CARABAO MANURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE BRICKS

______________________________

A Research Paper

Presented to the Faculty of

Senior High School Department

Palompon National High School

Palompon, Leyte

______________________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Subject Research/ Capstone Project

Submitted to:

ROSALINA L. GUZMAN

Subject Teacher

Submitted by:

Theajene Rose A. Andales

Paula Marie D. Strong

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 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

As the human population increases, usage of materials is highly needed.

Thus, people tend to take such measures to attain well developed and efficient

substantial equipments causing the demolishment of the earth’s natural sources.

It is well known that sustainable development, one of the most important

issues in the world at present days, involves to build our communities in

such a way that we can all live comfortably without consuming all of our

resources, we make an impact on the environment through how we

survive our lives.

A small hard block of baked clay that is called bricks is one of the most

used building materials since thousand years ago and even in the modern era.

During the period of Roman Empire, the art of brick making were spread

throughout Europe and it continued to dominate during the medieval and

Renaissance period. Bricks were made by hand until about 1885. Once the

Industrial Revolution broke out, the brick making machinery was introduced.

Consequently, the number of clays that could be made into bricks was greatly

increased which influenced the production capacity. As bricks structures could be

built much quicker and cheaper, they replaced other raw materials like stone or

rock.

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Thus, further development of bricks made of environmental friendly materials

such as ashes, solid waste, ground nut husk ash and lastly, manures.

Manure is a valuable source of nutrients for crops and can improve soil

productivity. Manure properties depend on several factors: animal species, (diet,

digestibility, protein and fibber content) and animal age, housing, environment,

and stage of production. Manure is characterized in several ways. Important

properties of manure collection, storage, handling and utilization include the

solids content (the percent of solids per unit of liquid) and the size and makeup

of manure solids (fixed and volatile solids, suspended solids, and dissolved

solids). Nutrient content, primarily nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, is

important as it affects land application rates and treatment techniques. Manure

components can be characterized as organic and inorganic. To help control

disease and parasites, human wastes should not be mixed with animal manures.

On the other hand, this study needs the presence of the Carabao manure

as one of the materials. A Carabao is a prized symbol of a farmer's wealth and is

an integral component of the Philippine agriculture. Carabao manure is also of

economic importance. It's a good organic fertilizer, containing 18.5 % nitrogen,

43.7 % phosphoric acid, and 9.6 % potash. Millions of farmers rely on this

animal as the main source of labor force and energy for plowing their farm. The

carabao only eats grass and other organic herbs and seizes 10.8 kg of waste per

day. However, an accurate carabao waste has an unpleasant smell and is not

pleasant in sight. But despite its unpleasant smell it can also be beneficial. It can

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be fertilized, for it is organic and can also be collected and used to produce

biogas. There are also other areas that burn carabao waste to become an

alternative material for brick making.

Many areas in the Philippines experienced material shortages for

constructing houses particularly those people living in mountainous areas, most

of them are farmers. Majority of the population cannot afford conventional blocks

made with the sand-cement mixture. In addition to their high intrinsic cost, these

conventional blocks do not provide sufficient thermal comfort during the warmest

periods, and populations need to spend a quite important amount of money to

refresh their houses. The use of carabao waste as alternative bricks helps

prevent damage to the quarry mining environment and it also helps people live

in areas where it is difficult to find sand for home use.

Thus, the objective of this study is to determine if the Carabao manure

can be used as a component in the manufacture of bricks, it also aims to

compare this research to the bricks made of sand and cement. Researchers hope

that they may be able to contribute a little help for the farmers of the community

throughout this study.

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Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this study is to determine if the Carabao manure can

be used as a component in the manufacture of bricks, it also aims to compare

this research to the bricks made of sand and cement.

This study aims to help people, especially farmers through making bricks

from Carabao manure in the field of construction. Specifically, it aims to answer

the following questions:

1. Can the Carabao manure be effective materials for making bricks?

2. Is the durability and efficiency of bricks made from Carabao manure

equivalent from the bricks made of sand and cement?

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Significance of the Study

This study emphasizes the problem of the lack of materials used in

building houses that can improved by taking advantage of the Carabao Manure

as Alternative Bricks. Thus, this study is advantageous to the following person.

Farmers- This study can help them in their community for the construction of

their houses without the need of a major amount of money. They can also learn

another use of Carabao manure other than fertilizers.

Students- They will know the importance of Carabao Manure and the advantages

that it will give. They can learn the benefits of the Carabao manure and lastly,

will have the interest to enhance their knowledge about the the other use of

Carabao Manure.

Future Researchers – This study will be the keystone of their research and for

them to have a guideline related to their topic, and for the future researcher to

know the possible improvement of this research study.

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Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses only on making bricks with the use of Carabao

manure. The main purpose of this study is to determine if the carabao manure

can be used as a component in the manufacture of bricks and it also aims to

compare the efficiency and durability of bricks made from carabao waste and a

brick made from sand and cement until it is fully finished.

The benefactors of this study are the students, farmers, and future

researchers. This study is experimental, thus the experimental procedure that

will be used are the materials, which is the Carabao Manure, water, and cement

to determine if the product is effective and is durable and efficient.

The researchers conducted the study at the Andales and Strong’s

residence located at Barangay Sabang, Palompon Leyte.

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 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE

Scientific Literature

A concrete block is mainly used as a building material for walls.

Sometimes it is called a concrete masonry unit (CMU). A concrete block is one of

the few concrete products used in construction. The term precast refers to the

fact that blocks were formed and hardened before it was taken to the workplace.

Most concrete blocks have one or more hallow cavities and both sides can be

fixed or designated. In use, concrete blocks are stacked one at a time and

contributes fresh concrete to form the desired height of the wall.

In addition to the above facts given, concrete is commonly used to make

concrete blocks and a mixture of powdered cement, water, sand and gravel

produces a light gray block with a good texture on the surface and a high

comprehensive strength, a typical concrete bloc weighs 38-43 lb (17.2-19.5 kg).

In general, the concrete mixture used for blocks has a higher percentage

of sand and a lower percentage of gravel and water than the concrete mixture

used for general purposes of construction.

However, a new kind of hollow blocks can be made out of wood waste,

agricultural wastes, land mixed with the smallest amount of cement including

cow and carabao’s dung. The result of some research has shown that these

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types of blocks are comparable to some commercial or traditional concrete

hallow blocks.

Carabao dung is basically the rejects of herbivorous matter which is acted

upon by symbiotic bacteria residing within the animal's rumen. Carabao dung is

composed of organic matter including fibrous material that passed through the

cow digestive system, among other liquid digestive that has been left after the

fermentation, absorption and filtration, then acidified, then absorbed again.

Exact chemical composition is of mostly carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen,

phosphorus, etc. with salts, cells sloughed off as the digester went through the

digestive tract, some urea, mucus, as well as cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses.

Carabao dung was habitually used in concrete and so one may suppose that

there were particular benefits in its inclusion.

Recent publications suggest that dung may improve workability and

durability or may act as an additional binder. Knowledge has also been lost as to

whether fresh, old or weathered dung was used. Since there is no historic

reference to the dung being old or weathered, it is conceivable that this is a

recent invention resulting from modern attitudes toward odour and hygiene. In

any case, dried and fresh dung differ mainly in the water content and so are

likely to affect only the amount of water, if any, added during the mixing

content.

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 According to the study of Tomas et. Al (2017) entitled “Recycling of

Wastes Coconut shells as Substitute for Aggregates in Mix Proportioning

Concrete Hollow Blocks”, states that coconut shells and coconut husks can be a

great substitute for coarse aggregate producing hollow blocks and the study

claims that hollow blocks of coconut husks are better and have stronger cluster

than commercial hollow blocks.

Some studies have been conducted to test the effectiveness animal

manure in particular carabao and cow to create an affordable construction

material such as hollow blocks and bricks.

A research study conducted by Cabarado et. Al. (2014) entitled “The

Feasibility of Horse Manure as an Alternative Source of Paper” focuses on the

effectiveness of horse stools as an alternative source of paper in addition to

wood. The study proves that horse manure is suitable as a source of paper aside

from trees.

A study titled “Compressive Strengths of Hollow Blocks with an Additive

of Dog’s Manure and Polystyrene” by Beron et. Al. (2020) reveals that cement

with a mixture of dog’s manure and polystyrene are much more efficient in

production since it takes a much higher PSI in a short curing period of time.

A research study conducted by Kocaman et. Al (2006) showed that ash

of the sun dried cattle manure can be successfully used as pozzolana in concrete.

However, the samples of the study showed low compressive strength. Therefore,

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families that live in a rural area can utilize cattle manure ash as a binder to

produce a low-cost and quality material.

Another research study conducted by Adeji et. Al. (2014) entitled “Use

of Clay Soil Mixed with Cow Dung to Produce Sustainable Bricks” suggests that

the strength of bricks falls on the rise of cow dung. They have proved that an

adobe wall with proper thickness and sterilized cow dung is very effective in

controlling temperature through the daily change that contributes to its longevity

as a building material. Therefore, Cow Dung is effective as a building material

that can guarantee good quality and strong hold.

In addition, a research study by Raheem S. B. (2018) discovered that

cow dung can be made to perform well in a certain floor and wall application

when a ten percent amount of it is added. The study also recognized the

advantage of the cow dung as a useful construction material with its lightness.

Moreover, a study by Duna et. Al (2014) reports on an investigation into

the use of cow dung ash (CDA) as Supplementary Cementatious Material (SCMs)

in concrete. Cement was replaced with cow dung ash (CDA) up to 30% at 5%

interval. Setting times (initial and Final) and slump test were carried out on the

fresh cement blended paste and concrete respectively.

Furthermore, a study by Hilal et. Al. (2018) states that Cow dung brick

can be considered as a sustainable building material and are eco-friendly and

lighter in weight. The study also showed that cow dung can also be used as a

supplementary cementing material, but the usage of cow dung is limited because

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of its lower compressive strength. Hence, it can still be considered as building

materials for the less fortunate people, especially for farmers who do not have

any accessibility in the city.

Another study conducted by Mungle N. P. et. Al. (2019) states that cow

dung bricks are reasonably strong, hard, and not easy to break for farming

purposes and is environmental friendly, thus, they are suitable for farmers.

An article by Adeniran et. Al. (2014), revealed that Cow Dung concrete

is suitable on certain floor and wall that will not be subjected to heavy load or

not be used in a water accumulated area and any structures that are related to

water. Therefore, with its light and lower compressive strength, it is not

applicable for a cow dung concrete to be used as a strong and invulnerable

element in building establishments.

The studies above stated have given importance to the current study

because these studies have also taken into account of the effectiveness of

manure in doing different things that is useful.

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Conceptual Framework

Mixed Carabao Put it all together in Dry it up with the

Manure and Cement a brick moulder help of sunlight

Finished Product

Recommendation

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Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined in the context of the study:

Brick- It is a small block that is made of Carabao manure and will be tested if it is

effective, and also durable and efficient enough for the farmers to use.

Carabao Manure- A solid waste product from farm animals that is used to make

soil better for growing plants and also used as fertilizers. It is used as the

independent variable of the study. And will be mixed with cement to produce a

brick.

Cement- It is the substance used to bind the carabao manure together that

produces the brick, and also one of the materials to be use in the study.

Farmer- Refers to the people who will gain the benefit of the study. Also the

ones who need the improvement of the construction materials like bricks that is

made up of Carabao manure for them to be able to save money.

Hypothesis

The Carabao manure can be effective components for making bricks by

mixing it with the right amount of cement. Also the durability and efficiency of

the bricks made from the Carabao manure is equivalent to the bricks made of

commercial materials.

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 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This study is experimental. The product was obtained by mixing cement

and Carabao Manure with water and be dried by the help of sunlight. The

product was tested and evaluated. The results were the baseline of the study.

Research Design

This study adapted the experimental research to create an effective bricks

out of Carabao manure. This study focuses only on making Alternative Bricks

from Carabao manure through the help of cement, a little amount of water and

moulders. It also determined the efficiency and durability of the Bricks until it is

fully finished.

Research Environment

The study was conducted at the Andales and Strong’s residence located at

Barangay Sabang, Palompon Leyte.

Experimental Procedure

This study is experimental, thus the experimental procedure that were

used are the materials, which is the Carabao Manure, water, and cement to

determine if the product is effective and is durable and efficient.

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Procedure

The following procedures will be undertaken to create bricks out of

Carabao Manure.

1. Prepare all the materials needed.

2. Mix the Carabao manure and the cement.

3. Add a small amount of water.

4. Mix thoroughly.

5. Place the mixed Carabao manure and cement on a brick moulder.

6. Dry it up with the help of sunlight.

Product Testing and Evaluation

The product will be tested by the researchers and the students interested

in the Bricks made of Carabao Manure. The product will be evaluated by the

students with the following rubric.

CRITERIA 1 2 3 4

Durability The product is The product is The product is The product is

not durable. slightly durable for a durable.
durable. few weeks.
Lightness The product is The product is The product is The product is
heavy. slightly heavy. light. very light.
Compactness The product is The product is The product is The product is
very weak and not easy to slightly strong very strong
easy to break. break. and does not and hard to
easily break. break.

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 Chapter 4

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter represents the analysis and interpretation of data related to

the study. This also shows the trial and error of the researchers in making bricks

out of Carabao Manure.

In making bricks out of carabao manure, the researchers used carabao

manure, cement, water, and molder.

The table below shows the outcome of the experiment.

Table 1.1Durability and Efficiency

Trials Durability and efficiency Reasons

The product didn’t match
the durability and Too much amount of
st
1 trial efficiency of a bricks Water.
made out of Sand and
Cement.
The product is strong
enough to match the Right amount of water
2nd trial durability of bricks made and cement.
out of Sand and Cement.

The researchers tried to make bricks out of Carabao manure. The first trial
did not succeeded because of too much water, the product was not able to hold
its compactness. But during the second trial, the researchers limit the amount of
the water used and put the right amount of cement, it was successful. A

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research study conducted by Adeji et. Al. (2014) entitled “Use of Clay Soil Mixed
with Cow Dung to Produce Sustainable Bricks” suggests that the strength of
bricks falls on the rise of cow dung. They have proved that an adobe wall with
proper thickness and sterilized cow dung is very effective in controlling
temperature through the daily change that contributes to its longevity as a
building material. Therefore, Cow Dung is effective as a building material that
can guarantee good quality and strong hold.

In addition, a research study by Raheem S. B. (2018) discovered that cow

dung can be made to perform well in a certain floor and wall application when a
ten percent amount of it is added. The study also recognized the advantage of
the cow dung as a useful construction material with its lightness.

The durability and efficiency of the hallow blocks is proven that it is

equivalent to a bricks made out of sand and cement. The study conducted by
Mungle N. P. et. Al. (2019) states that cow dung bricks are reasonably strong,
hard, and not easy to break for farming purposes and is environmental friendly,
thus, they are suitable for farmers.

With cow dung having the same composition as the Carabao Manure, they
can be use to support the results of the experiment.

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 Chapter 5

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter summarizes the findings and have conclusions about the

product. The researchers will also recommend about the product for its

betterment.

Summary

This study aims to make a brick that is made out of carabao manure and

to know if it is equivalent enough to a brick that is made of sand and cement.

The study was conducted at conducted at the Andales and Strong’s residence

located at Barangay Sabang, Palompon Leyte.

Findings

These are the following salient findings of the study:

1. Carabao manure is effective for bricks making.

2. The durability and efficiency of the bricks made from the Carabao manure

is equivalent to the bricks made of sand and cement.

Conclusions

Based on the results, the hypothesis is proven that the Carabao manure is

effective to be made into a bricks with the help of cement. The durability and

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efficiency of the product that is a brick made out of carabao manure is

equivalent to the bricks that is made out of sand and cement.

Recommendations

Based on the gathered trials and experiences in making the product the

researchers recommend that the future researcher should have a long amount of

time in making the product to guarantee if the bricks could last a year without

any damage.

They should also have the complete and accurate materials to be able to

truly attain the perfect version of the product.

Lastly they should have a deep interest about their study and gather

much information about the product to have a great outcome.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adeji et. Al. (2014). Use of Clay Soil Mixed with Cow Dung to Produce

Sustainable Bricks. Retrieved April 17, 2020 from

Adeniran et. Al. (2014).

Beron et. Al. (2020). Compressive Strength of Hollow Blocks with an Additive of

Dog’s Manure and Polystyrene. Retrieve April 19, 2020 from

https://www.researchgate.net

Cabarado et. Al. (2014). The Feasibility of Horse Manure as an Alternative Source

of Paper. Retrieved April 15, 2020 from

Duna et. Al. (2014). Comprehensive Strength Characteristic of Cow Dung Ash

Blended Cement Concrete. Retrieved April 19, 2020 from

Hilal et. Al. (2018). Development of Eco Brick and Concrete with the Partially

Replacement of Cow Dung. Retrieved April 17, 2020 from

https://www.researchgate.net

Kocaman et. Al. (2006). Replacing Cattle Manure Ash as Cement into Concrete.

Retrieved April 17, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net

Mungle et. Al. (2014). Study and Analysis of Bricks Making Machine from

Ecological Waste for Agriculture. Retrieved April 19, 2020 from

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Raheem S. B. (2018). Cow Dung Ash (CDA) as Partial Replacement of Cementing

Material in the Production of Concrete. Retrieved April 19, 2020 from

https//:shura.shu.ac.uk

Tomas et. Al. (2017).

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 APPENDICES

DOCUMENTATION

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CURRICULUM VITAE

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