Thermochemistry

Level 1
Free Response
153. Use the calorie formula to express the change in temperature of all solutions.
Show steps.
ANS: cal. = (mass H2O)(Dt); Dt = calories/mass H2O.
154. Express the mass of all solutions using the calorie formula. Show steps.
ANS: cal. = (mass H2O)(Dt); mass = calories/Dt.
155. Given the reaction:
C8H18(l) + 12.5 O2(1) à 8 CO2(g) + 9 H2O(l); DH = +5472.7 kJ.
Determine the number of grams of octane which must be burned to produce
418.4 kJ of thermo-energy.
ANS: C8H8 = 114 g/m. So, grams = (418.4 kJ)(114g/5472.7 kJ) = 8.7 grams.
156. Consider the reaction 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) à A12O3(s); DH = -3338.8 kJ.
Calculate the amount of heat evolved when 1.0 gram of aluminum burns in oxygen.
ANS: Al = 27 g/m. So, kJ = (1.0 g)(-3338.8 kJ/108 g) = -30.9 kJ.
157. Consider the thermo-chemical reaction C(s) + O2(g) à CO2(g); DH = -393.7 kJ.
Find the DH when 1.8 grams of carbon dioxide are formed.
ANS: kJ = (1.8 g)(-393.7 kJ/44g) = -16.1 kJ.
158. When concentrated sulfuric acid is added to water, heat is liberated. The heat of
dilution is about 75.3 kJ/mole. Predict how much heat would be released if 8.9 grams
of the acid were added to a sufficient amount of water.
ANS: kJ = (8.9 g)(75.3 kJ/98 g) = 6.8 kJ released.
159. LiOH(s) + H2(g) à LiH(s) + H2O(1); DH = + 110.9 kJ.
a) Rewrite the equation to include the heat effect as a term in the equation.
b) Sketch a potential energy diagram for this reaction.
ANS: a) LiOH(s) + H2(g) + 110.9 kJ à LiH(s) + H2O(l).

160. Given: 1/2 H2(g) + 1/2 F2(g) à HF(g) + 268.6 kJ.

a) Rewrite the above equation using DH notation.
b) Sketch a potential energy diagram for this reaction.
ANS: a) ½ H2(g) + ½ F2(g) à HF(g); DH = -268.6 kJ.

161. SO2(g) + 297.1 kJ à S(s) + O2(g).

a) Rewrite the above equation using DH notation.
b) Sketch a potential energy diagram for this reaction.
ANS: a) SO2(g) à S(s) + O2(g); DH = +297.1 kJ.
162. NO(g) + 1/2 O2(g) à NO2(g); DH = -56.5 kJ.
a) Rewrite the equation to include the heat effect as a term in the equation.
b) Sketch a potential energy diagram for this reaction.
ANS: a) NO(g) + ½ O2(g) à NO2(g) + 56.5 kJ.

163. Define kindling temperature. Be very specific.

ANS: Lowest temperature at which a substance takes fire and continues to combust.
164. In the laboratory we have witnessed examples of phase and chemical changes
in matter. Which type has the greatest amount of energy-heat exchange? Give
one lab example of each to support your contention.
ANS: a) Chemical change; b) Heat of Combustion > Heat of Solidification.
165. Give three factors that would increase the rate of a reaction. Explain how
each factor speeds up the reaction.
ANS: a) Catalyst – aids molecular rearrangements.
b) Heat – greater molecular collisions.
c) Increase concentration – more collisions.
d) Increase surface area – increases contact between/among reactants.

166. Given the Potential Energy Diagram below:

a) Express the given equation using DH notation.
b) Rewrite the equation to include the heat effect
as a term in the equation.

ANS: a) CO + NO2 à CO2 + NO; DH = -210 kJ.

b) CO + NO2 à CO2 + NO + 210 kJ.

167. Given the Potential Energy Diagram below:

a) Express the given equation using DH notation.
b) Rewrite the equation to include the heat effect
as a term in the equation.

ANS: a) H2 + I2 à 2 HI; DH = +50 kJ.

b) H2 + I2 + 50 kJ à 2 HI.

168. Use the free energy formula to derive the temperature expression for all spontaneous
 reactions. Show mathematical steps.
ANS: DG = DH – TDS; TDS = -(DG – DH); T = (DH – DG)/DS.

169. Use the free energy formula to express the entropy change for all spontaneous
reactions. Show mathematical steps.
ANS: DG = DH – TDS; TDS = -(DG – DH); DS = (DH – DG)/T.

170. When the reaction Br2(l) + C12(g) + 35.6 kJ à 2 BrCl(g) takes place,
there is a 0.17 kJ/K entropy change. Will the reaction take place at 340 K?
Use math steps to defend your answer.
ANS: DG = DH – TDS = +35.6 kJ –(340 K)(0.17 kJ/K) = -22.2 kJ.
Yes, because maximum entropy is greater than minimum enthalpy.

171. Consider the reaction: 2 B(s) + 3 H2(g) + 29.3 kJ à B2H6(g).

If the entropy change is 0.13 kJ/K, will this reaction occur at 400 K?
Use math steps to support your answer.
ANS: DG = DH - TDS = +29.3 kJ –(400 K)(0.13 kJ/K) = -22.7 kJ.
Yes, because minimum enthalpy is less than maximum randomness.

172. Consider the reaction NO2(g) à 1/2 N2O4(g) + 276.1 kJ.

If the entropy change is –1.04 kJ/K., will the reaction occur at 330 K?
Use math steps to support your answer.
ANS: DG = DH – TDS = -276.1 kJ – (330 K)(-1.04 kJ/K) = +67.1 kJ.
No, because maximum entropy overpowers minimum enthalpy.

173. At what temperature will the following reaction reach equilibrium?

Fe+3(aq) + 3 OH-(aq) à Fe(OH)3(s) + 242.7 kJ. The entropy change
is -0.75 kJ/K. Use math steps to support your answer.
ANS: DG = DH – TDS. 0 = -242.7 kJ –T(-0.75 kJ/K). T = 242.7 kJ /0.75 kJ/K = 323.6 K.

174. When the reaction C4H8(1) + 4 O2(g) à CO(g) + 4 H2O(g) takes place,
there is an increase of entropy of +0.67 kJ/K. If the reaction took place at
400 K and there was a free energy loss of 753.1 kJ/m, what was the change
of enthalpy?
Support your answer with mathematical steps.
ANS: DG = DH – TDS; DH = DG + TDS = -753.1 kJ + (400 K)(0.67 kJ/K) =
-485.1 kJ.