promote the emulsification and absorption
of lipids from the intestine via the action of viscera acids or viscera salts. It also acts as
the medium for excretion of many endogenous and exogenous substances from the blood
and liver that are not excreted through the kidneys (Grosell et. al., 2000), and several
studies indicate that many metals are excreted from the liver to the viscera and from there
excreted from the body (Bunton and Frazier, 1994; Dijkstra et al., 1996). This fact
supports the idea that fish viscera can be used as an alternative fertilizer since it contains
the needed chemicals that would permit proper plant growth and soil development.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The study presents the organic liquid fertilizer through the viscera of Chanos chanos
(Milkfish) and Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia).
Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:
1) What are the chemical contents of the Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and
Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) that are needed for the production of organic
fertilizer in terms of its phytochemical test?
2) Is there any significant difference of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis
niloticus (Nile Tilapia) to other organic fertilizers in terms of:
a. Color of Leaves
b. Plant Height
c. Soil Texture
d. Length of roots
e. Plant Diameter
f. pH level
HYPOTHESES
Ho: The potential use of fish viscera from Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and
Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) provided no significant difference in terms of
color of leaves, height, soil texture, length of roots, diameter and pH level compared
to using fertilizers that are available in the market.
5
Ha: The use of fish viscera from Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis niloticus
(Nile Tilapia) provided a significant difference in terms of color of leaves, height, soil
texture, length of roots, diameter and pH level compared to using fertilizers that are
available in the market.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
General Objectives
 To determine the potential use of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis
niloticus (Nile Tilapia) viscera as fertilizer
 To test the level of effectiveness of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis
niloticus (Nile Tilapia) viscera as potential source of organic liquid fertilizer
Specific Objectives
 To utilize the contents of fish viscera in producing a new farming agent
 To help in the agriculture and fishery industries in the country
 To produce an inexpensive and effective organic liquid fertilizer for agricultural
purposes
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The researchers believe that providing a potential source of fertilizer that utilizes
fish viscera will be of great use to our country especially to the agriculture industry. This
organic fertilizer is hypothesized to be efficient and cheaper than fertilizers bought in the
market, thus it can also help on minimizing the cost for farming and while increasing the
profit of farmers and fish producers nationwide.
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The study also promotes convenience, since it can be made at home. No longer
will farmers have to buy those expensive chemical based formulas for their crops, and
instead be able to make their own fertilizer that utilizes the simplest and cheapest
materials without worrying about the effectiveness. The effectiveness of this product is
highly considerable.
The use of this product will also diminish the amount of disposed fish viscera,
which can be a potential source in making an organic liquid fertilizer. This study
promotes the effective yet natural way of growing and harvesting crops and plants.
The low costing of the product are also significant in this study. Since the country
is known to have thousands of islands, Philippine fisheries continue to grow and develop.
Meanwhile, environmental agencies can provide a low-cost and high quality substituent
to other organic fertilizing agents.
Searching for other alternatives concerning agriculture is a must. Formulas made
in laboratories not only weaken the soil, it also poisons them. Thus, we Filipinos, gifted
with a diverse country, and fruitful soil must develop new ways in order to preserve the
environments which we live in.
SCOPES AND LIMITATIONS
The study is all about providing an alternative fertilizer utilizing fish viscera of
Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) that is effective,
accessible and affordable and make a good impact on the agriculture sector in the country
and thus help our fellow countrymen.
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The fish viscera of both Milkfish and Tilapia were collected from fish markets in
Cainta, Rizal. The samples were first brought to the Department of Science and
Technology – Standards and Testing Division (DOST – STD) for phytochemical
analysis. The testing took 3 weeks before they were diluted and strained to be able to
make a liquidized version. Brown sugar was then added, in the ratio of 3:1 and then the
product was decomposed for 14 days.
The product was then tested on 5 separate replicates of Brassica Rapa (Pechay)
plant and observed for 22 days. Through this, the researchers were able to determine the
effectiveness of the Fish Viscera fertilizer.
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Expected Output
The study is expected to develop a potential source of organic liquid fertilizer
from the viscera of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia)
that can be matched with commercially-available organic fertilizing agents in terms of
cost, effectiveness and accessibility.
The Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) Viscera
as potential source of Organic Liquid Fertilizer can be used in garden, greenhouses and
the like as an alternative farming agent. The components of the Milkfish and Tilapia such
as Saponins and Triterpenes are proven to be beneficial in the duration of plant growth
and with its easy access to the wide aquaculture in the Philippines will help improve the
agricultural method for farmers.
RELATED LITERATURE
Agriculture
Agriculture continues to be the major source of income and employment in the
total economy, employing nearly half of the total labour force and contributing over 20%
of gross domestic product. Equally important to note is the fact that almost 70% of the
poor belong to the rural sector (David, 1995).
Eventually, decades of unfavourable trends on the effects of intensive agriculture
on environmental sustainability and on human health have triggered a shift from quantity-
driven to quality-driven agricultural production. The 21st century saw a growing
recognition of the “techno-fix” approach as not the only solution to agricultural problems.
9
In fact, the World Food Summit Plan of Action has recognized the importance of
appropriate input technologies, farming techniques, and other sustainable methods such
as organic farming to reduce environmental degradation while making agriculture
profitable to smallholders (Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO] n.d.)
Aquaculture
Over the last three decades, the global aquatic systems have been subjected to
massive pressures from fishing and other types of fishery resources exploitation with
indicative fall of the marine capture production and an evident growth in aquaculture
(FAO, 2001). In the Philippines, the fisheries sector is vital to the economy in providing
substantial employment and income (Lopez, 2006).
Chanos chanos (Milkfish)
Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is one of the few well-studied tropical marine fishes to
date. Most of the advances in biological knowledge on milkfish came about within the
past 15 years as a result of research conducted in support of efforts to artificially
propagate the species in several countries in the Indo-Pacific, particularly the Philippines,
Taiwan, Indonesia, and the USA (Hawaii) (Bagarinao, 1991). The milkfish (Chanos
chanos) belongs to the order Gonorynchiformes and is the only species of the family
Chanidae (Leis & Reader, 1991). In terms of feeding habits, milkfish are considered
herbivorous (Hertrampf & PiedadPascual, 2000; Lim et al., 2002). This species is best
suited for culture in the tropics because of its fast growth, efficient use of natural food,
propensity to consume a variety of supplemental feeds, resistance to diseases and
handling, and tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions (Lim et al.,
10
2002).The milkfish is a marine inhabitant commercially cultured in brackish-water ponds
and oceanic waters as well as in hyper-saline lagoons (Lin et al., 2003).
Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia)
The Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a deep-bodied fish with cycloid
scales. Silver in colour with olive/grey/black body bars, the Nile tilapia often flushes red
during the breeding season (Picker & Griffiths 2011). Nile tilapia are known to feed
on phytoplankton, periphyton, aquatic plants, invertebrates, benthic fauna, detritus,
bacterial films (FAO, 2012) and even other fish and fish eggs. O. niloticus have been
observed to exhibit trophic plasticity according to the environment and the other species
they coexist with (Bwanika et al. 2007). Culture of tilapia began in the Philippines with
the introduction of the Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis Mossambicus) in 1950 from
Thailand. Renewed interest in tilapia culture came about in the country with the
introduction of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in 1972. This fish was better
accepted by farmers and consumers alike because of its faster growth and lighter color.
(Smith et.al., 1985).Although production was initially in ponds, local cage farming
techniques were readily developed, and the Philippines became a pioneer in Asia for Nile
tilapia cage culture in lakes and reservoirs (Guerrero, 2002).
Viscera
Viscera have wide biotechnological potential as a source of digestive enzymes
that may have some unique properties for industrial applications, e.g. in the detergent,
food, pharmaceutical, leather and silk industries. Fish viscera can be valuable sources for
enzyme extraction. Furthermore, the extracted enzymes from viscera are distinctively
useful in industrial applications. Extracted alkaline protease from fish viscera, with a high
11
purification factor and recovery, could be an excellent choice in application of food,
detergent, biotechnology, and pharmacology industries. (Ketnawa, et. al., 2013).
Organic Fertilizers
Organic fertilizers include solid organic fertilizers (farm yard manure, green
manure and compost) as well as liquid organic fertilizers (plant extracts, compost watery
extracts, compost leachate, compost teas, liquid manures and manure teas) (Wickham &
Davis, 2015). Organic fertilizers aim to replenish the soil as nature would do, through the
building of a nutritional support system. That is, nutrients are held in the soil by
decomposed organic matter called humus (Dorner, 2013). Organic materials can be
broadcast on the surface and tilled or watered into soil, or applied in a narrow band on or
beneath the surface. A common fertilizer spreader will often work well for applying small
quantities of organic fertilizer (Koenig & Johnson, 2011).
Molasses
Molasses refers specifically to the final effluent obtained in the preparation of
sucrose by repeated evaporation, crystallization and centrifugation of juices from sugar
cane and from sugar beets. Today, several types of molasses are recognized and in
general, any liquid feed ingredient that contains in excess of 43% sugars is termed
molasses. (Curtin, 1983). The use of molasses in livestock and poultry feeds dates back
into the nineteenth century and has been the subject of several excellent review articles
(Scott, 1953; Cleasby, 1963; Van Niekerk, 1980; Waldroup, 1981).
Phytochemical Analysis
The phytochemical analysis of the plants is very important commercially and has
great interest in pharmaceutical companies for the production of the new drugs for curing
12
of various diseases (Wadood et.al., 2013). The plant kingdom represents an enormous
reservoir of biologically active compounds with various chemical structures and 72
protective/disease preventive properties (phytochemicals). These phytochemicals, often
secondary metabolites present in smaller quantities in higher plants, include the alkaloids,
steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and many others (NONITA et al., 2010).
Biologically active widespread from plant sources have always been of great interest to
scientists working on infectious diseases (Shakeri, et.al., 2011).
Triterpenes
Triterpenes are compounds of natural origin, which have numerously biological
activities: anti-cancer properties, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-viral, anti-
bacterial and anti-fungal. These substances can be isolated from plants, animals or fungi.
Nowadays, when neoplasms are main cause of death, triterpenes can become an
alternative method for treating cancer because of their cytotoxic properties and
chemopreventive activities (Chudzik, et. al., 2015).
Saponins
Saponins are a class of natural products which are structurally constructed of
aglycone (tri‐ terpene or steroid) and sugars (hexose and/or uronic acid). Saponins are
widely distributed in many plants and are relatively widespread in our foodstuffs and
herbal preparations. In addition to this physical property, plant-derived triterpenoid and
steroidal saponins have historically received a number of industrial and commercial
applications ranging from their use as sources of raw materials for the production of
steroid hormones in the pharmaceutical industry (Tamura et. al., 2012).
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Flavonoids
Flavonoids are polyphenolic plant secondary metabolites. They are sintetized by
the polypropanoid pathway with phenylalanine as startup molecule (Janićijević et.al.,
2007). The major classes of flavonoids are anthocyanins (red to purple pigments),
flavonols (colourless to pale yellow pigments), flavanols (colourless pigments that
become brown after oxidation), and proanthocyanidins (PAs) or condensed tannins.
These compounds are widely distributed in different amounts, according to the plant
species, organ, developmental stage and growth conditions (Petrussa, 2013).
pH
A measurement of the pH of a solution of a strong, or highly ionized, acid
measures essentially the total strength of the acid. But a pH determination of a solution of
weak, or slightly ionized, acid measures only a part of the total strength of the acid,
because pH is a measure of hydrogen ions only and does not measure all the acid
molecules that can potentially ionize to form hydrogen ions (Allaway, 1957). Plants need
a proper balance of macro and micronutrients in the soil and the soil pH has an important
influence on the availability of nutrients and on the growth of different kinds of plants
(Halcomb et.al., n.d).
Temperature and Humidity
Temperature is an indication of the thermal energy content of matter. The thermal
energy content of plants affects many physiological processes, and the measurement and
content of plants affects many physiological processes, and the measurement and control
14
of temperature are critical in all biological studies (Simpson & Pettibone, 1975). The
temperature of plants in a growth chamber is determined primarily by the transfer of heat
between plant tissue and the environment. Plants exchange energy with their environment
by conduction and convection, by the absorption of radiation and re-radiation of longer
wavelengths, and through evaporation of moisture (McCree, 1984).
Humidity affects the plants in growth chambers directly by conditioning
transpiration and other gas exchange and indirectly by modifying the plant’s energy
balance and physical and biological environments. The most significant and direct
influence of humidity on plants is one transpiration, the evaporation of water from plants
surfaces into the atmosphere (Ford et.al., 1974). Humidity is an important factor of the
environment for plant growth and development. The significance of humidity for plants
was ignored for many years by physiologists who were intent on assessing the more
dramatic effects of radiation, temperature, soil moisture, and mineral nutrition on growth
of plants (Tibbitts, 1976).
RELATED STUDIES
In a study conducted by Zhai et. al. (2010) entitled “Organic fertilizers for
greenhouse tomatoes: productivity and substrate microbiology”, the main purposes of the
research was to find out if organic tomatoes could be grown using only “dry” ingredients
such as compost and gypsum. If so, then production would be simplified. Compost
derived from either yard waste or swine manure, along with supplemental organic
calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and sulphate (SO 4), in a peat-based
organic mix, wouldn’t maintain a greenhouse tomato crop for more than one month
15
without showing tissue nutrient deficiencies and reduced yield, researchers found. Based
on these observations, the commercial production of hothouse tomatoes would seem to be
a good candidate for conventional producers to become organic.
A University Research entitled “Fusarium Suppresion” was conducted by Sutton
(2005) wherein linked Drammatic "K" Liquid Fish Fertilizer to the suppression
of Fusarium. According to the report, at both concentrations plants treated with
Drammatic "K" appeared to be "more vigorous" and the treatment "greatly reduced the
rate at which the disease developed." The researchers concluded that use of Drammatic
Fish Fertilizers contribute to disease control. These findings confirm many reports from
growers using Drammatic as a means of managing diseases. Drammatic Liquid Fish
Fertilizer on root development in cucumbers indicated the promotion of fine root hair
growth, and a greater root mass when cucumbers were treated.
In a study by Lema & Degebassa (2012) entitled “Comparison of chemical
fertilizer, fish offal’s fertilizer and manure applied to tomato and onion”, the effect of
chemical fertilizer, fish offal’s fertilizer and manure on marketable yield and other
parameter of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Adama red onion (Allium cepa) were
compared. Fish offal’s fertilizer boosted the production at the later age and concluded
that it can be used as an alternative to chemical fertilizer for tomato.
In a study of Dordas Jr. & Cruz (2015) entitled “Effect of Different Liquid
Fertilizers on Yield and Economic Analysis of Glutinous Corn (Zea Mays Linn.)”, it was
conducted to determine the effects of different fertilizers on the growth of glutinous corn
in terms of plant height, 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAP, number of days from emergence to
16
tasseling, number of glutinous corn per plot, number of marketable and non-marketable
corn per plot, weight of corn per plot, and weight of corn ear per hectare; and to find out
the cost and return analysis of glutinous corn supplemented with different liquid
fertilizer. No significant difference among treatment means was observed between the
number of marketable and non-marketable corn ears per plot. The number of glutinous
corn per plot, weight of glutinous corn in kilogram per plot, and weight of glutinous corn
in tons per hectare were significantly affected by the different liquid fertilizers.
In a study conducted by Gensch et. al. (2011), their research study entitled “Urine
as liquid fertiliser in agricultural production in the Philippines”, human urine is a valuable
resource rich in plant nutrients beneficial to sustainable agriculture, much less how to
apply it and in what quantity. In this present day of high cost of inorganic fertilizer,
human urine can be the miracle relief for the agriculture sector especially for the small
subsistence farmers. . It is intended primarily for practitioners and experts in the water,
sanitation, planning, and agriculture sectors, as well as local and national government
officials from the various sectors, NGO and individuals interested and working in the
field of agriculture and sustainable sanitation in the Philippines and the wider Southeast
Asian region.
17
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Treatment
Melting spinning
process for the face
Face shield film shield film Compare and
(Polycarbonate) Contrast the
Insertion of moisture content
Polyester yarn Polyester yarn into between different
polycarbonate fabric variation
monofilament (altered ratio
between polyester
and polycarbonate)
Input Output
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study
18
METHODOLOGY
Phytochemical Analysis of
Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and
Oreochromis niloticus (Nile
Tilapia) Viscera as Potential
Source of Organic Liquid
Fertilizer
Preparation of
Product
Concentrate
Fertilizer
Efficiency
Experiment
Replicate B: Water
Replicate A: Water Daily + Commercial
Daily Fertilizer
Replicate C: Water Replicate D: Water

Daily + Chanos Daily + Oreochromis
chanos product niloticus product
(twice a week) (twice a week)
Replicate E: Water Daily

+ Mixed Chanos chanos
(Milkfish) and
Oreochromis niloticus
(Nile Tilapia) product
(twice a week)
Figure 2. Process Flow of the Study

Research Design Product
Analysis
19
This study utilizes an experimental method of research.
According to Moore and McCabe (1993), experimental method is one of the best
methods in establishing causation because this conducts a carefully designed experiment
in which the possible lurking variables are controlled.
In this research design, the research aims to study the effects of an influence on a
controlled sample key (Key, 1997).
Materials and Methods
Preparation of Product
The following ingredients were applied in the preparation of the product:
Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) and Chanos chanos (Milkfish) viscera, molasses
and water. The Tilapia and Milkfish viscera, measuring 500 mL each was put into
separate containers and were mixed with ½ cup molasses. This study uses brown sugar
instead of actual molasses since it’s easier to find and works just as fine as molasses
shell. The containers were left to rot for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, 200 mL water was
added to each container and was transferred in 2 bottles. Holes were drilled into the bottle
caps and were placed back into the bottles. The bottles were inverted and containers were
put under them. After a week, the product concentrates were retrieved from the
containers and mixed with water to dilute the concentrates.
Fertilizer Efficiency Experimentation
20
For this experiment, the researchers’ bought three Brassica rapa (Pechay) seeds
and planted six seeds in each of the five different pots labeled A, B, C, D and E.
The plants were left to grow for a few days. Only water was applied to Pot A.
This will serve as the control in the experiment and this will tell us whether the organic
liquid fertilizer made from Tilapia and Milkfish viscera improves the growth of the
Pechay plant.
Pot B was applied with water daily along with commercial fertilizer. This was
done to test any difference between the effect of the commercial fertilizer and the organic
liquid fertilizers to the growth of the plant.
Pot C was applied with water daily and 20 mL of the tilapia product concentrate
diluted in water twice a week. Pot D was applied with water daily and 20 mL of the
milkfish product concentrate diluted in water twice a week. Pot E receives water daily
and 20 mL of the liquid fertilizer made from both the viscera of tilapia and milkfish
viscera. The experiment was conducted in one of the researcher’s residence and lasted for
3 weeks.
Product Analysis
To determine the contents of the fermented Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and
Oreochromis Niloticus (Nile Tilapia) Viscera it was sent to the Department of Science
and Technology for phytochemical analysis. After 2 months, the results were received
and it determined the viscera’s plant constituents. The results for the said phytochemical
analysis will be shown on the results and discussion chapter.
21
22
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data Analysis and Data Interpretation
Table 1: Phytochemical Test for Chanos chanos and Oreochromis niloticus
Ethanollic Extract
Family of Compounds Chanos chanos Oreochromis niloticus
Alkaloids + +
Flavonoids - -
Glycosides + +
Saponins + +
Sterols + +
Tannins + +
Triterpenes + +
From the phytochemical test for plant constituents, there is the presence of sterols,
alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, tannins and the absence of triterpenes and flavonoids.
These chemicals are needed for the development of the soil. The phytochemical test was
done in order to determine the components of the fish viscera, taken from Chanos chanos
(Milkfish) and Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) that will make it suitable as an
organic fertilizer. As shown in table 1, most of the needed chemicals needed for the
development of the soil such as Saponins, and Triterpenes are in these fish viscera.
Saponins are glycosylated triterpenoid, steroid, or steroidal alkaloid molecules that occur
constitutively in many plant species (Papadopoulou, 2006). In a study entitled
23
“Compromised disease resistance in saponin-deficient plants” by Papadopoulou et.al in
1999, the researcher focused on the significance of Saponins as chemical barriers to
fungal attacks or as antimicrobial phytoprotectants. In the same research, the researchers
stated, “All of the evidence considered together provides a compelling argument to
indicate that saponin abundance and compromised disease resistance are causally
related.” The study “Plant growth regulation effects of triterpenoid saponins” by Ohara
and Ohira in 2003 demonstrated a significant growth regulation effect on alfalfa
hypocotyls by the triterpenoid Betulin glycosides. As seen in the phytochemical test
above, triterpenes are present in both viscera of Chanos chanos and Oreochromis
niloticus, thus, these visceras can be potential sources of organic fertilzers to aid in soil
development.
LEGEND:
Replicate A – Without Fertilizer
Replicate B - Commercial Fertilizer
Replicate C - Chanos chanos Viscera Fertilizer
Replicate D - Oreochromis niloticus Viscera Fertilizer
Replicate E – Mixture of Chanos chanos and Oreochromis niloticus Viscera Fertilizer
24
Table 2: Comparison of 5 Replicates on the Color of Leaves, Height, Diameter, And
Length of Roots
Fertilizer Color of Height ( m) Diameter Length of
Leaves (inches) roots ( cm)
Replicate A Light Green 4 inches/0.1016 6 3.2
Replicate B Light Green 4 inches/0.1016 6.1 3.5
Replicate C Green 5 inches/0.127 7.1 5.4
Replicate D Green 4.3 6.5 3.7
inches/0.10922
Replicate E Green 5.3 inches/ 7.4 5.4
0.13462
Table 2 presents that there is significant difference between using Chanos chanos
and Oreochromis niloticus Viscera Fertilizer as compared to using other commercial
fertilizers in terms of height, color of leaves, diameter and length of root. Replicate B
exhibited poor results while Replicate D exhibited positive results in all five tests.
However, Replicate E- which utilized both Chanos chanos and Oreochromis Niloticus
Viscera exhibited the greatest results in all of the five replicates.
Terrestrial vegetation responds to weather and climate through a variety of
physiological, demographic, and ecosystem processes. Physiological processes refer to
the uptake and translocation of CO2, water, and essential nutrients by individual leaves
and whole plants. Demographic processes refer to the growth, mortality, and reproduction
of plants (Chabot & Mooney, 1985). In dry, hot, sunny environments, water is often a
25
limiting factor so leaves from these environments may exhibit special adaptations that
retard water loss. In moist, shady environments light may be a limiting factor. Leaves
from these environments may exhibit adaptations that enhance their ability to absorb the
sunlight that penetrates to the forest floor. Sunlight may be abundant in open areas above
the surface of the water, and limiting below the water surface or in the shade of tall
emergent plants (Learning from Leaves: A Look at Leaf Color, 1993).
Table 3: Comparison of Soil Textures
Date Dec 6 Dec 12 Dec 18 Dec 23 Dec 28
Replicate A Muddy Muddy Clay Clay Clay Loam
Replicate B Muddy Muddy Clay Clay Loam Clay Loam
Replicate C Muddy Muddy Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam
Replicate D Muddy Clay Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam
Replicate E Muddy Clay loam Clay loam Clay loam Clay loam
Table 3 presents the difference of using Chanos chanos and Oreochromis
niloticus Viscera as fertilizers in terms of soil textures. Replicate A was able to reach the
optimal soil texture after 22 days .Replicate B was able to reach the optimal soil texture
after 17 days, and Replicates C, D, and E were able to attain this optimal soil texture after
12 days. Replicates C, D, and E, which utilized Chanos chanos and Oreochromis
niloticus Viscera, exhibited the most outstanding results in this experiment when it comes
to soil texture: Clay loam. Usually clay loam contains a good deal of plant nutrients and
supports most types of plants and crops. Clay loams can be improved to create better
drainage without too much difficulty (Schreiber, 2003). Clay loam has more cation
26
exchange capacity and has more retention of water. Advantage is that it is resistant to
drought situations and provide water and nutrients to plants most effectively ( Sairaj,
2008).
Table 4: Determination of pH Level of Soil
pH Level
Fertilizer
Before Application After Application
Replicate A 4.0 4.0
Replicate B 4.0 4.7
Replicate C 4.0 6.3
Replicate D 4.0 5.0
Replicate E 4.0 6.8
Table 4 presents the effect of using Chanos chanos and Oreochromis niloticus
viscera in the pH level of soil. We were able to determine the pH level of these five
replicates with the assistance of our fellow researchers with their device entitled “Soil
and Crop Compatibility Analyzer” which aims to determine the parameters of the soil
such as the pH level. pH is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity
(alkalinity) of an aqueous solution (Lim,2006). In a study entitled “The diversity and
biogeography of soil bacterial communities” lead by researcher Fierer and Jackson in
2005, the researchers stated “Not only did we observe that soil pH was the best predictor
of bacterial richness and diversity, it was also the strongest predictor of overall
community composition”. The stress of residing in suboptimal pH environments has been
shown to have a significant effect on the overall diversity and composition of microbial
27
communities in a range of terrestrial and aquatic environments (Fierer, 2006). Changes in
soil pH may be advantageous or detrimental depending on the starting pH of the soil and
the direction and speed of pH change – for example decreases in soil pH in alkaline soils
may be advantageous for crop production due to benefits in terms of the availability of P
and micronutrients e.g. zinc (Zn) (Mitchell et al. 1952). On the other hand, decreases in
soil pH for a highly acidic soil may be detrimental in terms of increasing crop
susceptibility to toxicity induced by increased solubility of aluminium (Al) or manganese
(Mn) as soil pH falls (Wright 1989). A food-web diagram shows a series of conversions
(represented by arrows) of energy and nutrients as one organism eats another. The
“structure” of a food web is the composition and relative numbers of organisms in each
group within the soil. The living component of soil, the food web, is complex and has
different compositions in different ecosystems. In a healthy soil, there are a large number
of bacteria and bacterial feeding organisms. Where the soil has received heavy treatments
of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, soil fungicides or fumigants that kill these organisms,
the beneficial soil organisms may die (impeding the performance of their activities), or
the balance between the pathogens and beneficial organisms may be upset, allowing
those called opportunists (disease-causing organisms) to become problems ( Bouche ,
2006). In the determination of pH levels before and after experimentation, Replicate E-
a combination of Chanos chanos and Oreochromis niloticus Viscera Fertilizer, the soil
achieved the optimal pH level after the fertilizer was applied, which is 6.8. Significantly ,
Replicate C and D showed outstanding results since their pH level after the fertilizers
were applied were within the range of pH levels agricultural plant growth was maximum.
Results of this experiment in terms of pH Concentration present that significant
28
differences in pH levels when Chanos chanos and Oreochromis niloticus Viscera
Fertilizers were used promote microbial activity and bacterial diversity which is essential
in soil development.
Figure 3: Graph of Average Temperature and Average Humidity
120
100
80
60
Average Temperature
40 Average Humidity
20
0
c c c c c c c c c c c c
De De De De De De De De De De De De
6 - 8- 10 - 12 - 14 - 1 6 - 1 8 - 20 - 22 - 24 - 2 6 - 2 8 -
Figure 3 presents the Average Temperature and Humidity during the days of
experimentation: December 6 to 28. We can state that the average humidity was not
constant; it was, between periods, either increasing or decreasing, and attained an average
of 83.27 %. On the other hand, there was no significant difference on the varying
temperatures, which attained an average of 32.55 °C. Warm air has a higher moisture-
holding capacity than cooler air, therefore these temperatures are optimal for the plant’s
growth.
29
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
This study aims to determine if Chanos chanos and Oreochromis niloticus viscera
can be used as a potential source of organic liquid fertilizer. Based from the results
gathered from the study, the findings are summarized as follows:
The Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis miloticus (Nile Tilapia) viscera
were tested for its chemical contents. The results show that it contains plant constituents
such as alkanoids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, sterols, tanins and triterpenes. These
plant constituents are important for plant development and growth regulation.
In the Fertilizer Effectivity Experiment, Replicate E which was applied with the
Chanos chanos and Oreochromis niloticus product yielded the best pechay plant that has
the healthiest leaf color, height, stem diameter and root length.
Replicate C, which was applied with the Chanos chanos product, yielded the
second best plant which was only 0.3 inches smaller in height and 0.3 inches thinner than
Replicate E.
Replicate D, which was applied with the Oreochromis niloticus product, yielded
the third best plant. It was only an inch shorter than Replicate E. Its diameter is also only
0.9 inch smaller than that of Replicate E. The length of its roots, however, is 1.7 inches
shorter than Replicate E.
CONCLUSION
30
The chemical contents of the visceras found in the phytochemical analysis enables
the fertilizer to regulate and improve plant growth.
After conducting the fertilizer effectivity experiment, it can be concluded that
Chanos chanos and Oreochromis niloticus viscera can be effectively used as an organic
liquid fertilizer. The leaf color, plant height, plant diameter and root length of the plants
in each replicate indicates that the plant applied with the mixed Tilapia and Milkfish
viscera product had the best yield. The plants applied with only Tilapia or Milkfish
fertilizer produced the next best yield.
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended to use different plants for the experiment to see if the organic
liquid fertilizer will still have the same effects on the plants. The product concentrate
should also be mixed with different ratios of water to determine the ideal ratio of the
water to the product concentrate. Lastly, the Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis
Niloticus (Nile Tilapia) Viscera is recommended to undergo fermentation for a longer
period of time to see if the fertilizer would have greater improvements on the plant
growth if it is fermented for a longer period of time.
31
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude to the
following for giving them the strength and perseverance in doing their study.
First and foremost, to the ALMIGHTY GOD, for all His blessings and
guidance to the researchers. Undoubtedly, for the sagacity and deep knowledge bestowed
to the researchers.
Their parents, CONRADO S. FERRER and EVA D. FERRER, JERICK
S. AMPONGAN and MARGARETTE C. AMPONGAN, EFREN C. MAHINAY and
VIDJAYA S. MAHINAY for their warm personal attachment and involvement morally
and financially.
The researchers’ mentor, MR. MARLON P. STA. CATALINA, for his
profound motivation to edify the study, to their friends and classmates for sharing their
brilliant ideas and words of admonition to pursue their research study.
I.G.D.F.M.T.J.C.A.J.S.M
32
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36
APPENDIX A
SCANNED COPY OF PROJECT DATA BOOK
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
APPENDIX B
LETTER OF REQUEST
Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Division of Rizal
RIZAL NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Batingan, Binangonan, Rizal
______________________________________________________________________________
MS. CORAZON MAGPANTAY
Staff, Standars and Testing Division Chemistry Laboratory
Department of Science and Technology
Ms. Corazon Magpantay,
Good Day!
We, Ivy Geraldine D. Ferrer, Ma. Trishia Jane C. Ampogan and Jian S. Mahinay, grade 10 students
of the Rizal National Science High School (RNSHS) would like to seek your expertise and
assistance regarding our research about the Phytochemical Analysis of Chanos chanos (Milkfish)
and Orechromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) as Potential Source of Organic Fertilizer .
I am willing to go to your station for further explanation about the topic if needed.
I am hoping for your favorable response. Thank you very much and God Bless.
Respectfully,
Ivy Geraldine D. Ferrer
Ma. Trishia Jane C. Ampongan
Jian S. Mahinay
51
APPENDIX C
DOCUMENTATION
Collection of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis Niloticus (Nile Tilapia)

Viscera from public markets
Fermentation of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis Niloticus (Nile Tilapia)

Viscera mixed with molasses
52
Planting of pechay seeds
53
Application of Organic Liquid Fertilizer

APPENDIX D
DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms are defined and explained to indicate how they are used in the study:
Saponins - a class of chemical compounds found in particular abundance in various plant
species
Viscera-the organs in the cavities of the body, especiallythose in the abdominal cavity.
Triterpenes- Precursors to steroids on both plants and animals. They are hormonal
substances in animals, components of membranes in most organisms.
Aquaculture- also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as
fish , crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic plants.
Rural – Also known as countryside located outside towns and cities.
Environmental Degradation- deterioration of the environment through depletion of
resources such as water and soil.
Gonorynchiformes- are an order of ray-finned fish that includes the important food
source, the milkfish Chanos Chanos.
Chanidae- a family of rather large brilliant silver toothed fishes related to the herrings
and including among recent forms only a Milkfish (Chanos Chanos)
Propensity- an inclination or natural tendency to behave in a particular way.
54
Brackish Water- is salt water and fresh water, but not as salty as seawater. It may result
from mixing of seawater with freshwater, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish
fossil aquifiers.
Hypersaline Water- is a lacustrine body of water which exhibits levels of dissolved salts
that exceed seawater (e.g. greater than 35 grams per liter ).
Phytoplankton- are the autotrophic components of the plankton community and a key
factor of oceans, seas, and freshwater basin ecosystems.
Periphyton- is complex mixtureof algae, cyanobacteria, hertothropic microbes, and
detritus that is attached ro submerged surfaces in most aquatic ecosystems.
Benthic Fauna- refers to various organisms found on (epifauna) and in (infauna) the
seabed. Sediment – dwelling benthic Fauna can be subdivided into the main groups of
mussels/ snails, crustaceans, bristle worms and echinoderms.
Detritus- broadly defined as any form of non-living organic matter, including different
types of plant tissues.
Humus- or ganic matter in soils, polls; distrubution, transformation, and finction,
extraction, frantionation and general chemical composition of soil organic matter.
Molasses- or black treacle, is a viscious by product of the refining of sugarcane or sugar
beets into sugar.
Sucrose- is a common, naturally common, occurring carbohydrate found in many plnats
and plant parts.
55
APPENDIX E
SETTING OF THE STUDY
Department of Science and Technology
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (Tanay)
56
APPENDIX F
GANTT CHART
57
APPENDIX G
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Ivy Geraldine D. Ferrer
Address: 33 Cattleya St. Esla Urban Homes Brgy. Sto. Domingo, Cainta, Rizal
Birthdate: July 26, 1999
Father: Conrado S. Ferrer Occupation: OFW
Mother: Eva D. Ferrer Occupation: None
SCHOOLS ATTENDED
Pre-School: Cainta Catholic College
Elementary: Cainta Catholic College
High School: Rizal National Science High School
SEMINARS ATTENDED
 Leadership Development Program
 K-12 Seminars Career Movement
 Earthquake Symposium
58
ACHIEVEMENTS
Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9 Grade 10
 Top 15  Top 11  Top 13  Class

 Class  Class  Class Secretary
President Business Secretary  Juan Dela
 Literati Club Manager  Sipnayan Cruz Club –
– Member  Good Club – Member
 YES-O – Knights Member  YES-O –
Grade 7 Club –  YES-O – President
Representati Member Member  RCY – Vice
ve  Boy Scouts  Table Tennis President
 Boy Scouts Member 1st place –  BSP –
Member  RCY Doubles Treasurer
 RCY Member (2014  National
Member Intamurals) Science and
 National Technology
Science and Week 2015
Technology Participant
Week 2014 (SMX
Participant Convention
(SMX Center)
Convention  Lawn Tennis
Center) 2nd place –
 BSP Doubles
Member (2015
 RCY Intamurals)
Member  Regional
Schools
Press
Conference
Delegate
 2nd place –
Radio
Broadcasting
(DSPC)
59
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Ma. Trishia Jane C. Ampongan
Address: Blk. 24 Malaysia St. Pag-Asa Sta. Ana Taytay, Rizal
Birthdate: September 25, 2000
Father: Jerick S. Ampongan Occupation: Store Supervisor
Mother: Margarette C. Ampongan Occupation: Physical Therapist
SCHOOLS ATTENDED
Pre-School: Jauran Learning School
Elementary: Exodus Elementary School
SEMINARS ATTENDED
 S.A.V.E.R Training (Girl Scout of the Philippines)
 Leadership Development Program (Red Cross Youth)
60
ACHIEVEMENTS
 Top 4  Top 10  Top 9  Regional

 Girl Scout of  Girl Scout of  Girl Scout of Robotics
the the the Competition
Philippines Philippines Philippines Qualifier
Member Member Member  Girl Scout of
 Class Vice-  Sipnayan  Chief Girl the
President Club Scout Medal Philippines
 Future Member Scheme Member
Scientist Awardee  Good
Club  FIT Club Knights
Member Member Club Auditor
 Dance Club
Member
61
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Jian S. Mahinay
Address: #4 Relay St. New Saint Francis Village Cainta, Rizal
Birthdate: August 12, 1999
Father: Efren C. Mahinay Occupation: Overseas Filipino Worker
Mother: Vidjaya S. Mahinay Occupation: Housewife
SCHOOLS ATTENDED
Pre-School: St, Francis of Assisi Montessori School of Cainta
Elementary: Cainta Catholic College
SEMINARS ATTENDED
 Leadership Training For Red Cross
 K-12 Seminars Career Movement
62
ACHIEVEMENTS
 Boy Scout  1st Place  1st Place  Future

Member Essay Essay Scientists
 TLE Club Making in Making in Club – Peace
Member English English Officer
 1st Place  YES-O  Creative
Essay Member Writing Club
Making in  Future – Grade 10
Filipino Scientists Representati
 Literati Club Club – ve
– Member Member
63

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i

Phytochemical Analysis of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis niloticus (Nile

Tilapia) Viscera as Potential Source of Organic Liquid Fertilizer

Presented to the Board of Judges

of the 13th National Science Quest

Cluster II- Life Science Team

IVY GERALDINE D. FERRER

MA. TRISHIA JANE C. AMPONGAN

13th National Science Quest

School: Rizal National Science High School Fair Division: National

Title Project: Phytochemical Analysis of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and

Project Adviser: Mr. Marlon P. Sta. Catalina

A. Question or Problem Being Addressed

(Milkfish) and Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) Viscera. Specifically, the

study will answer the following questions:

fertilizer in terms of its phytochemical test?

2) Is there any significant difference of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis

niloticus (Nile Tilapia) to other organic fertilizers in terms of:

 To determine the potential use of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis

niloticus (Nile Tilapia) viscera as fertilizer

 To test the level of effectiveness of Chanos chanos (Milkfish) and Oreochromis

niloticus (Nile Tilapia) viscera as potential source of organic liquid fertilizer

 To utilize the contents of fish viscera in producing a new farming agent

 To help in the agriculture and fishery industries in the country

 To produce an inexpensive and effective organic liquid fertilizer for agricultural

Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) provided no significant difference in terms of

to using fertilizers that are available in the market.

niloticus (Nile Tilapia) provided a significant difference in terms of color of leaves,

fertilizers that are available in the market.

C. Materials/Procedure (Describe in detail)

water to dilute the concentrates.

Fertilizer Efficiency Experimentation

commercial fertilizer. Pot C was applied with 20 mL of the Tilapia product

David, C. (1995). Philippine Agriculture: Its Path to Modernization. Discussion paper

Checklist for Adult Sponsor (1)……………...…………………………………..xii

Student Checklist (1A)……………………………………….....……….……...xiii

Approval Form (1B)……………………………..………...…………………....xiv

Regulated Research Institutional/Industrial Setting Form (1C)..………………xvii

Qualified Scientist Form (2)………………..…..……………………….…..…xviii

Abstract Form (7)……………………………..………………...………………xix

Background of the Study………………………………………………….……….3

Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………….5

Significance of the Study………………………………………………………….6

Scope and Limitations……………………………………………………………..7

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

Methods and Materials

Fertilizer Efficiency Experiment………………………………………...21

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS………………………...........................…………….23

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Appendix A – Scanned Project Data Book………………………………………37

Appendix B – Letter of Request to Conduct the Study…………………….…….51

Appendix D– Definition of Terms………………………………………………54

Appendix E– Setting of the Study……………………………………………….56

Appendix F – Gantt Chart of the Study………………………………………….57

Appendix G – Curriculum Vitae……………………………………………58

Table 1. Phytochemical Test for Chanos chanos and 23

Table 2. Comparison of 5 Replicates on the Color of Leaves, 25

Height, Diameter, And Length of Roots

Table 3. Comparison of Soil Textures 26

Table 4. Determination of pH Level of Soil 27

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study 18

Figure 2. Process Flow of the Study 19

Figure 3 Graph of Average Temperature and Humidity 29