Abstract:

This study proposes a human reliability evaluation that enables facility-related variables to be integrated in human error
possibility for use in statistical clinical studies of chemical industries. We provide a strategy for demonstrating the
importance of human characteristics as an accident cause, as well as existing human error possibility assessment
methodologies and its shortcomings in including economic factors that affect them. Design flaws, skills, protocols,
awareness, emergency preparedness, leadership changes in the manufacturing method, crisis preparation, damage
assessment, climatic circumstances, and operational burden, are all instances of such variables. Every component's risk is
measured, and the risk level is determined by combining risks. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the need of
taking human error into account whenever doing quantitative risk assessments. A case study of a Bhopal Gas Tragedy
was used to test the suggested technique.

Keywords: Bhopal Gas Tragedy and Maxcred II, Event tree analysis

Significance:
For instance if any company has a production of medicines and if the machine is not working properly and the
combination is made by the human then this is not a human error because the machine has failed to work. If the
machine was working and the employee made a change in the composition by himself and changed the packaging
then it is human error which can have an adverse effect on the human life.

Introduction:
There are various reasons for the tragedy:
● The GOI and the activists blame the UCIL for not following the safety norms and regulations. Since the
time the building up and planning was followed no proper functioning was maintained which made this
incident happen,
● The raw materials like the pipelines and valves were not cleaned and maintained by the company which
had an adverse effect,
● Despite having three tanks for shortage of gases worth 30 tons each the particular tank from which the gas
leaked contained 42 tons which makes it clear that the company had no rules and regulations towards the
project,
● 40 tons were directly escaped into the atmosphere which made it dangerous for the individuals to breathe in
and out.
● There were three safety devices provided for the project- a refrigeration system, a vent gas scrubber and the
flare tower. But all these three requirements were turned off during that time.
● After the leakage the information to the police and local residents was provided very late which led to a
massive change in the death rates and injury rates.

Role of humans in engineering lifecycle and importance 

Human factors concerns are becoming progressively acknowledged as a critical element of development.
Handling them as an addition has been unsuccessful in the past. Human factors operations should be
introduced as soon as part of the planning phase and maintained throughout to eliminate the
consequences linked with inadequate human factors. When human factors are not included during the
planning stage, certain incidents may arise especially in oil and gas industries. For instance: Hand
controlled faucets can be positioned at an unfavourable level or inclination, or accessibility to apparatus
for convenience of handling can be hindered. There might be inadequate distance between devices for
setup or servicing.
Risks involved in engineering lifecycle
Risk management and system techniques could be used by experienced security analysts who have been qualified
under this department in certain firms. Risk experts, on the other hand, remain dependent on construction
professionals or engineering technicians involved with the project to deliver relevant details for risk analysis.
Whereas these individuals are certainly concerned about potential dangers associated with their work, gathering
details regarding such risks is usually susceptible to impacts and evaluation of project participants' ties. As a
corollary, performance can differ dramatically between groups. It is apparent that a technique for collecting and
evaluating risks in a project, both ahead to its beginning or later in its progress, is essential. Risks in major
engineering operations could arise from various different places, such labour difficulties that might disrupt and
impact the budget and efficiency of the operation. Every operation, in general, has different levels of risk. The focus
has usually been on dependability, accessibility, ease of maintenance, as well as viability.

Quantitative Techniques used in managing engineering risks

Quantitative techniques can be best defined as the tool and technique which helps in the decision making process
and is based on quantitative data analyses and quantification of policies and programmes.
Event tree analysis (ETA): The approach of ETA is used to examine the processes and circumstances
that led to a prospective mishap. It is a method of statistical inference. It is analysed on the basis of the
activities and factors that lead up to the incident. This is analysed using a graphical conceptual
framework. The human operator's and safety program's reactions to the incident are often considered.

Research Methodology: It allows for accident cloning and damage incurred by the use of potential estimation of the
damage. The software can be utilised to meet the following factors:
Forecasting accidents: This is an important factor. Identifying the probable problems and working towards rectifying
the scenarios leading to accidents must be speculated with actions ready to counteract such challenges. Analysing
the consequences: The next step is to analyse and to provide feedback for future safety and improve disaster
management techniques

Brief Case History

Thus this tragedy is regarded as the worst industrial accident in history. This incident was a massive one where a
pesticide storage industry was trapped by the Methyl Isocyanine Gas was exploited and thousands of lives were
taken away. In the 21st Century, there are around 400 tons of industrial wastes still on the industrial site which has a
negative impact and has many consequences.

Two techniques have been used: HIRA and MAXCRED-II.

Conclusion and future works

This tragedy took place because of UCC’s decision where the team did not take up the responsibilities and neglected
the rules and regulations. The UCC knew that this project had an environmental risk in India but still no rules and
regulations were followed. They neglected the requirements which India wanted for the development and success of
the project but it exploited the local governments by providing them with financial incentives and to keep this silent.