UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST – CALOOCAN

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

NEE 4101 – 1EE

PROCESS AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM

Submitted by: Jett Dominic R. Bautista

Student No: 20151114771
Date Submitted: October 8, 2021

Engr. Romeo C. Hipol

Instructor
Define the following terms used in instrumentation and controls:

1. Instruments

- Is a device that measures or manipulates process physical variables such as flow, temperature, level, or
pressure etc. Instruments include many varied contrivances which can be as simple as valves and transmitters,
and as complex as analyzers.

2. Transducers

- Is a part of a measuring chain and it transforms a physical quantity into an electrical signal. The transducer is
important for detecting physical quantities. The non-electrical quantity is converted into an electrical form for
using electrical methods and techniques for measurement, manipulation and control.

3. Set point

- Is the target value of the process variable that is desired to be maintained. For example, if a process
temperature needs to be kept within 5 °C of 100 °C, then the SETPOINT is 100 °C.

4. Manipulated variable

- Is the parameter that is adjusted to bring the process back to the desired setpoint. The manipulated variable in
this case is the water entering the tank. The water flow is manipulated in order to keep the level constant as
the output demand changes.

5. Controlled variable

- Is a process parameter being controlled in the example here, water level in the tank is the controlled variable,
but it can be any process you wish to control.

6. Loop

- An instrumentation control loop consists of a controller that can adjust the process variable equal to setpoint
by measuring the current process variable using sensors.

7. Instrument loop drawing

- also called instrument loop drawings or loop sheets. These set of drawings are more detailed than process and
instrument diagrams (P&IDs). Loop diagrams are the most detailed form of diagrams for a control system and
thus it must contain all details omitted by PFDs and P&IDs alike.

8. Open loop

- control actions are independent of the desired output, meaning that the output is not measured or fed back to
the input for comparison. Once an input command is applied to a controller it produces an actuating signal.

9. Closed loop

- A system in which the controlling action is dependent on the output is called a Closed-loop system. In which
the output has an effect on input quantity in such a manner that the input quantity will adjust itself based on
the output generated.
10. Signal

- A signal is any kind of physical quantity that conveys information. An analog signal is a kind of signal that is
continuously variable, as opposed to having a limited number of steps along its range.

11. Impulse Line

- Impulse lines connect the PIV to the manifold and transmitter. Their purpose is to convey the precise process
conditions to the transmitter for analysis. Proper impulse line configuration can help prevent corrosion,
scaling and plugging; reduce leak points; and maintain temperature within a desirable range.

12. In-line Instrument

- In-line instruments are considered to be all instruments and components direct-mounted in or on process and
utility lines or equipment and are subjected to the pressures and temperatures of the piping systems or
equipment in or on which they are installed.

13. Process Instrument Diagram

- A Process and Instrumentation Diagram, known as a P&ID, shows how process equipment is connected and
by the use of symbols, represents flow directions, safety and control systems, pressure ratings and other key
piping and instrument details of a system.

14. Local of Field Mounted

- The location of an instrument that is neither in nor on a panel or console, nor is it mounted in a control room.
Local instruments are commonly in the vicinity of a primary element or a final control element.

15. Panel/Board

- Instrumentation Control Panels are designed to monitor and control levels such as temperature, flow, current,
and pressure from the field instruments that are connected to it.

16. Panel Mounted

- These instruments are offered along with sensors and are highly accurate. They are sturdy and sleek in design
with a large display screen.

17. Local Mounted

- The location of an instrument that is neither in nor on a panel or console, nor is it mounted in a control room.
Local instruments are commonly in the vicinity of a primary element or a final control element. The word
"field" is often used synonymously with local.

18. Local Panel

- Local control panels are generally there to control the machine or equipment locally or remotely and installed
in the close proximity of the controlled device. These panels can house more devices than the operator push
buttons.
19. Line Mounted Instrument

- An instrument that is physically in the field, or the plant. Field mounted instruments are not accessible to an
operator in a control room.

20. Local Mounted Instrument

- This is the location of an instrument that is neither in nor on a panel or console, nor is it mounted in a control
room.

21. Accuracy

- The ability of the instrument to measure the accurate value is known as accuracy. In other words, the
closeness of the measured value to a standard or true value. Accuracy is obtained by taking small readings.

22. Wet Leg

- The low-pressure impulse line is completely filled with liquid (usually the same liquid as the process) and
hence the name wet leg.

23. Dry Leg

- when we consider a dry leg, it means that LP side is subject to only Vapor / gas pressure, in the other hand the
vapor/gas pressure is applied to both sides.

24. Stanchion

- Stanchion is the other term for instrument mounting stand. It is a structure where instrument is mounted.
Stanchion is commonly constructed from 2” pipe with base plate. The instrument is attached to the stanchion
by means of bracket for 2” pipe.

25. Pig Tail

- The pigtail buffers the instrument from the damaging effects of high temperature steam by holding system
fluid in the coil to provide a steam trap for the fluid to condensate and dissipate the heat. Pigtail siphons also
reduce the effect of rapid pressure surges.

26. Root Valve

- It is often called a "gauge root valve" and serves a number of purposes with its multiple outlet connections.
Sometimes two of the ports will be plugged and the instrument or gauge connected to the port providing the
most convenient or functional orientation of the connected gauge or the valve handle.

27. Thermowell

- A thermowell acts as a barrier between a process medium and the sensing element of a temperature measuring
device. It protects against corrosive process media, as well as media contained under pressure or flowing at a
high velocity.
28. Process Variable

- The Process Variable or PV is measured by a sensor or instrument in the field and acts as an input to a
controller, which takes action based on the value of it.

29. Test instrument

- A systematic procedure for measuring a sample of an individual's behavior, such as multiple-choice,

performance test, etc.

30. Standard Test Instrument

- An evaluation or measurement instrument that is valid and reliable, replicable, without changes or adaptations
in its structure and content, in different populations with similar characteristics.

31. Drift

- Drift is the gradual shift in the indication or record of the instrument over an extended period of time, during
which the true value of the variable does not change. No drift means that with a given input the measured
values do not vary with time. Drift is an undesirable quality in instruments.

32. Range

- It can be defined as the measure of the instrument between the lowest and highest readings it can measure.

33. Span

- It can be defined as the range of an instrument from the minimum to maximum scale value. In the case of a
thermometer, its scale goes from −40°C to 100°C. Thus, its span is 140°C. As said before accuracy is defined
as a percentage of span. It is actually a deviation from true expressed as a percentage of the span.

34. Zero

- A live zero provides a minimum current for the signal source which enables the device to be powered from
the receiver. A term which we may have heard of called “two-wire transmission” defines this scenario and it
eliminates the requirement of another pair of conductors to serve as the power source of a transmitter.

35. Tolerance

- Tolerance refers to the total allowable error within an item. This is typically represented as a +/- value off of a
nominal specification. Products can become deformed due to changes in temperature and humidity, which
lead to material expansion and contraction, or due to improper feedback from a process control device.

36. Upper Range Value

- The highest value of the measured variable that a device is attuned to measure.

37. Lower Range Value

- The lowest value of the measured variable that a device is attuned to measure.
38. Calibration

- The calibration of an instrument can be carried out by comparing the readings on the instrument with those
given by a reference instrument or calibrator. From time to time, the manufacturer's reference instruments are
sent to a calibration center to be calibrated against national standards.

39. Bench Calibration

- The calibration of an instrument can be carried out by comparing the readings on the instrument with those
given by a reference instrument or calibrator. From time to time, the manufacturer's reference instruments are
sent to a calibration center to be calibrated against national standards.

40. Field Calibration

- The calibration of an instrument can be carried out by comparing the readings on the instrument with those
given by a reference instrument or calibrator. From time to time, the manufacturer's reference instruments are
sent to a calibration center to be calibrated against national standards.
 REFERENCES

Basic Principles of Instrument Calibration ~ Learning Instrumentation And Control Engineering

(instrumentationtoolbox.com)

Control valve - Wikipedia

Process Control Basics ~ Learning Instrumentation And Control Engineering (instrumentationtoolbox.com)

What Is Instrumentation & Control Engineering? | Integrated Flow Solutions (ifsolutions.com)