IT: Lesson A No, it needs instruction to control its operation, these instruction

are called software or programs and they are stored in the computer
Information Technology Devices
memory.
Tech Savvy

 People who knows to take advantage of these are often called tech
savvy.
 Because technology changes, you must keep up with the changes to
become digital literate.
Digital Literacy

 Involve 7 current knowledge.

 Understanding of computers, mobile devices, web and other related
technologies.
 Before the term is computer literacy and information literacy.

Digital Technology Devices

Computer  Computers are also described as a data processing device because

its main function is to produce data.
 An electronic device capable of accepting data and converting in
 The processing cycle is known as IPO or IPOS.
some other forms to produce information.
Why IPO and not IPOS?
Basic Characteristics of Computer
Because there are some processing that does not require storage
output.

Hardware

 Computers contain many electric, electronic and mechanical

components.
CPU/Central Processing Unit

 Also known as the computer processor.

 The case is called is the system unit.
Are Computer Capable of Processing on their Own?
  CPU is one of the small components that is house inside the system  Servers are available in a variety of sizes and types for both small
unit. and large business applications.
 Monitor, keyboard, mouse, printers and scanner are also hardware
components of the computer system.
Mobile Devices
 Hardware refers to the physical components of the computer
system.  A computing device small enough to hold in your hands because of
their reduced size. The screens on mobile devices are shall often 3-5
inches.
Different Categories of Computers
 Some mobile devices are internet capable.
 Any device doing the IPO cycle is considered a computer.  You can often exchange information between the internet and a
 Personal Computer, Servers and Gaming Devices mobile device or a computer or a network and a mobile device.
Popular Mobile Device

 Personal Computer  Smartphone

 Developed to be used by a one person at a time.  Digital Cameras
 Portable and Digital Players
 Desktop PC  EBook Readers
 Has the CPU and other hardware house in the system unit.  Wearable Devices

 All in One Desktop PC

 Has the processor installed at the back of the monitor. Game Devices

Game Console
 Laptops
 A mobile computing device designed for single player or multiple
 Tablets
games.

Servers  Gamers often connect game console to TV so that they can view
their gameplay on the TV screen.
 Is the computer dedicated to provide in or more services to
 Many game console models are internet capable and allows to
other computers or devices on a network
listen to music, watch movies and view photos.
Network

 Collection of computers and devices connected together.

 Services provided by servers include storing content and controlling
access to the hardware, software and other resources on a network.
 A server can support from 2 to several thousand connected
computers and devices at the same time.
Data and Information  Decision making is choosing the best among several options,
generally, best decision is always based on good information.

Devices of the Data Processing Cycle

Latest Computer Peripherals and Gadgets

Peripherals

 Pieces of hardware that are plug-in to the computer externally.

 Some of them are called non-essential peripherals because the
Data computer can operate without them.
 Peripherals of hardware plant to the computer externally.
 Collection of unprocessed items which include text, number,  Almost all of the peripheral are connected in the computer
images, audio and video. externally via USB/Universal Serial Bus.
 Anything you collect because you need to do something to it is
considered data
Information 3 Categories of Computer Peripheral

 Is processed data which conveys meaning to users. Input Devices

 These are data that has been a subject to processing.  Devices that converts data and instruction into computer readable
Example: format or so called machine language.
Output Devices

 Reverses the process of input.

 It translates machine language into form of intelligible to the user.
Storage Devices

 Store data processed by the computer.

Input Devices

Keyboard

 Desktop keyboard, laptop, on screen and virtual.

 Keyboards are common, cheap and simple to use.
 Labour intensive and prone to errors.
Why Do We Need Information? Touchscreen

 Information is part of our daily life.  Input output device.

 Can be used as input and output.
Touchpad Barcode Reader

 Common to laptops and notebooks.  Optical scanner that can read printed barcodes and decode the data
 Similar to the touchscreen but the function is similar to the mouse. and send it to the computer.
MICR/Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Device  Very common, quick/damage barcode are impossible to read.
Digital Camera
 Uses special ink character.
 Used by banks.  Input device that captures images and video
 When the documents are processed, it will translate it to characters.  Uses an image sensor chip.
 Speed, accuracy and expensive.  Versatile, quick, accurate/ high quality – large file size.
OMR/Optimal Mark Reader

 Used to capture human mark data from document forms. Pen Input Devices
 Commonly used in multiple choice type of questions.
 Interact directly to computer using pen.
 Commonly used in multiple choice type of questions
 Used for pointing, simple text entry, drawing or sketching.
 Speed, accuracy and expensive.
 Stylus for smartphone.
OCR/Optical Character Reader
 Handwritten input can be converted to type text.
 Converts images, handwritten or printed texts into machine
encoded text.
Output Devices
 Function is like a scanner.
 Use the camera and focus on the optical character.  Devices that presents to computer output to the user.
 Excellent, quick/inaccurate on low quality images.  The distinction between ID and OD is their relationship with the
Mouse/Trackball processor.
 Gets output or information from the processor.
 Easy to use, cheap, common/slow, prone to error.
IO/Input Output Devices
Scanner
 Some devices combines both input and output capability.
 Light sensing input device that converts printed text and images into
 Some includes touchscreen monitor, headset with microphone and
a form that computer can process.
bluetooth device.
 Popular type of scanner work similar to copying machine except
Types of Output Produced Different Devices
instead of creating a paper copy of the document, it stores the
document electronically.  Visual
 Excellent and quick/slow to scan multiple devices and large file size.  Audio
 Digital

Voice Input

 Enable to encode data or instruction using voice

 Convenient, simple/inaccurate and noisy.
Visual Advantages and Disadvantages

Monitor

 Provides visual output from computer for text and graphics.

LCD/Liquid Crystal Display

 Flat screen that uses liquid crystal.

Plasma

 Uses thousands of smart display called pixels.

OLED/Organic Light Emitting Diode

 Uses a laser of organic material sandwich between two conductors.

CRT/Cathode Ray Tube

 Uses cathode ray tube.

Printer

 Prints output bon paper or other materials.

Impact Printers

 Produce text or images by striking an ink ribbon or burning dots

onto coated paper.
Non-impact Printers

 Produce images without actually striking the paper.

2 Different Types of Impact Printers

 Thermal
 Dot Matrix
2 Different Types of Non-Impact Printers

 Laser Jet
 Inkjet
  Used in printing where models – plastics, metals, ceramic in printed
forms.
Print Plate

 Goes up and down.

Print Head

 Moving in any direction.

Plotters

 Used for general design work.

 Typically to generate papers or blueprints.

Audio Output Devices

Speakers

 Attached to computers.
 Reproduce sounds via electronic component called sound card.
Headsets and Ear buds

 Without mic – output

 Provide increasingly cause effective method of communicating with
others.
3D Printer Digital Audio Player

 Turn digital model into something physical.  Device that can store, organize and play digital music files.
 3D Printing is classified as additive manufacturing. MP3

 Popular format for compressing a sound sequence.

3D Printing

Stage 1: Modeling EBook Reader

Stage 2: Slicing  Used primarily for reading EBooks.

Stage 3: Printing

Filament

 Material where models printed from.

Popular EBook Reader  Content are erased when computer is off.

Primary Memory

Smartphones

 Internet capable phone that usually include several apps.

 Can communicate wirelessly.

Wearable Devices

 Small computing device designed to worn.

 Often communicate with smartphone and computer.
 Activity tracker, smart watch, smart glasses.

Game Devices
Storage Devices and Media
 Handheld game device and game console.
Computer Memory and Storage Media

 Computers can store data in memory.  Data and information are stored.
 Memory is composed of electronic components that store Device
instructions.  Save or access the media.
 Some forms are permanent, most of it are temporary.
Volatile
Which storage is the best? 2 Types of Optical Disk

2 Considerations  Compact Disk-Recordable/CD-R

 Compact Disk-Rewritable/CD-RW
 Capacity – How much the data you store.
 Portability – How easily can carry.
Cloud Storage
Hard Disk  An internet service that provides remote storage to computer users.
 The idea is access anywhere and anytime.
 Contains one or more flexible circular plotters that use magnetic
 Icloud – Apple Users, Google Drive – Google Users, One Drive –
particles.
Microsoft Users, Dropbox.
External Hard Drive
 Serves as back-up for your data.
 Separate portable free standing hard disk or can be a SSD.

IT: Lesson A2
SSD/Solid State Drive
World Wide Web and the Internet
 Typically uses plus memory to store data, information and
instruction. 2 Different Things
Web - Global Library of information available to anyone through the
internet.
USB Flash Drive
 Internet - Largest computer network connecting millions of
 Portable plus memory device. computers and devices around the world.
 Easily accessible. Main Difference of the Net and the Web
Memory Card
Net
 Removable plus memory.
- Connects with other computers.
 1.5 inches in height.
- If you are searching, the net search the network for the specific
computer where the data or information is located.
Optical Disk Web

 Consist of flat round portable metal disk. - Connects the people.

Compact Disk - When access to the web, you are looking to the content of that site
which are created by people who built the website.
 DVD/Digital Versatile Disk

ISP/Internet Service Provider

  Can connect in the internet through mobile devices  Software that enable users with an internet connection to access
 Offers users and organizations access to the internet free or for a and view webpages on a computer or a device.
fee. Surfing
 By subscribing to an ISP, you can connect with the internet through
 Moving from one site to another.
your computer and mobile devices.
Web

 Short term for World Wide Web

 Consist of worldwide collection of electronic documents. Popular Browsers:
 Each electronic documents in the web are called webpages.
 Opera
 Firefox
 Chrome
 Safari – Apple
 Explorer – Microsoft Edge

Search Engine

 We use the web to search for specific information including text,

photos, music and videos.
Webpage
 Any idea or concept that we want to seek information, we look for it
 Collection of each electronic documents on the web. in the web using the search engine.
 Contain text, graphic, audio and video.  Software that finds websites, webpages, images, videos, news, maps
Website and other informations related to specific topic.
Most Popular Search Engine:
 Collection of related web pages which are stored on a web server.
Web Server  Google
 Bing
 Computer that delivers requested webpages to your computer.  AOL
Link/Hyperlink  ASK
 Short for hyperlink
 Built-in connection to other documents. Search Bar and Address Bar
 To activate an item associated with a link, just simply tap or click the
link.  These two bars where you can type a web address or a text
reference when you are searching.

Browser
Online Social Network/Social Networking Site
  Website that encourages members in each online community to Virus/Malware
share interest, stories, photos and videos with other users.
 Threats in the digital world.
 Popular: Facebook, Twitter and Linked In
Malware/Malicious Software

 Software that acts without the users knowledge and deliberately

Photo Sharing Site
alters the computers operation.
 Specific type of online social network that allows users to create  Includes, viruses, worms, trojan horses, root kits, spyware, adware,
online photo album and store and share their digital photos. and zombies.
Video Sharing Site/Vlog  Attacks the computer differently.
 Some are harmless, pranks, temporary freeze.
 Enables users to store and share their personal videos.
 Others destroy or corrupt data, instruction and informations stored
in the infected computer or device.
Internet Communications Practices to Protect your Devices

Email  Use virus protection software or anti-virus

 Use firewall
 Can send and receive messages and files from other users via  Unsolicited email – be careful of opening message
computer networks.  Disconnect from the net
Messaging Services  Download software with caution
Real Time Conversation  Close spyware window – popup window
 Scan before using
 Both are online at the same time.  Keep current - install updates in anti-virus
VOIP/Voice Over Internet Protocol  Backup regularly.
 Enables users to speak to other users over the internet. Privacy
 Ex. face time.  The state of being free from public attention.
FTP/File Transfer Protocols Some Techniques to Protect Privacy from Identity Thief
 Allows users to transfers items to other computers through the  Document Shredding
internet.  Be cautious on clicking link
 Do not share local information
Digital Security and Privacy  Do not disclosed confidential information

 To safeguard information, it is important that users protect their

computers and mobile devices.
 Users also should be aware of health risk and environmental issues Health
associated with using computers and devices.
Digital Security
  Prolong use or improper use of computer or mobile device that can  E-waste contains hazardous components that contaminate the air,
lead to injuries and disorders of the hand, wrists, elbow, eyes, neck water, and soil.
and back.  Dismantling processes that do not utilize adequate means, facilities
Ergonomic and trained people and the planet.

 Proper workplace design

 Good posture while using computers Causes of Increase of E-Waste
 Appropriate space work breaks
 Increasing number of users.
Ear buds and Earphones
 Many people own more than one IT device.
 Experience of loss of hearing  Rapid technological advances.
Two Behavioural Health Risk Related to Technology  Most people in the world have access to mobile networks and
services.
 Technology Addiction – When someone become obsessed.
 Technology Overload – Fell distress when deprived of devices.
Measures Implemented to Address E-Waste Challenge
Environmental Concerns or Issues Green Computing
Electronic Waste/E-Waste  Concerned with the efficient and environmentally responsible
design, manufacture operation and disposal of IT-related products.
 Terms for electronic products that reach their useful life.
 Includes reducing the electricity consumed and environmental
 Increasing level of electronic waste and improper disposal impose
waste generated when using computer.
significant risk in environment and human health.
Status of Electronic Waste Around the World
List of Strategies of Countries

Steps to Go Green

Green Use

 Reducing the energy consumption of computers and other

information systems.

Green Disposal

 Reduction of waste, reuse and refurbishment of hardware and

recycling of out of use peripherals and other items.

Some Effects of E-Waste to People and Environment Green Design

  Designing energy efficient and environmentally sound components,  Is the set of programs that coordinates all the activities among
computers, servers, cooling equipment and data centers. computer hardware.
Green Manufacturing  It directs the interaction of all hardware devices.
 It provides a means for users to communicate with the computer or
 Manufacturing electronic components, computers and other
mobile device and other software.
subsystems with nominal impact on the environment.
 To use an application, computer or mobile device must be running
an operating system.
List of Habits You Need to Change if You Want to Support the Move (Green
Computing)
Application Software/App
 Do not leave your IT devices running overnight.
 Consist of programs designed to make users more productive and or
 Turnoff computers, monitor, printer and other devices when not in
assist them with personal task.
use.
 Browsers are application software that enables users with an
 Use paperless methods to communicate.
internet connection to access and view webpages.
 Buy energy efficient hardware
 Recycle
6 Categories of Application Software

Software/Program

 Consist of series related instructions related instructions organized

for a common purpose that tells the computer what task to perform
and how to perform them.
 Software tells the computer how to do the task
 Software makes your hardware useful.
2 Categories of Software

 System Software
 Application Software

System Software

 Consist of the programs that control or maintain the operations of

the computer and its devices.
 Most known software “operating system”.

Operating System

More on Apps
 Desktop Apps – Installed in the computer.
 Web Apps – Stored on the web server.
 Mobile Apps – From app store to mobile device.
Installing and Running Programs
Installing
 Process of setting up the program to work with the computer or
mobile device.
Additional Apps
 Needs to install the software to access the app.
User Interface
 You interact with the program with user interface.
 Controls how you enter data and instructions and how information
is displayed on screen often work with icons or tiles that link to
programs, media, documents or other objects.
Relationship Between Hardware, System Software and Application
Software
Communications and Network
 Communication technologies are everywhere. Many require that
you subscribe an internet service provider.
 Organizations such as business and schools provides communication
services to employees, students or customers.
Computer Communications
 Describe as a process of transferring data, instructions and
information between 2 or more computers.
 The hardware called “communication device” sometimes called
“transmitter” – transfer data, instruction and information from
computers, transmission media and vice versa.
Examples of Communication Devices
 Modems, wireless access points and routers.
Some Communication involves:
 Cables and wire, others are sent wirelessly through the air.
 Wireless Communication

 Send signals through the air or space.

Wi-Fi/Wireless Fidelity

 Uses radio signals to provide high speed connections.

Bluetooth

 Uses short range radio signals to enable computers and devices to

communicate with each other.
Cellular Radio
 In the communication process there is always sender or the source
and the receiver or destination.  Uses cellular network to enable high speed internet connection to
Ex. Workstation – Sender and Server – Receiver. devices such as smartphones.
 Cellular network providers use categories 3g ,4g and 5g to donate to
the note cellular transmission speeds.
 The user and the sender unit use an input device and generates the F.Y.I.
data to be transmitted.
 Wi-Fi and bluetooth are both hot spot technologies
 This data is in digital format.
 Digital data cannot be handled by telecommunication media.
 The cable in the diagram needs to be transform into a different type Hotspot
which is analogue type.
 This conversion process is the function of the communication device  Is a wireless network that provides internet connection to mobile
or transmitter. In the diagram the transmitter is the modem. computer and devices.
 There are two modems in the diagram. The second modems Wi-Fi Hotspot
function is the reverse of the first modem. If the first modem  Provides wireless network connections to users in public locations.
converts digital signal to analogue, the second modem converts the Bluetooth Hotspot
analogue signal to digital so that the user at the receiving end will
understand the message.  Provide location based service to users whose bluetooth enabled
device is within the coverage range.

Wired Communications
Network
 Use cables to send communication signals.
 The wiring or cables typically are used within buildings or  Collection of computers and devices connected together.
underground between buildings.  Allow computers to share resources such as hardware, software,
 The type of used can either be a telephone wire, coactual cable or a data and information.
fiber optic cable.  Sharing resources saves time and money.
  A network typically has one or more server and several client Share Data, Information and Software
computers.
 Any authorized computer user can access data, information and
Server
software stored in other computers in the network.
 Controls access to the resources on the network.
Client
Uses of Technology
 Each client computer request resources from the server.
 Technology changed the society today as much as the individual
 Server computers typically has more power, more storage space
revolution change society in the 18th and 19th centuries
and expanded communication capabilities.
 People interact directly with technology in fields such as education,
government, finance, retail, entertainment, travel, manufacturing
Home Network and more.

 It simply needs a communication device like router, to enable the

home users to connect their devices to the network. Education
 Saves the home user money and provide many conveniences.
 Educators and teaching institutions use technology to assist with
 They are usually small existing within single structure and use
education.
wireless technologies.
Computer Laboratory

 Computers subject are part of the curriculum and most learning

institution has computer laboratory used by both teachers and
Business Networks students.
 In the new normal, most schools are using a course management
 Can be small, such as in a room or building, or widespread,
system sometimes called Learning Management System or LMS.
connecting computers and devices across a city, country, or the
LMS
globe.
 A software that contains tools for class preparation, distribution and
management.
Why do businesses need to network their computers?
 Through this LMS, students can access course materials, grades,
To facilitate communications assessments and a variety of collaboration tools.
Distance Learning Course/Classes
 Using network, employees and customers communicate efficiently
and easily by e-mail.  The delivery of education occurs at one place while the learning
Share Hardware occurs at another location.
 Provide time, distance and place advantages for students who leave
 Each computer and the network can access the hardware on the far from campus or working full-time.
network.

Distance Learning Training

  National and International Companies offer distance learning
training because it eliminates the cost of air fare, hotels and meals
for centralized training sessions.
Government
 Most government offices have websites to provide citizens with up-
to-date information.
 Almost all government agencies and units have websites that
citizens can use to transact business with them.
 Data about population, supreme court ruling and more.
Cashless Transaction
 No exchange of cash should take place on transaction.
Finance
 Many people and companies use financial institution like banks or
some are installing finance software on their personal computers.
 Used to pay their bills, track personal income and expenses, manage
investment and evaluate financial plans.
Online Banking vs Finance Software
 The difference between using banking institution websites versus
the finance software that they installed in their computer is that all
their account information is stored on the banks computer instead
of their computer.
 The advantage is you can access your financial records from
anywhere in the world.
 Investors also use computers in online investing and buying and
selling of stocks and bonds.
 With online investing, the transaction fee for each trade usually is
much less than when they are using brokers.
Retail
 Now, every product is available online.
 To purchase from an online retailer, a customer usually visits the
business store front.
Store Front
 Contains product descriptions, images and a shopping cart
Shopping Cart
 Allows the customer to collect purchases, when ready to complete
the sale the customer enters the personal data and the method of
payment.
 Many mobile apps make shopping experience more convenient,
some enable you to manage your words, use coupons, locate stores
or pay for goods and services directly from your phone.
Entertainment
 Nowadays , computers and mobile devices are used in any area of
entertainment.
 Audio, video, television show, readings and of course gaming.
 If you're busy, you can download anything and watch, listen or read
it in some other time.
 Some websites even support streaming where you can access the
media content while it downloads.
 Also can create videos, take photos or record audio and upload your
media content to the web to share with others such as an online
social network.
Healthcare
 Nearly every area of health care today uses computers.
 Visiting a family doctor, having lab work on outpatient or an
outpatient test, filling a prescription, the medical staffs around due
will be using computers for various purposes.
Computers are used in:
 Accessing patient records
 Monitors patient's vital signs
 Assist surgeons during operations
  Assist doctors and technician in medical tests. Publishing

 Many publishers of books, magazines, newspapers, music, films and

Science video make their works available online.
 Organizations and individuals publish their thoughts and ideas using
 All branches of science from biology to astronomy to meteorology
any of the three different platform: Blog, Podcast, Wiki.
uses computers to assist them with collecting, analyzing and
Blog
modeling data.
 Scientist also use the internet to communicate with colleagues An informal website consisting of time stop articles or posts in a
around the world. diary or journal format.
 Breakthroughs in surgery, medicine and treatments often result  Usually listed in reverse chronological order.
with the scientist use of computers.  Posts can contain text, photos, links and more.
 Tiny computers now imitate functions of the central nervous  As others who read articles in the blog, they can reply with their
system, retina of the eye and cochlea of the ear. own thoughts.
Cochlea Implant Vlog/Video Blog
 Allows deaf person to distinguish sounds.  A blog that contains a video is called a vlog.
Podcasts
Travel  Popular way to distribute audio or video on the web.
 Podcast is a recorded media that users can download or stream to a
 Whether traveling by car or by plain your goal is to arrive safely at
computer or portable media player.
your destination.
Ex.
 As you make the journey, you may interact with an navigation
system or GPS  Lectures
GPS  Political Messages
 Radio Shows
 Which uses satellite's signal to determine the geographic location.
 Commentaries
 GPS technology also assist people with creating maps, determining
the best route between two points, locating a lost person or stolen
 Podcasters register their podcast so that subscribers can select
object, monitoring a persons movement and a lot more.
content to automatically download when they are connected.
 In preparing for a trip, you may need to reserve a car, hotel or flight.
Wiki
Many websites offer services to the public where you can search for
and compare flights and prices  A collaborative website that allows users to create, add to modify or
 Can also order airline tickets or reserve a rental car. delete the content via their browser.
 Can also print driving directions and maps from the web.  Many Wiki's are open for modification by the general public.
 The difference between the Wiki and the Blog is that users cannot
modify original post made by a blogger.
  You cannot rely so much on data and information on a Wiki because
everybody can post or upload anything in a Wiki or they can modify
the previous post.
Manufacturing
Computer Aided Manufacturing
- One technology that is used today in the area of manufacturing is
computer aided manufacturing.
- This technology uses computers to assist with the manufacturing process
such as fabrication and assembly.
- Industries use .... To reduce product development cost, shorten a products
time to market and stay ahead of the competition.
- Often, robots carry out processes in a .... environment.
Mobile User
 Any person who works with computer or mobile devices while away
from a main office, home or school.
 Sales representatives, real estate agent, insurance agents,
journalist, students and more.
Power User
 A user that requires a capabilities of a powerful computer like
engineer, scientists, architect, desktop publishers and graphic
artists.
Enterprise User
 Hundreds or thousands of customers who work in or do business
with offices across region.
 Each employee or customer that uses computers or mobile devices
and other technology in the enterprise is an enterprise user.

- .... is used by a variety of industry including oil drilling, power generation,

food production and automobile manufacturing.

Technology Users

 Depending on the hardwares, software and communications

requirements, these users generally can be classified in one of five
categories.
Home User

 Any person who spends time using technology at home.

Small Home/Office User

 Includes employees of companies with fewer than 50 employees as

well as self-employed who work from home.
 Small offices include local low practices, accounting offices, travel
agencies and a lot more.
IT: LESSON B

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Connecting and Communicating Online

Internet- world-wide collection of networks that connects millions of

businesses, government agencies and individuals.

- Developed in the late 1960

THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET

Networking Project – ARPA (Advance Research Project Agencies)

-they want to come up with a network that allows scientist from

different location to share information and work on military or scientific
projects.

-they want to come up with a network that will continue to function

even if some parts are disable or destroy by a disaster.

ARPANET – first net begins in September 19, 1969

- Links scientific and academic researchers across the united-
states.
- 4 location UCLA, UCSB, SRI,UU serve as the host / server
(provide service connection) on a network
- 1984 more than 1000 individual computers link as host
- Today millions of host connects to this network
Wired Connection- physically attach by a cable or wire in a communication
device like a modem.
WIFI HOTSPOT- provides internet connection to mobile, computer and
devices.
Tethering – transforms a smartphone into a portable communication device
which shares internet access.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)- A business that provides individuals and
organizations access to the internet.
- Charge a fixed amounts.
Bandwidth – is the amount of data that travels over a network.

Wireless Connection - only wired connection is between the internet and - Data sizes typically stated in megabytes equivalent to 1M
communication media (modem) characters and gigabytes equal to 1B characters.
IP (internet protocol) Address- sequence number that uniquely locates the
Wireless Modem – uses a wireless communication technology as cellular
computer.
radio to connect to the internet
- people prefer words than number, the domain name system
-
Also known as wireless dongle small device that connect to the
was created.
computer that enable additional function when attach.
Domain Name System- text based name that corresponds to the IP address
BROADBANS- most popular internet service
of the server.
- fast data transfer speed and always on connection
Top level Domain- identify the types of organization associated by the
domain.
WWW- early 1990
- one of the most used services on the internet.
- WEBPAGE - Electronic document
- WEBSITE - collection of related web pages and associated items
stored in web server
- WEBSERVER-computer requested web pages into your
computer or mobile
- WEB 2.0 – refers to website that provides means for the users
to share personal information.
Homepage- refers to the first page display on a website
Web address- unique address on a web address
When you enter a web address in a browser, you pull information from a
web server.
Another way to pull content is to subscribe to a web feed (notification)
Web App is an application stored on a web server that you access through a
browser.
Mobile App- download from an app store.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WEBSITE
Search Engine- is software that finds websites, webpages, images, videos,
news, maps, and other information related to a specific topic.
- Allows you to search anything.
- Search Text- describe the item that you are finding.
- Hits- the content of search result depending on the type of
information you are searching.
- Links- the first few links contains more relevant information
than the rest.
Subject Directory- classify webpages content.
- Categorized links arranged by subject.
- General to specific
- Users have difficulty in deciding in which category to choose.
Informational and Research website- contains factual information
Media Sharing Site- enables members to manage and share media such as
photos, videos and music.
Bookmarking Site- enables members to organize, tag and share links to
media and other online content.
- TAG –short descriptive label that you assigned the webpages
and other digital content
Mass Media Website- contain newsworthy material, including stories and
articles relating to current events, life, money, politics, weather and sports.
Educational Website- offers exciting, challenging avenues for formal and
informal teaching and learning.
BUSINESS, GOVERNMENTAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL
Business website- contains content that increases brand awareness,
provides company background or other information.
Government Website- provides services as well as information and other
pertinent data to citizen.
Organizational Website- used by groups for a variety of reason.
Blogs- is an informal website consisting of time stamped articles, or post in a
diary or journal format.
- Reverse chronological order
- Interest, opinion of the author
- Important means of communication in the business
- BLOGSPERE- refers to the world wide connection of blogs.
- MICRO BLOGS- allows users to publish shot messages to others
to read. 100-2oo character.
WIKI- is a type of collaborative website that allow users to create, add,
modify or delete the website content via a browser.
- Register before they can edit a content or add comments
- Unregistered user can view the content but can’t edit or add a
comments
Health and Fitness- provides date medical fitness, nutrition or exercise
information for public access.
Science – contain information about space exploration, astronomy, physics,
earth science, microgravity, robotics and other branches of science.
Entertainment- offers music, videos, shows, performances, events, sports,
games and more an interactive and engaging environment.
Banking and Finance- Online banking and online trading enables users to
access their financial records from anywhere in the world, as long as they
have an internet connection.
Travel and Tourism- enables users to research travel options and make
travel arrangement.
Mapping- enables users to display up-to-date maps by searching for an
address, postal code, phone numbers, or point of interest.
Real and Auction- site that offers product on the web.
- Higher bidder purchases the item.
- E-TAIL- electronic retail – the customer visit electronic
storefront which contain product description images, and
shopping cart
- Shopping cart- allows the customer to collect the purchases,
information and payment
Job Search Website- list thousands of opening in hundreds of fields,
companies and locations.
E-commerce- short for electronic commerce, is a business transaction that
occurs over an electronic network such as the internet.
- 3 types of e- commerce website
- Business to consumer – consist of sales of goods and services to
general to the public
- Consumer to consumer- when consumers sells directly to
another
- Business to business – when business provides goods and
services to another business.
Web portal- portal is a website that offers a variety of internet service from
a single, convenient location.
Content Aggregation- (curation) sites allows users to collect and compile
content form a variety of website about a particular topic or theme.
Website Creation and Management- provide tools that support the creation
and maintenance of website.
- Web publishing tools- helps creation and maintenance of the
website.
DIGITAL MEDIA ON THE WEB
- Includes, graphics, animations or videos.
Graphic – is a visual representation of non- text information.
- THUMBNAIL- small version of a larger images. Display image in
full size
- Infographic- to present content and news.
-Visual representation of data and information.
 - communicate quickly, simplify complex concept or Internet Messaging- is a communication service in real time.
present patterns.
- Real time – you and the people you are conversing is online at
same time.
Chat Room- is a website or application that permits users to chat with
others who are online the same time.

Online Discussion- or discussion forum, is an online area in which users have

written discussions about a particular subject.

- Thread – consists of the original article and all the subsequent

Animation- is the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still
images in sequence.
Audio- includes, music, speech or any other sound
- Audio file- compress to reduce their file sizes.
- VCL Media Player- available for downloads.
Video- images display motion.
- Upload, shares video clips
Virtual Reality- the use of computer to simulate a real or imagine
environment that appears as three-dimensional space.
reply.
FTP or File Transfer Protocol- is an internet standard that permits file
uploading and downloading to and from other computers on the internet.
- Uploading –transferring file from your computer to an server in
the internet
- Downloading – is transferring file from server to computer
- FTP – upload webpages to webserver
- FTP SERVER- allows users to upload or download file using FTP
Netiquette- short for internet etiquette, is the code of acceptable behaviors
users should follow while on the internet.

- Simulate a real or imagine environment

- V-R WORLD- infinite space and depth.
Plug –in- is a program that extends the capability of a browser

TYPES OF INTERNET SERVICE

Email- (short for electronic mail) is the transmission of messages and files
via computer network.

- Original service through internet

- EMAIL PROGRAM- send receive forward, store print deletes
- Email message – can be a simple text or include an attachment.
- Email address- able to use this internet service
Email List- group of email addressed used for mass distribution of a message

- Receive a copy of a message in his/ her mail box.

Lesson C: Evaluating IT Options for Home and Work
Mobile Computers and Desktop
Personal Computer (PC)
 Capable of doing the IPOS activities by itself.
 Intended to be use one person at a time.
 Mobile or stationary
Mobile Computers
 Computers that you can carry from one place to another.
 Include: Laptops, notebooks or tablet.
Stationary Computers
 Designed to be set up on specific location.
 Ex. Desktop and All-in-one PC
Personal Computer
 Differentiated by the operating system they use.
 Windows and MacOS leading the market share
 Other OS: Linux and Chrome OS
Different Mobile PC
Laptops
 Also called “Notebook Computers”
 It is named Laptop because it has the sign to fit on your lap
 Can be powerful as average Desktop PC
 Most laptop today is touchscreen and has built in wireless
communications capabilities.
Ultrathin Laptop
 They weigh less than traditional laptop.
 Have longer battery life and generally run the windows operating
system.
 Have fewer ports than traditional laptops, they do not have any
optical disk drive and often required the use of special dongles to
attach cables that connect to external disk place or a network.
Tablets
 Usually smaller than laptop but larger than a phone.
 Thin light mobile computer that has a touch screen.
2 Popular Forms of Tablet
Slate Tablet
 Type of tablet that does not contain a physical keyboard.
Convertible Table
 Has screen in its lid and a keyboard on its base with the lid and base
connected via swivel type hinge.
 Can use like a traditional laptop or can rotate or display and fold it
down over the keyboard so it look like a slate tablet.
 As with laptops, tablets run with batteries or a power supply or
both. However, batteries in tablet typically last longer than those in
laptop.
 Some tablet include stylus, as to alternative interacting with the
touchscreen, some users prefer to purchase a separate physical
keyboard that attaches or wirelessly communicates with the tablet
 Tablets are useful especially for taking notes where the standard
laptop is not practical.
 Slate tablets are more durable, they are often used in the medical
field and other areas where exposure to germs, heat and humidity
thus and other contaminants is greater.
Handheld Computers
 A computer small enough to fit in one hand. Many handled
computers communicate wirelessly with other devices or
computers.
 Some handled computers have a small or specialize keyboards,
others have a touchscreen and includes a stylus for input.
  Many handled computers are often used like parcel delivery people
 Other examples of handled of computers are the one using of
warehouse employees.
 Handled computers are specifically tailored for people that required
to move from place to place. This type of computer often send data
wirelessly to central office computers
Mobile Computer Buying Guide
 Determine which mobile computer form factor fits your need.
 Consider the screen size of the mobile computer (Laptop 11-18
inches, Tablets 7-12 inches).
 Check the input devices like keyboard and mouse if it will fit
your hands.
 Consider the possibility of upgrades.
 Check the availability of built-in ports and slots.
 Consider buying a second battery. Purchase a comfortable and
ergonomic carry case.
 Make sure the mobile devices is compatible with a projector.
Desktop and All-in-Ones
 Designed to be a stationary location where all its component fit on a
desk or table.
 Components that typically occupies space outside of desktop
include peripherals devices such as keyboard, mouse and webcam
as input devices and speakers and printers as output devices in
external hard drive used as storage device and another one is a
router or modem for communication devices.
 Desktop can either be a traditional type where the peripherals are
attached to the system unit by a cable or an All-in-One Desktop or
the system unit and the monitor are house in the same case
Buying Guides for Desktop Computer
 Determine the specific software to use on the desktop.
 Know the hardware requirements of the operating system.
 Look for bundled software.
 Avoid purchasing the least powerful desktop available.
 Evaluate all-in-ones as they may be less expensive than traditional.
 Take advantage of the different purchasing options.
 Be aware of additional costs.
Servers
 Computers dedicated to providing one or more services to other
computers or devices on a network.
 Services include storage and controlling access to hardware,
software and other resources on a network.
 A server accesses data, information and programs on other server.
In other cases, personal computers, devices or terminals access
data, information and programs on a server.
 Servers can support from to 2 to several thousand connected
computers or devices at the same time.
 Some servers called "dedicated servers".
Dedicated Servers
 Perform a specific service and can be placed with other dedicated
servers to perform multiple services.
 Each type of dedicated servers uses software designed specifically
to manage its service.
 Typically requires a faster processor, more memory and additional
storage.
 Servers typically include a processor, memory, storage and network
connections.
 Depending on its function a server may or may not require a
monitor or an input device.
  Some servers are controlled from remote computers, servers can be  "Bank" is one example of enterprise that uses mainframes.
a rack server, blade server or a tower server. Computer Terminal or Terminals

 A terminal is a computer that enables users to send data to and/or

Rack Server
receive information from a server, or host computer.
 Sometimes called a rack mounted server that is housed in a slot  They usually have limited processing power.
(bay) on a metal frame (rack).  The "host computer" processes the data and then if necessary sends
Blade Server information or output back to the terminal
 Terminals may include a monitor and/ or a touchscreen, keyboard
 A server in the form of a single circuit board, or blade.
and memory
 The individual blades insert in a blade server chasis that can hold
Thin Client Terminal/Server
many blades.
 Like a rack server, the chasis fasten in place to flat surface.  Is a terminal that looks like a desktop but has limited capabilities
Tower Server and components
 Thin clients typically do not contain a hard drive, they run programs
 Is a server built into an upright cabinet (tower) that stand alone.
and access data on a network or the internet.
 The tower can be similar in size and shape to a desktop tower but
larger.
 Public locations such as libraries and schools and enterprises
sometimes use a thin clients because they cost less or easier to
Major Corporations maintain, last longer, useless power and less susceptible to malware
attacks than desktops.
 Major corporations use server farms, mainframe computer and
other types of server for business activities to process everyday
transactions. Terminal According to Processing Capability
 These servers increase the capability of the enterprise to billions of
 Dumb Terminal
customers prepare payroll for thousands of employees and millions
 Smart Terminal
of items in the inventory.
 Intelligent Terminal
Server Farm
Dumb Terminal
 A network of several servers together in a single location.
 Has no processing power and serves only to send and receive data,
 Server farms make it possible to combine tye power of multiple
hence the name dumb.
servers.
Smart Terminal
Mainframe
 Has limited data processing capabilities.
 A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful server that can handle
hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously.
 Enterprises use server farms, mainframes or other large servers for Intelligent Terminal
their customers, prepare payroll for thousands of employees,
manage millions of items in inventory.
  Has substantial processing capabilities because it has built-in
processor and memory.
Special Purpose Terminal
 Special Purpose Terminals perform specific tasks and contain
features uniquely designed for use in a particular industry.
3 Widely Use Special Purpose Terminals
 Point of Sale/POS Terminals
 ATM
 Self Service Kiosk
Point of Sale Terminal
 Common fixture in most retail or grocery stores.
 It is used to record purchases, process credit or debit cards and
update inventory.
 Combination of electronic cash register, barcode reader or scanner
and printer.
Barcode Reader
 Input device that collects data about the products such as the item
number, manufacturer, selling price and the complete product
name.
 The receipt of the item shows on the display of device the name of
the item and each price print on a receipt.
 The process also records the sales and the inventory is updated. Thus
the output from POS Terminal serves as input to other computers to
maintain sales records, update inventory, verify credit and perform
other activities associated with sales transactions that are critical to
running the business
 Some POS Terminals are internet capable which allows update to
inventory at a separate location such as powerhouse.
 Many POS terminals handle credit cards or debit cards payments. After
swiping the card through the reader, POS Terminal connects to a system
that authenticates the purchase. Once the transaction is approved the
terminal print the receipt for the customer.
Automated Teller Machine/ATM
 This is a self-service banking terminal that connects to a host
computer through a network.
 Banks place ATM's in public location including grocery stores,
convenient stores, retail outlets, shopping malls, other venues, gas
stations and a lot more so that customers can access their bank
accounts conveniently.
Self-Service Kiosk
 A self-service kiosk is a freestanding terminal that usually has a
touch screen for user interaction.
 Users interact with self-service kiosk independently, so their design
is very user friendly meaning, simple and easy to use.
Supercomputer
 Fastest, most powerful, and most expensive computer.
 Capable of processing trillions of instructions in a single second.
 This computer can store more than 20 thousand times, the data and
information of an average desktop.
 Applications requiring complex sophisticated mathematical
computation use supercomputers.
 Its function includes large scale simulation and applications in
medicine, aerospace, automotive design, online banking, weather
forecasting, nuclear energy research and petroleum exploration.
Fugaku - Fujitsu
 Fastest supercomputer today.
 It is located in Riken Centre in Kobe, Japan.
 The specifications is so technical, we just check those that we have a
little understanding.
 Has 7.3 million core or processor.
 Has 4.9 million gigabytes.
  415,530 TFlaps/teraflaps per second processing speed. 1 teraflap is
equivalent to one trillion floating points operation per second, in
short, it can process approximately 415,000 trillion instruction or
calculation per second.
Cloud Computing
 Is the delivery of on-demand computing services typically over the
internet.
 Rather buying their own computing infrastructure, companies can
rent access anything from applications to storage from a cloud
service provider.
Ex. Netflix
 All the movies are stored in the cloud.
 It is called cloud computing because this type of computing is virtual
meaning anytime just like the cloud.
Features of Advantages of Cloud Computing
Mobile Devices
 Called mobile because it can be wear anywhere since the size is
small enough to hold by hand.
 Popular types are smartphones, digital cameras, media players, e-
book readers and wearable devices.
Smartphones
 Most popular device.
 Can receive GPS signals to determine user current locations
 Smartphones are capable of telling your specific location
 They can also synchronize data and information with a computer or
other mobile device. Using the same account on your phone or
other mobile devices, you can access your data on any device that
you want to use.
 Also support voice control so you can speak instruction to the
phone. Siri - Apple, Google Voice -Android.
 Capable of connecting to external devices wirelessly via bluetooth.
 Also serves as wireless access point, smartphones with this
capability can be used as mobile hotspot device for a small network.
 Also has predictive text capability after typing the first 2 letters,
suggestions are displayed on screen allowing to simply choose.
Digital Cameras
 Device that allow users to take photos and story images digitally.
 Smart Digital Camera also can communicate wirelessly to other
devices and can include apps.
 Mobile computers and devices such as smartphones and tablets
often include at least 1 integrated digital camera.
2 More Types of Camera
 Point and Shoot Camera
 SLR Cameras
Point-and-Shoot Camera
  Affordable and lightweight digital camera with lenses built-in to it  Is a small mobile computing device designed to be worn by an
and a screen that display the image to be photographed. individual.
 The quality of images of this type of camera is just acceptable.  Often communicate with other mobile device using bluetooth
SLR Camera/Single Lens Reflects Camera 3 Popular Types of Wearable Devices

 A high end digital camera that has interchangeable lenses and uses  Acitivity Trackers
a mirror to display on its screen an exact replica of the image to be  Smart Watches
photographed  Smart Glasses
 Heavier and larger that point-and-shoot cameras.
 Quite expensive with a variety of available lens sizes and other Activity Tracker
attachments.
 Monitors the fitness related activity such as distance walk etc.
Photo Quality
 This devices typically sync wirelessly with the web or mobile app on
Resolution computer or mobile device.
Smart Watch
 Resolution affects the quality of digital camera photos.
 Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a  In addition for keeping time, it can communicate wirelessly with a
display. smartphone to make and answer phone calls, read and send
Pixel messages, etc.
 Most of them are touchscreen devices.
 Pixel is short for picture element. The smallest element in an
Smart Glasses/Smart Eyewear
electronic image.
 Digital Camera resolution typically is stated in megapixels or millions  Head-mounted eyeglass device that enable the user to view
of pixels. information or take photos and videos that are projected to a small
 The greater the number of pixels the camera uses, the better the screen in the user field of vision.
quality of the picture but larger in file size.  The device wearer can run an app similar to activity tracker wearing
a smart glass.
 Device wearer control the device through voice commands or
 Most digital cameras however provide a means to adjust the
touching controls.
resolution.
 The actual photograph resolution is known as "optical resolution"
but some manufacturer uses a special formula to add pixels to those Other Mobile Devices
generated by the optical resolution. Hence, the use the term
 Messaging Services Devices
"enhance resolution" instead of optical
 Ex. The Pager/Beeper
 Used by doctors so they can be reach when they are needed.
 Replaced by cellphones
Wearable Devices
 EBook Readers
  Game Console  Can be also found in cars, airplane seats and other public locations.
 Embeded Computers  Cables plug-in to USB ports can recharge many smartphones and
 Special purpose computer that functions as the component in a tablets.
larger product.
 It is everywhere. Can be found in automobiles, consumer
electronics, home automasion devices, computers and office Several USB Versions
machines.
 Ex. Remote Controls of television.

IT: Lesson C2

Ports and Connectors

 Computers and mobile devices connect to peripheral devices

through ports or using wireless technologies.
Port

 Is a point that which a peripheral device connects to a computer or

mobile device. Once connected the peripheral device can send data
and receive information from the device.
 Most computers and mobile devices has ports. Some ports have
micro o mini version for mobile devices because of their smaller
device.
Connector
 Joins a cable to a port. Connectors has two ends, on is attached in
the computer device and one is in the peripheral device.
USB Port
 Can connect up to 127 different peripheral devices together with a
single connector.
 Devices that connect to USB port includes: card reader, digital
cameras, external hard drive, scanner, printer, USB flashdrive,
webcam and a lot more.
 Almost all of the peripherals now can be connected to computer
devices via USB port.
 Newer versions such as USB 3.1 Gen1 and USB 3.1 Gen2 than the
earlier ones.
 Newer versions are backward compatible which means they support
older USB devices as well as newer ones.
USB Hubs
 Device that plugs in the USB port and contains multiple USB ports.
 Some USB hubs are wireless that is a receiver plugs in a USB port on
the computer and the USB hub communicates wirelessly with the
receiver.
Port Replicators
 An external device that replicates or copy the different ports of the
mobile device.
  Port replicators sometimes disable ports on the mobile computer to
prevent conflicts among the devices on the computer and on the
replicator.
Docking Station
 Similar to a port replicator but it has more functionality.
 Aside from providing connections to peripheral devices, it contains a
power connection.
 Also includes slots for memory cards, optical disk drive and other
devices.
Wireless Device Connections
 Aside from cables, peripherals can also be connected to computer
via wireless technology such as bluetooth, WI-FI and NFC.
Bluetooth
 Bluetooth technology uses short-range radio signals to transmit
data between two bluetooth enabled devices.
 Bluetooth devices have to be within about 33 feet of each other but
the range can be extended by additional equipment.
 If you have a computer that is not bluetooth enables, you can
purchase bluetooth wireless port adaptor that will convert an
existing port to a bluetooth port.
WI-FI/Wireless Fidelity
 Wi-Fi uses radio signals that conform to 802.11 standards, which
were developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE).
 Computers and devices that have the appropriate Wi-Fi capability
can communicate via radio waves with other Wi-Fi computers or
devices
NFC/Near Field Communications
Ex. Smartphones, digital cameras, computers, watch and terminals.
Credit and debit cards also use NFC technology.
 For successful communication, the devices either touch or are
within an each or two of each other.
Hardware Protection
 Users rely on computers and mobile devices to create, store and
manage important information. Thus, security measure must be
implemented to protect computers and devices from theft and
failure.
Target of Computer Thieves
 Companies, schools and other organizations that house many
computers are at risk of hardware theft.
 Mobile users are susceptible to hardware theft because of the size
and weight of their computers. The size of the computer makes
them easy to steal.
 Thieves may target laptops of company executive so that they can
use the stolen computer to access confidential company
information illegally.
Security Measure for Hardware Theft.
Physical Access Controls
Use of padlocks, lock doors and windows that is usually adequate to
protect the equipment.
Alarm System
 Many businesses, schools and home owners install alarm systems
for additional security.

 Uses close-range radio signals to transmit data between two NFC-

enabled devices.
  Computer lab and other facilities with large number of semi-
frequent users often use alarm systems.
Cables
- Can also be used to protect computer hardware.
- Cables for laptops are available or you can buy them. The idea is to lock
the equipment in a desk, cabinet or floor to protect the computer from
being stolen.
Security Apps
 Another option that users can implement to safeguard their devices
is by installing security applications.
 A user can install a security or device tracking app on their mobile
computers and devices.
 Some security apps has shut down the computer and sound an
alarm if the computer moves beyond a specified distance.
 Device tracking apps can determine the location of a lost or stolen
computer. Other devices can be configured to photograph the thief
when they use the computer.
 Some computers and mobile devices have built-in finger print
readers which can be used to verify the user identity or allowing
access.
Please Note:
 This type of security does not prevent theft, but it renders the
computer or device useless if it is stolen.
Hardware Failure
 Another concern related to computing devices is hardware failure.
 Hardware can fail on a variety of reasons.
Aging Hardware
 Those hardware that are nearing obsolescence.
Random Events
 Like electrical power problems and errors in programs or apps.
2 Possible Consequences of Hardware Failure
 Loss of Data Software/Information
 Hardware need to be prepared or replace with a new one.
Common Causes of System Failure
Electrical Power Variation
 May cause loss of data and loss of equipment.
 If computers and mobile devices are connected to a network, a
single power disturbance can damage multiple devices at once.
Electrical Disturbances that can Cause Damage
Under Voltage
 Occurs when the voltage drops to 90% or less of the normal volts.
 When under voltage last for 1 minute, a brownout occurs.
 Complete power failure is called Blackout.
 Can cause data loss but generally it cause equipment damage.
Overvoltage/Power Surge
 Occurs when the incoming electrical supply or voltage of 110% or
more of the normal volts.
Spike
 Momentary overvoltage called spike, occurs when increase in power
last less than 1 millisecond - 1000 of a second.
 Uncontrollable disturbances such as lighting volts can cause spikes.
  Overvoltage can cause immediate and permanent damage to
hardware.
Protecting Device from Power Disturbances
Surge Protector/Surge Suppressor
 Uses electrical components to provide stable current flow and
minimize the chances of an overvoltage breaching the computer
and other electronic equipment.
 Are plug-in to the power source and the computer and other
devices are plug-in to the surge protector.
 This device absorbs small overvoltage generally without damage to
the computer and equipment
 To protect the computer and other equipment from large
overvoltage such as cause by lightning strike, some surge protectors
stop working completely when overvoltage reaches a certain level.
 Also protect the computer from under voltage but no surge
protectors are 100% effective.
 Large power surges can bypass the protector, so repeated small
overvoltage can weaken a surge protector permanently so some
experts recommend replacing a surge protector every 2 to 3 years.
UPS/Uninterruptible Power Supply
 Device that contain surge protection circuits and one or more
batteries that can provide power during a temporary or permanent
loss of power.
 A UPS connects your computer and a power source.
Technology Health Risk
 The wide spread use of technology is led to some important user
health concerns.
 Pro-active and minimize your chance of risks.
RSI/Repetitive Strain Injury
 An injury or disorder of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments and
joints.
 Technology related RSI include Tendonitis and Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome/CTS.
Tendonitis
 Inflammation of a tendon due to repeated motion or stress on that
tendon.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
 Inflammation of the nerve that connects the forearm to the palm of
the hand.
 Repeated or forceful bending of the wrist can cause tendonitis of
the wrist or CTS.
Symptoms of Wrist Tendonitis
 Extreme pain that extends from the forearm to the hand along with
tingling among the fingers.
Symptoms of CTS
 Burning pain and the nerve is compressed along with numbness and
tingling in the thumb and the first two fingers.
Factors that Cause these Disorder
 Prolong typing
 Prolong mouse usage
 Continual shifting between the mouse and the keyboard.
If untreated these disorders can lead to permanent physical damage.
Helpful Tips: Prevent Technology Related RSI
 Take frequent breaks to exercise your and arms.
 Do not rest your wrists on the edge of a desk.
 Place the mouse at least six inched from the edge of the desk.
  Minimize the number of time you switch between the mouse and
the keyboard.
 Keep your forearms and wrists level so that your wrists do not bend.
 Avoid using the heel as a pivot point while typing or using the
mouse.
 Keep your shoulders, arms, hands, wrists relaxed while you work.
 Maintain good posture.
 Stop working if you experience pain or fatigue.
Other Risk with the Use of Technology
Hearing Loss
 With the growing use of ear buds and headphones in computers
and mobile devices, some users are experiencing hearing loss.
CVS/Computer Vision Syndrome
 A technology related health condition that affects eyesight.
 You may have CVS if you have sore, tired, burning, itching or dry
eyes.
 Blurred or double vision after prolong staring at a display device.
 Experiencing headache or sore neck
 Difficulty in shifting focus between a display device and a document
 Difficulty focusing on screen image.
 Color fringes or after images when you look away from the display
device.
 Increase sensitivity to light.

Back pain, Muscle Fatigue and Emotional Fatigue
 Lower back pain is sometimes caused by poor posture.
 To alleviate back pain, muscle fatigue and emotional fatigue, take a
15 to 30 minutes break every 2 hours - stand up, work around,
stretch and relax.
 To help prevent this injuries is to be sure your workplace is designed
ergonomically.
Ergonomics
 Applied science devoted to incorporating comfort, efficiency and
safety into the design of items in the workplace.
 Ergonomic studies has shown that use of correct type and
configuration of chair, keyboard display and work surfaces helps
users work comfortably and efficiently and help protect their
wealth.
Behavioral Health Risk
Technology Addiction
 Some technology users become obsessed with computers, mobile
devices and the internet.
 You are a technology addict if most of your time is devoted in using
technology devices.
 Most technology addict has no longer physical and social life.
 A growing health problem but it can be treated through therapy and
support groups.
Technology Overload
 A person suffering from this technology overload feel distressed
when deprived of technology even for a short length of time.
 A person who feel overwhelm with the amount of technology they
are required to manage is also suffering from technology overload
 To cope with the feelings of destruction and to control the impact,
the technology can have on work and relationships set aside
technology free time.
Symptoms of Technology Addict
 Always craves computer time.
 Overjoyed when using a computer or mobile device.
 Unable to stop using technology.
 Irritable when not using technology.
 Neglects family and friends.
 Having problems at work or at school.

IT: Lesson D
Programs and Applications Operating System/OS

Computer System  First program that function when the computer hardware is turned
on
 Set of interrelated components that works together to accomplish a
 Operating system is a system software
task which is data processing.
 Its function is to coordinate all the activities among computer
3 Components
hardware. When the computer is turned on, OS checks all the basic
 Hardware peripherals such as mouse, keyboard, monitor and the like are
 Software ready to work with the central processing unit.
 People Ware or User  When you are using any computing device, the operating system is
Components silently working on the background doing all the coordination
between the application and the hardware.
 Integral part of the system, the system will not achieve its primary
objective if one component is missing.
Ex. Presentation - You as user Role of the Operating System in the Computing Process

- Computer being the Hardware

- MS Power Point as the software

Computer Hardware

 Capable of doing a variety of task because of software.

 The capability and limitations of hardware is dependent on the
program and applications stored in its memory.
Software

 Series of related instruction that tells the computer how to perform

tasks.
2 General Categories of Software System and Application

Application Software/App  Operating System serves as the interface between the user,
application and other programs and the computer.
 Consist of programs designed to make users more productive or
 In the diagram, the interaction between the user and the
assist them with personal tasks
System Software application software, this because the operating system is already
loaded into the memory of the hardware.
 Are those programs that control or maintain the operations of the  Simply means you cannot use any application software unless an OS
computer and its peripheral. is already loaded into the memory of the hardware.
 There is no direct interaction between the application and the
hardware, everything must be coordinated with the OS.

 OS is also coordinating the transfer of data among the different
input, output and memory devices.
Acquiring Software
Retail Software/Off the Shell Software
 Must produce copyrighted software that meets the needs a wide
variety of users.
 Some retail software such as an operating system is preinstalled on
new computers and mobile devices.
 With online purchases, you may be able to download purchase
programs immediately instead of waiting the software to arrive by
mail.
Custom Software/Proprietary Software
 Develop for specific organization.
 The company gets the services of the software developers to create
tailor made custom software.
 Usually cost more than the retail software.
 The enrolment system of BPSU is an example.
Web Applications
 Web app is an application that you access on the web server
through a browser.
 Users typically interact with web app directly by visiting website.
 Many websites provide free access to their apps.
 You may be able to use part of the web app free and pay for access
to a more comprehensive program or pay a fee when a certain
action occurs.
Mobile Application/Mobile App
 This are applications should download from a mobile device app
stores sometimes called a market place.
 Others can be downloaded from the internet.
 Some mobile apps are preinstalled on a new mobile computer or
device.
 Many mobile applications are free but others have a minimal cost.
Mobile Web
 Optimized for display in a browser on a mobile device regardless of
screen size or orientation.
 Many app developers are off for delivery because they do not have
create a different version for each mobile device to the app store.
 Many web apps use a responsive design which means the app
display properly on any computer.
Device Shareware
 Responsive software that is distributed at no cost for a trial period.
 To use a shareware program beyond the period, you send the
payment to the software developer or you might be billed
automatically unless you cancel at a certain period of time.
Scale down version
  Only the basic features of the software is available.
 Distributed free, if you want
Installing Software

Installing
Freeware
 Process of setting up the software to work with a computer, printer
 Copyrighted software provided at no cost by an individual or
and other hardware.
company that retains all rights to the software.
 For desktop, all application must be installed
 The software developers typically cannot incorporate freeware in
 Mobile Apps on the other hand typically install automatically after
applications they intend to sell.
you download the app from the device app store.
 The word free in freeware indicates that the software has no
 Usually do not need to install web apps before you can use them
charge.
but you may need to install plug-ins before the web app works.
Open Source Software
More on Software
 Software provided for use, modification and distribution.
 During installation of software or before the first use, the program
 This software has no restriction from the copyright holder regarding
or application may ask for registration or activate the software.
modification of the software and its redistribution.
 It's fine for the developer if you download the software and modify  Software registration typical is optional and usually involves
it according to your needs. submitting your name and other personal information to the
 Usually can be downloaded from the web server on the internet software manufacturer developer.
often at no cost.  The advantage of the software registration is product support, when
2 Main Advantages you encounter problems with the software, you can report it to the
technical group of the developer.
 Users who modified the software share their improvements with
Product Activation
others.
 Customers can personalize the software to meet their needs.  A technique that some software manufacturer use to ensure that
Public-Domain Software you do not install the software on more computers than legally
licensed.
 This software has been donated for public use and has no copyright
 License is good only for one device.
restrictions.
 Usually the software can be run a preset number of times has
 Anyone can copy and distribute public domain software to others at
limited functionality or does not function until you activate it via the
no cost.
internet or by phone.
 Some software allow multiple activation.
Additional Information:  Registering and activating software also usually entitles you for free
program upgrades.
 Thousands of shareware, freeware and public-domain programs are
 Many desktop and mobile applications has an automatic update
available on the internet for users to download.
features.
 Some of these include communications, graphics and game
programs.
  With web apps by contrast, you always access the latest version of
the software.
Software Categories
General Use
Productivity Applications
 Programs that is used for day-to-day activity.
 Helps to become more effective and efficient while performing your
daily task either at work or a school or even at home.
 Includes word processing, presentation, spreadsheet, data base,
note taking, calendar, contact management, project management,
accounting and many more.
 Variety of manufacturers offer productivity applications in each of
these areas, ranging from desktop to mobile applications.
Developing Projects
Activities Involve in the Project Preparation
Creating a project
 Starting data entry or input.
 Typing
Editing
 Making changes to its existing content.
 Cutting, pasting and copying
Formatting
 Changing the appearance of the project.
 It is important because the overall look of the project significantly
can affect its capability to communicate information clearly.
 Includes changing font and font styles.
 These three steps was remain on computer memory
Saving
 To keep the project for future use, it is require to save it.
 When file was saved, the computer transfer the project from the
memory to a local storage medium such as USB flash drive.
Distribute the project
 Create project because someone needs it like requirements in class.
 Project can be submitted in softcopy or electronically via email or
posting for others to view.
Different Productivity Applications
Word Processing Software/Word Processor
 Allows users to create and manipulate documents containing mostly
text and sometimes graphics.
 Documents can be letters, memos, reports and more.
 Major advantage is it enables users to change their written words
easily.
 Also has many features to make documents look professional and
visually appealing that includes 1 font adjustments, change font,
font size, font color, add special effects like shadow and more.
Templates
 Also has document templates that users can choose like format of
resume.
Insertion of graphics
 Another feature is insertion of graphics, you can easily insert it on
the document.
 Inserted images can also be modified, can add colors and adjust the
placement
Paper size adjustment
 You can decide the size of the paper on which to print and specify
the margin setting.
Wordwrap
 Another feature is wordwrap, this feature allow users to type words
in a paragraph continually without pressing the enter key at the end
of each line.
 Other tools to assist in writing process includes spelling checker,
grammar checker and format checker.
Format Checker
 Identifies extraneous spaces, capitalization errors and more.
Presentation Software
 An application that allows users to create visual aids for
presentation to communicate ideas to a group
 Can be viewed as a slideshow that are displayed on a large screen.
Features of Presentation Software
 Predefined presentation formats, it has a preset background with
complimentary colors, text type and graphical accents to the slides.
 Layouts for the title, 2 column slide, slide with clipart, chart, table or
a diagram.
 Enhance option for text, charts and graphics on a slide with 3D
effects, animation and more.
 Slide timing is when the presentation automatically displays the
next slide after a preset delay.
 Special effects for the transition between slides, have a choice on
which slide will appear one after another.
 Audio and video clips can be inserted to the presentation.
 Can view or print a finish presentation in a variety of formats such
as outline view, notes page view or reading view.
 Also incorporates features such as checking spelling, formatting,
researching and creating with web pages from existing slide show.
Spreadsheet Software
 An application that allows users to organize data in columns and
rows and perform calculations on the data.
 This column and rows collectively are called a worksheet.
 Its file in a spreadsheet is called a workbook.
Characteristics of Spread Sheet Software
 Includes creating, editing and formatting worksheets.
  Each worksheet has 1,048,576 rows and 16,384 columns for Excel
2016.
 Rows are numbered and columns use letters.
 Basic unit of the worksheet that holds data is called a cell.
 Only a fraction of the many rows and columns are visible on screen.
 Charting which depicts the data in graphical forms is another
feature.
Database Software
 Allows users to create, access and manage a data base.
Database
 Collection of data organized in a manner that allows access retrieval
and use of that data.
 Can be manually or digitally developed.
 List of friend’s name, address and contact number written in a
notebook is an example of simple manual database.
 Phonebook is an example of electronically developed database.
 With the database stored electronically, the computer stores the
data on a storage medium such as a hard drive or optical disk or on
cloud storage.
Database Features
 Include modifying database.
 Use to sort and retrieve data.
 Create forms and reports using the data in the database.
 Also run queries to retrieve data.
Query
 A request for a specific data from the database.
Note Taking Software
 An application that enables users to enter type text, handwritten
comments, drawings, sketches, photos and links anywhere on a
page and then save the page as part of a notebook.
 Users also can include audio recordings as part of their notes.
 Some enable users to sync their notes to the cloud so that they can
access the notes on any computer or mobile device.
 Also include calendar feature.
 Users find note taking software convenient during meetings, class
lectures and conferences in libraries and other settings that
previously required pencil or paper for recording thoughts and
discussions.
Calendar and Contact Management Software
 An application that helps to organize calendar, keep track of
contacts and share this information with other users.
 Provides a way for individuals and workgroups to organize, find,
view and share appointment and contact information easily.
 Sometimes available separately, calendar and contact management
software can often exist as a unit and a single program.
 Many email applications include calendar and contact management
features.
 It enables to synchronize information, it means that all of computers
and mobile devices along with the organizations server or cloud
storage have the latest version of any updated information.
Project Management Software
 An application that allows users to plan, schedule, track and analyse
the events, resources and costs of a project
 Helps users manage project variables, allowing them to complete
the project on time and within budget.
Accounting Software
  An application that helps businesses of all sizes to record and report
all of their financial transactions.
 Business users perform accounting activities related to the general
ledger, accounts receivable, accounts payable, purchasing, invoicing
and payroll functions.
 Also enables business users to write and print checks, track checking
account activity and update and reconcile balances on demand.
 Most accounting software supports online credit checks, bill
payment, direct deposit and payroll services.
 The cost of accounting software for small businesses ranges from
less than 100 to several thousand dollars.
 Accounting software for large businesses can cost several hundred
thousand dollars.
Personal Finance Software
 Simplified accounting application that helps home users and small
or home office users to balance their check books, pay deals, track
personal income and expenses, verify account balances, transfer
funds, track investments and evaluate financial plans.
 It helps determine where and for what purpose you are spending
money so that you can manage your finances.
 Most personal finance software includes financial planning features
such as analysing home and personal loans, preparing income taxes
and managing retirement savings.
 Other features include managing home inventory and setting up
budgets.
 Most of this application also offer a variety of online services such as
online banking and online investing.
Legal Software
 An application that assists in the preparation of legal documents
and provides legal information to individuals, families and small
businesses.
 Provides thundered contracts and documents associated with
buying, selling and renting property, estate planning, marriage and
divorce and repairing a wheel or living trust.
 By answering a series of questions or completing a form, the legal
software tailors the legal document to specific needs.
Tax Preparation Software
 An application that can guide an individual, families or small
business through the process of filing taxes.
 In the Philippine settings, web app is available in the ETAX.ph
website.
ETAX
 The software helps to shorten the process of tax preparation and
filing.
 Accessible wherever you are because it is a web app.
 Some tax preparation programs also allow you to file your tax forms
electronically, a process called E-filing.
Document Management Software
 An application that provides means for sharing, distributing and
searching through documents by converting them into a format that
can be viewed by any user.
 The converted document which mirrors the original documents
appearance can be viewed and printed without the software that
created the original document.
 Some document management software allows users to edit
documents and add comments to the converted document.
 Many businesses use document management software to share and
distribute company brochures, literature and other documents
electronically.
 Home users distribute flyers, announcements and graphics
electronically.
  Popular electronic file image format that document management
software uses to save converted documents is PDF (Portable
Document Format).
PDF
 Developed by Adobe Systems
 To view and print PDF file you need an Adobe Reader Software
which can be downloaded freely from Adobe's Website.
 Many productivity software like word processor and spreadsheet
programs provide a method of saving a project as a PDF.
 This enables other users to view your document without requiring
the application that created the project.
Ex. Excel file - PDF file - PDF Reader
IT: Lesson D2
Programs and Applications
Graphics and Multimedia Software
 Power users such as engineers, architects, desktop publisher and
graphics often used sophisticated software that allows them to work
with graphics and media.
 Many of these applications incorporates user friendly interfaces or
scale down versions, making it possible for the home and small
businesses or business users to create projects using these types of
programs.
Different Graphics and Media Applications
CAD Software/Computer Aided Design
 Cad Software is a type of application that assists professionals and
designers in creating projects required for their field.
Ex. Engineers - Design plan for vehicles for security systems.
Architecture - Design for floor plans
3 Dimensional CAD Programs
 Allow designers to rotate designs of 3D objects to view them from
any angle.
 Some CAD software even can generate materials list for building
designs.
 Home and small business users work with less sophisticated design
and modeling software.
 Usually contains thousands of pre-drawn plans that users can
customize to meet their needs.
Ex. Home Design Landscaping Software
DTP/Desktop Publishing Software
 This software is an application that enables to designers to create a
sophisticated publication that contains text, graphics and many
colors.
 Professional DTP software is ideal for the production of high-quality
color projects such and textbook, corporate news letters, marketing
literature, product catalog, annual reports and a lot more.
 Designers and graphics artist can print finish publication on color
printer, take them to professional printer or post them on the web in
a format that can be viewed on those without DTP software.
 Home and small business users create newsletters, brochures, flyers,
advertisements, postcards, greeting cards, business cards, web
pages using personal desktop publishing software.
 Although many word processing programs has DTP features, home
and small business users often refer to create projects using DTP
software because of its enhance features.
 Also include paint, image editing software and photo editing and
photo management software so that users can add images to their
publications.
Paint/Image Editing Software
 Graphic Artist, Multimedia professional, technical illustrators and
desktop publishers use paint software and image editing software to
create and modify graphics such as those use in DTP projects and
web pages.
Paint Software/Illustration Software
 An application that allows users to draw pictures, shapes and other
graphics with various on screen tools such as a pen, brush,
eyedropper and paint bucket.
Image Editing Software
 An application that provides capabilities old paint software and also
includes the capability to enhance and modify existing photos and
images.
 Modifications can include adjusting or enhancing image colors,
adding special effects such as shadows and glows, creating
animations and image stitching.
Image Stitching
 Combining multiple images into a larger image.
 Paint and image editing software for the home or small business
user provides an easy to use interface.
 It includes various simplified tools that allow you to draw pictures,
shapes and other images as well as modifying existing graphics and
photos.
 This product also include many templates to assist you in adding
images to projects such as greeting cards, banners, calendars, signs,
labels, business cards and letterhead.
Photo Editing and Photo Management Software
Photo Editing Software
 Type of Image Editing Software that allows users to edit and
customize digital photos.
 The software allows users to retouch photos, crop images, remove
red-eye, erase blemishes, restore age photos, add special effects,
enhance image quality, change image shapes and a lot more.
 Many applications also provide a means for creating digital photo
albums.
 When you buy digital cameras, it usually includes photo editing
software.
 Many digital cameras also include photo editing software so you can
edit the image directly on the camera.
Photo Management Software
 On the other hand is use to view, organize, sort catalog, print and
share digital photos.
 Some photo editing software includes photo management
functionality.
 Many online photo storage services enable you to create scrapbooks
where you can select photos, add captions, select backgrounds and
more.
Audio Video Editing Software
Video Editing Software
 An application that allows professionals to modify segment of a
video called a clip.
 Video editing software typically includes audio editing capabilities.
Ex. Users reduce the length of the video clip or add special effects.
Audio Editing Software
 Is an application that enables users to modify audio clips, produce
studio quality soundtracks and add audio to video clips.
 Most TV shows or movies are created or enhanced using video and
audio editing software.
 Many home users work with easy to use video and editing software
for scale movie making projects.
 With these programs hone users can edit home movies, add music
or sounds to the video and share their movies on the web.
 Some operating systems include video editing and audio editing
applications.
Multimedia and Websites Authoring
Multimedia Software
 Allows users to combine text, graphics, audio, video and animation
in an interactive application.
 With this software, users control the placement of text and images
and the duration of sounds, video and animation.
 Once created, multimedia presentations often take the form of
interactive computer base presentations or web base presentations
designed to facilitate learning, demonstrate product functionality
and elicit direct user participation.
 These applications may he distributed on an optical disk over a local
network or via the internet as web apps.
Website Authoring Software
 This software helps users all skill levels to create related web pages
that includes graphics, video, audio, animations, special effects with
interactive content and blog posts.
 In addition, it allows users to organize, manage and maintain
websites.
 Often has capabilities of multimedia authoring software.
Media Player
 A program that allows you to view images and animations, listen to
audio and watch video files on your computer or mobile devices.
 Media players may also enable to organize media files by genre,
artist or other category, create playlist, convert files to different
formats, connect to and purchase media from an online media store
or market place, stream radios broadcasting over the internet,
download podcasts, burn CDs' and transfer media to portable media
players.
Disc Burning Software
 Writes text, graphics, audio and video files on a recordable or
rewritable disc.
 This software enables home users easily backup contents of their
hard drive on an optical disc either a CD or DVD.
 Make duplicates of music or movies without copyright restrictions.
 Usually includes photo editing, audio editing and video editing
capabilities.
Medical Applications
 Research symptoms, establish fitness or health program, track
exercise activity, refill prescriptions, count calories or monitor sleep
patterns.
Entertainment Applications
 Use this application to listen to music or radio, view photos, watch
videos or shows, read a book or other publication, organize and
track fantasy sports teams and play games individually or with
others.
Convenience Applications
 Used normally in driving directions or current location, remotely
start vehicle or unlock the doors, set an alarm or timer, check the
time, calculate a thief, phone as a flashlight or use a personal
assistant that acts on your voice commands.
 Education Applications
- Use this to access how to guide, learn or find a particular skill, follow a
tutorial, run a simulation, assists children with reading other elementary
skills or a support academics.
Communication
- One of the main reason people use computers is to communicate and
share information with others.

Personal Interest Applications

 Some applications focuses on single service while other provide
several services and a single application.
 Most of the programs in this category are relatively inexpensive,
many are free.

Lifestyle Applications
 Access the latest news or sports course, check the weather forecast,
compose music, research generology, find recipes or near locate
restaurants, gas stations or points of interest.

Security Tools
 To protect your computers and mobile devices you can use on or
more security tools.
 Security tools includes personal firewalls, antivirus programs,
malware removers and internet filters.
 Although some of this tools are included in the operating system,
you can also purchase stand alone programs that offer
improvements or added functionality.
Firewall
 Detects and protect a personal computer and its data from
unauthorized intrusion.
 Constantly monitor all transmission to and from a computer or
mobile device and may inform a user for attempted intrusions.
 Attackers can include hackers, these attacks may destroy your data,
steal information, damage your computer or carry out other
malicious actions.
Anti-virus Programs
 Protects the computer against viruses by identifying and removing
any computer virus found in memory, on storage media or on
incoming files.
 To protect computer from virus attacks, users should install an anti-
virus program and keep it updated by purchasing revisions or
upgrades to the software.
Computer Virus
 A damaging program that affects a computer or device negatively by
altering the way it works.
Take note of the following:
 Virus is a program
 Virus do not generate by chance - intentionally developed to harm
hardware, data or software.
 Written by skilled programmer called Virus Author.
 The virus can replicate itself - The number of virus being cleaned are
numerous.
 You will not know that your file is infected until you run an antivirus
or you can no longer open it - Virus has the capability to conceal
itself.
 Some virus are event driven - Ex. Friday the 13th virus - Activated
when the computer date is 13 and the day is Friday.
 Payload is the term used to indicate the delivery or execution of the
destruction brought about by the virus.
Signs of Virus Infection
 When you hear unusual sound played randomly in your device or an
images or messages that suddenly appear on the computer screen
then there is a probability that there is virus.
 If the available memory is below the expected - Ex. 16gb flashdrive
(1 file) = 5gb available.
 When the previously saved file is missing or a file you did not make
suddenly appears on your device or when the size of the file change
without doing anything.
 When a program file stop working or file is corrupted.
 When system properties change and the computer becomes slower
than usual.
How Anti-virus Works?
 Scan for programs that attempt to modify a computer start-up files,
the operating system and other read only programs.
  Many anti-virus programs automatically scan files, downloaded from
the web, email attachments, open files and all files of removable
media inserted in the computer or mobile device.
 It attempts to remove the malware.
 if the anti-virus program cannot remove the infection, it often
quarantine the infected file.
Quarantine
 A separate area of a hard drive that holds the infected file till the
infection can be removed.
 This step ensures other files will not become infected.
 Quarantine files remain on your computer or mobile device until
you delete them or restore them.
 Most anti-virus programs also include protection against other
malware's such as worms, trojan horses and sypware.
 When you purchase a new computer, it may include a trial version of
anti-virus software.
 Many e-mail servers has anti-virus programs installed to check
incoming and outgoing messages for viruses and malware.
Spyware, Adware and Other Malware Removers
Spyware
 Type of program that secretly collects information about the user
without his/her knowledge.
 The collected information is sent to some outside source while the
user is still online.
 Some vendors or employers use spyware to collect information
about program usage or employees.
 Internet advertising firms often collect information about user web
browsing habits.
 Spyware can enter your computer when you install a new program.
Adware
 Displays an online advertisement in a banner or pop-up or pop
under window on webpages, e-mail messages or other internet
services.
 Internet advertising firms hide spyware in adware.
Spyware Remover
 Type of program that detects and deleted spyware and similar
programs.
Adware Remover
 Program that detects and deletes adware.
Malware Remover
 Detect and deletes spyware, adware and other malware.
Internet Filters
 Filters are programs that remove or block certain items from being
played.
 For widely used internet filters are anti-spam programs, web filters,
phishing filters and pop under blockers.
Anti-Spam Programs
Spam
 Is an unsolicited email message sent to many recipients at once.
 Consider as internet junk mail.
 The content of spam ranges from selling a product or service to
promoting business opportunity to advertising offensive materials
and many more.
 Spam may also contain links or attachments that contain malware.
 An anti-spam program is a filtering program that attempts to remove
the spam before it reaches your inbox or forum.
 Many anti-spam programs are available at no cost on the web.
ISP/ Internet Service Provider
 Often filters spam as a service for their subscribers.
Web Filters
 A program that restricts access to certain material on the web.
 Some restricts access to specific website, others filter websites that
use certain words or phrases.
 Many business use web filtering software to limit employees web
access especially during office hours.
 Some schools, libraries and parents use this software to restrict
access to websites that are not educational.
Phishing Filters
Phishing
 Is a scam in which a perpetrator sends an official looking email
message that attempts to obtain your personal and/or financial
information.
 Some phishing messages ask you to reply your information.
 Others direct you to a phony website or a pop-up or pop under
the window that looks like a legitimate website which then
collects your information.
 Phishing Filters is a program that warns or blocks you from
potentially fraudulent or suspicious websites.
 Some browsers include phishing filters.
Pop Up/Pop Under Blockers
Pop Up Ad
 Is an internet advertisement that suddenly appear in a new window
on top of the web page.
 An internet advertisement that is hidden behind the browser
window so that it will be viewed when users close their browser
windows.
Pop Up Blockers/Pop Under Blocker
 Is a filtering program that stops pop up or a pop under ads from
displaying on web pages.
 Many browser includes this blockers.
 Can also be downloaded from the web at no cost.
Files, Disk and System Management Tools
 To perform maintenance type task related to managing a computer,
its device or its programs, you can use one or more file, disc or
system management tools.
 Functions provided by these tools include managing files, searching,
viewing images, uninstalling software, compressing files, backing up
files and more.
Functions of these Tools
File Manager
 Tool that perform functions related to file management.
 Some functions are displaying a list of file on a storage medium,
organizing files in order, copying, renaming, deleting, moving,
sorting files.
Folder
 Specific named location on a storage medium that contains related
files.
 Operating systems typically include a file manager.
Search Tool
 A program that attempt to locate a file, an application or any other
items stored on your device.
 The search is based on the criteria you specified.
 Search tools can look through documents, photos, music, calendars,
contacts and other items on your computer or on the internet.
 Typically use an index to assist with locating items quickly.
Index
 Store a variety of information about the file including its name, date
created, date modified, author name and so on.
 When you enter search criteria, instead of looking to every file and
folder in the storage medium, the search tool looks through the
index first to find a much.
 Each entry in the index contain a link to the actual file on the storage
media for easy retrieval.
Image Viewer
 Tool that allows users to display, copy and print the contents of
graphics file such as a photo.
 Users can see images without having to open them in a paint or
image editing program.
 Many image viewers includes some photo editing capabilities.
Uninstaller
  Is a tool that removes a program as well as any associated entries in
system files.
 When you install a program, the operating system records the
information it uses to run the software in the system file.
 The uninstaller deletes files and folders from the hard drive as well
as remove a program entries from the system files.
Disk Cleanup Tool
 Searches for and removes unnecessary files.
 Unnecessary files may include downloaded program file, temporary
internet file, deleted files, unused programs files.
Disk Defragmenter
 Tool that reorganizes the files and unused space on a computer hard
disk so that the operating system accesses data more quickly and
programs run faster.
 When an operating system stores data on a disc, it places the data
on the first available sector.
Sector
 Storage location on a disc.
 The operating system attempts to place data in sector that are
contiguous but not always possible.
 When the contents of the file are scattered across 2 or more non-
contiguous sector the file is fragmented.
Fragmentation
 Slows down file access and thus the performance of the entire
computer.
 Defragmenting the disc or reorganizing it so that the files in the
contiguous sectors solves this problem.
 Operating System usually includes a disc defragmenter.
Screen Saver
 A tool that displays moving image or blacks screens if no keyboard
or mouse activity occurs for a specified time.
 When you press a key on the keyboard, tap the screen or move the
mouse, the screen saver disappears and the screen returns to the
previous state.
 Security is one of the purpose of screen saver, if the user is working
at something that is private or confidential and need to leave for a
short while the screen saver will hide whatever is on the display
screen.
File Compression
 Shrinks the size of the files.
 A compressed file takes up less storage space than the original file.
 Compressing file freeze up a room on storage media.
 You may need to compress a file so that it will fit on a small storage
medium such as a USB flash drive.
 Attaching a compressed file to an email message for example
reduces the time needed for file transmission.
 Uploading and downloading compressed files to and from the
internet that reduces the file transmission time.
 Compressed files are sometime called zip files.
 You must uncompress it, to unzip a file, you restore it to its original
form.
 Some operating system include compression and decompression
capabilities.
PC Maintenance Tool
 Program that identify and fixes operating system problems, detect
and repairs drive problems and includes the capability of improving
a computer's performance.
 Additionally, some personal computer maintenance utilities
continuously monitor a computer while you use it to identify and
repair problems before they occur.
Back-up and Restore
 Allows users to copy or back-up selected files or the contents of an
entire storage medium to another storage location.
 One drive to another.
 During the back-up process, the back-up tool monitors progress and
alerts you if it needs additional media such as another disc.
 Many back-up programs compress files during the back-up process.
 By compressing the files, the back-up programs requires less storage
space for the back-up files than the original files.
 Because they are compressed, you usually cannot use back-up files
in their back-up form, in the event you need to use a back-up file a
restore tool that reverses the process and returns back-up files to
their original form.
 Back-up tools works with a restore tool, you should back-up files and
disc regularly in the events your originals are lost, damaged or
destroyed.
  System failure

IT: Lesson E Computer Crime vs. Cyber Crime

Digital Security, Ethics and Privacy Computer Crime

 An illegal act involving the use of a computer or related devices

Main Reason and Advantage of Digital Storage
Cyber Crime
 The availability of data, informations and programs when needed.
 Internet-based illegal acts such as distributing malicious software or
 Can access information when connected to the net. committing identity theft.

7 Digital Security Risk Crime Ware

 Any event or action that could cause a loss of or damage to  Software used by criminals.
computing device, software, data, information, or processing
capability. Categories of Cyber Crime Perpetrators

Breaches to Digital Security Typically fall in one of these basic categories

 Accidental Hacker

 Intentional - A deliberate act that is against the law.  Someone who accesses the computer or a network

 Some intruders do not disrupt a computer or device functionality, they
merely access data, information or programs on the computer or mobile
device then sign out.
 Some intruders leave evidence of their presence.
 Hackers enjoy analyzing the workings of the operating system and
other programs.
 Their main objectives is to find some loopholes in the systems and
finds cause of such problems.

More Common Digital Security Risk  Most of them are programmers, hacking for them means additional
learnings and further knowledge.
 Internet and network attacks
 Can be categorized as black hat, white hat and grey hat hacke.rs
 Unauthorized access and use
Black Hat Hackers
 Hardware theft
 Those that creates malware which they use to gain access to a
 Software theft
secured computer system.
 Information Theft
  Typically, they are motivated by their own financial or personal
gains.
 Often associated with cyber spying.
White Hat Hackers
 Often referred to as ethical hackers.
 Make the choice to use their knowledge and abilities for good
instead of evil.
 In some cases, they are paid employees or contractors that are
hired to work for companies as security experts.
 Usually referred as penetration tester whose job is to find
vulnerabilities in the computer infrastructure by hacking into it.
 Typically use the same hacking techniques that black hat hacker use.
 The main difference is that white hat hacks into the computer
system with permission with the systems owner making the process
legal.
Grey Hat Hackers
 Falls between the white hats and the black hats
 Most of the time, they look for vulnerabilities on computer system
without the owner knowing or having their permission.
 If the grey hat finds an issue, they will usually report them to the
system owner and will sometimes ask for a small fee to repair the
issue.
 If the systems owner doesn't respond to them or comply with the
request, grey hats will sometimes threaten to post the newly
discovered vulnerability online for the whole world to see.
 Grey hats are not inherently malicious in their intentions.
 They're simply looking to get something back for their discoveries.
 Grey hat hacking is still considered illegal since the hackers attacks
the system without having the owners permission to do so.
Cracker
 Also, someone who accesses the computer or network illegally.
 Having gain an authorize access, crackers destroy vital data, deny
access by legitimate users or cause some other problems for their
targets.
 Crackers can be easily identified because their actions are malicious.
 Both hackers and crackers have advance computer and network
skills.
Script Kiddie
 Has the same intent as the cracker but does not have the technical
skills and knowledge that is why they use the term kiddie.
 This people search for do it yourself or pre-written hacking and
cracking programs, modify these programs to break into computers
and networks.
 This programs include step by step instructions on how to use it.
Corporate Spy
 Have excellent computer and networking skills.
 They are hired by competitors to break into the system of their own
organization, meaning the employer of the spy instill its proprietary
data and information.
 These spy's also help identify security risk in their own organization.
Corporate Espionage
 Practice to gain a competitive advantage.
Unethical Employees Different Threats

 Unethical Employees may break into their employers computers for
a variety of reasons.
 Some simply wants to exploit security weakness, others seek
financial gains from selling confidential information, disgruntled
employees may want to take revenge.
Cyber Extortionist
Internet and Network Attacks
 Information transferred over the networks are more prone to a
higher degree of security risk than those information that are kept
on an organizations premises
 In organization, Network Administrator usually tech measures to
protect a network from security risk.

 Someone who demands payment to stop an attack on organizations Internet and Network Attacks Includes:
technology infrastructure.
 Malware
 Threaten to expose confidential information, exploit security flaw or
 Botnet
launch an attach that will compromise your organizations network if
they are not paid a sum of money.  DoS Attack (Denial of Service Attack)

Cyber Terrorist  Backdoors

 Someone who uses the internet or network to destroy or damage  Spoofing

computers for political reasons. Malware/Malicious Software

 May targets the air traffic control system, electricity generating  Consist of programs that act without the users knowledge and
companies or telecommunications infrastructure. deliberately alters the operation of computers and mobile devices.

Cyber Warfare  Virus, Worm, Trojan Horse, Rootkit, Adware, Spyware

 Describe an attack whose goal ranges from disabling a governments Worm

computer network to crippling.
 Programs that copies itself repeatedly.
 Requires a team of highly skilled individuals, millions of dollars and
several years of planning. Trojan Horse

 Program that hides within or looks like legitimate program.

 Does not replicate itself to other computers or devices.

Rootkits Infect

 Program that hides in a computer or mobile device and allows  When users take some action like opening emails or downloading
someone from a remote location to take full control of the files or software, their device becomes infected with the malware.
computer or device.
 Cyber criminals ultimately breaks the security of several users
Botnets computers.

 Also called Zombie Army. Control

 Botnets are networks of hijacked computer devices used to carry  The attacker organizes all the infected machines into a network of
out various scams and cyber-attacks. bots that they can remotely manage and control.

 Comes from the word "robot" and "network".  Often the cyber criminal will seek to infect and control thousands or
millions of computers.
Zombies
How Do Hackers Control a Botnet?
 Computers in botnets.
 A botnet has a command and control center, this is the server
 Owners of these zombies are unaware that their computers or source of all botnet instruction and leadership. This is the bot
devices is being controlled remotely ban an outsider. herders main server and each of the zombie computers gets
Botnets Process commands from it.

Expose  To protect the master identity, botnets are operated via remote
programming.
 Hackers starts by looking for and finding loop holes in a website
application or human behavior. What are Botnets used for?

 The goals is to set the user app for being unknowingly exposed to a  Financial Theft
malware infection.  Information Theft

 Hackers do this through social engineering, visiting infected sites or  Sabotage of services
through emails and other online messages.
 Selling access to other criminals.
Social Engineers
DoS Attack/Denial of Service Attack
 Targets the user via sweet and persuasive talks until they get their
 Is an assault whose purpose is to disrupt computer access to an
trust.
Internet service.
  Perpetrators carry out a DoS attack in variety of ways.
DDos Attack/Distributed DoS Attack
 A zombie army is used to attack computer or computer networks.
 Being able to stop operations temporarily numerous websites.
 The damage caused by DDoS attack usually is extensive, retailers
lose sales from customer, new websites and search engines lose
revenue from advertisers and time sensitive information may be
delayed.
 Repeated attacks could destroy reputations of organization causing
of greater loss.
Backdoor
 Program or set of instruction in a program that allows users to
bypass security controls when accessing a program, computer or
network.
 Once perpetrators gain access to ones computer, they often install a
backdoor or modify an existing program to include a back door
which allows to continue to access computer remotely without the
users knowledge.
 A rootkit can be a backdoor, some worms lives backdoors which
have been used to spread other worms or to distribute spam from
the unsuspecting victim computers.
 Programmers often build back backdoors into programs during
system development.
Spoofing
 A technique intruders use to make their network or internet
transmission appear legitimate to a victim computer or network.
2 Common Types of Spoofing Schemes
 IP and Email spoofing
IP Spoofing
 Occurs when an intruder computer fools network to believe its IP
address is associated with a trusted source.
 Perpetrators trick their victims into interacting with the phony
website.
Email Spoofing
 Occurs when the senders address or other components of an email
header are altered so it appears that the email message is
originated from a different sender.
 Commonly used in virus hoaxes, scam and phishing scams spoof.
How To Protect Against Internet and Network Attack
 Use of anti-virus software
 Be suspicious of unsolicited email attachments.
 Scan removable media for malware before using it.
 Implement firewall solutions.
 Backup regularly.
Firewall
 Is a hardware and/or software that protects a network's resources
from intrusion by users on another network, such as the internet.
 A network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing
network traffic, it permits and blocks data packets based on a set of
security rules.
  Its purpose is to establish a barrier between your internal network
and incoming traffic from external sources such as the internet in
order to block such malicious traffic like viruses and hackers.
 Can either be software or hardware, it's best to have both
Software Firewall
 Is a program installed on each computer and regulates traffic
through port numbers and applications.
Physical Firewall
 A piece of equipment installed between your network and gateway.
Gateway
 Is the communication lines between networks.
Unauthorized Access and Use
Unauthorized Access
 Is the use of a computer or network without permission.
Unauthorized Use
 Is the use of computer or its data for unapproved or possibly illegal
activities.
 Home and business users can be a target of unauthorized access
and use.
 Includes a variety of a activities, an employee using an organizations
computer send personal email messages.
Safeguard Against Unauthorized Access and Use
AUP/Acceptable Use Policy
 Outlines the activities for which the computer and network may or
may not be used.
 Should specify the acceptable use of technology by employees for
personal reasons.
 AUP also need to specify the personal activities if any, that are
allowed for company time.
Other Techniques Use Against Unauthorized Access and Use
Access Control
 To minimize the chance that a perpetrator initially may access or an
employee accidentally may access confidential information on a
computer.
 A security measure that define who can access a computer, when
they can access it and what actions they can take while accessing it.
 The computer device or network should maintain an audit trail.
Audit Trail
 Records in a file both successful and unsuccessful access attempts.
 Unsuccessful access attempts can have 2 meanings: A user
mistyping his/her password or a perpetrator trying thousands of
passwords.
User Names and Passwords
User Name/User ID/Log-on Name/Sign-in Name
 A unique combination of characters such as letters or numbers that
identifies one specific user.
Password
 Private combination of characters associated with the user name
that allows access to certain computer resources.
Passphrase
 Instead of passwords, some organization use passphrases to
authenticate users.
 Is a private combination of words often containing mixed
capitalization and punctuation associated with a user name that
allows access to certain computer resources.
 Often can be to 100 characters in length ate more secured than
passwords, yet can be easy to remember because they contain
words.
PIN/Personal Identification Number
 Sometimes called "passcode".
 A numeric password either assigned by the company or selected by
a user.
 PIN's provide an additional type of security.
 Select PIN's careful and protect them as you do the other password.
Possessed Objects
 Any item that you must possess or care with you in order to gain
access to computer or computer facility.
Examples: Budgets, cards, smartcards and keys.
Biometric Devices
 Authenticates a persons identity by translating a personal
characteristics such as fingerprint into a digital code that is
compared with a digital code stored on a computer or a mobile
device verifying a physical and behavioral characteristics.
Different Biometric Devices Commonly Used in the Organization
Fingerprint Reader/Fingerprint Scanner
 Captures curves and indentions of a fingerprint.
 Organization used fingerprint readers to secure doors, computers
and software.
 With the cost of fingerprint reader becomes cheaper, some home
and business install finger print readers to authenticate users before
they can access a personal computer.
 The reader can also be setup to perform different functions for
different fingers.
 Using fingerprint, users can unlock a computer or device, sign in to
programs and websites and in some devices, test their blood
pressures and heart rate.
Face Recognition System
 Captures a live face image and compares it with the stored image to
determine if the person is a legitimate user.
 Some building use face recognition system to secures access to
rooms.
 Law enforcements, surveillance systems, and airports use face
recognition to protect the public.
  Some mobile devices use face recognition system to unlock the
device.
Hand Geometry System
 Measures the shape and size of a persons hand.
 Because Hand Geometry System can be expensive they are often
used by larger companies to track workers time and attendance or
as security device.
Voice Verification System
 Compares a persons live speech with their stored voice pattern.
 Larger organizations used this as time and attendance devices.
 Many companies is also use this technology for access to sensitive
files and networks.
 Some financial services, use this to secure phone banking
transactions.
Signature Verification System
 Recognizes the shape of your hand-written signature for as well as
measures the pressure exerted and the motion used to write the
signature.
 Use a specialized pen and tablet.
 Often are used to reduce fraud in financial institutions.
Iris Recognition System
 High security areas use Iris Recognition System.
 The camera uses iris recognition technology to read patterns in the
iris of the eye.
 These patterns are as unique as the fingerprint.
 Quite expensive and are used by government security organizations,
the military and financial institutions that deal with highly sensitive
data.
Retinal Scanners
 Works similarly instead scam patterns of blood vessels in the back of
the retina.
Two-step Verification
 Also known as "Two Factor Verification".
 A computer or mobile device uses to separate methods one after
the other to verify the identity of the user.
 ATM's usually requires a two-step verification. First step is the
insertion of the ATM card to the machine and the second step is
entering the pin code of the card.
Digital Forensics
 Also called "Cyber Forensics"
 The discovery, collection and analysis of evidence found on
computers and networks.
 Digital forensics involves the examination of media, programs, data
and log files of computers, mobile devices, servers and networks.
 A Digital Forensic Examiner must have knowledge of the law,
technical experience with many types of hardware and software
products, superior communications skills, familiarity with corporate
structures and policies, willingness to learn and update skills and
problem solving.
IT: Lesson E2  Some companies escort their employee for the premises
immediately.
Software Theft
 Many manufacturers incorporate an activation process into their
 Occurs when someone steals software media, intentionally erasing programs to ensure the software is not installed on more computer
software or programs, illegally registers or activate the program or than legally licensed.
illegally copies the programs.  Users provide software products identification number.
License Agreements

 The right to use the software.

Most Common Type of License
Physical Stealing of Software
Single Users License Agreement
 A perpetrator physical steals the media that contains the software
or steals the hardware that contains the media where the software  Also called “End User License Agreement or “EULA”.
is installed.  The license agreement provides specific condition for use of the
Intentionally Erasing Software software.
 This terms are usually displayed when you installed the software.
 Perpetrator erases the media that contains the software.
 Use of the software constitutes acceptance of the terms on the
Illegal Registration or Activation
users part.
 A perpetrator illegally obtain registration numbers or activation Network License
codes.
 A legal agreement that allows multiple user to access the software
 A program called “keygen”, short for key generator. on the server simultaneously.
Keygen  The network license fee usually based on the number of users or the
 Creates registration numbers and sometimes activation codes. number of computers attached to the network.
Illegal Copying Site License

 A perpetrator copies software from manufacturers, software piracy  A legal agreement that permits a user to install a software on
or simply piracy is unauthorized and illegal duplication of multiple computers usually at a volume a discount.
copyrighted software.
Piracy Information Theft

 Most common form of software theft.
Safeguards Against Software Thefts
 Owners should keep original software boxes and media.
 All computer user should back-up their files and drive regularly.
 Occurs when someone steals personal or confidential information.
 Both business and home users can fall victim into information theft.
 Often is link to other types of cybercrime.
Safeguards Against Information Theft
 Organization implementing the user identification and
authentication control.
  These controls are the best suited for protecting information for
computers located on the organization premise.
 Organization and individuals use 3 popular techniques.
3 Popular Techniques
 Encryption
 VPN
 Digital Certificates
Encryption
 Is the process of converting that is readable by humans into
encoded characters to prevent unauthorized access.
 Plain Text – When you create a message
 Encryption – Process to Cypher Text
 Cipher Text – Message with no meaning
 Decryption – Process to plain text
 Plain Text – To be understood by the receiver
Advantage of Encryption
 Even if the information is stolen during the transmission process, it
will be useless for the hackers because they will not understand or
get any meaning from the stolen data.
Virtual Private Network
 Commonly described as network within network.
 It is a private network between a public network which is the
internet.
 Data transmission using VPN is faster and more secured because the
data exchanged is just between the user and the service provider.
 No other traffic enters the network.
 VPN services establishes secured and encrypted connections to
provide greater privacy than even a secured Wi-Fi hotspots.

Digital Signature
 An encrypted code that a person, website or organization attached
to an electronic message to verify the identity of the message
sender.
 Often are used to ensure that an impostor is not participating in an
internet transaction.
 It can help to prevent email forgery.
 Also can verify the content of the message has not changes.
  Digital signature is different from E-signature.
E-Signature
 Is a signature created digitally.
 When you create and E-Sig, the system is actually creating an
encrypted code for that signature which is sent together with your
message.
Digital Certificate
 A notice that guarantees a user or a website is legitimate.
 E-commerce application commonly use Digital Certificates.
 When you access a websites especially for financial transactions, it is
recommended that you check the website that has a digital
certificate.
 They are normally displayed at the bottom part of the homepage of
the site.
Certificate Authority
 Is a trusted third party that takes responsibility for verifying the
senders identity before issuing a certificate.
 Individuals and companies can purchase digital certificates from one
of more than 35 online certificate authority providers.
Hardware Theft
 Act of stealing digital equipment.
Vandalism
 Involves defacing or destroying digital equipment.
Failure
 Aging hardware, natural or non-made disasters, or random events
such as electrical power problems, and even cross in programs or
apps.
Backup
 Ultimate safeguard that the company use to avoid those disasters.
 To protect against data loss caused by hardware, software,
information theft or system failure, user should backup computer
files regularly.
 A backup file is a duplicate of a file, program or media that can be
used if the original is lost, damaged or destroyed.
 To backup file means to copy that file.
Offsite Backup
 The extra copy is allocated away from where you typically store or
use your mobile computer or mobile device.
 Minimizes the chance that a single disaster such as fire would
destroy both the original and the backup media.
 An offsite location can be a safe deposit box at the bank, briefcase
kept away from the location of the computers or cloud storage or
cloud backup.
Types of Backup
Full Backup
 Copies all the files from the computer to the media.
 Advantage, fastest recovery method.
 Disadvantage, requires the longest backup time.
Differential
 Copies on the files that have changed since the last full backup.
 Advantage, fast backup method, requires minimal storage space to
backup.
 Disadvantage, recovery is time consuming because the last full
backup plus the differential makeup are both needed.
Incremental Backup o Perpetrators sometimes connect to wireless networks of
other people to gain free internet access.
 Copies only the files that have changed since the last full or
o Others may try to wirelessly access confidential data.
incremental backup.
 Advantage, fastest backup method, requires minimal storage space
to backup, only most recent changes are saved. Ethics and Society
 Disadvantage, recovery is most time consuming because the last full
Ethics
backup and all incremental backup since the last full backup are
needed.  The standards that determine whether an action is good or bad are
Selective known as ethics.
Technology Ethics
 Users choose which folders and files to include in a backup.
 Advantage, this is a fast backup method and provides great  Are the moral guidelines that governs the use of computers, mobile
flexibility. devices, information system and related technologies.
 Disadvantage, it is difficult to manage individual file backups. Least
manageable of all backup methods.
Continuous Information Accuracy

 All data is backup whenever a change is made.  The concern today because many users access information maintain
by other people or company.
 The only real time backup.
 Users should evaluate the value of a webpage before relying on its
 Advantage, very fast recovery of data.
content.
 Disadvantage, very expensive and requires a great amount of
Ex. Delivery driver – Old GPS.
storage.
Cloud

 Files are backup to the cloud as changed Intellectual Property Rights

 Advantage, cloud backup provider maintains backup hardware.
 Refers to unique and original works, such as ideas, inventions, art
 Files may be retrieved anywhere with an internet connection on any
writings, processes, company and product names and logos.
device.
 Disadvantage, it requires internet connection.  Rights to which creators are entitled for their work.
 Certain issues arise surrounding IP today because many of these
works are available digitally and can be easily redistributed or
Wireless Security attend without the creators permission.
 Wireless communication is provided in a lot of establishments for
their clients.
 Wireless access provide many conveniences to users.
Copyright
 Also possess additional security risk.
 Some of these include free internet access from private networks.
  Gives authors, artist and other creators of original work exclusive
rights to duplicate, publish and sell their materials.
 A copyright protects any tangible form of expression.
 Common infringement of copyright is piracy.
Piracy
 People illegally copies software movies and music
 Many areas are not clear cut with respect to the law because
copyright law give the public “fair use” to copyright material.
Fair Use
 Allows use for educational and critical purposes.
Code of Conduct
 Is a written guideline that helps determine whether a specification is
ethical or unethical or allowed or not allowed.
 IT Code of Conduct distributes the standards to employees and
students
Ex. Employees may use technology for purposes in which they have been
authorized.
Green Computing
 People use and often waste resources such as electricity and paper
while using technology.
 Involves reducing the electricity and environmental waste while
using computers, mobile devices and other related technologies.
 An organization can implement a variety of measures to reduce
electrical waste.
Includes:
 Use of sleep modes and other power management features.
 Buying computers and devices with low consumption processors
and power supplies.
Information Privacy
 Refers to the right of individuals or companies to deny or restrict
collection used and dissemination of information about it.
 Organization often used huge data bases to store records such as
employee records, medical records, financial records and more.
 Websites often collect data about you so that they can customize
advertisements and send you personalized email messages.
Techniques That Most Company Use to Collect Personal Information
Electronic Profile
 Registration form, member ship form, subscription and a lot more.
 In all of these forms, you are disclosing a lot of personal
information.
 This forms usually stores the information provided in the database.
 Electronic profiles may include personal details such as age, phone
number, marital status and more.
 Direct marketing supporters claim that using information in this
way, lowers overall selling cost which lowers the product prices.
Cookies
 Cookie is a small text file that web server stores on your computers.
 Cookie files typically contain data about you such as username,
location or viewing preferences. These cookies may obtain their
values when a user files in an online form requesting personal
information.
 Online shopping sites generally use accession cookie to keep track
the items on users shopping cart.
 Many commercial sites send a cookie to your browsers. Your
computer hard drive stores the cookies.
 A website can react data only form its own cookie files stored on
your hard drive.
 It cannot access or view any other data on your hard drive including
another cookie file.
Phishing
 Scam in which a perpetrator send an official looking email message
that attempts to obtain your personal or financial information.
 These messages look legitimate and often request for private
information like ATM PIN.
 The only way to protect yourself from phishing scam is never to give
personal information to anybody especially by a phone, email or
website.
Click Jacking
 An object that can be tapped or clicked like a button or an image or
a link on a website, popup ad or pop under ad or an email message
contains malicious program.
 Whenever the user tap or clicks the disguise object, a variety of
malicious event may occur.
Spyware and Adware
Spyware
 Is a program placed on the computer or mobile device to secretly
collects information about the user and then communicates the
information it collects to some outside source while the user is
online.
 Some vendors or employees use spyware to collect information
about program usage of employees.
 Internet advertising firms often collect information about users web
browsing habits.
 Spyware can enter your computer when you install a new program
through a malware or a graphic on a webpage or in an email
message.
Adware
 A program that displays an online advertisement in a banner, a
popup ad window on webpages, email messages or other internet
services.
 Sometimes spyware is hidden in hardware.
 To remove spyware and adware, obtain spyware removers, adware
removers or malware removers that can detect spyware and
adware.
Social Engineering
 Define as gaining unauthorized access too or obtaining confidential
information by taking advantage of the trusting human nature of
dome victims and naivety of others
 Some social engineers trick their victim into revealing confidential
information such as username and password.
 Techniques include pretending to be administered or other
authoritative figure.
 Social engineers also obtain information from users who do not
destroy or conceal information properly.
 To protect yourself, verify the identity of any person or organization
requesting persona and confidential information.
 Ensure that only authorized people can see your screen
 Shred all sensitive or confidential documents.
 After using a public computer, clear the cache in the browser.
Employee Monitoring
 Includes the use of computer, mobile devices or cameras to observe
record and review and employee’s use of a technology suing a
communication.
 It is legal for employees to use this program.
Content Filtering
 One of the more controversial issue in the internet is its widespread
availability of objectionable materials.
 The process of restricting access to certain material.
  Many businesses use contain filtering to limit employee’s web
access.
Web Filtering Software

 Is a program that restricts access to specify websites.

 Some also filters the use of specific words.
 Other allow you to filter email messages, chat rooms and programs.
 Many internet security programs include a firewall, anti-virus
program and filtering capabilities combined.

Privacy Loss

 Common point of some of these loss includes information collected

and store about individuals should be limited.
 When information is collected from the individual, the individual
should know that the data is being collected and have the
opportunity to determine the accuracy of the data.