Pesticidal Effect of Baho-baho (Lantana camara) and Madre

De Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) Leaves Extract

Against Kuhol (Pomacea canaliculata)

A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty
Of Liceo de La Salle
Senior High School
University of St. La Salle

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements
In Capstone Project

Ryz Francene H. Doctora

Ephraim Charles M. Juarez
John Lawrence Y. Lobaton
Hanna Ashley C. Maestral
Ralph Emmanuel G. Rectra
Donnie Wayne P. Rios
Hope P. Valencia

April 2022
 ii

APPROVAL SHEET

The research entitled “PESTICIDAL EFFECT OF BAHO-BAHO (LANTANA

CAMARA) AND MADRE DE CACAO (GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM) LEAVES
EXTRACTAGAINST KUHOL (POMACEA CANALICULATA) presented by RYZ
FRANCENE H. DOCTORA, EPHRAIM CHARLES M. JUAREZ, JOHN
LAWRENCE Y. LOBATON, HANNA ASHLEY C. MAESTRAL, RALPH
EMMANUEL G. RECTRA, DONNIE WAYNE P. RIOS, AND HOPE P.
VALENCIA in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Capstone Project of Liceo De la
Salle - Senior High School of the University of St. La Salle has been evaluated and
approved by the panel of evaluators.

PANEL OF EVALUATORS

__________________________________ __________________________________
Member Member

MARIA ANGELA A. LEONOR, PhD

Adviser
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude and recognition to

the people who have offered assistance and support until the completion of the research

study. This would not have been possible without the help of the significant people who

spent their time and effort to improve and enlighten the researchers’ knowledge in this

field of research. With sincerity, the researchers would like to express their utmost

gratitude to the following:

To the researchers’ adviser, Dr. Ma. Angela A. Leonor, for her guidance,

knowledge, and support all throughout the research study.

To the former research teachers, Ms. Jyan Martella Opena and Sir Allan Jr.

Parreno, for their consultations and suggestions for the further improvement of the

research paper.

To the former panelists, Mrs. Mila Oraca and Sir Richmond Vicente, who

critiqued the methods of the study and gave suggestions and recommendations for the

betterment of conducting the study’s methods.

To the researcher’s Statistician, Sir Sherwin Malaga, for calculating and

evaluating the data collected, for the excellent guidance with regards formatting, and for

responding to the group’s concerns.

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To the Doctora family who gave a helping hand as Ryz Doctora took charge of

conducting the entire experiment and patiently monitoring the time and variables for

gathering the data.

Foremost, the researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude to the

Almighty Father, for His guidance in the implementation of the research study and

experimentation, for the inspiration, wisdom, knowledge, and patience up until the end of

the research project. Without Him, this study would not be possible.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preliminaries Page

Title Page…………………………………………………………………………...i

Approval Sheet……………………………………………………………….……ii

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………...……....…iii

Table of Contents………………………………………………...…….…..............v

List of Tables…………………………………………….……….….….............viii

List of Figures………………………………………………………….…............ix

List of Appendices…………………………………………………………….….xi

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..xii

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………1

Background of the Study………………………………….………………….…...1

Statement of the Problem…………………………………….………………...….4

Hypothesis………………………………………………………………...….……5

Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………....……5

Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………………6

Scope and Limitations……………………………………………….…………….7

Significance of the Study……………………………………………………...…..8

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Definition of Terms………………………………………………………….…….9

Review of Related Literature…………………………………………………….11

Kuhol 11 Effects of Kuhol on Rice Fields 12 Utilization of

Commercial Pesticides 13
Organic Farming 14
Procedures in Making Organic Pesticides 15
Madre de Cacao 16
Pesticidal Property of Madre de Cacao 16
Extraction Process of Madre de Cacao Leaves 19
Baho-baho 20
Pesticidal Property of Baho-baho 21
Extraction Process of Baho-baho Leaves 23
Synthesis 23

Methods ……………………...………………………………………………………….25

Research Design………………………………………………………………….25

Materials and Equipment………………………………………………………...26

Experimental Set-Up……………………………...…………………….….…….27

Data-Gathering Procedure…………………….………………………...……….28

Pre-Experiment………………………...…………..…………………….29

Experiment Proper……………………………………………………….31

Post-Experiment………………………………………………………….32

Statistical Treatment……………………………………………………….…….33

Ethical Considerations…………………………………………………………...33

Results and Discussion……………………………...…………………………….…….34

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Conclusion………………………………….………………….……….……………….38

Recommendations………………………………………………….…………………...38

References……………………………………………………………………………….41

Appendices…….…………………………………………………………………….......46

Appendix A………………………………………………………………………46

Appendix B………………………………………………………………………51

Appendix C………………………………………………………………………54

Appendix D………………………………………………………………………55

Appendix E………………………………………………………………………57

Appendix F……………………………………………………………………….59
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List of Tables

Table 1 Components of the Experimental Treatments 30

Table 2 Average mortality of Kuhol after the exposure 34

to the four (4) treatments

Table 3 Significant difference in the means of the average 35

mortality of Kuhol when treated with the different

leaf concentrations and the commercial pesticide

Table 4 Post Hoc Results: Significant difference in the 55

average mortality of Kuhol between Treatments

Table 5 Results of Treatment A from the 24 hour-Interval 57

Table 6 Results of Treatment B from the 24 hour-Interval 57

Table 7 Results of Treatment C from the 24 hour-Interval 58

Table 8 Results of Treatment D from the 24 hour-Interval

58
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List of Figures

Figure 1 Schematic Diagram shows the relationship between 6

the Variables of the Study
Figure 2 The flowchart of the data gathering procedure 28

Figure 3 Shows the different materials that were utilized 45

in the study.

Figure 4 Shows the different equipment that were utilized 46

in the study.

Figure 5 Shows the twelve (12) 100 mL plastic containers 46

that were labelled accordingly

Figure 6 Shows the situation of the Kuhols when transferred to 46

the plastic container

Figure 7 Shows that the containers were sealed by plastic but 47

there were holes to let the Kuhols breathe

Figure 8 Shows the different spray bottles that were labelled 47

to avoid confusion

Figure 9 Shows the leaves being washed using distilled water 47

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Figure 10 Shows the leaves being blended 48

Figure 11 Shows the leaves being extracted using cheesecloth 48

Figure 12 Shows the extract being strained 48

Figure 13 Shows the collected leaves extract 49

Figure 14 Shows the extracts being transferred to spray bottles 49

Figure 15 Shows the prepared treatments 49

Figure 16 Shows treatment A being sprayed to the first set 50

of Kuhols

Figure 17 Shows the situation of the Kuhols after TA was sprayed 50

Figure 18 Shows Treatment B being sprayed 51

Figure 19 Shows Treatment C being sprayed 51

Figure 20 Shows the situation of the snails after Treatment D 51

was applied

Figure 21 Shows the snail being prodded by a needle 52

Figure 22 Shows a picture of an alive snail 52

Figure 23 Shows a picture of dead snails 52

Figure 24 Shows the picture of snails being crushed 54

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List of Appendices

Appendix A Pre-experimentation Process 46

Appendix B Experimentation Proper 51

Appendix C Post Experiment 54

Appendix D Raw Data of the Post Hoc test 55

Appendix E Results Gathered after the Experiment 57

Appendix F Statistical Analysis 59

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ABSTRACT

With the increasing number and multiple negative impacts of pest manifestation
in the Philippines, the researchers established an elaborate discussion about the pesticidal
activity of two different leaves extract which are Lantana camara and Gliricidia sepium
in comparison to the commercially available one and evaluate its potential in eradicating
Golden Apple Snails. In this experimental study, the effects of the leaves extract were
investigated in accordance with the average mortality of the snails after their exposure to
the different treatments. The leaves were extracted using the traditional method. There
was a total of four (4) experimental treatments with three (3) trials each. Treatment A
with 100% Lantana camara leaves extract. Treatment B with 100% Gliricidia sepium
leaves extract, Treatment C with a combination of Lantana camara and Gliricidia
sepium leaves extract. Treatment D with 100% Commercial pesticide. An In vitro set-up
was created to produce a replica of the rice fields. Three (3) snails were placed in each
set-up and were left overnight to let them be acclimated to the new environment.
Afterwards, the leaves extract which were 10 ml each, were applied to the snails using a
spray approach. The snails were then observed spontaneously every twelve (12) hours
until it reached twenty-four (24) hours. By using a needle in the head section to initiate a
reaction, the number of dead snails were counted. Treatment A had shown the lowest
average mortality, followed by Treatment B, then Treatment C, and followed by
Treatment D. By means of the One-Way ANOVA, the effectiveness of the three
treatments was determined to be the same as the commercial pesticide. Conclusively, the
null hypothesis is accepted since there was no significant difference in the average
mortality of Kuhol when treated with the different concentrations of the leaves extract
and the commercial pesticide.
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INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Rice, also known as Oryza sativa, is one of the most essential crops in the

Philippines and is a major source of income for Filipino farmers (Bordey, 2011).

According to Gonzales (2013), rice employs 2.5 million households, broken down into

2.1 million farmers, 110,000 workers for post-farm activities, and 320,000 for ancillary

activities. However, despite the success of the rice industry in the country, pests are one

of the major concerns on rice fields that are responsible for their low yield. According to

IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank (2020), due to pests and diseases present in rice crops,

farmers lose an estimated average of 37% of crops every year. Taking the information

into account, the researchers came up with an idea to investigate pests found in rice crops

that damage the crop from growing. One of those pests is the Pomacea canaliculata, also

known as the Golden Apple Snail or Kuhol in the local language. Kuhol tends to eat

young and fresh rice plants by cutting the stem of the crop which destroys the plant. If

this continues and no control measure is taken, one night is enough for the pest to

completely eradicate one field. This damage could lead to more than 50% yield loss.

These happenings led to the production of an alternative pesticide by the researchers

made from Baho-Baho and Madre de Cacao leaves extract and the evaluation of its

potential in lowering the mortality rate of Kuhol that are present in rice fields.

Furthermore, Kuhol was listed as one of the world’s 100 worst invasive species by

the Global Invasive Species Programme. According to R. C. Joshi (2020), Not only did it
 2

bring huge amounts of economic losses to crops in the Philippines, but it has also caused

the farmers to use a harmful approach such as the “shot-gun approach” which is toxic and

aggravates the ecosystem pollution, dangerous to their health. The use of pesticides in

Philippine Agriculture continues to increase despite the adoption and promotion of the

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Program. Insecticides constitute approximately 55%,

fungicides 22%, and herbicide 16% of the pesticides used in the country for Rice, corn,

vegetables, and plantation crops. The extensive use of pesticides and the risk they pose to

human health and the environment are now the focus of natural concern and interest.

Environmental problems to be addressed because of pesticide use are (a) pollution of

ground and surface water; (b) increases the resistance of pest populations to pesticides;

(c) impact on non-target organisms. With that, the government efforts to reduce hazards

from pesticides include pesticide regulation and monitoring, continuous development, the

conduct of research, and improvement in information delivery systems (Davis, C.C.).

There is an urgent need for the use of natural pesticides, especially those with high

efficacy, less toxic compared to currently used substances, environmentally friendly, and

inexpensive.

To make an alternative organic pesticide, the researchers have utilized Baho –

baho (Lantana camara) and Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves extract. These

are abundantly available in almost all places in Negros Occidental; thus, it was easily

accessible for the researchers and the citizens of the community to have access.

According to Lantana / KANTUTAY / Lantana camara: Philippine Medicinal

Herbs / Philippine Alternative Medicine (2011), Baho – baho leaves extract has the

properties of Tannins, which is responsible for its insecticidal and pesticidal effect. This
 3

is one of the reasons the group has decided to utilize and test Baho – baho as a pesticide

for Kuhol. Similar to Baho – baho, Madre de Cacao is a well-known alternative pesticide

that also contains Tannins. (Kakawate / Madre cacao / Gliricida sepium: Herbal Therapy

/ Philippine Medicinal Herbs / Alternative Medicine in the Philippines, 2018).

The purpose of this study was to identify which of the two leaves extracted,

Madre de Cacao and Baho-baho, is more effective in killing Kuhol. One of the reasons

this study was chosen is because we are in an agricultural country and the population of

grass and plants around us is vast. People think that it does not have a purpose and

disregard it and this study would help farmers know the use of the aforementioned plants.

This would allow the farmers to have a non-toxic pesticide alternative to eradicate pests

present in livelihood crops, particularly on Kuhol. It would also be a way of promoting

organic farming using a natural pest control system that is easily accessible and at the

same time, saves them money rather than using commercial ones that cause

environmental and health problems. If future experiments could prove that Madre de

Cacao and Baho-baho cannot kill Kuhol, this study would serve as information that the

said plants are not effective and efficient to use as pesticides especially in killing the said

pest and can give recommendations to future studies that would focus on organic

pesticides alternatives. Furthermore, it would help with the evolution of pesticides in our

country. Not only we would be able to have a pesticide that is safe, organic, and

affordable, but it would also assist in inspiring future innovators to design and create

products that are organic, safe, and affordable for people to use long-term. Regardless of

what crops the Farmers are planting, Farmers could also seed Baho-baho and Madre de

Cacao to have easy and resourceful production of the said organic pesticide.
 4

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to produce an alternative pesticide using Lantana camara and

Gliricidia sepium leaves extract and to evaluate its potential in lowering the average

mortality of Kuhol (Pomacea canaliculata).

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the average mortality of Kuhol when treated with the following

concentrations:

a. 100% Lantana camara leaves extract

b. 100% Gliricidia sepium leaves extract

c. 50% Lantana camara and Gliricidia sepium leaves extract

d. 100% commercial pesticide

2. Is there a significant difference in the average mortality of Kuhol when

treated with the different concentrations of the leaves extract and the

commercial pesticide?

a. 100% Lantana camara leaves extract

b. 100% Gliricidia sepium leaves extract

c. 50% Lantana camara and Gliricidia sepium leaves extract

d. 100% commercial pesticide

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Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the average mortality of Kuhol when treated

with the different concentrations of the leaves extract and the commercial pesticide.

Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored on the Trophobiosis Theory: A Pest Starves on a

Healthy Plant written by John Paul (2007) and presented by an agronomist Francis

Chaboussou. The theory states that “Pests shun healthy plants. Pesticides weaken plants.

Weakened plants open the door to pests and disease. Hence pesticides precipitate pest

attack and disease susceptibility, and thus, they induce a cycle of further pesticide use.”

Dr. Ulrich Leaoning of the University of Edinburgh summed up this theory, “most pests

and disease organisms depend for their growth on free amino acids and reducing sugars

in solution in the plant’s cell sap. Every farmer has experienced the increase in diseases

after heavy fertilization with nitrogen; the green revolution varieties are good examples in

which, rich fertilization creates susceptibility to pests, requiring more pesticides to

control, Chaboussou explains why almost all conventional chemical agricultural

technologies create favorable conditions for the growth of pest and disease organisms and

with that, the susceptibility of the crop is increased: when offered free nutrients, pests

grow better and multiply faster. “In this sense, therefore, agrochemicals and poisons

cause pests and diseases.” According to the trophobiosis theory, synthetic pesticides and

fertilizers can cause imbalances and deficiencies to the plants, and these nutrient

imbalances and deficiencies lead to pest and disease outbreaks, which in turn requires the

increase of the level of the usage of pesticides. On the other hand, several research have

proved the efficacy of Madre de Cacao and Lantana Camara extract against several
 6

insects, these results help solidify the possible efficiency and effectiveness of our

Independent Variable.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable Intervening Variable

 Varying  Mortality rate  Observation

concentrations of Kuhol Time
of Lantana  Location of the
camara and variables (Kuhol
Glircidia and where the
sepium Leaves leaves where
Extract collected)
 Commercial  Time the extracts
Pesticide were applied
(Positive
Control)

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Research Study

Figure 1 is the schematic diagram of this study that shows the process by which

the research was conducted. The figure includes three (3) kinds of variables: Independent,

Dependent, and Intervening. First, the independent variables were the varying

concentrations of Baho-Baho and Madre de Cacao leaves extract (100% and 50%) and

the commercial pesticide which is the positive control. These are the variables that the

researchers used in the research and were tested in the same way. In this study, the

mortality rate of Kuhol was the dependent variable. The change in this variable was
 7

dependent on the change that happened in the independent variable. In addition to this,

the intervening variables were the location where the Kuhol and the leaves were

collected, and the observation time. These variables directly or indirectly affected the

relationship of the other variables and the difference between each concentration and the

positive control.

Scope and Limitations

This study covered the pesticidal effect of Baho-baho and Madre de Cacao

leaves extract against Kuhol. Even with the variety of pests that can be utilized as the

subject for the study, the researchers only focused on Kuhol because of its abundance

in the area. In addition, Barangay Busay, Bago City was chosen as the location for the

study for its rice fields that allowed the researchers to experiment and with the help of

the farmers.

Kuhol was populated for the experiment per concentration of the variables.

These concentrations were 100% Baho-baho leaves extract, 100% Madre de Cacao

leaves extract, 50% Baho-baho and 50% Madre de Cacao leaves extract, and 100%

commercial pesticide. 

Furthermore, the study limited itself to the pesticidal effect of Baho-baho and

Madre de Cacao leaves extract and did not aim to test other plant extracts. Likewise,

the researchers only focused on Kuhol and did not experiment on other pests.

Moreover, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the researchers conducted some parts of

the experiment especially with the extraction method at their respective homes. That

being said, the researchers reached out and asked for guidance from professionals

through virtual meetings. 

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Significance of the Study

This study was undertaken to find out if the pesticidal effect of Baho-baho and

Madre de Cacao leaves extract was effective against the population of Kuhol. It was able

to contribute data and knowledge on the efficacy of organic pesticides, and when it’s

compared to commercial pesticides.

Benefiting the study are the various sectors as follows:

Department of Agriculture (DAR). This study may provide significant

information to DAR that Madre de Cacao and Baho-baho leaves extract has a potential

pesticidal property. By this, they can further test and undergo other scientific methods

that could develop and prove the efficacy of the treatment for future use.

Agriculturists and Farmers. The result of this study will give agriculturists and

farmers awareness that the leaf extract of Baho-baho and Madre de Cacao can be used as

an alternative pesticide. This will allow them to have a non-toxic and easily accessible

pesticide that could save them money.

Community. Areas with a lesser budget could utilize Madre de Cacao leaves

extract or Baho-baho leaves extract instead of buying commercial pesticides. This can

save them money whilst promoting organic farming that can lessen the cause of

environmental and health problems.

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Small Entrepreneurs. This study can help small entrepreneurs who want to start

simple businesses that do not require a huge amount of capital and want to promote an

eco-friendly environment.

Future Researchers. The results of this study could serve as a basis for their

future studies. It can also aid other researchers with their own Review of Related

Literature for their study if ever they would conduct a study related to this but with

different variables.

Definition of Terms

The following are the salient terms that are defined conceptually and

operationally:

Baho-baho (Lantana camara). It is a medium-sized perennial aromatic shrub, 2-

5 m tall, with quadrangular stems, sometimes having prickles and its posture may be sub-

erect, scrambling, or occasionally clambering (ascending into shrubs or low trees,

clinging to points of contact by means of prickles, branches, and leaves (n.a, 2019).

Its leaves were extracted and mixed with varying concentrations of Madre de

Cacao (Gliricida sepium) against Kuhol (Pomacea canaliculata) and tested to know its

pesticidal effect.

Extraction. It is a method that is the first step to separate the desired natural

products from raw materials (Zhang, Lin, & Ye, 2018).).

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In this study, it was the method used to collect the leaf extract of both Madre de

Cacao and Baho-baho and test their potential pesticidal effect against Kuhol .

Kuhol (Pomacea canaliculata). Pomacea canaliculata or Golden Apple Snail is a

freshwater snail with a voracious appetite for water plants including lotus, water chestnut,

taro and rice that it is a major crop pest in Southeast Asia (primarily in rice) and Hawaii

(taro) (Cowie, 2021).

In this study, it was used to test the pesticidal effect of the varying concentrations

of Baho-baho (Lantana camara) and Madre de Cacao (Gliricida sepium).

Madre de Cacao (Gliricida sepium). It is a nitrogen-fixing tree that can grow

from 10 to 12 meters high and is referred to by many people as a quick-stick due to the

characteristic of growing almost right away just by cutting it and directly planting it in

the ground (n.a, 2013).

In this study, its leaves were extracted and mixed with varying concentrations of

Baho-baho (Lantana camara) against Kuhol (Pomacea canaliculata) and tested its

pesticidal effect.

Organic Pesticides. Organic pesticides are pesticides made from naturally

occurring substances or self-made mixtures made from organic soaps and/or ethanol

(“Organic pesticides - Appropedia: The sustainability wiki,” 2021).

In this study, organic pesticides were the output of the experiment made from the

leaves extract of the variables that were used against the Kuhol population. 
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Pest. A pest is any animal or plant which has a harmful effect on humans, their

food, or their living conditions (n.a, 2010).

In the research study, the average mortality of pests was the dependent variable to

be precise, the Kuhol.

Pesticide. A substance or agent used to kill pests, such as unwanted or harmful

insects, rodents, or weeds (“pesticidal,” 2012).

It was the substance that the researchers created using the varying concentrations

of Baho-baho (Lantana camara) and Madre de Cacao (Gliricida sepium) Leaves extract

and tested its effectiveness against Kuhol.

Review of Related Literature

This presents the review of related literature and studies conducted in the past

which are related to the problem under the study. This gave important concepts and ideas

for further development of the study. 

Kuhol

Golden Apple Snails (Pomacea canaliculata), also known as Kuhol in the local

language, is a freshwater type of snail that belongs to the world`s top 100 worst invasive

species and is considered an agricultural and quarantine pest around the globe. This was

stated in an article written by Liu et al., (2018) entitled “The Genome of the Golden

Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata)” provides Insight to Stress Tolerance and Invasive

Adaptation.”  Furthermore, it is said to be native to tropical and subtropical South

America and eventually spread out to Southeast and East Asia, Africa, North America,

Oceania, and even Europe which are considered non-indigenous regions. Golden Apple
 12

Snails possess a voracious appetite, broad environmental adaptability, rapid growth, and

have the ability to reproduce at a very high rate, which resulted in its successful

biological invasion. It attacks various types of crops including grains, fruits, and

vegetables that cause severe economic losses and impacts. It was also reported that these

types of snails caused the serious transmission of a fatal human disease, called

eosinophilic meningitis that first appeared in East Asia where people tend to frequently

eat this type of snail. 

Effects of Kuhol on Rice Fields 

Rice Fields is considered one of the most common industries and ways of living

here in the Philippines. It contributes a lot with regard to our economy and needs. Behind

that success, there is one problem that our farmers are facing, it is the manifestation of

pests, and one of those is the Golden Apple Snail. According to the study of the

Philippine Rice Research Institute (2019), it is considered one of the well-known pests

that contributes to the destruction of the rice fields. It is capable of consuming young

seedlings and can finish a field overnight if no action is taken. Furthermore, even a small

Kuhol measuring 2-3 cm can greatly affect the field for it can reduce the number of tillers

by 19%, 30 days after the crops are established. As the Kuhol gets larger and larger, the

greater the loss that it can possibly cause. Despite the disadvantages that it brings, it still

possesses some advantages. In fact, according to PhilRice scientist, Dindo King Donayre,

together with Cherry Tayson and Ian Mark Ciocon, Negros Station researchers, Golden

Apple Snails could be a possible way to control rice bugs but in a much easier and safer

way. In their study, 2kg of Kuhol was crushed and spoiled for five consecutive days and
 13

was placed inside plastic buckets. 200g of spoiled Kuhol was placed in five different

nylon nets and was sealed using a rubber band. These were then suspended in wooden

sticks and were placed in the field observing a 1-meter distance from the ground with

10m intervals. Rice bugs that were lured and trapped inside the nets were counted and

recorded. It was replicated four times and results showed that Kuhol is an effective

natural attractant. 

However, in a study conducted by Siregar et al., (2017), Kuhol was treated as an

alternative liquid organic fertilizer on Paddy Farmers. Their study stated that Kuhol has a

lot of benefits if seen in the right way, such as fertilizer, source of food, animal feed, etc.

Furthermore, this pest would be beneficial to use as a liquid organic fertilizer in the

fertilization of agricultural crops and plantations as it contains proteins that are effective

in fertilizing such as Azotobacter. What makes Kuhol suitable for the manufacturing of

liquid organic fertilizer also known as LOF and microorganisms local (MOL) is that its

mask and shell possess vitamins, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, lime, and other nutrients

that the plantation can absorb. It can enrich the soil nutrients of the field, improve its soil

physical properties, and improve soil structure leading to the production of quality plants,

not to mention Kuhol has a fast-breeding ability. For the researchers to use Kuhol as a

fertilizer, they fermented the meat with the shell mixed with dilute brown sugar, clean

water, and coconut water. If farmers are to implement Kuhol as an organic fertilizer, not

only will it reduce the financial burden of the farmers, but also the pests can be

controlled. 

Utilization of Commercial Pesticides to Eradicate Kuhol

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According to Schneiker et al. (2016), Golden Apple Snails are popularly known

as one of the invasive pests that feed on young rice plants and have a huge impact with

regards to the economy. Since this problem is rampant, many farmers are now used to it

and capable of managing it. Given the fact that commercial ones could instantly kill

unwanted pests, it suffers major drawbacks on the environment, health, and non-target

species. 

Furthermore, the article “Low-cost control methods for golden snails (Kuhol),”

(2021) has stated that Kuhol is a voracious plant-eater who eats in a wide variety of

plants. In terms of rice fields, the vulnerability of rice to the pest rises in the first 2 weeks

of establishment for transplanted rice, and during the first 4 weeks of direct-seeded rice.

This has become a problem for the farmers which results in them using

commercial/chemical pesticides. However, those commercial/chemical pesticides don’t

only pose a hazard to living things, but they also change the nature of the environment

and add to the financial burden of the farmers. 

Organic Farming

In a study conducted by Muneret et al., (2018), it was stated that the usage of

biological pest control replacing agrochemical inputs is a great and promising way to

reduce the ecological footprint of agriculture while maintaining commodity production.

In addition, the usage of organic pesticides is sometimes considered as prototypes in

terms of pest control, but it remains largely unknown. In this study, the researchers

compared conventional cropping and organic farming. Results showed that organic

farming has greater potential and has a higher level of pest infestation, but it sometimes
 15

depends on the type of pests. Thus, this study provides pieces of evidence that organic

farming is a promising way to enhance pest control management without increasing the

level of infestation. 

Furthermore, in a study conducted by Smith et al., (2019), it is stated that

“Organic agriculture is an ecologically intensive production system expanding worldwide

as the demand for sustainability increases (Eyhorn et al., 2019; Willer et al., 2019).”

Organic agriculture has more benefits than conventional farms. It produces more profits,

is friendlier to the environment, and produces equally or more nutritious food with fewer

chemical pesticides present. In their comparison of organic agriculture and conventional

farms on mean sustainability metrics, it is concluded that organic agriculture has overall a

greater effect for growing plants and crops, specifically in biotic abundance, biotic

richness, soil organic carbon, carbon stocks, and profitability.

Procedures in making an organic pesticide

In the study conducted by Sopialena et al., (2018), the researchers used various

treatments in making organic pesticides for chili pepper in Indonesia. The treatments that

are used are neem leaf extract, soursop leaf extract, lemon grass extract, tuba root extract,

and kenikir extract. The researchers aim to get the exact measurement using these

treatments and determine the efficiency of each one to treat serious diseases that can be

found in chili peppers. "In two weeks after seeding, the planting is conducted. The

samples are selected from the plants which already have 3-4 leaves, picked out from a

healthy and uniform growth, and then planted one plant for each polybag. To make the

organic pesticide extract, 500 g of neem leaves, 50 sheets of soursop leaf, 500 g of

kenikir leaves, 500 g of lemongrass leaves and 500 g of root of tuba were collected from
 16

the field and cleaned. Each of the materials was then smashed and soaked in 5 liters of

water for overnight (24 hours), before straining the solution with fabric (cheesecloth). In

practice, the filtrate is mixed with water in a ratio of 1:10 (100 ml of water extracted into

1 liter of water) with an addition of 1 spoon of detergent as an additive before use." After

this formulation, the researchers sprayed organic pesticide to all parts of the plant (chili

pepper) with various measurements and time gaps of application. The researchers also

took standard plant care procedures afterwards. The results show that neem leaves are the

most effective organic pesticides to control the chili pepper disease in Indonesia.

Madre de Cacao (Gliricida sepium)

Abdulaziz et al., (2019), mentioned that Kakawate, also known as Madre de

Cacao (Gliricida sepium) is one of the examples of the herbal medicine that Filipinos

utilize to treat illnesses for it is abundant and widely available. It has folkloric uses

including the ability to heal wounds and treat skin itching. In the early 1600s, Spaniards

were the ones who brought and introduced this plant to the Philippines. Gliricida sepium

is used as a poison for rodents and its Latin name means, “rodent poison.” This plant is

very useful, in fact, its parts including the leaves, barks, roots have been reported to

contain ethnomedicinal properties. In addition to this, it is used as a remedy for alopecia,

boils, bruises, burns, colds, cough, debility, eruptions, erysipelas, fever, fractures,

gangrene, headache, itch, prickly heat, rheumatism, skin tumors, ulcers, urticarial, and

wounds. 
 17

Another study conducted by Kumar et al., (2016), described the properties and

nature of Gliricida sepium. It was stated that Madre de Cacao is a multi-purpose tree

with source one of herbal medicine in the primary health care sector. It can be utilized as

mosquito repellant, fumigants, treatment of dysentery, wound-dressing, antibacterial,

antifungal, antiviral as well as CNS depressant agent. Gliricida sepium is a kind of

Papilionaceae tree that is large, tall, and has large girths and seeds in pots. They can grow

and survive under climatic and adaptic conditions. 

Pesticidal Property of Gliricida sepium

Gliricida sepium, or commonly known as Madre de Cacao, is proven to have

pesticidal properties. This was shown in a study conducted by Doctor (2019) entitled

“Molluscicidal Performance of Kae Farang (Gliricida sepium) and Siam Weed

(Chromolaena odorata, Linn.) Leaf Extracts on Golden Snail (Pomacea canaliculata,

Linn.)”, which aimed to evaluate the pesticidal effect of the two leaves against Golden

Apple Snails. Phytochemical analysis was done, and results showed that both variables

contain alkaloids, polyphenols/ tannins, steroids, cyanidin, saponins, and deoxy sugars.

The study utilized in vitro trials using one litter plastic container with three replicates.

The control treatment was the water collected from the field where the snails were

collected, the aqueous extracts of Gliricida sepium and Chromolaena odorata were the

treatments of the study. The snails were set in 10 ml of water overnight to ensure that

they were alive and after that, 10 ml of the extracts were poured over the treatments and

were observed every 30 minutes for three hours. Results showed that the mortality of the

snails on the pure extract was 100% and that means that all the snails died. On the other
 18

hand, the snails wherein the control treatment was applied showed 0% mortality. This,

therefore, concludes that Gliricida sepium, indeed has a pesticidal property. 

In another study conducted by Nukmal et al. (2019), aimed to investigate if the

Gliricida sepium leaves extract’s formulation prepared from the cultivars: Bandar

Lampung (BL), West Lampung (LB), North Lampung (LU), and Pringsewu (PR)

cultivars, is strong enough to be used in controlling the population of papaya mealybugs

(Paracoccus marginatus Williams). The leaves were collected from the four districts

stated above and then were air-dried for 10 days at room temperature. The leaves were

then turned into a fine powder using a disk-mill machine, and 500 grams of the leaves

powder were prepared to be aqueous extract using 24 hours with three replications of the

maceration technique. The extracts were then diluted according to the desired

concentrations. After the experiment, the study demonstrated that the Gliricida sepium

leaves extract obtained from different places possesses a toxic effect on the papaya

mealybugs, the toxicity levels from each cultivar somewhat differ from one another. The

reason for this is because of the differences in plant secondary mobilities. Therefore, the

study concludes that the Gliricida sepium leaves extract has a lethal effect on papaya

mealybugs and has the potential to be used as a bioinsecticide.

In addition, a study done by Alfredo Rabena, a full-time professor at the

University of Northern Philippines in Vigan City, found that Madre de Cacao leaves are

good source of coumarins. Coumarins is a toxic substance that can kill almost all types of

pests and insects.

 19

Another study conducted by DOST SciNet-Phil (2020) utilized Madre de Cacao

leaves extract against Golden Apple Snails, and results showed that T-value based on T-

test computation on the mean value of mortality rate of mollusks is 0.20 lesser than P-

value which is 2.306. The difference between the values of the variable implies that the

brand of pesticides is comparable.

“According to Wilbraham et al, (2002), certain plants contain chemical

compounds with insecticidal properties. These compounds are used by the plants that

contain them as protection against herbivorous insects. Such compounds, therefore, have

chemical properties useful to humans. Some plants produce a distinctive odor or

chemicals that are repulsive to insects. Realizing the potential of plants in controlling

insects, botanical insecticides are now being considered instead of the widespread use of

synthetic insecticides. Botanicals are safer to the user and to the environment because

they break into harmless compounds within hours and days in the presence of sunlight.

Among these plants are Madre de Cacao and makabuhay” (Cadsawan & Olayta, 2020).

In the study, the researchers confirmed that plants contain chemical compounds that

shield them from insects. That said, it is better and more reliable than insecticides that

minimize damage to human health and the crops themselves.

Extraction Process of Gliricida sepium leaves 

Based on the study of Salvadora et al. (2019), "Gliricida sepium has also been

used extensively outside its native range in places which include the Caribbean, the

Philippines, India, Sri Lanka and West Africa." The term Madre de Cacao (Gliricida

sepium) is a term commonly used globally. Locally it is called Kakawate Leaves. The
 20

researchers of the study entitled "Kakawate Leaves and Chili Fruits and Seeds Extracts as

Pesticide for Aphids" Salvadora et al. (2019), stated "Kakawate leaves have been

gathered from a healthy tree early in the morning at Camalig, Albay during the day of the

preparation of the extracts that ensured freshness and viability of the Kakawate leaves.

The Chili Fruits and seeds have been gathered from plants, freshly picked from a farm in

Camalig, Albay. The Kakawate leaves and Chili Fruits will be washed with tap water to

remove particles like adhering salts and associated insects, and then dried before the

extraction process. The dried Kakawate leaves had been cut into small pieces using a pair

of scissors. The minced pieces of Kakawate leaves and the Chili fruits and seeds had been

pounded using mortar and pestle for easy facilitation of the blending process. The

materials had been placed in the blender so that it became a fine paste consistency. To

ensure that the cellulose residues are removed, the extracts have been filtered using a

sterilized cheesecloth. The filtered extracts had been placed in a clean spray container to

avoid contamination. In determining the various concentrations of Kakawate leaves and

Chili fruits and seeds extract, a graduated cylinder and beaker had been utilized for the

measurement of every treatment solution." The researchers started collecting both

Kakawate eaves, chili fruits and seeds freshly gathered the day the researchers conducted

their experiment. In the process of extracting the juice of the said leaves in the study, the

researchers used basic tools that can be normally found at home such as scissors, mortar

and pestle, blender, and a sterilized cheesecloth. The researchers then placed the filtered

extracts in a clean spray container. Lastly, the researchers measured the various

measurements needed in the experiment with the use of graduated cylinders and beakers.

Baho-baho (Lantana camara)

 21

According to Thomas et al., (2019), Lantana camara is a 2-5 m tall medium-sized

perennial aromatic shrub that has quadrangular stems occasionally with prickles. Its

leaves are usually oval in shape or broadly lance-shaped which is 2-12 cm in length and

2-6 cm broad. Lantana camara leaves have a rough surface varying from a yellow green

to green color, and the colors of the flat-topped inflorescence can be yellow, orange,

white, pale violet, pink, or red. However, with its pleasing appearance, Lantana camara

is a highly variable ornamental shrub, reported as extremely weedy and invasive in many

countries. It is hazardous and poisonous to livestock, a catalyst for numerous pests and

diseases, and can increase the risk of fire, not to mention the plants' difficulty to control

from spreading. Furthermore, Lantana camara can be found in a variety of habitats such

as wastelands, rainforest edges, and beach fronts because of its wide environmental

tolerance. In addition, the plant can also populate in disturbed areas such as in roads and

railways. In another journal by Fern, (2021) stated that Lantana camara leaves and seeds

are toxic. If one is to consume its unripe green berries the plant causes vomiting, diarrhea,

dilated pupils, and labored respiration if ingested, and the leaves can also cause

dermatitis. One use of Lantana camara extracts is as a potential biocide. A biocide is

known as a chemical substance which has an objective to eradicate or control organisms

through chemical or biological means.

Pesticidal Property of Lantana camara

Gonzales (2020) conducted a study about the effectiveness of Lantana camara

extract against Rice Stem Borer (Chilo suppressalis). The researcher aimed to evaluate

the effectiveness of the leaf extract against Rice Stem Borer which is a pest of deep-water

rice. The efficacy test of the extract was done using a factor randomized complete block
 22

under laboratory and field conditions. The pure concentration of the extract yields the

highest mortality rate that is 86.11 and 85.19% under laboratory conditions. However, its

performance was significantly less effective when compared to commercial pesticides on

field conditions. Nonetheless, their efficacy was not significantly different in terms of

laboratory conditions. 

Another study conducted by Ayalew (2020) stated that the use of chemical

pesticides brings a global concern due to its adverse effects associated with the

overreliance and overuse of these hazardous chemicals to the plants. “Continued and

widespread use of these synthetic insecticide chemicals has given rise to the development

of lethal effects on nontarget organisms, resistance to insects, pest resurgence, chemical

residues, worker safety, and increasing cost of application.” With that, it is more

advisable to look for an alternative method in controlling pests. Furthermore, the study

aims to focus on the investigation of extract oil and Lantana camara leaf powder in

controlling the population of S. zeamais on stored maize grain. Gas Chromatography-

Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to characterize the extract of bioactive

components, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze

the functional groups of cellulose part of the Lantana camara leaf. The results of the

study conclude that the Lantana camara leaf powder and oil extract contain insecticidal

properties which have deterrent effects on maize storage pests. The methanol solvent

extract of Lantana camara leaves possessed more extractable secondary metabolites,

making it the most toxic against maize weevils which is then followed by ethanol.

Therefore, farmers, especially those with poor financial situations, can use this plant in
 23

controlling the population of S. zeamais, rather than buying chemical and synthetic

pesticides. 

Based on another study conducted by Gonzales (2020), who investigated the

effectiveness of Kantutay (Lantana camara) extract against Rice Stem Border and aimed

to produce organic pesticide extracted from Lantana camara leaves, roots, and berries

against rice stem border stated that the extract of the plant under field conditions was

significantly less effective in comparison with commercial pesticides. However, in terms

of laboratory conditions, there is no significant difference between the Lantana camara

extract and the commercial pesticide. Furthermore, the result of the phytochemical

analysis shows that there are components that helped the Lantana camara be an effective

pesticide and contributed to the medicinal properties of the plant. These components are

saponins, triterpenes, alkaloids, glycosides, and tannins. In the end, the researchers

concluded that the Lantana camara leaves extract has a comparable performance with

commercial pesticides, thus, the 100% concentration of the plant is approved to be an

alternative pesticide against the rice stem border. 

In a study conducted by Catalunia et al. (2018), students at Ramon Torres

National High School, it was proven that the usage of both Madre de Cacao and Baho-

Baho leaves extract is effective in lowering the mortality rate of rice bugs and is

comparable to commercial pesticides.

Extraction Process of Lantana camara leaves 

In a study conducted by Caesar (2016), different concentrations and variations of

Lantana camara leaf extract was utilized in evaluating its antibacterial property in an in-
 24

vitro set-up. The leaves were collected from the vicinity of Bihar Veterinary College,

Patna, and identified taxonomically. The leaves were then air-dried at room temperature

before grinding them to be powder in form. Methanol, Ethanol, Distilled water, and

Acetone were the different solvents that were utilized to find the extract of the dried

leaves. By putting the powdered leaves in an incubator shaker for 48 days at 25°C

temperature, they were extracted. Each extract was first then filtered through Whatman

No. 1 filter paper to clarify and then through a 0.45 µm membrane filter. The residual

extracts were evaporated at 35-40°C in the oven. The dried crude extracts were stored at

4°C for antibacterial testing. All the extracts were diluted in a specific solvent prior to use

in mg/ml concentration.

Synthesis

Several international and national literature related to the topic were reviewed by

the research study. These past works of literature and studies provided significant details

and information that the researchers can utilize to widen their knowledge regarding the

variables and other methods present in the study. The first part of this review pointed out

the utilization of commercial pesticides possesses hazardous toxins and chemicals posing

a threat to the environment and the health of the farmers. The advantages and

disadvantages of using organic pesticides and conventional farms with regards to the

economy, environment, and other supporting factors are also presented, and it showed

that organic pesticides are preferable. These scenarios proved that there is an urgent need

for the usage of natural substances, especially with high efficiency and is less toxic

compared to the commercially used ones. Furthermore, most of the studies evaluated the

potential of Lantana camara and Gliricida sepium extract as an alternative pesticide

 25

against a variety of species specifically to Pomacea canaliculata, Paracoccus marginatus

Williams, Chilo suppressalis, and S. zeamais. Furthermore, some methods used by the

researchers in their study were phytochemical analysis and re-examined the different

properties of the plant extracts that can kill or lessen the mortality rate of pests. In the

preparation of the leaves extract, some of the studies utilized turning the leaves into

powder and mixing other solutions like methanol for it to be tested as a pesticide.

Based on the statement mentioned above, it can be said that there is literature and

studies that are related to the present study. On the other hand, some of the literature

utilized different sets of methods and variables that served as the gap of this research

study. Thus, this study could test different combinations of variables, techniques, and

approaches in terms of combining two of the proven leaf extracts that have the potential

to kill pests against a well-known invasive pest in the Philippines. 

METHODS

Research Design

This study aimed to produce an alternative pesticide using Baho-baho (Lantana

camara) and Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves extract and evaluated its

potential in lowering the average mortality of Kuhol (Pomacea canaliculata); thus, true
 26

experimental research design was utilized. This research design is considered accurate for

this study since the researchers wanted to evaluate the cause-and-effect relationship

between the variables, which in this case are the different concentrations of Baho-baho

(Lantana camara) and Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves extract and the average

mortality of Kuhol (Pomacea canaliculata). Also, the researchers did not manipulate the

variables but rather, they randomly assigned each of them to various treatment

categories. 

Experimental design was used to answer the problems related to the study.

Experimental design means creating a set of procedures to systematically test a

hypothesis (Bevans, 2019). Data collected was in the form of average mortality or the

total number of Kuhol that died in each replicate which represents quantitative data. The

independent variable was the varying concentration of the leaves extract, the dependent

variable was the average mortality of Kuhol (Pomacea canaliculata), and the controlled

variables were the observation time, number of Kuhol (Pomacea canaliculata) in each

treatment, origin of Kuhol (Pomacea canaliculata), and the amount of concentration in

each treatment.

Materials and Equipment

This study required the use of the following materials and equipment that were

listed for every procedure conducted.

 27

A. Extraction Process of Baho-baho and Madre de Cacao Leaves

For the extraction of Baho-baho and Madre de Cacao Leaves, the

materials and equipment needed in this process were as follows: 

 500g of Baho-baho (Lantana camara) leaves 

 500g of Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves 

 Blender

 2 Clean basins

 1L Distilled Water

 2 Clean cheesecloths

 2 Strainers

 2 syringes

 12 pieces of 20ml Spray Bottles

 2 clean plastic containers

B. Application of Treatments

For the application of treatments, the materials and equipment that were

required are as follows: Forty-five (45) pieces of Kuhol, 120 ml water from the

source of Kuhol, twelve (12) pieces of 100 ml plastic containers, caliper, 1

commercial pesticide, and the different concentrations of the leaves extracted.

Experimental Set-Up
28
 29

Data Gathering Procedure

Pre-Experiment

Preparation and Gathering of Materials

Preparation of Experimental Set-ups

Extraction Process of the Leaves Extract

Experiment Proper

Application of the Different Concentrations

and the Positive Control

Measuring the Average Mortality of Kuhol in

Each Treatment

Post Experiment

Proper Disposal

Data Analysis
 30

Pre-Experiment

Preparation and Gathering of Materials

The Baho-baho and Madre de Cacao leaves were collected at Brgy. Lag-Asan,

Bago City. The Kuhol and the water sample from its source were obtained from Brgy.

Busay, Bago City. Commercial Pesticide, Surekill, was purchased from a local store

named DC CRUZ TRADING. Materials and equipment needed for the extraction process

were found at the researchers' home and some were bought at local hardware stores.

Preparation of Experimental Set-Ups

An in vitro experimental set-up with four (4) treatments with three (3) replicates

each was utilized. Forty-five (45) pieces of Kuhol of similar sizes were collected from the

rice fields. Using a caliper, the height of the Kuhols was measured. Only the Kuhols with

a height ranging from 5mm-15mm, passed as the subjects of the experiment. These

dimensions are common among the snails found in Brgy. Busay Bago City. Three (3)

snails were put in each 100 ml plastic container with ten (10) ml of water from the field

where the snails were obtained. This was to ensure that the snails were acclimated from

the sudden exposure of a new environment. The plastic containers were covered by

plastic with holes to prevent the snails from escaping. To ensure that the snails were

alive, they were allowed to move freely in each container overnight. In addition to this,

the snails underwent a rearing process wherein they were given enough food to survive.

After a night, only active snails were utilized for the experimentation. Each experimental

treatment was composed of three replicates.

 31

Extraction Process of the Leaves Extract

The extraction of Baho-baho was separated from the extraction of Madre de

Cacao but they utilized the same process. The collected leaves were separated from their

stem and then washed thoroughly with distilled water. After that, the leaves were

shredded until the desired results were achieved using a blender. To collect the extract

and separate it from the solid portions of the leaves, it was squeezed using cheesecloth

and then transferred into a clean container. To make sure that there was no leaf residue

left, a strainer was utilized. 

Preparation of Experimental Treatments

Using a syringe, the different extracts were placed in different spray bottles. Each

spray bottle was labeled accordingly and contained 10 ml of the extract. The

experimental treatments were as follows:

Table 1
Components of the Experimental Treatments

Treatmen Concentration of the Leaves Extract

t

A 100% Lantana camara leaves extract 

B 100% Gliricida sepium leaves extract

C 50% Lantana camara and 50% Gliricidia sepium leaves extract

D 100% Commercial pesticide 

 32

Experiment Proper

Application of the Different Concentrations and the Positive Control

Ten (10) ml of the different concentrations of the extract were applied to each of

the tests using the spray approach. Treatment A was be applied with 100% Lantana

camara leaves extract, Treatment B was applied with 100% Gliricida sepium leaves

extract, Treatment C with 50% Lantana camara and 50% Gliricidia sepium leaves

extract, and Treatment D was applied with the positive control which was 100%

commercial pesticide. This part of the experiment was based on a study conducted by

Doctor (2019) entitled “Molluscicidal Performance of Kae Farang (Gliricida sepium) and

Siam Weed (Chromolaena odorata, Linn.) Leaf Extracts on Golden Snail (Pomacea

canaliculata, Linn.)”.

Measuring of the Average Mortality of Kuhol in each Treatment

The mortality rate was measured by counting the number of snails that were

detached from the side of the containers. To confirm that the snails were already dead, a

confirmatory test for mortality was conducted. The snails were set on a plastic sheet

outside the plastic container and were observed diligently. When the snails started

opening its shell and began to move around in search of water after a few minutes, they

were considered alive. In addition to this, snails have lungs that allow them to breathe

outside of water, so the snails were not harmed during this procedure. A needle was used

on the head section of the snails as a stimulus to find and initiate a reaction. A series of

observations were done spontaneously every twelve (12) hours until it reached twenty-

four (24) hours.

 33

Post-Experiment

Proper Disposal

After the experiment, the materials and equipment used were washed thoroughly

and placed in their appropriate location. The leaf residue from the extraction method was

utilized as a fertilizer. The excess leaves extract after the experiment was kept in a safe

place and can be utilized some other time. In addition to that, the snails that were killed

using the leaves extract were disposed by burying them in the farm soil. On the other

hand, in disposing of snails exposed to commercial pesticide, the researchers made sure

to utilize protective equipment such as hand gloves and face mask to avoid direct contact

to the harmful chemicals present. As suggested by standard protocol for disposal of

gastropods (WHO, 1983), the snails were removed, crushed, and disposed by placing and

wrapping them in a plastic bag and was labeled as a garbage that contains toxic chemicals

and was separated from the other wastes. Furthermore, the snails that remained alive after

the given time frame were sprayed using commercial pesticide.

Data Analysis

For the data gathering, the average mortality of Kuhol was measured. Each set-up

was observed 2 times with a total time frame of 24 hours for every 12 hours. This

observation time was based on the study of Picardal et al. (2018), where they used a 48-

hours observation time at an interval of every 24 hours. The results that were gathered

were arranged and analyzed using statistical tools by the class statistician to garner

information and answer questions stated on the Statement of the Problem. 

 34

Statistical Treatment

The following statistical tools were used in consonance with the specific problems

presented in the study:

1. To answer problem statement 1 which seeks to find the average mortality of

Kuhol when treated with the different concentrations of the leaves extract and the

commercial pesticide, mean was used. 

2. To answer problem statement 2, which seeks to determine if there is a significant

difference in the average mortality of Kuhol when treated with the different

concentrations of the leaves extract and the commercial pesticide, One Way

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used.

Ethical Considerations

With regards to the importance of ethics, the researchers considered the

following: first, in gathering the data from various sources that were used to support the

review of related literature of this study, plagiarism was strictly prohibited, and proper

citation was observed. In addition to this, during the process of conducting the tests, the

researchers conducted the experiment with complete discretion to avoid leakage of

information. Furthermore, the researchers made sure to protect non-target organisms for

the whole duration of the experiment. Lastly, the researchers considered limitations such

as face-to-face interaction of the group during the process of conducting the experiment

to ensure safety.
 35

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section of the research paper presents the results, analysis, and the discussion

of the gathered data. Results are presented in the following tables containing specific

details and followed by a corresponding discussion to satisfy the necessity of answering

the specific objectives and the hypothesis formulated. This study contains four (4)

treatments with three (3) replicates each namely, 100% Lantana camara leaves extract

(A), 100% Gliricidia sepium leaves extract (B), 50% Lantana camara and Gliricidia

sepium leaves extract (C), and 100% commercial pesticide (D).

Results

Table 2

Average mortality of Kuhol after the exposure to the four (4) treatments

Treatments Average Mean SD

mortality of
Kuhol
A 0.33 1.0000 1.00000
B 0.44 1.3333 1.15470
C 0.67 2.0000 1.0000
D 1 3.0000 .00000

Table 2 presents the average mortality of Kuhol after its exposure to the four (4)

treatments. Results showed that 100% Lantana camara leaves extract accumulated the

lowest average mortality which is 0.33 which signifies that it has the lowest extent of

effectivity among the treatments. 100% Gliricidia sepium leaves extract, has an average

mortality of 0.44 which implies that it is more effective than the first treatment. However,
 36

the 50% Lantana camara and Gliricidia sepium leaves extract garnered an average

mortality of 0.67 which is considered as the most effective among the different

concentration of leaves extract. On the other hand, the positive control which is the 100%

commercial pesticide, presented 1 as its average mortality which means that it has the

highest extent of effectivity when compared to the three (3) other treatments.

Table 3

Significant difference in the means of the average mortality of Kuhol when treated with

the different leaf concentrations and the commercial pesticide

Treatments Mean F p Interpretation

No significant
A 1.0000 2.800 .109 difference

B 1.3333
C 2.0000
D 3.0000

Table 3 presents the difference in the means of the average mortality of Kuhol

when exposed to the different treatments used in this study and its respective significant

differences based on the results of One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). This table

shows that there is no statistically significant difference between the group means. This

implies that the treatments are on the same level of effectiveness and is comparable to the

commercial pesticide. The F-value is 2.800 and taken from which was the ration of the

two mean square values which is between groups and within groups. In addition to this,

the p-value (.109) is greater than (0.05) which is the basis for significance level. It can

therefore be concluded that the level of effectiveness of the different extracts between the
 37

commercial pesticide is the same since there is no statistically significant difference

between groups as determined by one-way ANOVA (F (3,8) = 2.800, p = .109).  For

further discussion on the Post Hoc Results on the significant difference of the average

mortality of Kuhol, please proceed to the appendices.

Discussion

The 100% Lantana camara leaves extract, as shown in the results, was only able

to decrease the average mortality of Kuhol on a very low extent of effectivity. This leaf

extract presented the lowest result, with an average mortality of 0.33, which implies that

it is the least effective among the other concentrations. This correlates to the study by

Gonzales (2020) who conducted a study about the effectiveness of Lantana camara

extract against Rice Stem Borer (Chilo suppressalis). It mentioned that the performance

of the pure extract of Lantana Camara was significantly less effective in field conditions

when compared to laboratory conditions that yields the highest mortality rate that is 86.11

and 85.19%. 100% Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves extract, on the other hand,

resulted an average mortality of 0.44. This insinuates that the extract was more effective

than the first treatment. This was supported by the study of Doctor (2019), where the

results of their experiment showed that the mortality of the snails on the pure extract was

100%, indicating that the treatment was an effective pesticide. Meanwhile, the third set

of treatment which was 50% Lantana camara and Gliricidia sepium leaves extract,

presented an average mortality of 0.67. This result means that the combination of the two

leaves extract has a higher extent of efficacy when compared to the results of the extracts

individually. The extract that showed the highest extent of effectivity was the 100%

commercial pesticide with the average mortality of 1.00, and the study conducted by
 38

Schneiker et al. (2016), which stated that commercial pesticides could instantly kill

unwanted pests, supports this claim. This highest extent of effectiveness allows farmers

to instantly eradicate pests, however, it sacrifices their health with the threat of hazardous

chemicals in the commercial pesticide.

 39

CONCLUSION

According to the study's key findings, there is no significant difference in the

average mortality of Kuhol (Pomacea canaliculata) after treatment exposure. On the

results of the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), it shows that the P-value is .109

which is greater than 0.5, indicating that there is no statistically significant difference

between the groups. According to the Post Hoc Results, there is also no significant

difference in the average mortality of Kuhol when treated with the different

concentrations of the leaves extract and the commercial pesticide. Therefore, it can be

concluded that the treatments are comparable with the commercial pesticide. Thus, the

researcher’s null hypothesis is accepted.

Recommendations 

Based on the experimental findings, these recommendations have been made by

the researchers for further developments of future studies that will research on the

pesticidal property of Lantana camara and Gliricidia sepium leaves extract against

Golden Apple Snails. 

The study can be used by the DAR on the information that Lantana camara and

and Gliricidia sepium leaves extract has the pesticidal effect against Golden Apple

Snails. Agriculturists and Farmers can also be aware that the said leaves extract can be

used as an alternative pesticide and have access to an organic pesticide that would be

safer for their health. Furthermore, communities that have lesser budget for commercial
 40

pesticides can choose to utilize the Madre de Cacao leaves extract or Baho-baho leaves

extract, thus promoting organic farming.

It is recommended for future researchers to conduct the experiment in the actual

field or an in-situ experimentation. Through this, the experiment will be more reliable

since it would be conducted on the actual area in which the snails are acclimated in. 

Future researchers are also recommended to increase the number of Kuhols per

trial. This is for more comparison and accurate results of the experiment. 

If also given the opportunity, the researchers suggest conducting the extraction

part in an actual laboratory and utilize ethanol to serve as the solvent. This method can

increase the effectivity of the chosen leaf extracts.

Researchers also suggest having longer observation time of the Kuhol after its

exposure to the different treatments, preferably 48 hours. This is to allow more time for

the snails to completely penetrate the extract and evaluate its effects. 

In addition to this, future researchers should take into consideration the distance

of the spray bottle with the Kuhols for it can possibly lead to the snails having unequal

amounts of extract received.

Furthermore, the researchers highly recommend conducting Phytochemical

Analysis of the leaves. This is for knowing the specific properties that caused the

pesticidal effect from the extract. Thus, additional knowledge and information will be

conceived and can make the study more reliable.

 41

Based on the salient findings of this study, other researchers can utilize this as a

future reference to studies relating to this topic, with the utilization of different variables. 
 42

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 47

APPENDICES

Appendix A
Pre-experimentation Process
Before starting the conduct of the experiment, materials and equipment such as Baho-

baho and Madre de Cacao Leaves, Kuhol, Distilled water, the commercial pesticide,

blender, syringe, plastic containers, cheesecloth, clean basins, strainers, and spray bottles

were prepared and gathered. With the given materials, an artificial environment for the

snails were created. A total of twelve (12) in vitro set-ups were prepared. Three (3) snails

were placed in each container to represent the different replicates and were acclimated for

a night. On the other hand, the two (2) leaves were extracted using a blender and the

traditional method that was done at home. After the extracts were collected, experimental

set-ups were prepared by measuring 10 ml of each extract according to its correct

designation and were placed in separate spray bottles.

Figure 3 shows the different materials that were utilized in the study.
 48

Figure 4 shows the different equipment that were utilized in the study.

Figure 5 shows the

twelve (12) 100 mL
plastic
containers that were
labelled
accordingly.
 49

Figure 6 shows the situation of the Kuhols when transferred to the plastic container.

Figure 7 shows that the

containers were sealed by plastic but there were holes to let the Kuhols breathe

Figure 8 shows the

different spray bottles that were labelled to avoid confusion
 50

Figure 9 shows the leaves being washed using distilled water

Figure 10 shows the leaves being blended

Figure 11 shows the leaves being extracted using cheesecloth

Figure 12 shows the extract being strained

 51

Figure 13 shows the

collected leaves extract

Figure 14 shows the extracts being transferred to spray bottles

 52

Figure 15 shows the prepared treatments

Appendix B
Experimentation Proper
The ten (10) mL leaves extract and the commercial pesticide was applied directly

to the different plastic containers using spray approach. In terms of measuring the result

or the average mortality, the first step done was to count and record the number of snails

detached from the container. After that, a confirmatory test was done by bringing the

snails outside the container and check for a reaction using a needle.

Figure 16 shows

treatment A being sprayed to the first set of Kuhols

 53

Figure 17 shows the

situation of the Kuhols after TA was sprayed

Figure 18 shows
Treatment B being sprayed
 54

Figure 19 shows Treatment C being sprayed

Figure 20 shows the

Figure 21 shows the

 55

Figure 22 shows a picture of an alive snail

Figure 23 shows a
Appendix C
Post Experiment
After the experiment, all materials and equipment used were washed and cleaned

thoroughly. The leaf reside was used as a fertilizer and the excess extract was kept in a

safe place. The snails that were killed using the leaves extract were buried in the farm

soil. On the other hand, in disposing snails that were killed by the commercial pesticide,

they were crushed and put in a separate plastic bag.

 56

Figure 24 shows the picture of snails being crushed

Appendix D

Raw Data of the Post Hoc test

Table 4

Post Hoc Results: Significant difference in the average mortality of Kuhol between

Treatments

Treatments Mean Difference P - Value

100% Lantana 100% Gliricidia sepium

camara leaves extract -.33333 .968
leaves extract
50% Lantana camara and
100% Lantana Gliricidia sepium leaves
camara leaves extract extract -1.00000 .565

100% commercial
100% Lantana
pesticide -2.00000 .104
camara leaves extract

100% Gliricidia 50% Lantana camara and -.66667 .808

sepium leaves extract Gliricidia sepium leaves
 57

extract

100% Gliricidia 100% commercial

sepium leaves extract -1.66667 .193
pesticide
50% Lantana camara 100% commercial
and Gliricidia sepium pesticide -1.00000 .565
leaves extract

Table 4 presents the Post Hoc Results on the significant difference in the average

mortality of Kuhol between treatments. The basis for the significant level is if p-value ≤

0.05, and the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. The table shows that there is

no significance difference between the treatment 100% Lantana Camara leaves extract

with that of 100% Gliricidia sepium leaves extract (p = .968), 50% Lantana camara and

Gliricidia sepium leaves extract (p = .565), and 100% commercial pesticide (p = .104).

The treatment 100% Gliricidia sepium has no significant difference with that of 50%

Lantana camara and Gliricidia sepium leaves extract (p = .808) and 100% commercial

pesticide (p = .193). The treatment 50% Lantana camara and Gliricidia sepium leaves

extract has no significant difference with 100% commercial pesticide (p = .565). There is

no significant difference in the average mortality of Kuhol when treated with the different

concentrations of the leaves extract and the commercial pesticide. Thus, the null

hypothesis is accepted.
 58

Appendix E

Results Gathered after the Experiment

Table 5

Results of Treatment A from the 24 hour-Interval

Treatment A Total Number of Number of Dead

Snails per Replicate Snails

Replicate 1 3 0

Replicate 2 3 2

Replicate 3 3 1

Total 9 3

Mean 0.33

Table 6

Results of Treatment B from the 24 hour-Interval

 59

Treatment B Total Number of Number of Dead

Snails per Replicate Snails

Replicate 1 3 0

Replicate 2 3 2

Replicate 3 3 2

Total 9 4

Mean 0.44

Table 7

Results of Treatment C from the 24 hour-Interval

Treatment C Total Number of Number of Dead

Snails per Replicate Snails

Replicate 1 3 3

Replicate 2 3 2

Replicate 3 3 1

Total 9 6

Mean 0.67

Table 8

Results of Treatment D from the 24 hour-Interval

Treatment D Total Number of Number of Dead

Snails per Replicate Snails
 60

Replicate 1 3 3

Replicate 2 3 3

Replicate 3 3 3

Total 9 9

Mean 1.00

Appendix F

Statistical Analysis

Descriptives
Mortality
95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum
Treatment A 3 1.0000 1.00000 .57735 -1.4841 3.4841 .00 2.00
Treatment B 3 1.3333 1.15470 .66667 -1.5351 4.2018 .00 2.00
Treatment C 3 2.0000 1.00000 .57735 -.4841 4.4841 1.00 3.00
Treatment D 3 3.0000 .00000 .00000 3.0000 3.0000 3.00 3.00
Total 12 1.8333 1.11464 .32177 1.1251 2.5415 .00 3.00

ANOVA
Mortality
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 7.000 3 2.333 2.800 .109
Within Groups 6.667 8 .833
 61

Total 13.667 11
62