CE3030: Motivation (water footprint)

Picture credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Water_Footprint.png 1

 CE3030: Motivation (water footprint)
India = 166 m3 per year

Picture credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Water_Footprint.png 2

Data from: https://waterfootprint.org/en/resources/waterstat/national-water-footprint-statistics/
CE3030: Course content (Module 1: Hydrology)
• Overview • Darcy’s law
• Well hydraulics
Introduction • Hydrologic cycle Groundwater
• Recharge and rainwater
• Climate harvesting

• Forms • Generation mechanism

Precipitation • Classification Runoff • Hydrograph
• Measurement and analysis • Estimation

• Free water evaporation • Design flood estimation

Evapo- Flood routing
• Potential ET
transpiration and analysis • and
Routing through reservoir
stream
• Crop water requirement

• Mechanisms
Infiltration
• Computation (2 methods)
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Reading: Systems approach overview
Applied
hydrology
• Chapter 1

Water • Chapter 7.13

resources
engineering

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 How much precipitation falls on earth annually?

46
4.5
119 458

11
43400 73

360

2
45

505
Storage in 103 [km3]
1
Fluxes in 103 [km3 yr-1] 1400E3
Picture credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F3_hydrological_cycle.png 15300 5
Data from Mays L, 2004 Water resources engineering
 How much precipitation falls on earth annually?

Global land surface precipitation = 119,000 [km3 yr-1]

Global land area = 0.3*4*pi*(r=6378[km])2 = 153,000,000 [km2]
Global annual precipitation = 119,000/153,000,000 = 0.77 [m yr-1]

Average rainfall in Chennai = 1.2 [m yr-1]

Area of IIT Madras campus = 2.5 km2

Height of water = 1/2.5 = 400 [m]
# floors in a building = 400/3 = 133

# years for 1 [km3] of water to fall in IIT = 400/1.2 = 330 [yr]

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 Watershed : System’s approach
Precipitation input = i(t)

Transformation function

Stream flow output = Q(t)

Watershed outlet?

Watershed boundary (divide)?

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Picture credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equaltimeofoutflowlines.gif
Watershed: System’s approach

Q(t) = Ω [i(t)]
Ω = Transformation function

Example transformation function:

1) Algebraic operator: if Q(t) = C [i(t)], then Ω = Q(t)/i(t) = C
2) Differential operator: if dS/dt = i(t)-Q(t), and S=kQ (linear
reservoir), then Ω = ?

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 Watershed delineation: Digital Elevation Map (DEM)

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Picture credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DEM_Baikal_lake.png
Watershed delineation: Digital Elevation Map (DEM)

Step 1: DEM
cell size
67 56 49 46 50
53 44 37 38 48
58 55 22 31 24
61 47 21 16 19
(cell value)
53 34 12 11 12
cell

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 Watershed delineation: Flow direction map
Step 2: Flow direction
Direction of Steepest Descent Eight Direction Pour Point
1 1 Model

67 56 49 67 56 49
32 64 128
53 44 37 53 44 37
58 55 22 58 55 22 16 1

Slope: 67  44
 16 .26
67  53 8 4 2
 14
2 1

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Watershed delineation: Flow direction map
Step 2: Flow direction

2 2 4 4 8
1 2 4 8 4
128 1 2 4 8
2 1 4 4 4
1 1 1 2 16

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Watershed delineation: Grid network map
Step 3: Grid network

Flow Direction Grid Network

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Watershed delineation: Flow accumulation
Step 4: Flow accumulation
Grid Network Flow Accumulation Grid

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 3 2 2 0 0 3 2 2 0
0 0 0 11 0 1
0 0 1
11
0 1 0 0 0 1 15 0
0 15
0 2 5 0 2 5 24 1
1
24

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 Watershed delineation: Sub-watersheds (Puerto Rico)

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Picture credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%ADo_Piedras_Watershed_%C2%BB_Sub-watersheds.jpg
 Major watersheds and rivers: India

Picture credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Major_Rivers_and_Dam_in_India.jpg 16

Picture credit: http://cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/merouser/mero-india_map.jpg
 Precipitation and temperature maps: India

Picture credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:India_annual_rainfall_map_en.svg 17

Picture credit: https://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_average_annual_temperature_map_en.svg
 Supplementary reading

1) Central water commission (water info):

http://cwc.gov.in/water-info
2) United Nations water (water facts):
https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/
3) Food and agricultural organization (AQUASTAT):
http://www.fao.org/aquastat/en/

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