HOW TO WRITE CHAPTER

2:
Review of Related Literature
and Studies
 Review of Related Literature
and Studies
The researcher should have the ability to
compare between what should be read and
included in the study and what should not be
read.

Related readings, literature, and studies must

directly bear or relation to the present study.

The investigator is required to read all literature

and studies partially and closely related to the
study.
Zulueta
 Contents Review of Related
Literature and Studies
In a research writing, review of related literature
is divided into three parts:

1. Related readings and literature (Foreign and

local literature)
2. Related studies (Foreign and local studies)
3. Relevance or justification of reviewed
literature and studies to the present study
(synthesis)

Zulueta
 Sources of Review of Related
Literature and Studies
Writing the review necessitates reading a lot of materials
and spending a lot of time in the libraries to be able to
fully immerse oneself in the topic selected.

General information books such as dictionaries,

encyclopedias, almanacs, reference books, theses,
dissertations, research journals, handbooks,
textbooks, magazines, survey reports are some of the
possible sources or related literature and studies.

The word “related” means the material surveyed have a

direct bearing or significant relation to the present study.
Salmorin
 Importance of Review of
Related Literature and Studies
The related literature and studies are needed for
the following reason:
1.It provides insight into the theoretical and
conceptual background of the study.
2.It provides the rationale or the framework of the
study.
3.Reviewing the related materials helps the
researcher to gather valuable data and ideas that
can guide him.
4.It prepares the reader to better assimilate and
understand the concepts of the study.
Salmorin
 Considerations in Selecting the
Related Literature and Studies

Not every surveyed material should be included in

chapter II. There are certain considerations in
selecting materials that will be integrated to one’s
research paper and these are follows:

1. Materials must be as recent as possible

2. Materials must be objective
3. Literature and studies to be selected must be
relevant to the study.

Salmorin
 Guidelines in Writing Chapter II

1. Only literature and studies which are related in

purpose, method, or findings to the current
study should be included.
2. The discussion of such literature and studies
should be in the form of a brief critical analysis
of the purpose, method of study, main findings,
and conclusion.
3. Studied containing the same set of variables
as your study should be a priority and
essential to the review of literature and
studies.
Salmorin
 Guidelines in Writing Chapter II
4. In the text, only the names of the authors and
the years of publication are given and enclosed in
the parenthesis. In citations of works, with same
surnames, initial should be included with the last
names for identification.

5. Literature and studies should be presented

properly and logically in summarized forms
containing only relevant ideas. Surnames of the
author(s) and year of publication must be
included in the parenthesis for proper credits.

6. Presentation should be orderly by arranging

the materials by variables based on the paradigm.
Salmorin
 Guidelines in Writing Chapter II
7. The researcher should provide five materials
for each of the following: (minimum total of 20
materials for chapter II).

8. It is customary to present the local literature

first and the local studies before the foreign
studies.

9. Presented the related studies by citing, in

summary form, the research methodologies used,
the sampling technique, the respondents, the
statistical treatment of data and the major
findings.
Salmorin
 Related Literature
• Defined as written works collectively,
especially, those enduring importance,
exhibiting creative imagination and artists skill,
which are written in a particular period,
language and subject.

• The elements of good writing style of literature

review adhere to the basic rules of clarity or
organization, content and grammar in order to
present the report in an acceptable format.

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 Related Literature
APA – American Psychological Association

• Advocates using past tense and perfect tense

for literature reviews
• The past tense should be used to describe the
procedure of the study that has already been
conducted and to describe the result of a
completed study
• The present tense is used to discuss the
meaning and implications of the results of the
study and to present conclusions.
Zulueta
Guidelines on Effective Writing of the
Literature
1. Research papers must be written in a formal
style , which is in the third person, not the first
person.
2. Avoid highly descriptive writing style, not
appropriate for a scholarly research.
3. Use the active voice for direct impact and easy
understanding.
4. Avoid the use of jargons: use familiar terms in
place of terminologies.
5. Languages should be neutral gender, no sexy
language like his.
Zulueta
Guidelines on Effective Writing of the
Literature
6. Make the conclusions and contradictions found
in the literature clear in the report.
7. Use short sentences; avoid elongated and run
on expressions.
8. Use proper grammar and proof read the work.
9. Never plagiarize; give credit to the original
author of ideas.
10. Pay attention to the structure and form of the
published articles, which are good examples of
how literature reviews can be written

Zulueta
 Related Studies

In contrast with related literature, studies are

works based on empirical data.

The researcher reviews such studies by

commenting on the research design used.

At the end of the researchers review, he

explains how the study being reviewed relates
to the present study and identifies similarities
and differences with the present study.
Zulueta
 Related Studies

The researcher reviews both local and foreign

studies in order to give a balanced
presentation of the investigations begin
conducted in various setting.

Both local and foreign studies are normally

reviewed on chronological order to establish
the time order progression of the topic.

Zulueta
 Phrases and expressions that help
express related literature and studies
are:
• Name (year) said that…..
• Name (year) suggested that …..
• Name (year) pointed out that…..
• Name (year) used …..
• Flanders system focused …..
• Amidos and Hunters system
investigated…..
• Barnes system made detailed and
interesting …..
• Bellack, et al., proposed …..
• Zulueta postulated that these …..
Zulueta
 Synthesis
• The last part and the summary of Chapter
II.
• The shortest subparts but one of the most
difficult to write.
• It should justify the direct bearing and
relevance of the related readings, related
literature and related studies to the
proposed study.
• It must logically summarize and combine
into coherent whole the surveyed findings
and ideas of other researches and authors
Salmorin and Zulueta
through the researchers own words and
 Guidelines in Writing the Synthesis
1. It is written after the surveyed and chosen
materials have been thoroughly read and
examined by the researcher.
2. It should be concisely written and should
not be more than 2 pages. One page
synthesis is enough.

Salmorin