Tukamai Charitra 6th Edition

&& lr{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamO H$s O` &&
&& lram_ Oàm_ O` O` am_ &&
Ÿ&& lr VwH$m_mB© M[aÌ Ÿ&&

lr_V² na_h§g lr VwH$mam_ _hmamO (lr ~«÷mZ§X _hmamO),
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Am¡a§Jm~mX - 431003, X._.aoëdo, _hmamï´>
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lr VwH$m_mB© M[aÌ
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© gd© h¸$ àH$meH$m§Mo ñdmYrZ
àH$meH$ : n.ny. lr _mYdmZ§X _hmamO Jwê$ dm_ZmZ§X ñdm_r,

_R>m{YnVr, lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ,
C_aIoS>, {O. `dV_mi (_hmamï´>)
àH$meZ ñWi : Am¡a§Jm~mX.
ghmdr Amd¥Îmr : AmfmT> ew. 2, Jwédma, Jwénwî`m_¥V`moJ,
eHo$ 1941, {X. 4 Owc¡ 2019
Aja OwiUr : gm¡. A{ZVm {dZm`H$ ^mcoamd

"{H«$EeZ',
O`lr, {gS>H$mo EZ-1, Am¡a§Jm~mX.
\$moZ … (0240) 2486910
_m§S>Ur d gOmdQ> : lr. {dZm`H$ A§~mXmg ^mcoamd,

_mo. 9423396881
{MÌH$ma … Hw$. ApídZr AemoH$amd CnmÜò
_wÐH$ : éÐmÙr Am°\$goQ>, {gS>H$mo, Am¡a§Jm~mX.
lÕm _yë` : 50/- énò
hr nwñVHo$ lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ C_aIoS> _R> d lrVwH$mam_ _hmamO

g§ñWmZ òhioJmd _R> òWoM CncãY AmhoV. AÝ`Ì H$moR>ohr {_iUma ZmhrV.
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n.ny. lr _mYdmZ§X _hmamO
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Ÿ&& {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamO H$s O` Ÿ&&

Ÿ&& ghOmZ§X, ~«÷mZ§X, nyUm©Z§X ZmWm` Z_:Ÿ&&
Jwé^ŠV S>m°. {Xcrn {XJ§~aamd Xoe_wI, H$m_R>oH$a Am{U
lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ {eî`_§S>ir, Am¡a§Jm~mX `m§Mo H$ë`mU BpÀN>Vmo.
ZmamÙ.
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AgyZ "lr_V² na_h§g lr VwH$mam_ _hmamO, òhioJmd' VgoM Ë`m§Mo
gpËeî` n.ny. lr ~«÷M¡VÝ` _hmamO Jm|XdcoH$a d n.ny. lr am_Or~mny
`m§Mo M[aÌ dU©Z Am{U lr{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZMr ZmW na§nam, Jwê$nrR>mMm
Jwê$ _{h_m, g§ñWmZÀ`m gd© AmaË`m d Aï>H$o B.Mrhr _m{hVr CËH¥$ï>nUo
XoÊ`mV Amcocr Amho. `m J«§WmMr hr ghmdr Amd¥Îmr dmMyZ gd© {eî`
d ^ŠV_§S>itZm lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m M[aÌmMm ~moY hmoB©b d Ë`m§Zm B©œa
Zm_ñ_aUmMr d Jwé^º$sMr JmoS>r cmJyZ Ë`m§Mo H$ë`mU hmoB©c `mV
e§H$m Zmhr. VgoM lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ C_aIoS>À`m, Am¡a§Jm~mX
òWrc {eî`_§S>itZr {_iyZ Á`m {ZîH$m_ godm^mdZoVyZ `m J«§WmMr
_wÐU godm Ho$cr Amho Ë`mnmgyZ BVam§Zmhr JwégodoMr àoaUm {_iUma
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ew^merdm©X AmhoV. ZmamÙ.
n.ny.lr _mYdmZ§X _hmamO Jwê$ dm_ZmZ§X ñdm_r

_R>m{YnVr, lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ,
C_aIoS>
ñWi … lrjoÌ n¡R>U
{XZm§H$ … 26-2-2019
&& lrJwé…eaU_² &&
""VwH$m åhUo am_Zm_r & H¥$VH¥$Ë` Pmcmo Amåhr''
~«. lr_V² na_h§g lrVwH$mam__hmamO VWm lrVwH$m_mB© hr EH$
Acm¡{H$H$, cmoH${dcjU, `moJg_«mQ>, na_mË_ñdê$n {d^yVr hmoVr.
Ë`m§À`m gdmªJrU gm_Ï`m©Mr OmU ^ë`m^ë`m§Zm Amcr Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr
H¥$nm§{H$V Ho$coco, ~hþVoH$ gd© {eî`, gX²Jwê$nXr crc`m nmohmoMco
Am{U Ë`m§Zr AI§S>, Zm_ñ_aUmMm àgma Am{U àMma Ho$cm.
dada J~mio, doS>Ji, IoS>di dmQ>Umè`m, lrVwH$m_mBªZr, Ë`m§Mo
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daXmZmH$S>o, gå`H$ Ñï>rjon Q>mH$cm Va lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m cmoH$moÎma,
AmÜ`mpË_H$ gm_Ï`m©Mr, H$Xm{MV, gå`H$ OmU, OmUH$mam§Zm, OZVm
OZmX©Zmcm òB©c.
Á`m Jmoï>rMo kmZ _cm (lrJm|XdcoH$a _hmamOm§Zm) ìhmdo,
1) Aer BÀN>m _Zr òVmM, Ë`m Jmoï>rMo g§nyU© kmZ AmnmoAmn
_mPog_moa Cô amhVo. _r gd©k ~ZVmo.
2) Á`m {R>H$mUr _cm Omdogo dmQ>Vo, {VWo jUmYm©V _cm
OmVm òVo.
3) _mÂ`m AZwJ«{hVmÀ`m àn§MmV T>dimT>di Z H$aVm, Ë`mMr
àn§MmVrc AmgŠVr, Ë`mcm H$iy Z XoVm, _r emofyZ KoVmo.
4) Á`mcm _r _mPm-Amncm-_mZcm, Ë`mÀ`m A§VH$mir, Vmo
Hw$R>ohr Agcm, Var _cm OmVm òVo.
S>m°. S>r.S>r. Xoe_wI, H$m_R>oH$a øm§Zr {c{hcoë`m lrVwH$m_mB©
M[aÌmMr hr ghmdr Amd¥Îmr à{gÕ hmoV Amho, hr gmYH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo
Anyd© KQ>Zm Amho. gmÜ`m, gmoß`m, AmoKdË`m, ^mfoV gmH$ma Pmcoë`m
øm H¥$nm§{H$V, M[aÌmMr Wmoadr _hmZ Amho.
gmYH$m§Zr, à{MVr KoÊ`mgmR>r, Imcr Z_yX Ho$cocr gmYZm
H$amdr, ho "lr' AmkoZwgma {chrV Amho.
ew{M^y©V hmoD$Z, AmgZñW ìhmdo. CX~Îmr, VwnmMm {Xdm cmdyZ
(Amnë`m S>mì`m hmVmcm, åhUOoM XodmÀ`m COì`m hmVmcm)
g§H$ënnyd©H$ dmMZ H$amdo. (hm gËg§H$ën Agmdm), lrVwH$m_mBªgmR>r
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^ñ_, J§Y\y$c An©U H$amdo. XÿY-gmIaoMm Z¡doÚ Ë`m§Zm An©U H$amdm.
gmo~V nocm ^ê$Z nmUrhr R>odmdo.
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VrZ qH$dm gmV nmamÙo H$amdrV. nmamÙ EH$m {Xdgm§V H$aUo
AS>MUrMo Agoc Va XmoZ {Xdgm§V H$amdo.
S>m°. Xoe_wI `m§Moda; VgoM "lt'À`m øm J«§W{Z{_©VrÀ`m
H$m`m©g, Á`m§Mo, Á`m§Mo gmhmæ` cm^co, Ë`m gdmªda lrVwH$m_mBªMr
""A_¥VÑï>r'' {Za§Va H$m`_ amhmdr, åhUyZ àmW©Zm H$aVmo.
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Ÿ&& lr bú_r ì`§H$Q>oe gwàgÞ Ÿ&&
Ÿ&& lr VwiOm ^dmZr _mVm H$s O` Ÿ&&
Ÿ&& An©U Ÿ&&

lr_V² na_h§g lrVwH$mam_ _hmamO, òhioJmd
`m§Mo MaUr AË`§V lÕoZo d AZÝ`^mdo
_ñVH$ R>odyZ ho JÚ M[aÌ An©U.
S>m°. {Xbrn {XJ§~aamd Xoe_wI, H$m_R>oH$a
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Amho. Vo lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m òhioJmdOdirc hmHo$À`m A§Vamda
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Ü`mg AgUmao, {Okmgy d Aä`mgmMr Vi_i AgUmao ì`pŠV_Îd.
lrVwH$m_mBª{df`rMr AÚ`mdV d n[anyU© Aer gdmªJgw§Xa _m{hVr
_amR>r ^mfoVrc CncãY gd© n§Mdrg J«§Wm§Mm emoY d ~moY KoD$Z
A{Ve` gmoß`m d agmi ^mfoV Ë`m§Zr ""lrVwH$m_mB© M[aÌ'' `m
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Amerdm©XmZo {gÕ Ho$cocr Amho.
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àñVmdZoMo XmoZ eãX {c{hÊ`mMm _hm`moJ _O nm_amg àmßV ìhmdm ho
_r _mPo na_^m½` g_OVmo. `m J«§WmV coIH$m§Zr lrVwH$m_mBªMm OÝ_,
~mcnU, ~mccrcm, Ë`m§Zm Pmcocm lrgX²Jwê§$Mm AZwJ«h, lr
{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZMr Jwéna§nam d Jwé_{h_m, AmaË`m d Aï>Ho$,
Ë`m§À`m crcm d M_ËH$ma, gX²^ŠVm§Zm Amcoco {Xì` AZw^d d
àMrVr, lrVwH$m_mBªMr _hmg_mYr, lrVwH$m_mBªMo gpËeî`, òhioJmd
d AmOy~mOyMr ñWio, {d{dY CËgd, àH$meZo, òhioJmdcm H$go Omdo
B. g§nyU© _m{hVr {Xcocr Amho. `m nwñVH$mÀ`m dmMZmZ§Va AmnUm
gdmªZm AmnUmg AmOn`ªV _mhrV Zgcoë`m lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m M[aÌ d
crcm§Mr _m{hVr hmoD$Z lrVwH$m_mBªàVr Amncr lÕm d ^ŠVr
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g_OVmo. S>m°. lr. {Xcrn {XJ§~aamd Xoe_wI H$m_R>oH$a `m§Mm OÝ_
{XZm§H$ 7 gßQ>|~a 1952 Mm AgyZ Vo _amR>dmS>m H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>
naÛrMo E_.Eñgr. (H¥$fr) gwdU©nXH$ {dOoVo AmhoV Am{U S>m°.
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(dZñnVremñÌ) hr gdm}ÀM nXdrhr Ë`m§Zr àmßV Ho$cocr Amho. Vo
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nmS>co Amho d Ë`mMm Cn`moJ eoH$S>mo eoVH$è`m§Zr H$ê$Z KoD$Z
Amnë`m H¥$fr CËnmXZmV âKmog dmT> Ho$cocr Amho. _hmamï´>
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dm_ZmZ§X _hmamO M[aÌ d 3) lr gX²Jwê$ àëhmX _hmamO
(gmIaIoS>m©) g§{jßV M[aÌ hr VrZ nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV Pmcocr AmhoV.
Ë`m§Zm n.ny.lr dm_ZmZ§X _hmamOm§Mm AZwJ«h AgyZ Ë`m§Mo n.ny.lr
_mYdmZ§X _hmamOm§À`m _mOcJmd, Am¡a§Jm~mX, _hmJmd d òhioJmd
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gmYwg§V-_h§V `m§Mr AerM {ZîH$m_ godm VZ-_Z-YZmZo A{daV
KS>mo hrM g{XÀN>m `m {R>H$mUr _r ì`ŠV H$aVmo. VgoM `m J«§WmÀ`m
dmMZ, qMVZ d _ZZmÛmao AmnUm gdmªMr d¥Îmr Jwé^ŠVr_` hmodmo,
Amncr ~wÕr B©ídaMaUr g_{n©V hmodmo, Amncr CÎmamoÎma AmÜ`mpË_H$
CÞVr hmodmo, Aer {dZ_« àmW©Zm _r lrVwH$m_mB©MaUr H$aVmo.
_Zm dmgZm dmgwXodr dgmo Xo &
_Zm H$m_Zm H$m_g§Jr Zgmo Xo &&
_Zm H$ënZm dmD$Jr Vo Z H$sOo &
_Zm gÁOZm gÁOZr dñVr H$sOo&&
VgoM `m "lrVwH$m_mB© M[aÌ' J«§WmÀ`m _wÐUmÀ`m d BVa IMm©À`m
H$m_r Á`m Á`m Jwégodm^mdr ^ŠVm§Zr {ZîH$m_ godm^ŠVrZo Am{W©H$
`moJXmZ An©U Ho$co, Ë`m§Mr AerM godm^mdr d¥Îmr d gX²~wÕr gX¡d
H$m`_ amhmo, hrM B©ídaMaUr àmW©Zm H$ê$Z _mPo XmoZ eãX nyU© H$aVmo.
ho{M XmZ XoJm Xodm & VwPm {dga Z ìhmdm &&
JwU JmB©Z AmdS>r & ho{M _mPr gd© OmoS>r &&
Z cJo _wŠVr, YZg§nXm & g§Vg§J XoB© gXm &&
VwH$m åhUo J^©dmgr & gwIo Kmcmdo Amåhm§gr &&
&& O` VwH$m_mB© &&
ñWi : Am¡a§Jm~mX Amncm Z_«
{XZm§H$ : 7-3-2019 (JUoe ~id§Vamd H$amoS>H$a)
nÎmm :- "lrZ¥qgh', ßcm°Q> Z§. 6
lr Aï>{dZm`H$ hmD$qgJ gmogm`Q>r,
nr/5/EZ-8, {gS>H$mo, Am¡a§Jm~mX
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{d_moMZ n.ny.lr _mYdmZ§X _hmamOm§À`m ew^ hñVo hmoV Amho, hr
AmnUm gdmªÀ`mM Ñï>rZo A{Ve` AmZ§XmMr ~m~ Amho. `m_mJo
~w{ÕXmVm, epŠVXmVm, `wpŠVXmVm d coIZH$V} gd©ñdr lrVwH$m_mB©M
AgyZ _mPo Hw$cX¡dV lr {VénVr ~mcmOr d lr VwiOm^dmZr _mVm,
lr {díd§â _hmamO, lrJwéXodXÎm à^y, lram_à^y, lrZdZmW ^Jd§V,
lr {MÝ_`mZ§X - ghOmZ§X - gpÀMXmZ§X - nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X - dm_ZmZ§X
Am{U n.ny.lr _mYdmZ§X _hmamO `m gdmªMo H¥$nmerdm©X AmhoV.
Amnw{c`m ~io Zmhr ~mocdV & gIm H¥$nmd§V dmMm Ë`mMr &
gmiw§H$s _§Owi ~mocVgo dmUr & {eH${dVm YZr doJim{M &&
lr g_W© gX²Jwê$ ~«÷M¡VÝ` _hmamOm§À`m Jm|Xdco g§ñWmZmV
Xe©ZmgmR>r ghHw$Qw>§~ _r Am°JñQ> 2004 _Üò Jocmo AgVm VoWo lr Am.
{d. AmR>dco, ~oiJmd {c{IV "lr VwH$m_mB© M[aÌ' ho nwñVH$ IaoXr
Ho$co. `m nwñVH$mÀ`m dmMZmZ§Va AmnUhr AgmM à`ËZ H$amdm, Aer
_cm àoaUm Pmcr. `m~m~V n.ny.lr _mYdmZ§X _hmamO, _R>m{YnVr,
lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS> `m§Mr AZwkm d Amerdm©X àmßV Pmco
d "lr VwH$m_mB© M[aÌ' `m nwñVH$mMr àW_md¥Îmr Am¡a§Jm~mX òWo {XZm§H$
17 E{àc 2005 amoOr Ë`m§À`mM ew^ hñVo àH$m{eV Pmcr.
`mZ§VaÀ`m Mma Amd¥Î`mhr Ë`m§À`mM ew^ hñVo àH$m{eV Pmcoë`m
AgyZ AmVm `m ghmì`m Amd¥ÎmrMo àH$meZhr n.ny. lr_mYdmZ§X
_hmamOm§À`m ew^ hñVo 4 Owc¡ 2019 amoOr Am¡a§Jm~mX òWo hmoV
Amho, ho AmnUm gdmªMoM _hX²^m½` Amho. `m ghmì`m Amd¥ÎmrgmR>r
_cm n.ny. lr _mYdmZ§X _hmamO `m§Zr _mK H¥$. 1, Jwéà{VnXm,
{X. 20-2-2019 amoOr lrjoÌ n¡R>U òWo AZwkm d Amerdm©X {Xco.
_O öX`r gX²Jwê$ & OoU| Vm[acmo hm g§gmanwê$ &
åhUm¡{Z {deofo AË`mXê$ & {ddoH$mdar &&
AmVmn`ªVÀ`m àH$m{eV Pmcoë`m nmMrhr Amd¥Î`m§à_mUoM `mhr
ghmì`m Amd¥ÎmrÀ`m àVr n.ny.lr _mYdmZ§X _hmamOm§À`m lrMaUr
lr{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS>gmR>r godm åhUyZ An©U H$aÊ`mV òV
AgyZ `m nwñVH$m§À`m {dH«$snmgyZ àmßV hmoUmar gd© aŠH$_
lr{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS>cm An©U hmoUma Amho. Am¡a§Jm~mX
òWrc Jwé^ŠVm§Zr {_iyZ Ho$cocr hr Aën-ñdën _wÐUgodm lrgX²Jwê$
ñdrH¥$V H$aVmV, Zìho, hr godm AmåhmH$Sy>Z lrgX²Jwê$M KS>dyZ
KoVmV, H$adyZ KoVmV, ho Am_Mo na_^m½` AgyZ Am_Mr hr gw~wÕr
gX¡d gd©H$mc AerM {Q>Hy$Z amhmo d Amåhr lrgX²Jwê§$À`m
H¥$nmerdm©Xmg {Za§Va nmÌ amhmo, Aer _Zmo_Z àmW©Zm lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m
MaUr _r H$aVmo.
_wIo ~mocdr gX²Jwê$ ~w{ÕXmVm &
Ah§H$ma hm dmJdr H$moU _mWm &&
_mPo _yi Jmd H$m_R>m (KmoS>m) AgyZ ho Jmd òhioJmdnmgyZ
Ad¿`m 5 {H$._r. A§Vamda Amho. Zm§XoS>-qhJmocr ~g_mJm©darc
H$m_R>m (KmoS>m) \$mQ>çmda lrVwH$m_mBªMr ^ì` H$_mZ C^r Amho.
Am_À`m KamÊ`mV dmS>d{S>cm§nmgyZ AmOn`ªV lrVwH$m_mBªMr d
lr{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS> JwénrR>mMr ^ŠVr Amho d AZwJ«hhr
Amho. lrVwH$m_mB© H$m_R>çmcm Am_À`m Kar Amco åhUOo H$m§ÚmMo
YnmQ>o H$am`cm cmdrV AgV d Vo AmdS>rZo ImV AgV. Am_À`m
EH$m H$mH$m§À`m Kar Va Vo gmnmÀ`m ê$nmZo Amco hmoVo, Aem Jmoï>r
Am_Mr AmB© Amåhmcm gm§JV Ago.
H$m_R>çmMo Am_Mo amhVo Ka EHo$H$mir ~mam ~wéOm§Mr JT>r hmoVr. ho
Jmd VËH$mcrZ h¡Ðm~mXÀ`m {ZOm_emhrÀ`m A{YZñV Agë`m_wio
B.g. 1947-48 À`m aPmH$mam§À`m CnÐdmV _mPo AmB©-dS>rc
^md§S>m§gh H$mhr H$mcmdYrgmR>r C_aIoS>cm ZmVodmB©H$m§H$S>o OmD$Z
am{hco. VoWo {~«{Q>em§Mm A_c Agë`m_wio aPmH$mam§Mm (amo{hë`m§Mm)
Ìmg ZìhVm. BH$S>o amo{hë`m§Zr Am_Mr g§nyU© JT>r ImoXcr, Ominmoi
Ho$cr, YmÝ`-OZmdao d gd© dñVy cwQy>Z KoD$Z Joco. B.g. 1948 À`m
nmocrg A°ŠeZZ§Va {ZOm_ g§ñWmZ ^maVr` g§KamÁ`mV {dcrZ Pmco
d Am_Mo AmB©-dS>rc ^md§S>m§gh gd©OU n[apñWVr em§V Pmë`mZ§Va
H$m_R>çmcm naV Amco. òWrc gd© H$mhr CX²ÜdñV Pmco hmoVo. VWm{n,
Hw$cX¡dV d lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m H¥$no_wioM Á`mà_mUo {\${ZŠg njr
amIoVyZ nwZO©Ý_ KoVmo Ago _mZco OmVo, Ë`mà_mUo Am_Mo WmoS>çmM
H$mcmdYrV gd© H$mhr ì`dpñWV pñWañWmda Pmco d VX²Z§Vahr
AmOn`ªV Hw$cX¡dV lr ~mcmOr d lr VwiOm^dmZr, lrVwH$m_mB© d
lrJwé_hmamOm§À`m H¥$nmerdm©Xm_wio H$mhrhr H$_r nS>coco Zmhr d
`mnwT>ohr H$_r nS>Uma Zmhr, Agm Am_À`m gd© Hw$Qw>§~r`m§Mm
ÑT>{dídmg Amho.
amIUmam g_W© AgVm§Zm _maUmamMr qMVm H$gcr H$aVm?
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m nmoWrMo nmamÙ, VrW©-A§Jmam-àgmX godZ, dmar,
lr{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ C_aIoS>À`m lrJwé_hmamOm§Mm H¥$nmerdm©X
`m_wio AZoH$ _moR>_moR>çm g§H$Q>m§Mo {ZdmaU Pmcoco Amho, A{Ve`
H$R>rU d XþY©a Aem ì`mYrVyZ _wŠVr {_imcocr Amho. lr VwH$m_mBªMm
gVV Ymdm, Zm_ñ_aU Am_Mo AmB©dS>rc H$arV AgV d Amåhr gd©
Hw$Qw>§~r` gX¡d {ZË`Zo_mZo H$arV AgVmo d Ë`m§À`m A_¥VVwë`
H¥$nmdfm©dmMm gwIX AZw^d KoV AgVmo.
g_W} {Xco gm¡»` ZmZmnarMo & gXmgd©Xm OmUVr A§VarMo &
cio nmirco Vy H¥$nmiy ñd^mdo& g_Wm© VwPo H$m` CÎmrU© ìhmdo&&
~hþgmc AÝ`m` H$moQ>çmZ²H$moQ>r & aKwZm`Ho$ KmVco gd© nmoQ>r &
{H$Vr H$m` JwUm§gr å`m§ AmR>dmdo &
g_Wm© VwPo H$m` CÎmrU© ìhmdo &&
`m {Xì` lr{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ C_aIoS>À`m JwénrR>mMr AI§S> H¥$nm
d gX¡d ew^merdm©X Amåhm gdmªda AmhoV. ~mcnUr AmB©-
d{S>cm§gmo~V Amåhr gd© ^md§S>o ~¡cJmS>rVyZ òhioJmdcm Áòð> ew.
Aï>_rcm lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m nwÊ`{VWr CËgdmgmR>r OmV Agy. _moR>r `mÌm
âm`Mr. n§MH«$moerVrc eoH$S>m|Zr ^ŠV_§S>ir ~¡cJmS>r d BVa
dmhZm§Zr `m CËgdmgmR>r òV AgV. _mPo dS>rc `m CËgdm§ì`{V[aŠV
Xa gmo_dmar d EH$mXercm òhioJmdMr dmar ~hþYm nm`rM H$arV
AgV. XÿaXÿahÿZ òUmè`m ^ŠV_§S>itMr {Zdmg, ^moOZmXr ì`dñWm d
H$m_R>çmhÿZ òhioJmdcm Xe©Zmcm ~¡cJmS>rZo OmÊ`mMr ì`dñWm godm
åhUyZ O_oc Ë`m narZo _mPo dS>rc {XJ§~aamd D$\©$ ZmZmgmho~ H$arV
AgV. Aem `m Wmoa JwénrR>mMr godm lrVwH$m_mB©M Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z
H$adyZ KoV AgV. Ë`m§MrM nwÊ`mB© åhUyZ hr Aënñdëner godm
AmOhr lrVwH$m_mB© AmåhmH$Sy>Z KS>dyZ KoV AmhoV.
Bò eararMr _mVr & {_idrZ VoW {jVr &
OoWo lrMaU Cô R>m{V & AmamÜ`mMo &&
`m `wJmVrc Wmoa Zm_mdVmar lrVwH$m_mBªMo gpËeî` n.ny.lr
~«÷M¡VÝ` Jm|XdcoH$a _hmamOm§À`m na§naoVrc n.ny.d¡. lr. XÎmmH$mH$m
`m§Zr {XZm§H$ 2 E{àc 2012 amoOr Am¡a§Jm~mX òWrc gËg§JmV _cm
"lrVwH$m_mB© M[aÌ' `m J«§WmÀ`m MVwWm©d¥Îmr~m~V ~hþ_moc _mJ©Xe©Z
Ho$co AgyZ V¥Vr`md¥ÎmrÀ`m àVr _hmamï´>mVrc d amÁ`m~mhoarc
CnmgZm _§S>im§Zm Ë`m§À`m gyMZoZwgma nmR>dÊ`mV Amcoë`m AmhoV.
Ë`m§Mo gX¡d ew^merdm©X d AI§S> H¥$nm Amåhm gdmªÀ`m nmR>rer amhmo
hrM Z_« àmW©Zm H$aVmo. VgoM _mJrc Amd¥Îmrà_mUoM `mhr
Amd¥ÎmrgmR>r n.ny. lr. AmZ§Xñdm_rOr, R>mHw$aÛma, _w§~B© `m§Zr
Amerdm©X {Xco. VgoM do.em.g§. lr àëhmX _wio Jwê$Or, Am¡a§Jm~mX
`m§Mohr ~hþ_moc _mJ©Xe©Z cm^co. gdmªMm AgmM H¥$nmdfm©d
Amåhm§da A{daVnUo amhmo hrM àmW©Zm Ë`m§Mo lrMaUr H$aVmo.
åhUmo{Z _mPo {ZË` Zdo & ídmgmoÀN>dmghr à~§Y hmoAmdo &
lrJwê$H¥$nm H$m` Zmoho & kmZXodmo åhUo &&
(lr kmZoídar 18-1734)
_mÂ`mgh Imcrc Jwé~§Yy d Jwé^ŠVm§Zr `m Amd¥ÎmrMr _wÐUgodm
{ZîH$m_ godm ^mdmZo Ho$cr AgyZ lrVwH$m_mBªMm d Jwé_mD$ctMm
Am_À`mda AI§S> H¥$noMm dfm©d AmhoM. Ë`m§Mr Zmdo Aer -
1) gd©lr _YwH$a ZmJmoamd H$moR>oH$a, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 2) Or. Eg.
Omoer H$a§OrH$a, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 3) JUoe ~id§Vamd H$amoS>H$a,
Am¡a§Jm~mX.
hr gd© nwñVHo$ n. ny. lr _mYdmZ§X _hmamOm§À`m lrMaUr An©U
Ho$cocr Agë`m_wio Vr Ho$di C_aIoS> d òhioJmd _R>mVM
^m{dH$m§Zm CncãY hmoD$ eH$Vrc. AÝ`Ì H$moR>ohr hr nwñVHo$
{dH«$sgmR>r CncãY ZmhrV, `mMr ^m{dH$m§Zr H¥$n`m Zm|X ¿`mdr hr
{dZ§Vr.
`m nwñVH$mMo S>r.Q>r.nr. Q>§H$coIZ gm¡. A{ZVm ^mcoamd, _m§S>Ur d
gOmdQ> lr. {dZm`H$amd ^mcoamd d Ë`m§Mo ghH$mar lr. AZ§V
^mcoamd, {MÌH$ma> gm¡. ApídZrVmB©, _wÐUmMo H$m_ éÐmÙr
Am°\$goQ>Mo lr. adtÐ K§Jmi `m§Zr A{Ve` MmoInUo {d{hV
H$mc_`m©XoV XodH$m`© g_OyZ _ohZVnyd©H$ Ho$co Amho. `m gdmªMm _r
A{Ve` F$Ur Amho.
h.^.n. àmMm`© lr gw. J. MìhmU, Zm§XoS> Am{U lr. am_XmgOr
H$mio, _aS>Jm `m§Zr lr VwH$m_mB© am_~mny n§MH«$moer n[aH«$_o~m~VMr
g{dñVa _m{hVr {Xcr. Jwé^ŠV lr. A{dZme nmÜò Zm§XoS> `m§Mohr `m
H$m_r Ë`m§Zm ghH$m`© Pmco; `m gdmªMm _r F$Ur Amho.
Jwé~§Yy lr. JUoeamd H$amoS>H$a `m§Zr `m Amd¥Îmrg àmoËgmhZ Va
{XcoM, VgoM gw§Xa Aer àñVmdZmhr {chÿZ {Xcr. VgoM AmXaUr`
Áòð> Jwé~§Yw lr. _YwH$aamd H$moR>oH$a (H$mH$m) Am{U lr. JUoeamd
Omoer H$a§OrH$a `m§Zr g_n©U d XmoZ eãX {chÿZ {Xco. `m gdmªMm _r
F$Ur Amho. VgoM _mPo gd© Hw$Qw>§~r` `m§Mohr _mÂ`m Aem CnH«$_m§gmR>r
gX¡d àmoËgmhZ d ghH$m`© AgVo. {edm` `m ew^H$m`m©gmR>r AZoH$m§Mo
ghH$m`© {_imco. àË`j dm AàË`jarVrZo _XV H$aUmè`m gdmªMm _r
Am^mar Amho.
H¥$nmiy lrJwê$ g_W© & Amnco AmnU dXVr M[aÌ &
_O H$é{Z {Z{_Îm _mÌ & coIZ gm{hË` nwadVr &&
lrVwH$m_mB©g§~§Yr _amR>r ^mfoV CncãY Pmcocr kmV Aer gd©
n§Mdrg nwñVHo$, J«§W, nmoÏ`m B. VgoM gX²^ŠVm§Zr H$idcoë`m qH$dm
gm§{JVcoë`m gd© _m{hVrMm _mJmodm Agcoco "lrVwH$m_mB© M[aÌ'
ghmì`m Amd¥ÎmrMo ho nwñVH$ lrVwH$m_mBªZr _OH$Sy>Z {chdyZ KoVcoco
Amho. `mVrc Oo Oo H$mhr AmnUmg Mm§Jco dmQ>V Agoc Vo Vo gd©
H$mhr lrVwH$m_mBªMo d Á`m Á`m H$mhr ÌwQ>r OmUdV AgVrc Ë`m Ë`m
gd© _mÂ`m AmhoV.
âmo{Z gX²^mdmMr A§Owir & {_`m§ dm|{d`m \w$c| _moH$ir &
A{n©cr A§{K«`wJwcr & {dídê$nm§Mm &&
qH$~hþZm Vw_Mo Ho$co & Y_©H$sV©Z ho {gÕr Joco &
òW _mPo Or Caco & nmB©H$nU &&
lr{MÝ_`_yVu JwénrR>, lr VwH$m_mB©, gd© gmYy-g§V, Hw$cX¡dV lr
{VénVr ~mcmOr d lr VwiOm^dmZr _mVm, lr {díd§â _hmamO,
lrJwéXodXÎmà^y, lram_à^y, lr ZdZmW ^Jd§V d B©ï> XodVm `m§À`m
{ZîH$m_ godm, ^ŠVr, CnmgZoMr nmÌVm {Xdg|{Xdg Amåhm gdmªV
d¥qÕJV hmodmo, hrM Z_« àmW©Zm.
ñ_aU VwPo _O {ZË` Agmdo & Vd JwU ^mdo Jmdo &&
AZmgŠVrZo _r dmJmdo & Eogo _Z didmdo &&
lrVwH$m_mBªMo MaUr AË`§V lÕmnyd©H$ d Z_«Vmnyd©H$ ZV_ñVH$
hmoD$Z ho Ë`m§Mo {Xì` M[aÌ _r Ë`m§ZmM An©U H$aVmo.
gXmo{XV AmZ§XmV hmñ`dXZ gd©Xm &
hmVr {Mcr_ gd©H$mi Zgo Ë`mMr _`m©Xm &&
Z R>o{dVm A½Zrdar Yy_« Á`mZo H$m{T>cm &
Z_Z _mPo òhioJm§dr VwH$mam_ gmYwcm &&
{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamO H$s O` & ghOmZ§X ~«÷mZ§X nyUm©Z§X
gpÀMXmZ§X _hmamO H$s O` & nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X dm_ZmZ§X _hmamO H$s
O`& AdYyV qMVZ lrJwéXodXÎm & JmonmcH¥$îU ^JdmZ H$s O` & lr
{díd§â _hmamO H$s O` & O` O` aKwdra g_W© & lr g_W© am_Xmg
ñdm_r _hmamO H$s O` & lram_ Oàm_ O` O` am_ & Omo Hw$N> h¡ gmo
Vy hr h¡ & lr VwH$m_mB© g_W© OÒ` VwH$m_mB© g_W© &&
ñWi : Am¡a§Jm~mX lrJwéMaUaO

{XZm§H$ : 7-3-2019 (S>m°. {Xcrn {XJ§~aamd Xoe_wI
H$m_R>oH$a)
&& lr JOmZZ àgÞ &&
&& lr_V² na_h§g VwH$mam_ _hmamO H$s O` &&
em¡ZH$ :- Aer{Vdf} g§àmßVo OZZmÝ_aU§ Y«wd_² &
ghòoÝXmoX©e©Z_² M Om`Vo d¡ VXm Y«wd_² &&
&& g_n©U &&
n. ny. lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ C_aIoS> d lr VwH$mam_ _hmamO

g§ñWmZ òhioJmd hçm§Mo AZwJ«hrV hmoD$Z AI§S> godoMm O_oc Vgm
godm^md ñdrH$mê$Z godm H$aÊ`mMo ^m½` _cm cm^coco Amho. Ë`m
godoMm \$cñdê$nmV g§gma gwImV ââmQ>rMm AZw^d àË`j ^moJV
Amho. g§gma amS>çmV AZoH$ g§H$Q>o dma§dma òV Jocr; na§Vw
Jwê$_mD$ctÀ`m H¥$nmN>mòZo OUy didmÀ`m nmdgmà_mUo H$moUË`mhr
àH$maMr earamcm jVr Amcocr Zmhr. hoM gX²Jwê§$À`m Aì`ŠV ê$nmMo
N>m`m N>V Amho, Á`m`moJo eof OrdZàdmh Jwê$qMVZ, Zm_ñ_aUmV
AmZ§XmZo d g_mYmZmV ì`VrV hmoVmo.
Amåhr g_mYmZr Amåhm H$m`
H$ir H$mimMr ^rVr &
Xmg Amåhr g§Vm§Mo &&2&&
`m CŠVrà_mUo AmZ§Xr OrdZ Aì`mhV d`mÀ`m 80 ì`m dfm©n`ªV
MmcyM Amho. hrM Jwê$N>m`m hmo`. àma§^r CX²Y¥V Ho$coë`m
""em¡ZH$m{XH$m§Mm ghòM§ÐXe©Z em§Vr à`moJ'' hçmnojm doJim AgyM
eH$V Zmhr Ago _cm dmQ>Vo. darc ghòM§ÐXe©ZmMo nwÊ` d ^m½`
Jwê$godoV Amho, Oo _r Cn^moJV Amho.
&& n.ny. lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamO H$s O` &&

&& n.ny. lr VwH$m_mB© H$s O` &&
&& n.ny. lr dm_ZmZ§X _hmamO H$s O` &&
Amncm Jwê$MaUaO
Am¡a§Jm~mX (_YwH$a ZmJmoamd H$moR>oH$a)
{X. 7-3-2019 _mo. 9960706415
XmoZ eãX
&& {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamO H$s O` &&
_r d _mPr nËZr - Amåhr XmoKohr n.ny. lr _mYdmZ§X _hmamOm§Mo

AZwJ«{hV AmhmoV. lr VwH$m_mB©, òhioJmd Am{U n.ny. lr _mYdmZ§X
_hmamO _R>m{YnVr, lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS> `m§Mo lrMaUr
_r, _mPr nËZr Am{U XmoÝhrhr _wco `m§Mr ÑT>^ŠVr Am{U {ZVm§V lÕm
AgyZ Ë`m§À`mM H¥$nmerdm©XmZo _mPm _wcJm {M. Vwfma `mg nwUo òWo
CÎm_ nXmda à{WVè H§$nZrV ZmoH$ar {_imcocr Amho. VgoM _mPm
_moR>m _wcJm {M. A{^Zd `mg A{Ve` gwc^VoZo ~±Ho$Mo J¥hH$O©
{_iyZ Ë`mMm nwUo òWo âc°Q>hr (gX{ZH$m) Pmcm. lrVwH$m_mB© _R>,
òhioJmd òWrc nmM dmè`m Amåhr Hw$Qw>§~r`m§Zr Ho$ë`mMoM ho \${cV
Amho, Aer _mPr ÑT> lÕm Amho.
lrVwH$m_mB© M[aÌ `m J«§WmÀ`m _wÐUgodoV _mPmhr doimodoir g{H«$`
gh^mJ Pmcm Amho, ho _mPr Hw$cXodVm lr VwiOm^dmZr _mVm d
lr {MÝ_`_yVu Jwê$nrR> `m§À`mM _mÂ`mdarc H¥$nmerdm©XmMo \$i
Amho. Ë`m§Mm AgmM AI§S>, A{daV, gXmo{XV H¥$nmerdm©X _mÂ`mda
d _mÂ`m gd© Hw$Qw>§~r`m§da df©V ahmdm hrM àmW©Zm A{Ve` Z_«Vmnyd©H$
d lÕm^ŠVr`wŠV A§V:H$aUmZo _r lr gX²Jwê$ _mYdmZ§X _hmamOm§À`m
lrMaUr H$aVmo.
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m nmoWrMo, VgoM Aï>H$mMo {ZË` nR>U, Xe©Z,
Zm_ñ_aU Amåhm Hw$Qw>§~r`m§Ûmao KSy>Z òVo. Amåhmcm Am_À`m g§gmamV
gwIg_¥Õr d em§Vr cm^cocr Amho. lrHw$cXodVm d lrJwê$nrR>,
lrVwH$m_mB© `m§Mr Amåhm§Ûmao {ZË` {ZîH$m_ godm-^ŠVr KS>mo
Am{U Ë`m§Mo AI§S> N>m`mN>Ì cm^mo hrM Z_« àmW©Zm H$ê$Z _mPo
XmoZ eãX g§ndVmo.
C_aIoS> gaH$ma, òhioJmd Xa~ma &

Jwê$ {MÝ_`mZ§X Zm_o hmoV Ago JOa &
KS>moKS>r gmIaoMm àgmX Á`mZo dm{Q>cm &
Z_Z _mPo òhioJmdr VwH$mam_ gmYycm &&
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m lrMaUr _mPo H$moQ>r H$moQ>r àUm_.
Jwê$MaUaO
Am¡a§Jm~mX (JUoe gmo_oídaamd Omoer H$a§OrH$a)
{X. 7-3-2019 _mo. 9422219153, 9284010479
AZwH«$_{UH$m
^mJ {df` n¥ð>
1) àñVmdZm ........................................ 27
- lr VwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mm OÝ_ ...................... 29
- ~mccrcm d BVa crcm........................... 31
- JwéH¥$nm ............................................ 36
- lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS>Mr Jwéna§nam
- ZmWna§nam ....................................... 38
- lr {MÝ_`_yVu JwénrR>mMm Jwé_{h_m ............... 41
- lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS> lr Jwéna§nam
d§ed¥j-1 ......................................... 55
- {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZMm d§ed¥j - 2 ............... 56
- lr VwH$m_mBªMm bmoH$g§J«h d M_ËH$ma ............. 57
- lr VwH$m_mBªMr Wmoadr d CnXoe ................... 89
- lr VwH$m_mBªMo _hmg_mYrJ«hU ..................... 100
- lr Cn|Ðñdm_tÛmam gX²^ŠVm§Zm lrVwH$m_mB©
H¥$noMr àMrVr ..................................... 105
- lr VwH$m_mBªMr {d{dY CnmgZmñWio ............... 106
- gX²^ŠV M§Ð^mZ ~§Jio `m§Zm Amcoco
{Xì` AZw^d ...................................... 108
- Xþï> aPmH$mam§Zm YS>m {Xcm ......................... 110
- lr n.ny. ~«÷M¡VÝ` hZw_§V _hmamOm§Zm AZwJ«h ..... 111
2) lr VwH$m_mBªMo gpËeî` .......................... 114
1) lr gX²Jwê$ ~«÷M¡VÝ` _hmamO Jm|XdboH$a ......... 114
2) n. ny. lr am_Or~mny .............................. 125
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- lr g§V VwH$m_mB©© am_~mny n§MH«$moer n[aH«$_m VWm
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ñWio `m~m~V g§{jßV _m{hVr .................... 136
3) AmaË`m d Aï>Ho$ ................................ 143

(1) AmaË`m
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- AmaVr lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§Mr ................. 143
- AmaVr lr ghOmZ§X _hmamOm§Mr ................... 144
- AmaVr lrVwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mr (1) ............... 144
- AmaVr lrVwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mr (2) ............... 145
- AmaVr lr gpÀMXmZ§X _hmamOm§Mr ................. 146
- AmaVr lr am_mZ§X _hmamOm§Mr ..................... 146
- AmaVr lr dmgwXodmZ§X _hmamOm§Mr ................. 147
- AmaVr lr nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamOm§Mr ............... 148
- AmaVr lr dm_ZmZ§X _hmamOm§Mr................... 149
(2) Aï>Ho$ / nXo ............................... 151
- lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS>À`m
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- lr ghOmZ§X _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$ .................... 152
- lrVwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$ (1) ................. 153
- lrVwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$ (2) ................. 154
- lr VwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mo nX ........................ 156
- lr nyUm©Z§X _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$ ...................... 156
- lr am_mZ§X _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$ ...................... 158
- lr dmgwXodmZ§X _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$ .................. 159
- lr nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$ ................. 161
- lr nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamOm§Mo nX .................... 162
- lr dm_ZmZ§X _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$ .................... 163
- lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS>Mo dm{f©H$ CËgd. 166
- g§X^© J«§W .......................................... 167
- lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ C_aIoS>Mr àH$meZo ........ 169
- òhioJmd òWo H$go Omdo? ......................... 171
- òhioJmd d BVa ñWiXe©Z _mJ©
Xe©{dUmam ZH$mem ................................. 172
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m 125 ì`m nwÊ`{VWr CËgdm{Z{_Îm lrVwH$m_mB© _§{Xa
òhioJmdÀ`m {eIamda n.ny. lr_mYdmZ§X _hmamOm§À`m ew^hñVo
29-05-2012 amoOr hobrH$m°ßQ>a_YyZ nwînd¥ï>r H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
&& lr JUoem` Z_: Ÿ&&
&& lr VwH$m_mB© M[aÌ Ÿ&&
lr_V² na_h§g lr VwH$mam_ _hmamO
(lr ~«÷mZ§X _hmamO) òhioJmd `m§Mo OrdZM[aÌ
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lrVwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mm OÝ_ :

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lrVwH$mam_ AmVm d`mZo WmoS>o _moR>o Pmbo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo ImUo-{nUo
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Ë`m§Mr eoVo H$aUmè`m YZJamda Ë`m§Mo ào_ AgyZ Vmohr `m§Zm gmYy _mZV
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Ho$co, Ë`m§Mo OÝ_mMo Xm[aÐç Zï> Pmco. AZoH$OU ì`mYr_wŠV hmoD$Z
^pŠV_mJm©cm cmJco. d`mÀ`m ghmì`m-gmVì`m dfu lrVwH$m_mBªZr
XmoZ df} _m¡Z YmaU Ho$co hmoVo. d{S>bm§Zr Ë`m§Mo d«V~§Y d`mÀ`m
AmR>ì`m dfu H$ê$Z Q>mH$bo. `mZ§Va H$merZmWn§Vhr {ZdV©co. _mVm-
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amZrdZr-J«m_r {\$aV AgV. Aem AdñWoV ~mi VwH$m_mB©
òhioJmdcm Amco. òWrc EH$ åhmVmar YZJarU M§Ð^mJm Ë`m§Zm
ào_mZo ImD$-{nD$ KmcrV Ago. {Vcmhr _mJo-nwT>o H$moUrM ZìhVo, Vr
{~Mmar EH$Q>rM hmoVr. lrVwH$m_mBªMm g§Mma òhioJmd d AmOy~mOyÀ`m
JmdmV, n[agamV gwê$ Pmcm. Vo gd©Xm CXmg Agm`Mo. ~mø amhUr
\$ma AñVmì`ñV hmoVr. Vo doS>çmgmaIo dmJm`Mo. H$maU A^º$ d
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Ë`m§Zm ""doS>m VwH$m'' Ago åhUV. na§Vw Oo kmZr d ewÕm§V:H$aUr bmoH$
hmoVo Ë`m§Zm lrVwH$m_mBªMo gX²JwU {XgyZ òV AgV.
d¡am½`_yVu {XJ§~a ñdmar, H¥$nmH$Q>mjo XrZm§gr Vmar &
òhioJm§dr Ago ho na~«÷, lr gX²Jwê$ VwH$mam_ M¡VÝ` &&
lr. H$m§Vamd Omoer Hw$V©S>rH$a, h. _w. Zm§XoS> `m§À`m e§ârÀ`m KamV
Agcoë`m d`mod¥Õ _mVmolr J§.^m. H$mer~mB© cú_Uamd Hw$V©S>rH$a
`m§Zm Ë`m§Mo œewa H¡$. VwH$mam_n§V (ZmZm) `m§Zr lrVwH$m_mBª~m~VÀ`m
Imcrc Jmoï>r gm§{JVë`m AmhoV -
Hw$V©S>r òWrc lrOJX§~m XodrÀ`m _§{XamOdi Agcoë`m
nm[aOmVH$mÀ`m PmS>mImcrc PmonS>rV lrVwH$m_mBªMo dS>rc amhV
AgV. `m PmonS>rOdi S>mqi~mMr XmoZ PmS>o hmoVr. OdiM lr.
WmoamOr _mir amhV AgV. lrVwH$m_mB© ~mc`moJr! Vo Ë`m§À`m {dXohr
AdñWoV {dhma H$arV AgV. H$mcm§VamZo dS>rc lr. H$merZmWn§V
`m§Mo XohmdgmZ Pmco. `Wm{dYr Ë`m§Mm A§Ë`g§ñH$ma Pmcm. `mdoir
lrVwH$m_mB© ~mhoaJmdr g§MmamdñWoV hmoVo. H$mhr {Xdgm§Zr Vo Hw$V©S>rcm
naV Amë`mZ§Va nmhVmV Vmo H$m`! Ë`m§Mo dS>rc Ë`m§Zm H$moR>oM
{XgoZmV. _mVmolr nmd©Vr~mBªMo {ZYZ Va lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m ~mcnUrM
Pmco hmoVo. AmH$m§V H$ê$Z lrVwH$m_mBªZr KameoOmar amhUmè`m lr.
WmoamOr _mir `m§Zm {dMmaco, ""Wmoè`m, _mPo dS>rc H$moR>o AmhoV, Vo
XmId.'' Voìhm JmdH$è`m§Zr lrVwH$m_mBªZm ñ_emZmV ZoD$Z n§Vm§Mo
A§Ë`{dYrñWi XmI{dco. `mdoir lrVwH$m_mB© VoWrc amIoV cmoico
Am{U Vo Hw$V©S>rVyZ Oo {ZKyZ Joco Vo naV Hw$V©S>rcm AmcoM ZmhrV.
~hþYm òWyZ Vo òhioJmd òWo Joco AgmdoV d Z§Va Ë`m§Zr VoWrc d
n[agamVrc Ag§»` ^ŠVm§Mm Amnë`m {Xì` crcm§Ûmao CÕma Ho$cm.
YÝ` òhioJm§drMo OZ, Ë`mVo _mPo cmoQ>m§JU &
YÝ` YÝ` Vo nwÊ`Ym_, OoWo OoWo MaU g_WmªMo &&
ZmZm OmoetÀ`m Hw$V©S>r òWrc dmS>çmÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mÀ`m OmJoda
lrVwH$m_mB© Zoh_r òD$Z ~gV AgV d Ë`m§Zm Vo {eì`m XoV.
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m {eì`m `m Amnë`mcm VgoM nwT>À`m {H$ËòH$ {nT>çm§Zm
CÕmaH$ AmhoV ho ZmZm Mm§Jco OmUyZ hmoVo. Ë`mdoir Ë`m ^mJmV
nS>coë`m ^rfU XþîH$mimV ZmZm§Zr JmdH$è`m§Zm amoOJma CncãY
H$ê$Z {Xcm hmoVm d Amncr YmÝ`mMr H$moR>mao _wŠVhñVo _moH$ir H$ê$Z
{Xcr hmoVr. Ë`mMoM \$cñdê$n åhUOo lrVwH$m_mB©gma»`m _hmZ
g§Vm§Mo Ë`m§Zm H¥$nmerdm©X cm^co.
EH$Xm ZmZm Amnë`m gmgy~mBªÀ`m _mVmolr lr_Vr OH$mVo `m§Zm
ôQy>Z Amnë`m Jmdr naV òV AgVm lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m _R>mda Amco.
Ymo-Ymo nmD$g Mmcy hmoVm d _mJm©Vrc H$`mYy ZXr XþWS>r ^ê$Z dmhV
hmoVr, åhUyZ ZmZm§Zr _R>mVM _wŠH$m_r Wm§~Ê`mMm {dMma Ho$cm AgVm
lrVwH$m_mB© Ë`m§Zm åhUmco, ""òWo A{O~mV Wm§~y ZH$mog, ZXr nma
H$ê$Z {ZKyZ Om.''
JwéAmkm à_mU _mZyZ ZmZm§Zr Ymo-Ymo nS>Umè`m nmdgmV
lrVwH$m_mBªMo Zm_ñ_aU H$arV â nwamV H$`mYy ZXrV CS>r KoVcr
Am{U lrVwH$m_mB© H¥$noZo gwIê$nnUo n¡cVrar eodmù`mg òD$Z
_wŠH$m_r Wm§~co d Xþgè`m {Xder Hw$V©S>rcm Amnë`m Kar òD$Z
nmohMco. ^pŠV^mdnyU© A§V:H$aUmZo gX²JwédMZm§da AerM ÑT> lÕm
R>odyZ Ë`m§À`m AmkoMo nmcZ Ho$ë`mg hm ZXrMm nyaM H$m`, Va
^dgmJagwÕm gX²JwéH¥$noZo Vê$Z OmUo H$m` AeŠ` Amho!
H¥$noMmM qgYw XrZmMr VwH$mB© & XþOm^md H$m§hr Zgo Ë`mO R>m`r&&
gXm ào_^ŠVrV Ë`mÀ`m a_mdo & VwH$mam_ ñdm_r Z_y Z_« ^mdo&&
(àmW©Zmï>H$, ZrcH¥$îU Xoenm§S>o,
nmoh§Sy>i, {O. `dV_mi)
JwéH¥$nm
òhioJmdnmgyZ Vrg _¡bm§da (A§XmOo 50 {H$._r.) `dV_mi
{OëømV C_aIoS> ZmdmMo Jmd Amho. VoWrb ZmW g§àXm`mVrb
A{YH$mar gËnwéf lr {MÝ_`mZ§X ñdm_r Amnbr n§T>anyaMr dmar
g§ndyZ naVrÀ`m dmQ>oda AgVmZm Ë`m§Mm _w¸$m_ òhioJmd òWo Pmbm.
nhmQ>o Vo ZXrda ñZmZmgmR>r Jobo AgVmZm Ë`m§Zm ZXrH$mR>mda H$moUrVar
AH$am-~mam dfmªMm _wbJm ~gë`mMo {XgyZ Ambo. Ë`m§Zr Odi
OmD$Z nm{hbo AgVm Vmo S>moio {_Qy>Z ~gbobm hmoVm. H$mhr doimZo Ë`m
~mimZo (lrVwH$mam_m§Zr) S>moio CKS>bo d XmoKm§Mr Ñï>mÑï> Pmbr.
A§VarMr IyU A§Var nQ>br. XmoKm§À`mhr S>moù`mVyZ AmZ§Xmly dmhÿ
bmJbo. lr {MÝ_`mZ§X ñdm_r nwT>o Ambo d Ë`m§Zr Amnbm hmV
lrVwH$mam_m§À`m S>moŠ`mda R>odbm. Ë`m§Zm ""am_H¥$îU har'' `m
fS>mjar _§ÌmMr Xrjm {Xbr Am{U åhUmbo "VwPo Zmd AmOnmgyZ
""lrVwH$mam_ M¡VÝ`'' R>odÊ`mV Ambo Amho. "AmVm _mPo òWbo H$m_
Pmbo', Ago åhUyZ ñdm_r C_aIoS>bm {ZKyZ Jobo.
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CXmgd¥Îmr _Zr AmZ§X Ÿ& lrJwê$ ôQ>bo {MÝ_`mZ§X Ÿ&&
_Zr âbm na_mZ§X Ÿ& gX²Jwê$ àVmno Ÿ&&
AmYrM ~mdZH$gr gwdU© Ÿ& V`mdar OS>mdmMo H$m|XU Ÿ&&
VoWo narjH$mdmMyZ Ÿ& JUZm H$moU H$arb Ÿ&&
gX²Jwê§$Mm AZwJ«h Pmë`mZ§Va lr VwH$mam_m§À`m A§Jr na_h§gd¥Îmr
~mUbr. Ë`m§Mr Jwéna§nam Aer : Am{XZmW - _Ëñ`|ÐZmW
(_rZZmW)-JmoajZmW-_wº$m~mB©-Mm§JmdQ>oœa- MH«$nmUr - {d_bmZ§X
- Mm§Jm Ho$edXmg - OZH$amO - Z¥qgh - öX`mZ§X - {dœoœa -
Ho$edamO -~mon`m - h[aXmg - H$mÝh`m - gXmZ§X - H¥$îU -
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-{MÝ_`mZ§X - lr VwH$mam_ M¡VÝ`.
{MÝ_`mZ§X Ho$cm Jwê$ & Omo ^dm{U©Mm hmo` Vmê$ &&
_hmg_W© H¥$nmgmJê$ & ~«÷doÎmm _hm{gÕ &&
{X. 2/9/2015 amoOr _r _mÂ`m Hw$Qw>§~r`m§g_doV H$adranrR>mÀ`m
lr e§H$amMm`mªÀ`m _R>mV ny. lr AmMm`mªÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>r Jocmo hmoVmo.
`mdoir Zm§XoS>Mo gËnwéf n. ny. lr _ÝZm _hmamOhr òWo CnpñWV hmoVo.
n. ny. lr e§H$amMm`mªZr _m{hVr {Xcr H$s, Ë`m§Mo _mojgmYZoVrc
na_Jwê$ lr OZmX©Z ñdm_r gañdVr (lr nmR>H$ ñdm_r) ho
lrVwH$m_mBªMo Jwé~§Yy hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr g_mYr lr e§H$amMm`© nrR>,
OJÝZmWnwarcm Amho. Ë`m§Mo d§eO gÜ`m {_aOcm AgVmV. n. ny.lr
_ÝZm _hmamO `m§À`m AmkoZwgma hm CëcoI _wÔm_M H$arV Amho.
lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ,
C_aIoS>Mr Jwéna§nam-ZmWna§nam
Amnë`m _hmamï´>mV àm_w»`mZo lrXÎmg§àXm`, lrg_W© g§àXm`,
ZmWg§àXm`, dmaH$ar g§àXm` (^mJdV Y_©) Am{U _hmZw^md g§àXm`
Ago B©ídamonmgZoMo 5 g§àXm` qH$dm na§nam qH$dm n§W AmhoV.
lr{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS>Mr Jwéna§nam hr ZmWna§nam AgyZ `m
na§naoV `moJ d ^ŠVr `m§Mm gwaoI g§J_ Pmcm Amho. `m g§ñWmZmg XmoZ
eVH$m§Mm B{Vhmg AgyZ AJmoXa CëcoI Ho$ë`mà_mUo Am{XZmWm§nmgyZ
hr Jwéna§nam lr{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§n`ªV d Z§Va {dÚ_mZ _R>m{YnVr
n.ny. lr _mYdmZ§X _hmamOm§n`ªV A{daVnUo gwê$ Amho.
lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§Mo ~«÷m, {dîUy d _hoeñdê$nr VrZ
AdVmar {eî`moÎm_ åhUOo - lr ghOmZ§X _hmamO (JmoMañdm_r
C_aIoS>, Oo lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§Mo CÎmam{YH$mar hmoVo), lr_V²
na_h§g lr VwH$mam_ _hmamO (lrVwH$m_mB©, ~«÷mZ§X _hmamO,
òhioJm§d) Am{U lr nyUm©Z§X _hmamO (eodmim) ho hmoV. lr
{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§À`m _hmg_mYr J«hUmZ§Va lrghOmZ§X _hmamOm§Zr
Ë`m§À`mM C_aIoS>À`m amhË`m dmS>çmV Ë`m§À`m g_mYrMr ñWmnZm
H$ê$Z lr{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZMr _whÿV©_oT> amodcr.
`m Jwéna§naoV {dÚ_mZ _R>m{YnVr ho Ë`m§À`m BÀN>oZwgma `mo½`
Aem ^mdr nwéfmMr _R>m{YnVr åhUyZ {ZdS> H$aVmV. _R>m{YnVtMr
gyÌo J«hU H$aÊ`mnydu {dYrnyd©H$ g§Ý`mgXrjm KoUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo.
ñdm_r ghOmZ§Xm§Z§Va gpÀMXmZ§X - {edam_mZ§X - {ZË`mZ§X -
am_mZ§X - dmgwXodmZ§X - nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X - _mYdmZ§X ({dÚ_mZ
_R>m{YnVr) Aer hr Jwéna§nam Amho.
lrghOmZ§X ñdm_tÀ`m hmVmda lrH$merjoÌr Xemíd_oY KmQ>mda
àJQ> Pmcoë`m ÛmXe Á`mo{V{cªJñdê$n lr {díd§~a XodVoMo XaamoO,
nyOZ, AM©Z d {dÛmZ ~«÷d§¥Xm§Ûmao éÐm{^foH$ H$ê$Z `m g§ñWmZm_Üò
CnmgZm Ho$cr OmVo. godm, AÝZXmZ, {ZË`H$_©, ÔZ-nyOZ,
Zm_ñ_aU `mda g§ñWmZMm â AgyZ "ghO ~mocUo hm{M CnXoe' ho
VÎd Amho. "{eî`m§Mm H$aÊ`m {dH$mg, l_Uo' hm Ü`mZr_Zr Ü`mg
Amho. Zm_ñ_aU, ^mJdV Y_©, dmaH$ar g§àXm`, lr {díd§â d lr
nm§Sw>a§JmMr H$mg Yê$Z gd©gm_mÝ`m§nmgyZ Vo gdmªÀ`mM H$ë`mUmMr
Vi_i Agcoë`m, XrZXþ~ù`m OZm§À`m CÕmamgmR>rM AdV[aV
Pmcoë`m lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZÀ`m AmÜ`mpË_H$ »`mVrÀ`m
_R>m{YnVtMr hr {Xì` g§Vna§nam Amho. {Z:ñn¥hVoMr, gË`mMr Am{U
^ŠVrMr hr Or A_¥Vdoc lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§Zr cmdcr, Vr doc
AmVm {dÚ_mZ _R>m{YnVr n.ny. lr _mYdmZ§X _hmamOm§Zr JJZmda
Zocr Amho.
lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZMr _yi ZmWn§Wr` AgUmar hr {Xì` d
{demc gX²Jwê$ na§nam nwT>o ^ŠVr-kmZ na§naoZo dmaH$ar, am_Xmgr,
haXmgr, H$sV©Z na§naoV EImÚm _hmgmJamà_mUo àdm{hV Pmcr Amho.
`mM Jwéna§naoVrc na_h§g OrdÝ_wŠV Wmoa `moJr lrVwH$m_mB© `m§MoÛmam
AZwJ«{hV àmV:ñ_aUr` Zm_mdVmar lr ~«÷M¡VÝ` Jm|XdcoH$a _hmamO,
lr ~«÷M¡VÝ` hZw_§V _hmamO, dmda{haoH$a ({O. gmVmam), n.ny. lr
am_Or~mny _hmamO (g_mYr _R>, òhioJmd), n.ny. lr Z§Xr _hmamO,
H$dmUm ({O. Zm§XoS>), lr Cn|Ðñdm_r, lr ~«÷M¡VÝ` Jm|XdcoH$a
_hmamOm§Mo {eî` S>m°. Hw$V©H$moQ>r _hm^mJdV (_mOr e§H$amMm`©,
lrH$adra nrR>, H$moëhmnya), dmUr AdVma ny. lr VmË`mgmho~ Ho$VH$a
(_mcmS>, _w§~B©), OmcÝ`mMo lr AmZ§XgmJa _hmamO d lr am_mZ§X
_hmamO, lr am_mZ§X _hmamOm§Mo gpËeî` ny. lr àëhmX _hmamO
(gmIaIoS>m©), Ë`m§Mo {eî` _hm_hmonmÜ`m` lr `koída emñÌr H$ñVwao
(MVwd}Xoída, gmdaJmd, {O. OmcZm), lrghOmZ§X _hmamOm§Mo
{eî`moÎm_Û` lr e§H$amZ§X _hmamO, Ho$gmnyar, {Oëhm ~rS Am{U>
lr XÎmmdVmar lr a§JZmW _hmamO (AmZ§Xr AmË_mZ§X gañdVr, Zmìhm,
Vm. {O. OmcZm), Ë`m§Mo {eî` d CÎmam{YH$mar ny. lr ídmgmZ§X
_hmamO, _ohH$a (g_mYr _R>, lrjoÌ H$mer), lr nyUm©Z§X _hmamO,
eodmim `m§Mo Wmoa {eî` lr AmßnmOr _hmamO (nmQ>U~moar), lr
{ZË`mZ§X _hmamOm§Ûmao g§Ý`mgXrjm J«hU Ho$coco lr {dîUyXmg _hmamO
(lr nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X ñdm_r, _mhÿa) Am{U lr dm_ZmZ§X _hmamOm§Ûmao
AZwJ«{hV Wmoa {d^yVr lr kmZoída _hmamO, _mD$cr, (MmH$admS>r,
{O. ~rS>) Aem H$mhr Wmoa g§V-_hmËå`m§Mm Zm_moëcoI H$aUo
A{Zdm`© R>aoc. C_aIoS> _R>mV M§ÐJ«hUm{Z{_Îm Wmoa XÎmmdVmar
n.n.lr dmgwXodmZ§X gañdVr ñdm_r _hmamO (Wmoaco ñdm_r _hmamO,
Q>|~o ñdm_r _hmamO) `m§Mmhr _wŠH$m_ hmoVm.
Aem `m Wmoa lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZmcm \$ma CÀM d
AmÜ`mpË_H$ Jwéna§nam àmßV AgyZ, `m JwénrR>mÛmao Amnë`m
g§ñH¥$VrMo, doX{dÚoÀ`m OVZmMo Am{U gwg§ñH¥$V g_mO {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mMo _hmZ H$m`© A{daVnUo gwê$ Amho. `m JwénrR>mMo hOmamo-
cmIm|Zr {eî` d ^ŠV AgyZ, gdmªZm gmoß`m d gwc^ Aem
^ŠVr_mJm©g cmdyZ Ë`m§Mm AmÜ`mpË_H$ {dH$mg d CÕma H$aÊ`mMo
H$m`© `m JwénrR>mÛmao {Za§VanUo gwê$ Amho. `m JwénrR>mÀ`m Jwéna§naoMm
d§ed¥j 1 d d§ed¥j 2 ñdV§ÌnUo {Xcocm AgyZ AmVm AmnU lr
{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamO Vo n.ny. lr _mYdmZ§X _hmamO `m§Mo M[aÌ d
_{h_m g§{jßVnUo nmhÿ `m.
lr {MÝ_`_yVu JwénrR>mMm Jwé_{h_m
lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamO
nwÊèrc Am_wMr Am¡Xþ§~a hr ZJar &
Zm§XVmo {VWo {ZV ^ŠVm§Mm H¡$dmar &&
Zm_ YmaU H$ê$Zr gmW©Mr {MÝ_`ñdm_r &
Jwê$na§nam hr Mmc{dVmo {ZîH$m_r &&
(gm¡. Xrnm~mB© {XZH$aamd Xoe_wI, {dSw>i)
lr{M_U lrH¥$îU^Q> Omoer åhUOoM lr
{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamO ho C_aIoS>Odirc Mwa_wao
OhmJraMo. Ë`m§Zm nwgXÀ`m ZmWg§àXm`r lr
{dÇ>cqH$H$a _hmamO ({^H$mOr Xoenm§S>o)
`m§Mm AZwJ«h Pmcm.
`m Jwéna§naoVrc àËòH$ nrR>mYre na_moÀM nXmcm nmoMcoco
AmhoV. Y_m©g ½cmZr Amë`m_wio ^Jd§V ñdm_r {MÝ_`mZ§X
_hmamOm§À`m ê$nmZo C_aIoS>cm AdVaco. ñdm_tÀ`m AË`wËH$Q>
^ŠVr_wio h[a _moaoída _m_coXmam§Zr haU Ho$cocr lrH¥$îUmMr _yVu
g§Ü`mnmÌmV àH$Q> Pmcr. n§T>anya òWo H$m{V©H$sÀ`m CËgdmV _R>mV
YmÝ`mMm EH$hr XmUm {eëcH$ am{hcm ZgVmZm ñdm_tÀ`m ÑT> lÕo_wio
n§T>arZmWmZo VoWrc EH$m gmdH$mamg ñdßZÑï>m§V XoD$Z Ë`mMoH$adr
Amdí`H$ Vo gd© {H$amUm gm_mZ ñdm_tZm nwadco. H$_©_mJ© d
^ŠVr_mJ© `mda _hmamOm§Mm {deof H$Q>mj hmoVm. Vo ñdV: EH$hr jU
^JdpËM§VZ d Zm_g§H$sV©Z `mdmMyZ doi dm`m Kmc{dV ZgV. àËòH$
nwéf hm lr{dÇ>c d ñÌr lréŠ_m~mB© Amho Ago Vo g_OV. g§VH$dr
lr XmgJUy _hmamOm§Zr lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§Mr Wmoadr dU©Z
H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zm "lr kmZoída _hmamO _mD$ctMm AdVma' Ago
g§~mo{Yco Amho. Amnë`m "g§VH$Wm_¥VmV' Vo åhUVmV -
A{YH$ma {MÝ_`mZ§XmMm & {H$Vr dUy© _r gmMm &
AdVma kmZoídamMm & hmoVo _hmamO àË`j &&
(AÜ`m` 25-63)
{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§Mo ~«÷m, {dîUy, _hoeñdê$nr VrZ {eî` - lr
ghOmZ§X _hmamO (JmoMañdm_r, CÎmam{YH$mar, C_aIoS> _R>), lr
VwH$m_mB© (òhioJm§d) d lr nyUm©Z§X _hmamO (eodmim) ho hmoV. d¡emI
H¥$. EH$mXer, eHo$ 1777 amoOr d`mÀ`m 100 ì`m dfu lr
{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§Zr C_aIoS>À`m ñdV:À`m amhË`m dmS>çmV
g_mYrJ«hU Ho$co. VËnydu d¡emI d. 7 eHo$ 1777 amoOr Ë`m§Zr
g§Ý`mgXrjm KoD$Z "àÚwåZ gañdVr' ho Zmd YmaU Ho$co. VWm{n,
^ŠVm§Zm "{MÝ_`mZ§X' ho Zm§d JmoS> dmQy>Z Ë`mMrM dmÀ`Vm hmoD$
cmJcr. lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§Mo CÎmam{YH$mar lr ghOmZ§X
_hmamOm§Zr Ë`m§À`m g_mYrMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ
C_aIoS>Mr _whÿV©_oT> amodcr.
lr_V² na_h§g lr VwH$mam_ _hmamO
(lr VwH$m_mB©, lr ~«÷mZ§X _hmamO)
Ago AmË_kmZr {dXohr _hmË_m &
V`m qMVZr hmo gwIr Xoh AmË_m &
Aem Wmoa `moJr nwéfm Z_mdo &
VwH$mam_ ñdm_r Z_y Z_« ^mdo &&
(ZrcH¥$îU Xoenm§S>o, nmoh§Sy>i)
lrVwH$m_mBªMo g{dñVa M[aÌ `m nwñVH$mV
{Xcoco AmhoM. lrVwH$m_mBªZr {dcjU crcm
d Ag§»` M_ËH$ma H$ê$Z {Znw{ÌH$m§Zm
g§VmZàmßVr, {ZY©Zm§Zm YZàmßVr, _aUmoÝ_wI OO©a ì`mYrJ«ñVm§Zm
Amamo½`àmßVr d OrdZXmZ, _w_wjw§Zm _mojàmßVr Amnë`m
H¥$nmerdm©Xm_wio àmßV H$ê$Z {Xcr d Ag§»` ^ŠVm§Mm CÕma Ho$cm.
AmOhr `mMr àMrVr òV Amho.
lr nyUm©Z§X _hmamO, eodmim (Vm. H$i_Zwar, {O. qhJmocr)

Jmo-^y_r YZ-YmÝ`-d¡^d
{ÛOm§ Xodmo{Z g§Vmo{fco &
^mdo fS´>g AÝZXmZ H$ê${Z
gdmªg g§V{n©co &&
ào_o Jm¡a{dco Jwê$ A{VWrcm
d§Xÿ{Z`m VËnXm &
nyUm©Z§X nXmg d§XZ Agmo,
_mPo gXmgd©Xm &&
lr nyUm©Z§X _hmamO ho lr VwH$m_mBªMo Jwê$~§Yy hmoV. ho H§$XHw$VuÀ`m
({O. {ZOm_m~mX) lrYa _hmamOm§Mo AdVma hmoVo. nydm©l_rMo lr
am_M§Ð gXm{edn§V nm§S>o. _yiMo
H$m_marMo. Z§Va Zodar d eodQ>r
eodmù`mcm ñWm{`H$ Pmco. AÝZXmZ d
Zm_ñ_aUmda Ë`m§Mm â hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr
EH$m {eî`mÀ`m _¥V ~m{cHo$g {Od§V
Ho$co. {M_yQ>â nrR>mV gmR> cmoH$m§Mr
jwYmV¥ßVr Ho$cr. `k`mJ Am{U {dnwc
AÝZXmZ H$ê$Z OZgm_mÝ`m§Zm
na_mWm©H$S>o di{dco. Ë`m§Mo Wmoa
A{YH$mar {eî` åhUOo n.ny. lr AmßnmOr _hmamO nmQ>U~moarH$a.
Áòð> d. 2 eHo$ 1808 amoOr H$`mYy ZXrÀ`m {Var eodmim òWo Vo
g_mYrñW Pmco. òWo Ë`m§Mm _R> AgyZ n.ny. lr í`m_ _hmamO
dma§JH$a ho {dÚ_mZ _R>m{YnVr AmhoV.
lr ghOmZ§X _hmamO (JmoMañdm_r)

JmoMañdm_r H$ar AÝZXmZ &
Jwé^ŠVr Á`m§Mr ewH«$-H$Mmg_mZ &&
Am¡Xm`© Á`m§Mo H$Um©g_mZ &
d§Xÿ V`m JmoMam nwÊ`dmZ &&
lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOmZ§VaMo _R>m{YnVr lr ghOmZ§X _hmamO ho
nydm©l_rMo lr JUoe Oàm_^Q> nmoiH$Q> (_yiMo {hdiUr, Vm.
H$i_Zwar). dS>rc gam\$s{Z{_Îm T>mUH$s, Vm. C_aIoS> òWo Amco.
lrghOmZ§X _hmamOm§ZrM Amnco gX²Jwê$ lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§Mr
g_mYr Ë`m§À`mM amhË`m dmS>çmV ñWmnZ H$ê$Z lr{MÝ_`_yVu
g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS>Mr _whÿV©_oT> amodcr.
ñdm_r ghOmZ§X _hmamO ho H$merjoÌr Xemíd_oY KmQ>mda
J§Jm{Vamda Amnë`m hmVmV nm{W©d {edqcJ YmaU H$ê$Z Ü`mZ_½Z
~gco AgVmZm VoWrc EH$m g§Ý`memZo Ë`m§À`m hmVmdarc {edqcJ
H$mTy>Z J§JoV Q>mHy$Z {Xco. Ë`mM~amo~a ñdm_tÀ`m hmVmda Xþgao
{edqcJ AmnmoAmn àJQ> Pmco. Ë`m Xþï>mZo nwÝhm nwÝhm qcJ Zï> H$amdo
d ñdm_tÀ`m hmVmda AmnmoAmn Xþgao {Z_m©U ìhmdo Agm H«$_ 107
doim Pmcm d eodQ>r ñdm_tÀ`m hmVmda ñ\${Q>H$mMo ÛmXe
Á`mo{V{cªJñdê$n à{V_m Agcoco ñd`§^y lr{díd§â ^Jd§V àJQ>
Pmco. ho lr{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZMo AmamÜ`X¡dV AgyZ XaamoO nyOZ,
AM©Z d éÐm{^foH$mZo CnmgZm {dÛmZ ~«÷d¥§Xm§Ûmao Ho$cr OmVo.
ñdm_tZr nwS>rÀ`m Ò_mZmMo _¥V Pmcoco ~mcH$ {Od§V Ho$co.
ñdm_tÀ`m Amerdm©Xm_wio ZonmiÀ`m amOmcm nwÌàmßVr Pmcr.
ñdm_tÀ`m ^ŠVr^mdmZo àgÝZ hmoD$Z àË`j lr nm§Sw>a§Jm§Zr _yVuVyZ
àJQ> hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zm ào_âmZo AmqcJZ {Xco. ñdm_tÀ`m nwÊ`à^mdm_wio
EoZ d¡emI _mgmV H$moaS>çm nS>coë`m JmoXmdar ZXrg ânya nmUr òD$Z
gdmªZm JmoXmñZmZ KS>co. _hmZ XÎmmdVmar lr _m{UH$à^y _hmamOm§Zr
_m{UH$ZJa, hþ_Zm~mX òWo ñdm_r ghOmZ§Xm§Mo ào_âmZo ñdmJV H$ê$Z
Ë`m§Zm e¡cr, e¥§Jr d ZmZm dñÌmc§H$ma An©U Ho$co. ñdm_r Amnë`m
^ŠV d {eî`m§À`m BÀN>oImVa Amnë`m ZmH$mV ZWZr, H$mZmV ~mù`m,
nm`mV Vm§ã`m-ê$ß`mMo dmio, hmVmV H$mH$Zo, S>moù`mV A§OZ
Ë`m§À`mH$adr n[aYmZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr ZdgnyVu H$ê$Z KoV AgV.
Amnë`m ^ŠVm§gmR>r ñdm_r ñdV: H$moUVmhr Ìmg ghZ H$arV hmoVo.
ñdm_tZr JmoMad«V YmaU Ho$co hmoVo. `m d«VmV ñdm_r JmB©à_mUo
AÝZ-nmUr godZ H$arV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo Zm§d JmoMañdm_r Ago
nS>co. ñdm_tZr _hmZ XÎmmdVmar g§V lr a§JZmW _hmamO (AmZ§Xr
AmË_mZ§X gañdVr, g_mYr _R> Zmìhm, Vm. {O. OmcZm) VgoM
Ho$gmnwarÀ`m (Vm. _mOcJmd, {O. ~rS>) lr e§H$amZ§X _hmamOm§Zm
AZwJ«{hV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm Wmoa AmÜ`mpË_H$ A{YH$ma àXmZ Ho$cm.
lra§JZmW _hmamOm§Mo gpËeî` d CÎmam{YH$mar lr ~mim^mD$ _hmamO
{nVio, _ohH$aH$a (ídmgmZ§X _hmamO) ho hmoVo. `m§Mr g_mYr lrjoÌ
H$mer òWo Amho.
d`mÀ`m 80 ì`m dfu AmfmT> d. 3 eHo$ 1801 amoOr ñdm_tZr
nwUVm§ã`mOdirc JmoXm{Var dgcoë`m cmI~mnVam (Vm. d¡Omnya,
{O. Am¡a§Jm~mX) `m Jmdr Amnë`m nm{W©d XohmMo {dgO©Z Ho$co. Ë`m§Mo
CÎmam{YH$mar ñdm_r gpÀMXmZ§X _hmamOm§Zr Ë`m§Mr dñÌg_mYr
C_aIoS>À`m _R>mV lr{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§À`m g_mYreoOmarM ~m§YyZ
KoVcr. C_aIoS> _R>mÀ`m q^Vrda Imcrc ícmoH$ H$moacocm Amho -
&& lr JmonmcH¥$îUm` Z_: &&
lrJwé {MÝ_`_yVu nÙnÙtMm {_qcX JmoMa hmo &
d§er nmoiH$Q>mÀ`m Amcm hm kmZê$nr {XZH$a hmo &&
JmoXm ^ŠVr~cmZo Á`mZo {ZO©c dZmV AmU{dcr &
Vmo JmoMam»` gX²Jwê$ XrZmMr _m` òWo {ed Pmcr &&
nwÊ`ñV§^mgpÝZY JmoXoÀ`m CÎmaog dmnVar &
AmfmT> H¥$îUnjr hr ^dZ{XMr A_moë` Wmoa Var &&
Ajq`Mr pñWV Pmcr, V¥Vròcm VmaÊ`m ^dmYrV &
dm_ZgwV ~mnyMo hm nwadmo hoV gX²Jwê$ZmW &&
g_mYr eHo$ 1801, lrgX²Jwê$ JmoMañdm_r ghOmZ§X
nXmãO{_qcX am_H¥$îU~mny S>moB©\$moS>o BªJmocrH$a.
lr gpÀMXmZ§X _hmamO
AÜ`mË_kmZmMr {àVr ^d{MÎmr &
g§e` ~§YmnmgyZ {ZdS>r {ZOd¥Îmr &&
lÕm^mdo Ho$cr na_ Jwé^ŠVr &
O`Xod O`Xod O` gX²Jwê$ZmWm &
gpÀMXmZ§Xm Vd nXr _mWm &&
lr ghOmZ§X _hmamOmZ§Va lr
{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS>À`m _R>m{YnVr
nXmda lrgpÀMXmZ§X _hmamO {damO_mZ Pmco. ho nydm©l_rMo
lr grVmam_ D$\©$ Am~mgmho~ {dÇ>camd Hw$cH$Uu, am. Hw$ŠH$S>Jm§d,
Vm. {O. ~rS>. Ë`m§Zr lrghOmZ§X _hmamOm§À`m AmkoZwgma C_aIoS>
_R>mMo ~m§YH$m_ Áòð> ew. Ì`moXer, eHo$ 1777 amoOr gwê$ Ho$co.
^ŠVr_mJm©nojm kmZ_mJm©H$S>o Ë`m§Mm {deof H$c hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr
na§naoVrc g§Vm§À`m g_mYrMm emoY cmdyZ Ë`mMr _hVr J«§{WV H$ê$Z
R>odcr. A^§J aMZoÛmao gmÜ`m gmoß`m ^mfoVyZ ^ŠVm§Zm JmoS> dmUrV
_mJ©Xe©Z Ho$co. VgoM na§naoda ícmoH$~Õ ñVmoÌ aMZmhr Ho$cr. am_nwar
qc~mOr~wdm, Vm. JodamB©, {O. ~rS> òWo d¡emI d. 6 eHo$ 1814
amoOr Ë`m§Zr `m Zída XohmMo {dgO©Z H$ê$Z ~«÷mZ§Xr crZ Pmco. Ë`m§Mr
dñÌg_mYr C_aIoS> _R>mV lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§À`m g_mYrÀ`m
eoOmarM Amho.
lr {edam_mZ§X _hmamO
^ŠVr Á`mZo Ho$cr, _méVrg_mZ &
OZgodm H$ar, _mVog_mZ &&
g§Ý`mg KoVcm, JmXrMo ^yfU &
{edam_mZ§X ho, Zm_m{^YmZ &&
(lr. AemoH$amd CnmÜò, Am¡a§Jm~mX)
lr gpÀMXmZ§X _hmamOmZ§Va lr
{edam_mZ§X _hmamO ho C_aIoS>À`m JmXrda
~gco. ho nydm©l_rMo lr {edam_ gmH$~ao (VmH$~ao), _mcoJmd, Vm.
dg_V, {O. qhJmocr. Vo ~mc~«÷Mmar hmoVo. AË`§V d¡am½èrc
lr{edam_mZ§X _hmamOm§Zr _mVoÀ`m __VoZo AmOmar ì`ŠVr d amo½`m§Mr
ewlyfm Ho$cr. Zm_g§H$sV©ZmH$S>o Ë`m§Mm OmñV H$c hmoVm. Zmdmà_mUoM
Vo {ed åhUOo d¡am½`mMo àVrH$, _méVrgmaIo ^ŠV Am{U am_mgmaIo
_`m©Xm nwéfmoÎm_, XòMm gmJa d AË`§V _m`miy hmoVo. hOmamo ^ŠVm§Zm
Ë`m§Zr gÝ_mJm©H$S>o di{dco. _mJ©erf© d. 14 eHo$ 1823 amoOr Ë`m§Zr
Zída XohmMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z H¡$dë` pñWVrg àmßV Pmco. Ë`m§Zm
_mc}JmdOdirc n¡ZJ§Jm ZXrV Ocg_mYr XoÊ`mV Amcr.
lr {ZË`mZ§X _hmamO
g§Ý`mg XrjoMm _§Ì gm§{JVcm &
^ŠV {dîUyXmg g§VH$dr Pmcm &&
Orôda dmg gañdVrZo Ho$cm &
Cô {ZË`mZ§X ^ŠV H$ë`mUmcm &&
(lr. AemoH$amd CnmÜò, Am¡a§Jm~mX)
lr{edam_mZ§X _hmamOm§Z§Va lr
{MÝ_`_yVu nrR>mÀ`m JmXrda lr {ZË`mZ§X
_hmamO {damO_mZ Pmco. ho nydm©l_rMo lr ~id§Vamd (amdgmho~)
H$m{eZmWamd Xoenm§S>o, am. Mm§S>moc, Vm. Im_Jmd. ZmoH$ar{Z{_Îm
_moR>çm hþÚmda _moJcmB©V Amco. Vo CÎm_ coIH$ d H$S>H$ A§_cXma
hmoVo. nËZr {ZYZmZ§Va Ë`m§Zm d¡am½` àmßV hmoD$Z Vo C_aIoS>cm lr
gpÀMXmZ§X _hmamOm§H$S>o Amco d _R>mMm H$ma^ma nmhÿ cmJco. Ë`m§À`m
H$maH$sXuV C_aIoS> d òhioJm§dÀ`m Xodmc`m§Mo {eIa ~m§YÊ`mV
Amco. Ë`m§Zr C_aIoS> _R>mÀ`m B_maVrV Iyn dmT> d XþéñVr H$ê$Z
KoVcr. _R>mMr ââmQ> H$ê$Z ^ŠVm§gmR>r gmo`rgw{dYm {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m.
lr{ZË`mZ§X _hmamOm§Zr lr_mhÿaJS> {Zdm{gZr lr aoUwH$m_mVm d lr
JwéXodXÎm à^y§Mo na_^ŠV g§VH$dr lr {dîUyXmg _hmamO `m§Zm g§Ý`mg
XrjoMm àofmoÀMma _§Ì _mK ew. 10 eHo$ 1823 amoOr XoD$Z Ë`m§Mo
Zm_m{^H$aU nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X ñdm_r Ago Ho$co. lr {dîUyXmg _hmamOm§Zr
XodrÀ`m AZoH$ AmaË`m, Aï>Ho$ aMcocr AmhoV, Or AmnU ZdamÌmV
åhUV AgVmo. Ë`m§Zm gmjmV² lr aoUwH$m_mVm d lrJwéXod XÎmà^y `m§Mr
Xe©Zo d gmjmËH$ma Pmcoco AmhoV.
^ŠVm§Mo H$ë`mU hoM Á`m§À`mg_moa Üò` hmoVo, Ago ñdm_r lr
{ZË`mZ§X _hmamO lmdU d. Ì`moXer, eHo$ 1838 amoOr BhcmoH$
gmoSy>Z AmË_ñdê$nr crZ Pmco. Ë`m§Zm _mc}JmdOdirc n¡ZJ§Jm ZXrV
Ocg_mYr XoÊ`mV Amcr.
lr am_mZ§X _hmamO
ho ZmWm __ Vy {nVm, OZZrhr,
Vy ~§Yy Vy gmoàm&
_mPm {_Ì Var OJmV gI`m,
Vy{M Zgo Xþgam &&
ÌmVm VyM _cm åhUmo{Z MaUm
g§pÝZY Amcmo nmhm &
am_mZ§X nXmaqdX gwagm,
godmo _Zmo^¥§Jhm &&
ho nydm©l_rMo lr lram_^Q> Oàm_^Q> Omoer, am. H$m|Sw>a, Vm.
H$i_Zwar, {O. qhJmocr. Ë`m§Zm lrVwH$m_mBªMm AZwJ«h hmoVm. ñdm_r
{ZË`mZ§X _hmamOmZ§Va ñdm_r am_mZ§X _hmamOm§H$S>o _R>mMr gyÌo Amcr.
chmZnUmnmgyZM Ë`m§Mm ^ŠVr_mJm©H$S>o AmoT>m hmoVm. Vo gw§Xa
ÔZ H$arV AgV. lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m òhioJm§d òWrc Xodmc`mMm
H$ig Ë`m§Zm ^ŠVm§Zr An©U Ho$coë`m Ðì` d gmoÝ`mVyZM ~g{dÊ`mV
Amcm hmoVm. C_aIoS> d òhioJm§d _R>m§Mm {dñVma àm_w»`mZo Ë`m§À`m
H$mcmdYrV Pmcm. Ë`m§Zm chmZ _wcm§~Ôc \$ma ào_ hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m
H¥$nmerdm©Xm_wio {eî`m§Zm g§VmZàmßVr Pmcr. Jw§S> àd¥ÎmrÀ`m
ì`ŠVtZmhr Ë`m§Zr AÜ`mË_mH$S>o di{dco. Vo Ho$gmnwar (Vm.
_mOcJmd, {O. ~rS>) òWo ^mÐnX d. 6 eHo$ 1845 amoOr AmZ§Xê$n
Pmco. Ë`m§Zm JmoXm-qgX\$Zm ZÚm§À`m g§J_mda dgcoë`m _§OaW (Vm.
_mOcJmd, {O. ~rS>) òWo Ocg_mYr XoU`mV Amcr. ZXrH$mR>r Ë`m§Mo
g_mYrñWi Amho.
lr dmgwXodmZ§X _hmamO
dmh A_¥V{gÕr {ZP©a Aer dmUr
O`mMr Iar &
{Okmgy Hw$Ur AmV© nmhÿZr V`m hmoB©
H¥$nm {Z^©ar &&
"{eî`m§Mm H$aÊ`m {dH$mg l_Uo'
Ü`mZr_Zr Ü`mg hm &
dmgwXod nXmaqdX gwagm, godmo
_Zmo^¥§Jhm &&
lram_mZ§X _hmamOmZ§Va Ë`m§Mo ^mMo lr dmgwXodmZ§X _hmamO
C_aIoS> g§ñWmZMo _R>m{YnVr Pmco. ho nydm©l_rMo lr h[a^mD$ H$mdio
(Hw$cH$Uu), am. H$m|Sw>a, Vm. H$i_Zwar, {O. qhJmocr. nQ>dma{Jar_wio
Ë`m§À`m gaH$ma Xa~mar Mm§Jë`m AmoiIr hmoË`m. Vo Hw$ec
ì`dñWmnH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm {eî`g§àXm` Iyn dmT>cm. Ë`m§Zr C_aIoS>,
òhioJm§d, _aS>Jmd, H$a§Omim òWrc _R> d _§{Xam§gmR>r O{_Zr IaoXr
H$ê$Z g§ñWmZÀ`m CËnÝZmV â Q>mH$cr. ~è`mM {eî`m§Zrhr JmdmoJmdr
g§ñWmZcm O{_Zr An©U Ho$ë`m. lrdmgwXodmZ§X _hmamOm§Zr òhioJm§d
_R>mÀ`m g^m_§S>n, nmH$emim Am{U ~madmMo H$m_ H$ê$Z JmdmV
~è`mM OmJmhr IaoXr Ho$ë`m. g§ñWmZV\}$ Xadfu Áòð> d. EH$mXercm
n§T>arÀ`m dmarcm _R>m{YnVr ho gmo~V ~«÷d¥§X, {eî`_§S>ir `m§Zm KoD$Z
OmV AgVmV. n§T>anya òWo OmJoMr AS>MU ^mgy cmJcr. Voìhm
ñdm_tZr n§T>anya òWo JmoqdXnwè`mV M§Ð^mJoÀ`m {Vamda EH$ _moR>m dmS>m
IaoXr H$ê$Z gdmªMrM Wm§~Ê`mMr gmo` Ho$cr.
Ë`m§À`m Amerdm©Xm_wio AZoH$ {Znw{ÌH$m§Zm g§VmZàmßVr Pmcr.
Ë`m§Zr ZXrV ~wS>Umè`m {eî`mMo àmU dmM{dco. Ë`m§Zr EH$mM {Xder
XmoZ doJdoJù`m Jmdm§Zm nwS>rgmR>r CnpñWV amhÊ`mMm M_ËH$ma Ho$cm
Amho. ñdm_tZr ^JdmZamd Xoe_wI {gagmiH$a (lr dm_ZmZ§X
_hmamO) `m§Zm {dagUr òWo Ë`m§À`m d`mÀ`m AH$amì`m - ~mamì`m
dfu CnXoe XoD$Z Ë`m§Zm C_aIoS>cm KoD$Z Amco. Ë`m§Zm àdmgmV
gmo~V R>odyZ Ë`m§MoH$S>o lr{díd§âmMr nyOm gmondcr.
ñdm_tZr Amnë`m h`mVrVM lr qc~mOrZmB©H$ Zo~ (lr
nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamO) `m§À`mH$S>o _R>m{YnVrMr gyÌo gmondcr. Ë`mZ§Va
Vo AmR> df} h`mV hmoVo. lrdmgwXodmZ§X _hmamO \$mëJwZ ew. n§M_r eHo$
1885 amoOr AZ§VmV {dcrZ Pmco. Ë`m§Zm _mc}JmdOdi n¡ZJ§Jm{Var
Ocg_mYr XoÊ`mV Amcr.
lrnwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamO
AmVm H$mhr Z _mJUo Jwédam ^ŠVmg Vy EH$cm &
Amerdm©X VwPm Agmo gVV H$s, Úmdr
_{V {Z_©cm &&
gdmªÀ`m _ZrMo hê${Z gX`m, {H$pë_f
{Z AmnXm &
^mdo d§XZ ho Agmo gVV Ë`m
nwéfmoÎm_mÀ`m nXm &&
lrdmgwXodmZ§X _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m h`mVrVM lrnwéfmoÎm_mZ§X
_hmamOm§Zm _R>m{YnVrnXmda {damO_mZ Ho$co. Vo nydm©l_rMo lr
qc~mOr ZmB©H$ Zo~, am. lrOm§~g_W©, Vm. KZgmd§Jr, {O. OmcZm.
Wmoa _mV¥^ŠV lrnwéfmoÎm_mZ§X ñdm_tZr C_aIoS> d òhioJm§d _R>mV
A{Ve` IS>Va godm Ho$cr. Ë`m§À`m H¥$noZo AZoH$m§Mo ì`mYrhaU,
_hmnwamVyZ àmUajU, J§^ra AnKmVmVyZ ajU Pmco. AZoH$m§Zm
ZmoH$è`m cmJë`m. {eî`m§darc ImoQ>o Ami Xÿa H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo {ZXm}fËd
{gÕ Ho$co Am{U MmVw_m©gm§Ûmao hOmamo {eî`m§Zm na_mWm©H$S>o di{dco.
_mJ©erf© ew. 4 eHo$ 1903 gmcr lrnwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamO AZ§VmV
{dcrZ Pmco. Ë`m§Zm H$moWim òWrc n¡ZJ§Jm{Var Ocg_mYr XoÊ`mV
Amcr.
lrdm_ZmZ§X _hmamO
lr Am¡Xþ§~aJ«m_ ñdJ© Xþgao, ^mgo OZm
^ydar &
OoWo {MÝ_`_yVuMm _R> Ago, Ë`m aå`
nrR>mdar &&
Pmco gX²Jwê$ em§VXm§V gw_{V, ~«m÷Ê`
^ŠVmVu hm &
lr gX²Jwê$ dm_ZmZ§X d§XZ Vwåhm§,
gmï>m§J ^mdo gXm &&
lrnwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamOm§Z§Va lrdm_ZmZ§X _hmamO ho C_aIoS>À`m
_R>m{YnVrnXmda {damO_mZ Pmco. ho nydm©l_rMo lr. ^JdmZamd
EH$ZmWamd Xoe_wI, am. {gagmim, Vm. nair, {O. ~rS>. ho
~mc~«÷Mmar hmoVo. lrgX²Jwê$ dm_ZmZ§X _hmamOm§Zr C_aIoS> d
òhioJm§d _R>mV AZoH$ df} IS>Va godm Ho$cr. hOmamo {eî`m§Zm
AZwJ«{hV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo OrdZ YÝ` Ho$co. ~rS> {OëømVrc
MmH$admS>rMo Wmoa {d^yVr d¡. ny. lr kmZoída _hmamO _mD$cr ho Ë`m§Mo
AZwJ«{hV _hmZ {eî` hmoVo. lrdm_ZmZ§X _hmamOm§À`m H¥$nmerdm©Xm_wio
AZoH$ {eî`m§À`m _wcm-_wctMr c½ZH$m`} Owicr. AZoH$m§Zm ZmoH$ar-
Y§ÚmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo CnOr{dHo$Mo gmYZ àmßV Pmco. VgoM ^ŠV-
{eî`m§Zm g§VmZàmßVr, ì`mYrhaU d g§H$Q>_wŠVr Aem {Xì` AZw^yVr
àmßV AmhoV. lr_hmamOm§Zr Áòð> H¥$. 9 eHo$ 1923 amoOr Amncr
AdVma g_mßVr Ho$cr. n¡ZJ§Jm ZXr{Var H$moWim, Vm. hXJmd, {O.
Zm§XoS> òWo Ë`m§Zm Ocg_mYr XoÊ`mV Amcr.
n.ny. lr_mYdmZ§X _hmamO

VwÂ`m godoZo Pmco _r H¥$VmW© &
VwÂ`m H¥$noZo OrdZ hmoVo gmW© &&
AUy-aoUy§_Üòhr Amåhm§ Vy {Xgmdo &
ho gX²Jwê$ _mYdmZ§X nX d§Xÿ ^mdo &&
(gm¡. _§Oyfm J. _mhmoaH$a, godcr)
lrdm_ZmZ§X _hmamOm§Z§Va _R>m{YnVr
nXmda n.ny. lr_mYdmZ§X _hmamOm§Zm
{damO_mZ H$aÊ`mV Amco. ho nydm©l_rMo lr gwYmH$aamd _Zmohan§V
Omoer, am. _hmJmd, {O. `dV_mi. ho ~mc~«÷Mmar AmhoV.
lr_hmamOm§Zr XmoZ Vnm§nojmhr A{YH$ H$mi òhioJm§d d C_aIoS>
_R>mV godm Ho$cr Amho. Amnë`m H$m`©H$mcmV Ë`m§Zr ZdrZ ~m§YH$m_ d
OrUm}ÕmamÛmao C_aIoS>, òhioJm§d, nwgX, qhJmocr, _aS>Jm, H$a§Omim,
n§T>anya, H$moWim AmXr gd© _R> d _§{Xam§Mm H$m`mnmcQ> Ho$cm AgyZ
^ŠVm§Mr {Zdmg d ^moOZàgmXmMr CÎm_ ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Amcocr
Amho. C_aIoS> òWo doXnmR>emim H$m`©aV AgyZ Xadfu C_aIoS> d
òhioJm§d _R>mV gm_y{hH$ _m¢OtMo Am`moOZ H$aÊ`mV òVo. lrjoÌ
H$mer, n§T>anya d VwiOmnya MmVw_m©gm_wio ^ŠVm§Zm AZoH$ n{dÌ
VrW©joÌm§À`m `mÌm KS>ë`m AmhoV.
n.ny.lr_mYdmZ§X _hmamOm§Mo hOmamo ^ŠVm§Zm AZw^d Amcoco
AmhoV. M_ËH$ma KS>coco AmhoV, KS>V AmhoV d nwT>ohr KS>V amhVrc.
Ë`m§Mo Amerdm©X åhUOo doXdmŠ`M! H$H©$amoJmgma»`m AgmÜ` Aem
ì`mYrJ«ñVm§Zm VrW©-àgmX-A§Jmam godZmÛmao ZdOrdZ àmßVr,
H$mo_m_Üò Jocoë`m ^ŠVm§Zm Amamo½`àmßVr, AdKS> eñÌ{H«$`m§V
èñdrVVm, ñ_¥Vr^«§e Pmcoë`m§Zm ñ_¥VràmßVr, {Znw{ÌH$m§Zm
g§VmZàmßVr AmXr Ag§»` M_ËH$ma lr_hmamOm§À`m H¥$nmerdm©Xm_wio
^ŠVOZm§À`m AZw^dmg Amcoco AmhoV. Aem `m lr{MÝ_`_yVu
g§ñWmZcm \$ma CÀM d nwamVZ AmÜ`mpË_H$ Jwéna§nam àmßV Amho.
lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS> _R>mMm OrUm}Õma d ZyVZrH$aU
{dÚ_mZ _R>m{YnVr n.ny.lr _mYdmZ§X _hmamO `m§À`m H$m`©H$mim_Üò
{X. 26/3/2006 Vo {X. 9/5/2007 `m H$mcmdYrV Pmcm.
_R>mVrc _w»` XadmOmÀ`m q^Vrda `mMm CëcoI Imcrcà_mUo
H$moaÊ`mV Amcocm Amho.
""› pìdûœm{ZXod - g{dVÔþ©[aVm{Z namgwd &

~äÐÔ«ŠVZ @ Amgwd.''
lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS> lr Jwéna§nam d§ed¥j-1
Am{XZmW H¥$îU
_Ëñ`|ÐZmW (_rZZmW) í`m_gw§Xa
JmoajZmW AZ§V
_wŠVm~mB© (E{cMnya CÁO{`Zr lrn`ªV) àëhmX
Mm§Jm dQ>oída (Vmnr-nyUm© g§J_) ZmJ`m
MH«$nmUr EH$ZmW ZmZm
{d_cmZ§X {dÇ>cqH$H$a (nwgX)
Mm§Jm Ho$edXmg (nwUVm§~o) {MÝ_`mZ§X (C_aIoS>)
OZH$amO ghOmZ§X VwH$mam_ nyUm©Z§X

(JmoMañdm_r) _hmamO (amdgmho~
Z¥qgh
(~«÷mZ§X) eodmiH$a)
öX`mZ§X gpÀMXmZ§X
{dídoída {edam_mZ§X
Ho$edamO {ZË`mZ§X
~mon`m am_mZ§X
h[aXmg (~ocIoS>) dmgwXodmZ§X
H$mÝh`m nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X
gXmZ§X dm_ZmZ§X
H¥$îU _mYdmZ§X (àM{cV _R>m{YnVr)
am_Xmg AmMm`© {dÚ_mZ _R>m{YnVr g§V H$dr {dîUwXmg _hmamO
_mYdmZ§X _hmamO (nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X ñdm_r) _mhÿa
dm_Z emñÌr _hm_hmonmÜ`m`
`koídaemñÌr H$ñVwao dm_ZmZ§X _hmamO ~mim^mD$ _hmamO
àëhmX _hmamO nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamO {nVio (ídmgmZ§X)
gmIaIoS>m©
AmZ§X gmJa _hmamO dmgwXodmZ§X _hmamO AmZ§Xr _mB©
(Am{XeŠVr)
am_mZ§X _hmamO
am_mZ§X _hmamO
gXmZ§X _hmamO, YmaH$ë`mU
~«÷M¡VÝ` {ZË`mZ§X _hmamO (I§S>mo~m Xod)
Jm|XdcoH$a _hmamO {edam_mZ§X _hmamO a§JZmW _hmamO, Ýhmdm
Cn|Ð e§H$amZ§X _hmamO (AmZ§Xr AmË_mZ§X) am_emñÌr
gpÀMXmZ§X _hmamO
ñdm_r Ho$gmnwar
Ho$ed emñÌr AmßnmOr _hmamO
~«÷mZ§X _hmamO, òhioJmd ghOmZ§X _hmamO
(lr VwH$m_mB©) D$\©$ JmoMañdm_r nmQ>U ~moarH$a
nyUm©Z§X _hmamO eodmiH$a
ñdm_r {MÝ_`mZ§X
C_aIoS>
{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZMm d§ed¥j - 2
lrVwH$m_mBªMm bmoH$g§J«h d M_ËH$ma :
AmYrM H$S>H$S>rV d¡am½`, Ë`mV JwéH¥$nm bm^br, Ë`m_wio
lrVwH$mam_ _hmamO ÔZ-nyOZmV A{YH$M a§JyZ Jobobo AgV. Ë`m§Zm
lr{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§Mm AZwJ«h Pmbm ho H$ië`mda Ë`m§À`m
Xe©ZmgmR>r bmoH$m§Mr JXu bmoQy> bmJbr. bmoH$ Ë`m§Zm ""VwH$m_m`''
åhUV Am{U Amnbo Xw:I gm§JV. OJmbm Ë`m§Mo AZw^d òD$ bmJbo.
bmoH$ Ë`m§À`m Xe©Zmg Ymdy bmJbo. ^ŠVOZm§Zr gmo_dmaÀ`m d
EH$mXerÀ`m dmè`m gwê$ Ho$ë`m. hiyhiy lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m _mJo BVHo$
bmoH$ bmJbo H$s, Ë`m§Zm ñZmZmbm, ^moOZmbm qH$dm {ZOm`bmhr
\w$agV {_ioZm. n{hë`mZo lrVwH$m_mBªZr amJmMm Amd AmUmdm, {eì`m
Úmì`mV, A^Ð ~mobmdo, XJS> _mamdo, hmH$byZ Úmdo, Var bmoH$
gmoS>rZmV d òD$Z nm` KÅ> YarV. Voìhm _mÌ Vo amZr-dZr, O§JbmV
g§Mma H$ê$ bmJbo.
lrVwH$m_mB© AË`§V {Z:ñn¥h hmoVo. Oam CJ« nU hmoVo. Vo ^mar {eì`m
XoV; nU dada H$R>moa {XgUmao lrVwH$m_mB© AË`§V H$mo_b d _¥Xy
A§V:H$aUmMo AgyZ Xwgè`mMo Xw:I Ë`m§Zm nmhdV Zgo. àmn§{MH$ bmoH$
aS>V Ambo åhUOo Ë`m§Mo aS>Uo ghZ Z hmoD$Z "Om, VwPo H$m_ hmoB©b'
Agm Amerdm©X XoV Am{U Ë`m _mUgmMo H$m_ _ZmgmaIo KSy>Z òB©.
Ë`m§Mo amoO Xe©Z KoÊ`mMm H$mhr bmoH$m§Mm {Z`_ hmoVm; nU Vo
amZmdZm_Üò {ZKyZ Jobobo Agbo åhUOo Ë`m bmoH$m§Zm dmQ> nmhmdr
bmJo. Aem doir Á`m§Mr Iar {Zð>m d ewÕ ^md Ago, Ë`m§Zm Vo AmnU
hmoD$Z Xe©Z Úm`Mo. A§JmV ~§S>r, S>moŠ`mbm Q>monS>o, hmVmV ~m§JS>çm
âboë`m, Jù`mV H$dS>çm§Mr _mi Am{U Odi {Mbr_ Aer
lrVwH$m_mBªMr _yVu hmoVr. {M{c_r_Üò H$Yr Zm V§~mIy Zm A½Zr! nU
"O`Jwé_m`' åhUyZ _moR>çmZo Ë`m§Zr PwaH$m _mabm H$s, {VÀ`m_YyZ
Ádmbm {ZKm`À`m.
_m§S>r KmcyZ AmnU ~¡go & daVr nm§Kê$U KoVcogo & VoUo nm`
H$moUmg Z {Xgo & {ZO ^ŠVm{gM XoV Xe©Z &&4,4,69&& {ear
Q>monr Kmcr AmnU & H¡$gr{h Kmcr chmZ _wcm§g_mZ & ~«÷mZ§Xo
Sw>ëcV X`mKZ & AI§S> cmoQ>m§JU V`mcmJr &&71&& H$Yr XmT>r
OQ>m Ag§^mì` & amIrV O¡gm H$m {ed & H$Yr H$mTy>Z Q>mH$s Vo
gd© & Ho$e_§{S>V am_amd O¡gm H$m &&72&&
Ë`m§À`mnmer {Q>Q>çm Am{U JÊ`m ZmdmMo XmoZ Hw$Ìo AgyZ nañnam§Mo
EH$_oH$m§da {dbjU ào_ Ago. lrVwH$m_mBªMr d¥Îmr Zoh_r AmZ§Xr Ago
Am{U _wbm§V IoiÊ`mMr Ë`m§Zm \$ma hm¡g Ago. gd© {gÕr Ë`m§À`m
nm`r bmoiV hmoË`m, åhUyZ H$moUË`m doir Vo H$m` AK{Q>V H$aVrb
`mMm âdgm Zgo. C_aIoS>À`m lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§À`m na§naoer
g§~§{YV Agboë`m _mhÿaÀ`m lr {dîUwXmg H$dtZr (nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X
gañdVr Jwê$ {ZË`mZ§X ñdm_r) {b{hboë`m lr VwH$mam_ _hmamOm§À`m
AmaVr_Üò "lrgV²{MX²KZ ZmW {Za§OZ {ZJw©U {Z:g§J & ^d ^`
^§OZ fS²>JwUdY©Z fS²>MH«$dVu' Aem eãXm§V lrVwH$m_mBªMm Jm¡ad
Ho$bobm Amho. Va n.ny. ~«÷M¡VÝ` Jm|XdboH$a _hmamOm§Mo gV²{eî` lr
~«÷mZ§X _hmamOm§Zr {b{hboë`m Jwéna§naoV Imbrbà_mUo ûcmoH$
Amho-
lr_ÎmwH$mam_ _ZÝVe{º$_ Ÿ& gpÀMX²KZ§ bmoH$_bÜZH$s{V©_&&
_ËgX²Jwê§$ amKdê$n_re_² Ÿ& lr~«÷M¡VÝ`_JmY~moY_² Ÿ&&
darb ûcmoH$mMm AW© Agm Amho : AMmQ> gm_Ï`© Agbobo,
bmoH$m§Mo nmn Zme H$aÊ`m~Ôb AË`§V à{gÕ Agbobo Am{U
AmV~mhoa na_mË__` ~Zbobo lr VwH$mam_ _hmamO (ho lr{MÝ_`mZ§X
_hmamOm§Mo {eî`), lram_H¥$îUm§Zr lr~«÷M¡VÝ` Jm|XdboH$a
_hmamOm§Zm lrVwH$m_mBªH$S>o nmR>dbo; Á`m§Mo kmZ AJmY Amho, Oo B©œa
Agë`mZo àË`j am_ê$nM AmhoV, Ago _mPo gX²Jwê$ lr~«÷M¡VÝ`
_hmamO ho lrVwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mo {eî`.
Jwê$ {MÝ_`m§Mm Ago {à` ^ŠV &
VwH$mB© OJr Vmo Ago gd© kmV &&
ewH|$Ðmê$nr Ë`m VwH|$Ðm Z_mdo &
VwH$mam_ ñdm_r Z_y Z_« ^mdo &&
(àmW©Zmï>H$ - ZrcH¥$îU Xoenm§S>o)
H$_©R> ~«÷d¥§Xm§Zm àMrVr {Xcr d g_mYr S>moc{dcr
lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS> òWo M¡Ì H¥$îU EH$mXernmgyZ nmM
{Xdg lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§Mm _moR>m CËgd H$aÊ`mV òVmo. `mdoiog
ÔZ, H$sV©Z, H$Wm, AÞXmZ B. H$m`©H«$_ _moR>çm à_mUmda g§nÞ
hmoVmV. EH$Xm lrVwH$mam_ _hmamO `m CËgdmgmR>r C_aIoS>bm Ambo.
Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Mo Jwé~§Yy lrghOmZ§X ñdm_r (JmoMa ñdm_r) _R>m{YnVr
hmoVo. _R>mV ~«m÷Um§Mr ^moOZo gwê$ H$aÊ`mMr doiM hmoVr. Jwé~§Yy
lrghOmZ§Xñdm_rXoIrb g_moa CôM hmoVo. BVŠ`mV ~«÷d¥§Xm§Mo bj
lrVwH$m_mBªH$S>o OmVmM Ë`m§À`m _ZmV {dMma Amcm H$s, AmVm Vo
n§º$sV òVrb, ho ^«ï>mMmar H$moUmMohr AÞ ImVmV, H$moR>ohr amhVmV, Vo
n§º$sV Ambo Va ^«ï>mMma hmoB©b åhUyZ ~«m÷U CRy>Z OmD$ bmJbo. ho
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m bjmV A§Vkm©ZmZo Amë`m~amo~a Vo VoWyZ {ZKmbo Vo
gai EH$m O¡ZmÀ`m Kar Jobo d VoWo AmZ§XmZo {_Q>Š`m _marV H$m§Xm-
^mH$ar ImV ~gbo. hm O¡Z lr{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§Mm {eî` AgyZ
AÜ`mË_m_Üò _moR>m A{YH$mar nwéf hmoVm.
Oo AJmoMa doXm§{g & Vo{M JmoMa O`m{g & H$_©~§YZ Zgo Ë`mgr
& gË` gË` && Omo ~«÷mZ§Xr VëcrZ & Ë`mMr H$_} H$am`m cmJmoZ
& F${f R>o{dco ñWmnmoZ & ^Jd§Vm§Zr &&
(lr gX²Jwê$ crcm_¥V 4.4.28-29)
BH$S>o n§º$sV dmT>boë`m gd© nmÌm§da AÞmEodOr H¥$_r, H$sQ>H$ d
AñWr {Xgy bmJë`m. Ë`mdoiog gd© ~«m÷U d VoWo CnpñWV Agbobr
_§S>ir Amü`©M{H$V Pmbr. AmVm H$m` H$amdo ho H$moUmbmM H$mhr
gwMoZm. hm àH$ma lrJmoMañdm_tÀ`m H$mZmda Joë`mda Vo åhUmbo,
""lrVwH$m_mBªMm H$moUrVar N>i Ho$bm Agob åhUyZ AgoM H$mhrVar
ìhm`Mo. AmVm Var lrVwH$m_mBªZm eaU OmD$Z Ë`m§Zm òWo KoD$Z `m
åhUOo ho g§H$Q> Q>iob.'' Voìhm gd© ~«÷d¥§X {_iyZ O¡ZmJ¥hr Jobo d
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m MaUr bmJbo. Ë`m§Mr Ah§d¥Îmr Jimbr hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr
lrVwH$m_mBªMr j_m _mJyZ Ë`m§Zm _R>m_Üò n§º$sV AmUbo. Vmo H$m`
M_ËH$ma ! n§º$sV lrVwH$m_mB© òVmM nmÌmda Agbobo H¥$_r, H$sQ>H$ d
AñWr Zmhrgo hmoD$Z VoWo ewÕ AÞ {Xgy bmJbo.
n§º$sV òVm `moJr n{dÌ Ÿ& H$m` M_ËH$ma OmhbmŸ&&
H¥$_r Zmhr AñWr Zmhr Ÿ& ñdÀN> AÞ nmÌr nmhr Ÿ&&
eaUm§JV hmoD$Zr {ÛO nm`r Ÿ& bmJVr VwH$`mMo Ÿ&&
Vm~S>Vmo~ gdmªZr lrVwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mm OÒ`H$ma Ho$bm.
gdmªZmM lrVwH$mam_ _hmamOm§À`m A{YH$mamMr H$ënZm Ambr.
H$ñVwarbm H$moR>ohr bndyZ R>odbo Var {VMm gwJ§Y bnV ZgVmo. `m
KQ>Zo_wio Ë`m§Mr H$sVu Xyada ngabr. BH$S>o lrVwH$m_mB© gai Amnë`m
Jwê§$À`m g_mYrnmer OmD$Z Ë`m§Zr g_mYrbm gmï>m§J Z_ñH$ma KmVbm.
lrJmoMañdm_r OdiM Cô hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mH$S>o nmhÿZ lrVwH$m_mB©
åhUmbo, ""Aao ho CËgdmMo T>m|J H$embm _mOdbo Amhog!''
lrVwH$m_mBªZr AË`§V ^pŠV^mdmZo Jwê§$Mr _mZgnyOm Ho$br. Ë`m_wio
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~mhoa nS>bobr jUâ gdmªZm {Xgbr. lrVwH$m_mBªZm Jwê$nyOoV V„rZ
Pmë`m_wio g_mYr AdñWm àmá Pmbr. Jwê$-{eî`m§Mo H$mhrVar JyT>
AmÜ`mpË_H$ g§^mfU Pmbo d bJoM lrVwH$m_mB© Amnë`mM V§ÐrV
_R>mVyZ ~mhoa nS>bo.
Eogr _mZgnyOm & AmdS>br lrJwéamOm Ÿ&
AZmda ào_ dmoOm Ÿ& Sw>bw bmJo Ÿ&&
A§Var ào_ nmPao & dar g_mYr Sw>bo EH$gao Ÿ&&
{ZO^º$ nhmVr {ZYm©ao Ÿ& OÒ`H$mao JO©Vr Ÿ&&
H$mhr Hw$Q>rb A^º$m§Zr e§H$m ì`º$ Ho$br H$s OS>VÎd Miob ho Iao
dmQ>V Zmhr. Ë`mda lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m nmoWrV ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s -
Omo ~«÷m§S>mMr KS>r _moS>r Ÿ& H$ar EHo$Mr H$mim {ZadS>r Ÿ&&
Ë`mgr g_mYr MiU nadS>r Ÿ& H$m` Ago Ÿ&&
n¥Ïdr Amn VoO Ÿ& dm`y hmbdr ghO Ÿ&&
VoWo g_mYrMo AJmO Ÿ& H$m` Ago V`m Ÿ&&
Agmo. `m KQ>ZoZ§Va lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m Xe©Zmg òUmè`m§Mr g§»`m dmTy>
bmJbr. Ë`m§À`m Ìmgm_wio lrVwH$m_mB© amZmo_mi niV, nU bmoH$
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^º$ Ë`m§Zm gmoS>Ê`mg V`ma ZìhVo. H$maU Ë`m§Zm Vgo AZw^d òV hmoVo.
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bmJë`m, Q>mi- _¥X§J, h[aZm_mMm JOa hmoD$ bmJbm. Xe©ZmWu
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{ZdmaU, {Znw{ÌH$m§Zm g§VVr, {ZY©Zm§Zm YZ, g§H$Q>o Xya hmoUo, CÚmoJ-
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lrVwH$m_mB© òhioJmd òWo qnnid¥jmImcr ~wS>mer Q>oHy$Z ~gyZ
amhV qH$dm {dlm§Vr KoV AgV. ^m{dH$, A^m{dH$, gH$m_, {ZîH$m_,
lÕmdmZ, Q>dmiImoa Ago gd© àH$maMo cmoH$ VoWo Ë`m§À`m Xe©Zmg
òV AgV.
Oo Ì¡cmoŠ`r Zmhr XmZ & Vo H$arVr g§VgÁOZ &
V`m g§Vm§Mo _{h_mZ & H$m` åhUm¡{Z dUm©do &&
gX²^ŠV H$gmoQ>rg CVacm
EH$Xm lrVwH$m_mBªZr VwnoJmdÀ`m OmZamd (`mXdamd) Xoe_wImcm
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åhUmbo, "Oer Amnbr Amkm _hmamO.' BH$S>o lrVwH$m_mB© gai
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H$s, "Agm Jwê$ Omo {eî`mMr ~m`H$mo ^moJÊ`mg _mJVmo, Ë`m§Zm
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{Xbo d Xma bmdyZ KoVbo. BVŠ`mV AmV_Üò EH$ M_ËH$ma Pmbm.
_§MH$mda nhþS>bobo lrVwH$m_mB© EH$X_ fÊ_mgmMo ~mbH$ Pmbo d Vo
aSy> bmJbo.
EH$mEH$s Ñï>r Jobr Ÿ& Wmoa_yVu bhmZ Pmbr Ÿ&
Amü`© dmQy>Z ZoÌH$_ir Ÿ& ào_mly nmVbo Ÿ&&
Xoe_wI nËZrZo bJoM OmD$Z ~mimg KoVbo. ào_m_wio {Vbm bJoM
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Amü`© KS>bo. nb§Jmdarb ~mi AMmZH$ Jwá Pmbo Am{U H$mhr
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lrH¥$îUcrcm Xe©{dcr.
Amü`© H$arVr AdKo OZ Ÿ& YÝ` VwH$m gX²Jwê$ nyU© Ÿ&
AdVma nwéf Z H$io IwU Ÿ& AÝ`mbmJr V`mMr Ÿ&&
YÝ` Vo lrVwH$m_mB© Am{U YÝ` Vmo {eî`moÎm_ Xoe_wI. Aer lÕm
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lrVwH$m_mBªZm AZw^dmg AmUyZ Úmd`mMo hmoVo.
lrVwH$m_mBªMm AZwJ«h àmßV Pmë`mZ§Va lr~«÷M¡VÝ` Jm|XdcoH$a
_hmamO ho Ë`m§À`m AmkoZo VrW©`mÌogmR>r {ZKmco AgVm {\$aV {\$aV
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lr_hmamOm§Zm nm{hco H$s {VÀ`m _ZmV _mV¥ào_mMm OmoamV C_mim òB©
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Amco (nmÝhm \w$Q>cm) Am{U {edm` Vo chmZ ~mcH$ ~Zco. _cm _mÌ
chmZ hmoVm Amco Zmhr.''
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dóm§Mo ahñ` C_Jbo.
{Zamem _Zr Omhbr Ÿ& Ymdbr V|ìhm VwH$m_mD$br Ÿ&
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bmdyZ ~gy.'' Vo XmoKohr Jmogmdr T>m|Jr hmoVo Va lrVwH$m_mB© gmjmV
na~«÷! {VKohr VrZ doJdoJù`m IS²>S>çm§V g_mYr bmdyZ ~gbo.
daVyZ Ë`m Jwhm ~§X H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. n§Yam {Xdgm§Z§Va lrVwH$m_mBªMr
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KoD$Z Ë`m XmoÝhr Jmogmì`m§À`m AMoVZ Xohmda XmoZ XmoZ N>S>çm _maë`m.
Ë`m~amo~a Vo XmoKohr gMoVZ Pmbo, bJoM CRy>Z ~gbo Am{U
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AmXa ghònQ>rZo dmT>bm.
Eogo An_m{Zbo Jmogmdr Ÿ& ËdarV H¥$îU_wwI Ho$bo nmhr Ÿ&
{Xdg|{Xdg A§V Zmhr Ÿ& namH«$_m Á`m§À`m Ÿ&&
lÕmdmZ ^ŠVm§Zm jUmYm©V JmoXmñZmZ KS>dco
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lÕmdmZ hmoVo. Vo lrVwH$m_mB© gmo~V OmÊ`mg V`ma Pmbo. Ë`m§Zm
lrVwH$m_mB© åhUmbo, "Mbm _§{Xam~mhoa.' _§{Xam~mhoa Amë`mda Ë`m
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naV Ambo. Voìhm VoWrb BVa _§S>itZm AmnU lrVwH$m_mBªZm "hmo' Z
åhQ>ë`m~m~V \$ma dmB©Q> dmQ>bo.
nhm nhm {Zü`mMo ~i Ÿ& JwéH¥$no gm{Ybm nd©H$mi Ÿ&
A^º$mgr g§e` Omi Ÿ& Hw$VH$m©Zo n{S>bm Ÿ&&
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Vw{P`m gÎmoZo doXm§{g ~mocUo & gy`m©gr MmcUo Vw{P`m gÎmo &
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CËgd gwê$ Ho$co. hoM erim_§{Xa hmo`.
åhmVmarZo XJS>mcm nm{hco Ÿ& àË`j VwH$mam_Mr {XgcoŸ&&
diyZ VwH$mam_mH$S>o nm{hcoŸ& Ë`m {R>H$mUr CôM hmoVoŸ&&
_J BH$S>o-{VH$S>o nm{hcoŸ& Aï>{Xem VwH$mam_ {XgcoŸ&&
åhmVmarMo öX` ^ê$Z AmcoŸ& Xoh^mZ {dgacrŸ&&
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A§Vg_`r Vw_Mo MaU {XgUma Zmhr, åhUyZ _r AmVmM Vw_À`m
MaUmda _ñVH$ R>odVo, _mÂ`mda H¥$nm H$am d _mPm Xoh AmVmM
Vw_À`m nm`r nSy> Úm.'' Ago ~mobyZ Vr åhmVmar _moR>çmZo aSy> bmJbr
Am{U H$mhr Ho$ë`m lrVwH$m_mBªMo nm` gmoS>rZm. lrVwH$m_mBªgmo~V
lrJmoMañdm_r hmoVo. Vo lrVwH$m_mBªZm åhUmbo, ""XmXm, åhmVmarMm ^md
ewÕ Amho, {VÀ`mda H¥$nm H$amdr.'' lrVwH$m_mBªZr {VÀ`m S>moŠ`mda
hmV R>odVmM Vr XohmVrV Pmbr d _mojJVrg àmá Pmbr. lrVwH$m_mBªZr
{VMo A§Ë`g§ñH$ma emñÌmoŠV nÕVrZo H$a{dco. VgoM {VÀ`m gd©
_wcm§Zmhr ^pŠVn§Wmcm cmdco.
g§VMaU O`m bmJVr Ÿ& Ë`mgr H$m hmo` AYmoJVr Ÿ&
nmD$Zr CÎm_ nX àmár Ÿ& H$boda n{S>òbo Ÿ&&
h[ahamMr ôQ>
EH$Xm lrVwH$m_mBªMo Jwé~§Yy lrJmoMañdm_r (ghOmZ§X _hmamO)
_hm`mÌog {ZKmbo. VËnydu lrVwH$m_mBªMr ôQ> ¿`mdr åhUyZ VwnoJmdr
Ambo d VoWrb nmQ>bmH$S>o lrVwH$m_mB© H$moR>o AmhoV `mMr Mm¡H$er
Ho$br. nmQ>rb åhUmbo H$s, Vo gmaIo amZmodZr g§Mma H$aVmV, Ho$ìhm
òVrb `mMm Zo_ Zmhr, nU ~hþYm AmO-CÚm òVrb. `mda lr
JmoMañdm_tZr nmQ>bm§Zm gm§{JVbo H$s, lrVwH$m_mB© òVmM Ë`m§Zm H$m|Sy>Z
R>odm. nmQ>rb åhUmbo, R>rH$ Amho. BH$S>o lr JmoMañdm_r ^moOZmgmR>r
JmdmV {ZKyZ Jobo. WmoS>çmM doimV lrVwH$m_mB© nmQ>bmg_moa òD$Z
{Z^©`nUo Cô R>mH$bo. lr JmoMañdm_tZr gyMZm Ho$ë`mZwgma nmQ>bm§Zr
lrVwH$m_mBªMm hmV Yê$Z Ë`m§Zm XodimV Zobo d ~mhoê$Z XadmOmg
Hw$byn bmdbo Am{U Ëd[aV JmdmV OmD$Z lr JmoMañdm_tZm hr dmVm©
H$idbr. ñdm_r åhUmbo, "dm, ~ao Ho$bo ~m~m.' Jwé~§YyMr ôQ> hmoUma
åhUyZ ñdm_r AmZ§Xbo. ^moOZ Ëd[aV AmQ>monyZ ñdm_r ~è`mMem
^º$_§S>itgh nmQ>bm§gm~oV lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m ôQ>rgmR>r _§{Xar nmVbo.
nmQ>bmZo nwT>o hmoD$Z XodimMo Xma CKS>bo, Vmo H$m` Amü`© ! AmV
lrVwH$m_mB© ZmhrV ! gd©OU Amü`©M{H$V Pmbo.
VwH$`m§Zr gdmªgr R>H${dbo Ÿ& XoCirMo XoCir Jwá Pmbo Ÿ&
ñdm_r åhUo ~aoM R>H${dbo Ÿ& `mZo Amåhmgr Ÿ&&
Z§Va JmdmV d Jmdm~mhoa _§S>itZr nwîH$i emoY Ho$bm, nU
lrVwH$m_mBªMm nÎmm bmJbm Zmhr. lrVwH$m_mBªMr ôQ> hmoV Zmhr Ago
nmhÿZ ñdm_r {Zame hmoD$Z C_aIoS>bm naV OmÊ`mg {ZKmbo. BVŠ`mV
dmQ>oVM EH$m CgmÀ`m _ù`mV lrVwH$m_mB© EH$mEH$s àJQ> Pmbo d Vo
lr JmoMañdm_tZm hmH$m _mê$Z åhUmbo, "Aao OmoJS>çm, Mb ò BH$S>o,
òWo AmnU {Zdm§V ôQy> !' ñdm_tZm \$ma AmZ§X Pmbm d Vo _ù`m_Üò
{eabo. lrVwH$m_mB© nwT>o Am{U ñdm_r _mJo Ago ~amM doi _ù`mÀ`m
{MIbmV Mmbë`mda ñdm_r WHy$Z Imbr ~gbo. Ë`mZ§Va _mÌ
lrVwH$m_mB© Ë`m§À`m Odi Ambo Am{U XmoKo EH$_oH$m§Zm H$S>H$Sy>Z
AmqbJZ XoD$Z ôQ>bo. EH$_oH$m§À`m _Z_moH$ù`m Jßnm Pmë`m. Vgo Vo
XmoKo EH$M hmoVo, EH$ê$nM hmoVo Vo XmoKohr.
C_mnVr a_mnVr Ÿ& AôXËdo EH$Mr ê$n AgVr Ÿ&
V¡go VwH$m Am{U JmoMa `Vr Ÿ& EH$ê$n AgVr XmoKohr Ÿ&&
Ë`mdoir lr JmoMañdm_tZr lrVwH$m_mB©g ào_mZo hmVmg Yê$Z
C_aIoS>bm Zobo. Ago {dXohr d nyUm©dVmar _hmË_o AgVmV, Oo ñdV:
H$moUË`mhr ~§YZmV Z AS>H$Vm ñdÀN>§Xr OrdZ OJVmV.
nÝZmg _mUgm§À`m ñd`§nmH$mV Mmaeo _mUgo Oodcr
EH$Xm nwgX òWrb lrVwH$m_mBªMo na_^º$ nm§Sw>a§Jn§V XogmB© Am{U
Ë`m§À`m nËZr J§Jy~mB© `m§Zr VwH$m_mB©g Z¡doÚmgmR>r ^pŠV^mdmZo
{Z_§{ÌV Ho$bo. lrVwH$m_mBªZrhr Ë`m {Z_§ÌUmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm.
J§Jy~mB©Zo nÞmg _mUgm§Mm ñd`§nmH$ V`ma Ho$bm. {Z_§ÌUmà_mUo BVa
_§S>ir doioda Ambr; nU lrVwH$m_mBªMm nÎmmM ZìhVm. gd©Ì emoY
Ho$bm nU Jwé_mD$btMm emoY bmJbm Zmhr. _Ü`mÝh H$mi Pmë`mZ§Va
_mÌ J§Jy~mBªZr Vi_irZo lrVwH$m_mBªMm Ymdm gwê$ Ho$bm. BVŠ`mV
Ë`m§Zm lrVwH$m_mB© òVmZm {Xgbo. J§Jy~mBªZm AË`mZ§X Pmbm. VwH$m_m`
{Vbm åhUmbo, ""H$m` J§ _m`, CJmM H$m _bm gVmdVog, Mb AmU
bdH$a dmTy>Z.'' J§Jy~mB©Zo PQ>H$Z Ë`m§Mo Xe©Z KoD$Z ~gÊ`mgmR>r
AmgZ KmVbo d AmV nmÌo dmT>Ê`mgmR>r Jobr. VodT>çmV lrVwH$m_mB©
CRy>Z OdiM ~mJoV Jobo d bJoMM naV Ambo. `m gJù`m
IQ>mQ>monm_Üò JmdmVrb gw_mao VrZeo _mUgo O_br. AmVm Amnbr
\${OVr hmoUma Ago C^`Vm XogmB© Xm§nË`mg dmQ>bo. H$maU ñd`§nmH$
Va nÞmg _mUgm§MmM V`ma Ho$bm hmoVm d _mUgo O_br VrZeo; nU
Ë`mMr H$miOr gX²Jwê$§Zm hmoVr. lrVwH$m_mB© Ambo Vo gai nmH$J¥hmV
Jobo d åhUmbo, ""_m` J§ _m` _bm Iyn ^yH$ bmJbr, bdH$a dmT>
Am{U gdmªZmM Oodm`bm dmT> ~a§ H$m.'' ho EoHy$Z J§Jy~mB©À`m S>moù`mV
nmUr Ambo d Vr åhUmbr ""VwH$m_m`, ñd`§nmH$ Va \$º$ nÞmg
_mUgm§MmM Ho$bm Amho. AmVm H$go ìhmdo?'' ho {VMo eãX EoHy$Z "doS>r
ao doS>r'! åhUyZ lrVwH$m_mBªZr Z¡doÚmÀ`m nmZmVrb AÞ gd© AÞmV
Q>mH$bo. Ë`m {Xder OdiOdi Mmaeo _mUyg Oodbo.
g§V hmV O`m bmJob Ÿ& VoWo AÞmg H$m` H$_r nS>ob Ÿ&
^moOZ H$ê$Zr gH$i Ÿ& Cao nmH$ V¡gm{M Ÿ&&
XogmB© Xm§nË`mZo _m¡ZoM gX²Jwê$ lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m MaUmda _ñVH$
R>odbo.
EH$mM Am_«\$imV XmoZeo ^ŠVm§Zm Am_«ag ^moOZ {Xco
EH$Xm lrVwH$m_mB© Amnbo Jwé~§Yy lr amdgmho~ (nyUm©Z§X _hmamO)
`m§À`m ôQ>rgmR>r eodmù`mbm Ambo. VoWrb lr {dÇ>b _§{XamV OmD$Z
Vo Wm§~bo Am{U VoWyZ lr amdOrg (lr amdgmho~ `m§Zm) {Zamon
nmR>{dbm H$s, AmnU AÞXmZmÛmao gdmªg g§Vmof{dVm Agm Amnbm
bm¡{H$H$ Amho. Var AmO Am_«agmMo ^moOZ Kmbmdo. {Zamon
Amë`m~amo~a lr amdOr Ëd[aV lr {dÇ>b_§{Xar Ambo. lr amdgmho~
lrVwH$m_mBªZm åhUmbo H$s, ""_hmamO, `mdfu gmÜ`m V¸y$bmhr Am§~m
{_imbm Zmhr Va agmgmR>r Am§~o H$moRy>Z {_iVrb?'' Ago lr
amdgmho~ åhUVmV VmoM AMmZH$ VoWo gmjmV² lr épŠ_Ur_mVm EH$m
órÀ`m dofmV àJQ> Pmë`m d Ë`m§Zr XodmnwT>o EH$ Am_«\$i R>odco.
lrVwH$m_mBªZr VoM Am_«\$i lr amdOtÀ`m hmVmV XoD$Z åhUmbo H$s,
hm Am§~m KoD$Z Kar Om d ñd`§nmH$mMr {gÕVm H$am.
lr amdgmho~ Kar Ambo Am{U lrVwH$m_mBªZr {Xbobm Am§~m EH$m
nmQ>mda R>odbm d AmV nmH${gÕVm H$aÊ`mg gm§JÊ`mgmR>r Jobo. Z§Va
~mhoa Ambo AgVm Ë`m§Zm EH$ Amü`© {Xgbo. Ë`m§Zr nmQ>mda R>odboë`m
EH$m Am§ã`mÀ`m OmJr Am_«\$im§Mm EH$ _moR>m T>rJ V`ma Pmbm hmoVm.
Eogm AJmY na_mË_m & H$moU OmUo Ë`mMm _{h_m &
VwPr crcm gdm}Îm_m & VyM OmUgr &&
Ë`m Am§ã`m§Mm ag V`ma H$ê$Z Odinmg XmoZeo bmoH$ nmoQ>â OodyZ
Jobo Var lrVwH$m_mBªZr {Xbobm EH$ Am§~m VgmM am{hbm hmoVm.
Oodr _hmXodmMo XoUo & V¡goM Ho$bo VwH|$ÐmZo &
eoH$S>mo ~«m÷Um§gr nwamoZ & ag Cao AmUIr &&
~«m÷U^moOZ Pmbo & eodQ>r Vo \$i V¡goMr am{hbo &
_J VwH$mam_ Jobo & Jwáê$nr &&
Ý`mhmarMo AÝZ Pmco OmB©Mr \w$co
eodmù`mhÿZ lrVwH$m_mB© VwnoJmdmbm Ambo. VoWo Xoe_wI `m§À`mH$S>o
lrVwH$m_mBªMm _w¸$m_ hmoVm. _hmamO nb§Jmda ~gbo hmoVo. ^modVr
~«÷d¥§X ~gyZ doX_§Ì Kmof H$arV hmoVo. Xoe_wI nËZr ~mÒm~mB© `m§Zr
`mdoir lrVwH$m_mBªZm Ý`mhmarMm Z¡doÚ {Xbm. Ë`m§ZrgwÕm nb§Jmda
~gyZM Ý`mhmar H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. `mdoir VoWrb ~«÷d¥§X _ZmV
gme§H$ Pmbo H$s lrVwH$m_mB© eyÐmÞ ^jU H$go H$aVmV? ~«m÷Um§À`m
_ZmVbo ho {dMma lrVwH$m_mBªZr A§Vkm©ZmZo OmUbo Am{U Ý`mhmarMo
VmQ> EH$X_ {âH$mdyZ XoD$Z VoWyZ VmËH$mi CR>bo d Z§Va H$moR>o Jobo Vo
H$imboM Zmhr. BH$S>o ~«÷d¥§Xm§Zm EH$ M_ËH$ma nmhmd`mg {_imbm.
{dIwaboë`m Ý`mhmarÀ`m AÞmMr gw§Xa, gwJ§Yr, ew^« OmB©Mr \w$bo
gJirH$S>o CYibr Jobr hmoVr.
~«m÷Uhr VoWoM hmoVrŸ& {dIwabo Vo AÞ nmhmVr Ÿ&
Va {eObo Vm§Xyi {XgVr Ÿ& OmB©Mr \w$boŸ&&
ho Amü`© nmhÿZ gd© ~«m÷U I{Ob Pmbo d Ë`m§Zm lrVwH$m_mBªMm
A{YH$ma H$imbm. Vo _Zmo_Z ZV_ñVH$ Pmbo d lrVwH$m_mBªMo Xe©Z
¿`mdo d j_m`mMZm H$amdr åhUyZ VoWyZ Vo {ZKmbo. Ë`m§Zr ~amM emoY
KoVbm; nU Ë`m§À`m Z{e~mV lrVwH$m_mBªMo Xe©Z ZìhVo. Iè`m g§Vm§Mo
Xe©Z hmoÊ`mgmR>r nyd©nwÊ`mB©M bmJVo ho Iao.
Eogo AZoH$ M_ËH$ma Ÿ& Xm{dVr lrJwê$ XmVma Ÿ&
n[a A§YOZmgr nma Ÿ& Z H$io V`mMm Ÿ&&
{Z:ñgr_ ^ŠVm§Zm ^dnmemVyZ _wŠV Ho$co
lrVwH$m_mBªH$Sy>Z AZwJ«h {_iÊ`mg \$ma H$ï> nS>V. Ë`m§À`m
H$gmoQ>rbm CVaUo AË`§V H$R>rU ~m~ Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mo Iao {eî` Mma-
nmMM Pmbo.
H$moUr ^pŠV^mdo Ÿ& MaU Y[aVr ñd^mdo Ÿ&
Ë`mgr ~r^Ëg ~mobyZr nhmdo Ÿ& H$g H$gmoZr Ÿ&&
H$gmoQ>rg H$moUr CVao Ÿ& Ë`mMr godm KoB© {Za§Va Ÿ&
Eogo {eî` nmM Mma Ÿ& {ZO ñWir AgVr Ÿ&&
òhioJmd òWo lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>r ^º$m§Mr JXu dmTy>
bmJbr. {H$ËòH$m§Zm VrZ-VrZ {Xdg {Vð>V amhmdo bmJV Ago.
`mñVd lrVwH$m_mBªZr òhioJmdr ~m~m Zm§Jao ZmdmÀ`m {eî`mbm
_R>mgmR>r OmJm _m{JVbr. Ë`mZohr Vm~S>Vmo~ _R>mgmR>r OmJm XmZ
Ho$br. lrVwH$m_mBªZrXoIrb ~m~m Zm§Jao `mÀ`mda H¥$nm H$ê$Z Ë`mg
{ÌH$mbkmZmMr XoUJr {Xbr.
lrVwH$m_mBªMm ^wO§Jm ZmdmMm {Z:ñgr_ ^º$ hmoVm. Vmo gX¡d
Ë`m§Mr {Mbr_ KoD$Z C^m Ago. Ë`mMà_mUo XÎmam_ ZmdmMm AmUIr
EH$ _moR>m ^º$ hmoVm. Vmo lrVwH$m_mBªMr Anma godm H$ar. Ë`m§Zm
A{Vgma hmoVmM Ë`m§Mr dóo YwUo BË`mXr gd© H$m_o Vmo ^pŠV^mdmZo
H$ar. `m XmoKm§Zmhr lrVwH$m_mBªZr g_mYr _mJ© XmIdyZ ^dnmemVyZ
gmoS>{dbo.
lrVwH$m_mBªZr XmoZ Hw$Ìo nmibo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr Zmdo JÊ`m d {Q>Q>çm
Aer hmoVr. lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m S>mì`m ~JcoV {Q>Q>çm Ago d JÊ`m hm
lrVwH$m_mBªg_moa ~gcocm AgyZ Vmo Ë`m§À`m _wImH$S>o EH$Q>H$ nmhV
~go. hr ídmZ{nco doXñdê$nM hmoVr. Vr EH$mXer nmiV. H$m{V©H$
_mgmV qXS>rgmo~V {IamnVrMm àgmX KoD$Z lr VwH$m_mBªMo Xe©Z KoV.
H$YrH$Yr lrVwH$m_mB© `m XmoÝhr ídmZm§Zm Amnë`mgmo~V Amnë`m
VmQ>mV Oodm`cmgwÕm ~gdV AgV.
lrVwH$m_mBªMr Ë`m XmoKm§da d Ë`m§Mrhr lrVwH$m_mBªda \$maM
àrVr hmoVr. JÊ`mMm A§VH$mi Pmë`mda lrVwH$m_mBªZr ñdhñVo Ë`mg
g_mYr {Xbr.
n. ny. lr ~«÷M¡VÝ` hZw_§V _hmamO dmda{haoH$a Amnë`m "ñdmZ§X
gwYmH$a' J«§WmV åhUVmV -
S>mì`m ~JcoV H$m` J§_V & ídmZmMo {ncy Yê${Z R>odV &
Ë`mVo à{Vnmir AmZ§Xo AË`§V & Xþgao dmJ{dV g_moa Vo &&
Mmar doXm§Mo Ho$co Hw$Vao & doX _wH$nUr ahmVr Iao &
Amkm nmirVr Vr nmoao & ào_o à{Vnmi H$ao g_W© ñdm_r &&
{Q>Q>çm, JÊ`m V`m§Mo Zm_ & H$Yr Z ahmVr gX²Jwê§$gr gmoSy>Z &
YÝ` YÝ` V`m§Mo OrdZ & V`m§Mo MaUr cmoQ>m§JU _mPo hmo &&
(ñdmZ§X gwYmH$a 4.4.65 Vo 67)
eofamd _mObJmdH$a `m§Zm _yb~mi ZìhVo. XmoKm nVr-nËZrZo
lrVwH$m_mBªMo Xe©Z KoVbo d òhioJmdr amhÿZ Ë`m§Mr _Zmo^mdo godm
Ho$br. `m godoMo \$i åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm nwÌaËZ Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr Ë`m _wbmbm
_R>mÀ`m godogmR>r An©U Ho$bo.
_mamoVr ZmdmMm gpËeî` lrVwH$m_mBªZm XaamoO ~obmMr bmImobr
dm{hë`m{edm` AÞJ«hU H$arV Zgo. lrVwH$m_mB© H$Yr ghO ôQ>V Va
H$Yr amZmodZr Jobobo Agë`mg amÌ amÌ ôQ> hmoV Zgo; na§Vw Vmo ~obmMr
bmImobr lrVwH$m_mBªZm dm{hë`m{edm` AÞ KoV Zgo, hm Ë`mMm
ÑT>{ZíM` hmoVm. Ë`mMr {ZîH$m_ ^º$s lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m H$gmoQ>rbm
CVabr Am{U Ë`m§Zr Ë`mMr qbJXohmMr ì`mYr Xya H$ê$Z Ë`mg
ghOg_mYr _mJ© XmIdbm.
XJS>-Ym|S>m ~moco "{dÇ>c {dÇ>c'

cmohJmd X¡R>UMo {Zd¥Îmr ZmdmMo EH$ H$sV©ZH$ma VWm _mhÿaMo
dmaH$ar ho EH$Xm cmoH$mJ«hmñVd òhioJmdcm Amco. Ë`mdoir VoWrc
_R>mMo ~m§YH$m_ qhJmocrÀ`m lr dm_Zamd gmdH$mam§Zr gwê$ Ho$coco
hmoVo. {Zd¥ÎmtZm ñdV…~Ôc Jd© hmoVm d BVam§~m~V Ë`m§À`m _ZmV
VwÀN>Vm Ago. Ë`m§Mo nmD$c _R>mV nS>VmM VoWrc ~m§YH$m_mÀ`m
XJS>m-Ym|S>çmVyZ Ë`m§Zm {dÇ>cmMm Zm_JOa EoHy$ Amcm. Ë`m§Zr
VmËH$mi lr VwH$m_mBªMo nm` Yê$Z Ë`m§Mo {eî`Ëd nËH$aco. `mdoir
lrVwH$m_mBªMo gpËeî` lr. am_Or~mny§Zr lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m AmkoZwgma
Am`wî`mV àW_M CËH¥$ï> H$sV©Z Ho$co d hmM n[anmR> nwT>o Mmcy am{hcm.
{Zd¥Îmr Amco òhioJm§dmV& Ë`m§Mm COdm nm` nS>cm _hmÛmamV&&
VËH$mi XJS>-Ym|S>çmV Ÿ& {dÇ>c Zm_JOa gwê$ PmcmŸ&&
VwH$m_m`rMo MaUmdarŸ& _ñVH$ Q>oH${dco gËdarŸ&&
gX²J[XV hmoD$Zr A§VarŸ& j_m _m{JVcrŸ&&
hm VwH$m_m`rMm M_ËH$ma Ÿ& {Zd¥ÎmrMm Jocm gyú_ Ah§H$ma Ÿ&&
am_~mny Pmco H$sV©ZH$ma Ÿ& AJmY H¥$nm gX²Jwê§$MrŸ&&
AmUIr VwH$mam_ B©gmXH$a d _aS>½`mMo JU~m nmQ>rc `m§Zr lr
lrVwH$m_mBªMo {eî`Ëd nËH$aco.
AmnUm§gmarIo H$arVr VmËH$mi
H$ìhmUm `m JmdÀ`m EH$m e¡d g§àXm`r J¥hñWmcm VrZ-Mma AnËò
hmoD$Z Vr gd© n§Sy>amoJmZo AmOmar nSy>Z ~mcnUrM dmacr. Z§Va Z§X
ZmdmMm EH$ _wcJm Pmcm. Ë`mghr d`mÀ`m AS>rMì`m dfu n§Sy>amoJ
Pmcm. Ë`mÀ`m AmB©-d{S>cm§Zr ~mi Z§Xcm òhioJmdr AmUyZ lr
VwH$m_mBªÀ`m MaUmda KmVco AgVm lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`mg jUmYm©V
amoJ_wº$ H$ê$Z ~mcd`mVM _hmkmZr ~Zdco. hoM ~mi Z§X nwT>o Z§Xr
_hmamO Pmco d AZoH$m§Zm Ë`m§Zr CnXoe XoD$Z gÝ_mJm©cm cmdco. Vo
d`mÀ`m ZìdXmì`m dfu H$ìhmÊ`mV g_mYrñV Pmco.
ZÝX ~mi Zm_YmaH$ PmcoŸ& ZÝXmMo Z§Xr _hmamO PmcoŸ&&
AZoH$m§Zm CnXo{eco Ÿ& gX²Jwê$ Pmco _amR>çm§V Ÿ&&
ZÝXr _hmamO Jwê$ ~Zco Ÿ& ZìdXmdo dfu Am`wî` g§ncoŸ&&
H$ìhmÊ`mV g_m{YñV PmcoŸ& XoD$i ~m§{Yco ^m{dH$m§ZrŸ&&
Í`§~Ho$ídar OÝ_coë`m Z_©Xm `m§Zm d`mÀ`m Xhmì`m dfu gX²Jwê$
emoYmW© Kam~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va d`mÀ`m Mmirgmì`m dfm©n`ªVhr
gX²Jwê§$Mm CnXoe àmá Pmcm Zmhr. eodQ>r Zm{eH$cm n§MdQ>rda lr
èd§Vamd _hmamO `m§Zr Ë`m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$ê$Z òhioJmdr lr
VwH$m_mBªH$S>o OmÊ`mg gm§{JVco. Vo òhioJmdr òVmM Ë`m§À`mH$S>o nmhÿZ
lrVwH$m_mB© åhUmco, "èd§Vamdm§Zr Vwcm nmR>{dco Zm? Om, VwPo H$m_
Pmco'. OdiÀ`m OJmnwar JmdmV Ë`m§Zm lrVwH$m_mBªZr OmÊ`mMr Amkm
Ho$cr. noZJ§JoÀ`m Vramdarc EH$m H$S>m S>m|Jamda Ë`m§Zr "am_H¥$îU har'
hm Zm_On gwê$ Ho$cm. lr VwwH$m_mBªÀ`m H¥$noZo AmVm Vo "Z_©Xm'Mo
"Z_©Xm~wdm' Pmco. Ë`m§Mmhr {eî` n[adma dmT>cm. d`mÀ`m
n§MmÊUdmì`m dfu lr Z_©Xm~wdm g_m{YñV Pmco. dmH$sÀ`m
{eî`>_§S>itZr {_iyZ Ë`m§Mo _§{Xa ~m§Yco Amho.
VwH$m_m`rÀ`m H¥$nmàgmXoŸ& Z_©X~modm Pmco kmVoŸ&&
H$_© H$ê$Zr H¥$îUmn©U åhUV ZìhVo& H¥$îUmn©U CÔoeo H$_© H$ar&&
d`mÀ`m n§MmZdì`m dfu & Z_©X~modm Pmco H¡$dë`dmgrŸ&&
hr dmVm© H$icr dmH$sgr & Ë`mM S>m|Jar g_mYr ñWm{ncrŸ&&
Aem àH$mao lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m godoV VËna Aem H$mhr à_wI nwéf d
ór {eî`m§Mr Zmdo åhUOo - ^r_mOr~mny \w$Q>mUH$a, MÞmßnm O§J_,
ZmJmo Jdir (_m§S>dm), am_mZ§X (Zm§XoS>), _mamoVr ZoaiH$a, `moJmä`mgr
haUm_m`, H$sV©ZH$mar amYm_m`, dmaH$ar ~Zm~mB©, {dR>m~mB©,
H¥$îUm~mB© d ~mÒm~mB©.
godcr, Vm. {O. OmcZm òWrc H¡$. lr. Ho$edamd H¥$îUamd
Xoe_wI `m§Zm lrVwH$m_mBªH$Sy>Z _§ÌXrjm {_imcr hmoVr. lr VwH$m_mBªZr
Amnë`m VmQ>mVrc Kmg KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm g§VmopÀN>ï>mMo ^moOZ H$a{dco.
VgoM àgmX åhUyZ ídmZ{ncy {Xco. Ë`m§Mr g_mYr godcr òWrc lr
{gÕ_mVoÀ`m _§{XamV AgyZ g_mYrñV hmoÊ`mÀ`m VrZ {Xdg AJmoXa
Ë`m§Zr g§Ý`mgXrjm KoVcr hmoVr.
YÝ` YÝ` VwH$m _mD$cr & gwH$irV AdVacr &
òioJmdr àJQ>cr & Ë`m§Mr H¥$nm AJmY &&
(lr.n.Vw._.M., 10-124)
gpËeî` lr dm_Zamd gmdH$mam§Zm _mojJVr {Xcr
qhJmobr òWrb lr dm_Zamd gmdH$ma lrVwH$m_mBªMo {eî`
hmoVo; na§Vw g_§Y~mYo_wio Vo _{hZm-_{hZm AÞ KoV ZgV. eodQ>r
Vo lrVwH$m_mBªZm eaU Ambo. Voo òhioJmdmbm òD$Z _R>mV am{hbo.
bmH$S>o \$moS>Uo, nmUr âUo, O_rZ gmadUo hr H$m_o godm åhUyZ
Ë`m§Zr nmM df} Ho$br. eodQ>r gX²Jwê$H¥$noZo g_§Y {ZKyZ Jobm d
lr dm_Zamd {ZamoJr hmoD$Z qhJmobrg OmD$Z gwImZo g§gma H$ê$
bmJbo. EHo${Xder lrVwH$m_mB© òhioJmdmhÿZ VmVS>rZo qhJmobrbm
lr dm_Zamdm§H$S>o Ambo. Ë`m§Mm A§VH$mi Odi Ambm hmoVm.
lr dm_Zamdm§Zr gX²JwéMaUr Xoh R>o{dbm.
lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`m§À`m _wbm§H$adr Ë`m§Mm Ap½Zg§ñH$ma ZrQ>
H$a{dbm; nU {Vgè`m {Xder nhmQ>oM lrVwH$m_mB© EH$Q>o ñ_emZmV
Jobo Am{U lr dm_Zamdm§À`m AñWr Jmoim H$ê$Z Obàdm{hV
Ho$ë`m. H$mhr doimZo _§S>ir ñ_emZmV òD$Z nmhVmV Vmo Jwê$Zo
{eî`mÀ`m AñWr Jmoim Ho$boë`m {Xgë`m. Ë`m§À`m ào_mMo gdmªZm \$ma
H$m¡VwH$ dmQ>bo.
^m½` CX`mMm R>gm Ÿ& nmdbm V`m nwéfm Ÿ&
Z ôQ>o lrJwê$ Eogm Ÿ& Ì¡bmoŠ`mV XwOm H$moUr Ÿ&&
Eogo ZmZmnar M[aÌ Ÿ& Xm{dVr VwH$mam_ {d{MÌ Ÿ&
ghO Ñï>rZo n{dÌ Ÿ& H$arVr XrZmVo Ÿ&&
òhioJmdMo XodrMo XoD$i Am{U _R>mMo {dñVrU© _midX `mM
lr dm_Zamdm§Zr ~m§Ybo Amho.
hñVñne© hm A_¥Vmg_mZ
AmVm `m _R>mV {ZË` Xe©ZmWvMr JXu hmoV Ago. Ë`mV gd©M
àH$maMo bmoH$ òV AgV. EH$Xm lrVwH$m_mB© EH$m YZJamÀ`m KamV
H$m§Xm d {eir ^mH$ar ImD$Z Ambo. Ë`mVrb WmoS>r ^mH$ar Ë`m§Zr
Amnë`mgmo~V AmUbr Am{U Xe©ZmgmR>r O_boë`m gd© _§S>itZm
WmoS>r WmoS>r àgmX åhUyZ dmQ>br. H$mhr bmoH$m§Zr àgmX VoWoM Im„m,
H$mhtZr Vmo Amnë`mOdi R>odyZ {Xbm, nU EH$m A^º$ ~«m÷UmZo Vmo
àgmX Q>mHy$Z {Xbm d Kar òD$Z "{dîUdo Z_:' åhUyZ lrVwH$m_mB©g
XyfUo XoD$ bmJbm. jU_mÌ H$mi bmoQ>bm Am{U Ë`mMo XwY©a nmoQ>eyi
CR>bo. Vmo JS>~S>m bmoiy bmJbm. Ë`mÀ`mda Ho$bobo gd© Am¡fYmonMma
ì`W© R>abo. Voìhm Ë`mMo ZmVodmB©H$ Ë`mg lrVwH$m_mBªH$S>o KoD$Z Ambo d
Ë`m§Zm eaU OmD$Z åhUmbo "_mD$br, AmVm VwåhrM `mÀ`mda X`m
H$ê$Z `mMm nmoQ>eyi Wm§~dm.' lrVwH$m_mBªMo _Z Ðdbo d Ë`m§Zr Ë`m
~«m÷UmÀ`m nmoQ>mdê$Z ào_mZo hmV {\$a{dbm. Ë`mM jUr Ë`mMr ì`mYr
Wm§~br.
hmV {\$a{dVmMr XoIm Ÿ& hmarbo Ë`mMo nmoQ>Xw:Im Ÿ&
g§V X`miy H¡$go EoH$m Ÿ& A[a{_Ìm g_mZMr Ÿ&&
Aem àH$maÀ`m {H$VrVar brbm XaamoO hmoD$ bmJë`m.
EH$m amÌrV n§T>anyacm OmD$Z Amco

EH$Xm C_aIoS>bm EH$mXerÀ`m H$sV©ZmV lrVwH$m_mB© OmD$Z ~gbo
d H$sV©Z EoHy$ bmJbo. WmoS>çm doimZo Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m {Mb_rMr
AmR>dU Pmë`m_wio Vo H$sV©ZmVyZ EH$X_ CRy>Z ~mhoa Ambo. Ë`m§À`m
_mJmo_mJ H$mhr _§S>ir Ambr, nU Vo H$moR>o Jobo Z H$io. nwîH$i emoY
Ho$ë`mZ§Vahr Vo H$moUmg gmnS>bo ZmhrV.
BH$S>o VwH|$Ð H$m` H$ar Ÿ& JwánUo OmD$Zr n§T>ar Ÿ&
nmhÿZr {dQ>odar lrhar Ÿ& AmqbJbo V`m Ÿ&&
BH$S>o lrVwH$m_mB© _ZmodoJmZo n§T>anyabm Jobo d VoWo lr {dÇ>bmMo Xe©Z
KoD$Z ~w¸$m bmdbm, Jù`mV _mi KmVbr, àgmX KoVbm Am{U VoWyZ
gai {ZKyZ ÛmXerÀ`m gH$mirM C_aIoS>bm doerOdi àJQ> Pmbo.
C_aIoS>bm amÌâ H$sV©ZmMm JOa Mmby hmoVm. gH$mi Pmë`mda
H$mhr bmoH$ lrVwH$m_mBªMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r JmdmV {ZKmbo AgVm
Ë`m§Zm doerVM lrVwH$m_mB© àJQ> Pmbobo {Xgbo. Ë`m§À`m Jù`mV
nwînhma d H$nmimbm ~w¸$m hmoVm. gd©OUm§Zr lrVwH$m_mBªMo Xe©Z
KoVbo. EH$mZo {dMmabo H$s, ""VwH$m_m`, amÌr Vwåhr H$moR>o hmoVm?''
Vd åhUVr n§T>argr Ÿ& OmD$Zr Ambmo Ëdaogr Ÿ&
Amü`© dmQ>bo OZm§gr Ÿ& åhUVr ho Iao Zmoho Ÿ&&
Va _hmamO åhUmbo H$s, ho H$m` _r AmÎmmM n§T>arhÿZ òV Amho;
nU ho lrVwH$m_mBªMo ~mobUo H$moUmghr Iao dmQ>bo Zmhr. _hmamOm§Zr
Amnbr J§_VM Ho$br Ago Vo g_Oy bmJbo. nU H$mhr {XdgmZ§Va
JmdmVrb n§T>anyabm Jobobr dmaH$ar _§S>ir naV Ambr. Ë`m§Zr
gm§{JVbo H$s EH$mXerbm amÌr Amåhr amD$imV lrVwH$m_mBªMo Xe©Z
KoVbo. Ë`m§ZrXoIrb {dR>mo~mMo Xe©Z KoVbo ho Amåhr ñdV: nm{hbo
Amho. Ago EoH$ë`mda gdmªZm lrVwH$m_mBªMm A{YH$ma H$imbm d
Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§Mm EH$M OÒ`H$ma Ho$bm. lrVwH$m_mBªZm _mÌ H$moUr qZXmo
AWdm d§Xmo, Ë`mMo H$mhrM dmQ>V Zgo. Vo Amnë`mM ñdmZ§XmV _¾
AgV.
bmoH$ OÒ`H$ma H$arVr & Vo Ë`mg ñdßZrhr Zgo àrVr &
AWdm Xwdm©Šò qZXrVr & Vmo A{báMr dV} &&
{Znw{ÌH$m§Zm g§VmZ àmßVr
VioJmd òWrb EH$m H$mo_Q>çmÀ`m ~mB©Mo b¾ hmoD$Z drg df}
Pmbr Var {Vbm g§VmZ ZìhVo. Vr òhioJmdmg lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m
Xe©ZmgmR>r nwÌoÀN>m KoD$Z Ambr; na§Vw {Vbm lrVwH$m_mBªZr {eì`m
XoD$Z ~mhoa KmbdyZ {Xbo. Vr ~mB© H$ï>r hmoD$Z ñdJ«m_r naV Jobr Vmo
H$m` Amü`© ! Vr Kar òVmM Ë`m amÌrM {Vbm J^© am{hbm. `WmdH$me
ZD$ _{hÝ`mZ§Va {VZo EH$m _wbmbm OÝ_ {Xbm.
Ñï>r nS>VmMr gËda Ÿ& {eì`m XodyZr KmVbr ~mhoa Ÿ&
J¥hr òVmM M_ËH$ma Ÿ& J^© CXar g§^dbm Ÿ&&
nar lrJwê$ _oK df©bm Ÿ& Ñï>r nS>Vm{M AmZ§X Pmbm Ÿ&
dar H$arVr Xwdm©Š`mbm Ÿ& nar Vmo àgmX{M Iam Ÿ&&
Eogo AmZ§XmV AgVm Ÿ& J^m©gr Zd_mg bmoQ>Vm Ÿ&
nwÌ àgdbr Vr H$m§Vm Ÿ& CëhmgOZH$ A§Var Ÿ&&
H$mhr {Xdgm§Zr Vr ~mB© nVr d nwÌmgh òhioJmdbm lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m
Xe©ZmgmR>r Ambr. ~mimg _mD$btÀ`m MaUmda KmVbo. _wbJm
Pmë`mg XmoZ hOmam§Mo AÞXmZ H$arZ Agm Zdg Vr ~mobbr hmoVr. VoWo
_R>mMr OmJm bhmZ Agë`mH$maUmZo XmoZ hOma _mUgm§Mm ñd`§nmH$
òWo V`ma H$aVm òUma Zmhr Aer Ë`m§Zm e§H$m dmQ>br åhUyZ
nmH${gÕr eoOmaÀ`mM ~mJoV H$ê$ `m Ago Ë`m§Zr R>adbo.
lrVwH$m_mBªZr A§Vkm©ZmZo ho OmUbo Am{U nmH${gÕr òWo _R>mVM H$am
Aer Amkm Ho$br; na§Vw Ë`m§Zr JwéAmkoMo C„§KZ H$ê$Z ñd`§nmH$
_R>mV Z H$aVm ~mhoarb ~JrMmV Ho$bm. gd© _§S>ir ^moOZmgmR>r O_m
Pmbr. nmÌo dmT>br. OodUmg gwédmV H$aUma BVŠ`mV OmoaXma nmD$g
gwê$ Pmbm. gd© AÞ dm`m Jobo d gd© Am_§{ÌV CnmerM naVbo.
~mhoa nmH${gÕr Ho$br Ÿ& O_br gd© {ÛO_§S>ir Ÿ&
nmÌo Q>mH$sVm Vò doir Ÿ& nO©Ý`d¥ï>r Pmbrgo Ÿ&&
~«m÷U Cndmgr _obo Ÿ& AÞ gd© dm`m Jobo Ÿ&
Eogo H$m¡VwH$ Ë`mdoio Ÿ& AKQ>rV KS>bo n¡ Ÿ&&
Xwgè`m {Xder Ë`m§Zr nwÝhm nmH${gÕr Ho$br. H$mbÀ`m nojm XwßnQ>
bmoH$ OodUmg Ambobo nmhÿZ Vmo _ZmV qM{VV Pmbm. H$m` H$amdo ho
Ë`mbm H$mhrM gwMoZm. eodQ>r Ë`mZo lrJwê$ VwH$m_mBªMo nm` Yabo.
Ë`mÀ`m _ZmVrb ^md lrVwH$m_mBªZr OmUbm. _mD$brM Vr ! boH$am§Mo
AZ§V AnamY nmoQ>mV KmbVmV, eaUmJVmbm Amgam XoVmV, g§H$Q>mV
^º$m§Mo ajU H$aVmV. _mD$brbm Ë`mMr X`m Ambr d Vo åhUmbo "Aao
Om, H$moR>rVyZ _Uâ H$UrH$ Ko Am{U nmH${gÕr H$ê$Z gdmªZm V¥á
H$a.' Ë`mZo Vgo Ho$bo. nmM hOma ór-nwéf OodyZhr AÞ Cê$Z am{hbo
hmoVo. g§V àgmXmMr _hVrM Aer AgVo. g§V åhUOo gmjmV XodM
OZH$ë`mUmgmR>r n¥Ïdrda AdVma KoV AgVmV.
Pmbm EH$Mr OÒ`H$ma Ÿ& nmÌo Oo{dbr nmM ghò Ÿ&
hf©o H$m|Xbo A§~a Ÿ& ór-nwéfhr g§Vmofbo Ÿ&&
OÒ`H$mao {nQ>br Q>mir Ÿ& AmZ§Xbr ^ŠV _§S>ir Ÿ&
VwH$mam_ VwH$mam_ JOy© bmJbr Ÿ& {ZOOZ AdKo Ÿ&&
dèhmS>àm§VrMo ~mOramd H$monaoH$a nwÌàmárMr BÀN>m KoD$Z gnËZrH$
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>r Ambo AgVm Ë`m§À`m nËZrg lrVwH$m_mBªZr
{eì`m XoD$Z hmH$byZ {Xbo. Vo C^`Vm Jmdr OmVmM Ë`m§À`m nËZrg
J^©g§^yVr Pmbr. H$mbm§VamZo Vr àgyV hmoD$Z {Vbm nwÌaËZ OÝ_bo.
_wbmÀ`m ~maemÀ`m {Xder {VZo _ZmnmgyZ lrVwH$m_mBªMo ñ_aU
H$aVmM Vo AMmZH$ {VÀ`m Kar àJQ> Pmbo Am{U Amerdm©X XoD$Z
AMmZH$ Jwá Pmbo.
lrJwê$gmarIm AgVm nmR>ramIm
_§JéiH$a nQ>dmè`mMm e§H$a ZmdmMm _wbJm jàmoJmZo OO©a Pmbm
hmoVm. Am¡a§Jm~mXbm Ë`mbm BbmOmgmR>r KoD$Z Jobo AgVm H$mhr
Cn`moJ Pmbm Zmhr. d¡Úm§Zr hmV Q>oH$bo. VoWyZ Vo Ëd[aV OmbÝ`mbm
{ZKyZ Ambo d VoWrb _hmXodemótZm XmIdbo AgVm Vo åhUmbo H$s,
amoJ \$ma ~imdbm Agë`m_wio `mda AmVm H$moUVmhr Cnm` {e„H$
am{hbobm Zmhr, Var `m _wbmg Vm~S>Vmo~ Kar ZoD$Z Q>mH$m. ho
YÝd§VarMo åhUUo EoHy$Z gd©OU EH$X_ Km~ê$Z Jobo d VoWyZ Vo
gd©OU Ëd[aV S>moUJmdmg Ambo. VoWo H$mhr Am¡fYmonMma H$ê$Z
gd©OU {ganwamg lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m _R>mV _w¸$m_r òD$Z Wm§~bo. Ë`m
amÌr _wbmMr AË`§V {~H$Q> AdñWm Pmbr hmoVr d hm AmVm dmMUma
Zmhr åhUyZ gd©OU {Zame Pmbo. AmVm bdH$a Ka Odi H$amdo Ago
gdmªZm dmQ>V hmoVo. hr gd© hH$sH$V _wbJm e§H$a `mg H$iVmM Ë`mZo
lrVwH$m_mBª{edm` AmVm Amnbm ÌmVm H$moUrhr Zmhr Ago _ZmV
AmUyZ Amnbm gd© ^ma lrVwH$m_mBªda Q>mH$bm d Ë`m§Mm Ymdm gwê$
Ho$bm.
Oar H$moncm H$mi àË`jVoZo & Var Vm[aVmo gX²Jwê$ {ZíM`mZo &&
amÌr Iyn C{eamZo Ë`mbm Pmon bmJbr AgVm Ë`mÀ`m ñdßZmV
lrVwH$m_mB© Jobo d Ë`mbm åhUmbo, "Aao EoH$ ao EoH$ {eîàm`m, Vy
A{O~mV Km~ê$ ZH$mog' Ago åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m A§Jmdê$Z Ë`m§Zr hmV
{\$a{dVmM gd© H$m`m {Xì` Pmë`mMo Ë`mg dmQ>bo. Z§Va lrVwH$m_mBªZr
Amnë`m ñdV:À`m _wImVrb {Mbr_ e§H$aÀ`m Vm|S>mV KmVbr. Agm
ñdßZÑï>m§V hmoVmM e§H$a EH$X_ Km~ê$Z OmJm Pmbm. OdiMr _§S>ir
Ë`mbm H$m` Pmbo Ago {dMmê$ bmJVmM Ë`mZo ñdßZmVrb nm{hbobm
gd© d¥Îmm§V H$WZ Ho$bm. Ë`mMdoir gy`m}X` hmoD$Z nhmQ> Pmbr. gdmªZr
e§H$aH$S>o bj XoD$Z nm{hbo AgVm Ë`mMr H$m`m gVoO {Xgy bmJbr.
Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m àH¥$VrV {Xdg|{Xdg gwYmaUm hmoD$Z H$mhr {Xdgm§VM
Ë`mMm jàmoJ g§nyU©nUo ~am hmoD$Z Vmo R>UR>UrV Pmbm. Ë`mZ§Va
e§H$aMo dS>rb e§H$agh lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>r Ambo. Ë`m§Zr
VwH$m_mBªMo MaUr _ñVH$ R>odbo d ~mobbobm Zdg \o$Sy>Z KoVbm.
Ñï>r_mÌo ^damoJ haVr Ÿ& _J `pËH¨${MV j`mMr H$m` JVr Ÿ&
lrJwé_{h_m dU©y {H$Vr Ÿ& doXm§{XH$m Omo AJå` Ÿ&&
Eogm OJXmoÕmam H$maU Ÿ& VwH|$ÐmMm AdVma OmU Ÿ&
_yT> OS>mgr nmdZ H$ê$Z Ÿ& A{báMr dV©Vr Ÿ&&
eaU Om` Omo ^º$sZo Ÿ& Ë`mMo VwQ>Vo ^d~§YZ Ÿ&
ho àË`j nhmdo OmD$Z Ÿ& òhioJm§dr Ÿ&&
"_cm ~«÷ {Xgco'
EH$Xm h[an§V ZmdmMm _moOUrXma òhioJmdmg Ambm hmoVm. Ë`mZo
XaamoO lrVwH$m_mBªH$S>o òD$Z AmJ«h Yamdm H$s "_bm ~«÷ XmIdm'.
nU lrVwH$m_mB© Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o nmhÿZ ZwgVo hgV AgV. Ë`m_wio EH$
{Xdg h[an§Vmbm amJ Ambm Am{U Vmo åhUmbm, "`m VwH$m_mB©Mo
òWo \$maM ñVmo_ _mObo Amho, `m§Zm AmVm Mm§JbmM _ma {Xbm
nm{hOo.' Ago åhUyZ Ë`mZo EH$m Aa~mbm lrVwH$m_mB©g H$mR>rZo _ma
XoÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. Ë`m Aa~mZo h[an§VmÀ`m AmkoZwgma lrVwH$m_mB©g
H$mR>rZo _maÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. Ë`m~amo~a EH$ Zdb dV©bo. N>S>çm
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m nmR>rda ~gy bmJë`m Am{U àË`j _ma h[an§VmZm
~gyZ Vo OmoaOmoamZo {dìhiy bmJbo. Ë`m§Zr Aa~mg "_maUo Wm§~d, _bm
Ìmg hmoVmo`', Ago AmoaSy>Z gm§{JVbo. Ë`m jUrM h[an§Vmg
lrVwH$m_mBªMr _hVr H$imbr Am{U Ë`mZo lrVwH$m_mBªZm gmï>m§J
Z_ñH$ma KmVbm. n§VmMm gd© A{^_mZ Jimbm. lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`mÀ`m
A§Jmdê$Z _mòMm hmV {\$a{dVmM Ë`mÀ`m {MÎmd¥Îmr em§V Pmë`m.
gd© B§{Ðò Am{U _Z ho, VwPo hmVr Amho &
`mñVd AmVm Vy cdcmho, ñdnXr _Z a_dmdo &&
{Zð>md§V ^ŠVm§Mr narjm
EH$Xm lrVwH$m_mB© ñdñWnUo ~mobV ~gbo hmoVo. ^modVr Zoh_rMr
n[a{MV nmMn§Mdrg _§S>ir hmoVr. ~mobVm ~mobVm AaÊ` Am{U qhò
ney§À`m Jmoï>r {ZKmë`m AgVm lrVwH$m_mB© ghO åhUmbo -
""O§JbmVrb OZmdao \$ma ^`§H$a AgVmV. Iam {Z^©`M Ë`m§Zm Vm|S>
XoD$ eH$Vmo.'' `mda EH$OU åhUmbm, ""_hmamO, AmnU Odi
Agë`mda Amåhmbm H$m` ^rVr !'' `m Ë`mÀ`m åhUÊ`mbm BVam§Zrhr
gmW {Xbr. BVŠ`mV lrVwH$m_mB© OoWo ~gbo hmoVo VoWyZ Vo Zmhrgo hmoD$Z
VoWo EH$ _moR>m dmK ~gbobm {Xgbm. gdmªMr EH$M ÌoYm{VanrQ>
CS>mbr. gd©OU Km~ê$Z VoWyZ Vm~S>Vmo~ niyZ Jobo. \$º$ Xoe_wI,
Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo Am{U XÎmmam_ ho {VKo gV²{eî` VoWoM ~gyZ am{hbo.
H$mhr doimVM dmK Zmhrgm hmoD$Z VoWo lrVwH$m_mB© nwÝhm ~gbobo
{Xgbo. Voìhm lrVwH$m_mB© åhUmbo, ""àËòH$OU åhUVmo _mPr
Vw_À`mda {Zð>m Amho; nU Iar {Zð>m BVH$s gmonr ZgVo, ho C_JyZ
gdmªZr Vr dmT>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm.''
ho g_ñVhr lr dmgwXodmo& Eogm àVr{VagmMm dmoVcm ^mdmo&
åhUmo{Z ^ŠVm§_m{O amdmo & Am{U km{Z`m Vmo{M &&
(lrkmZoídar 7.136)
H$moUmghr g_mYr cmdÊ`mMo AJmY gm_Ï`©
lrVwH$m_mB© d Ë`m§Mm gV²{eî` _méVr EH$Xm ZXrH$mR>r ~gbo
AgVm g_moê$Z EH$m KmoS>çmda ~gyZ Zdam-~m`H$mo Ago XmoKoOU OmV
hmoVo. _méVrZo ghO {dMmabo, ""VwH$m_m`, _mUgm§à_mUo `m àmÊ`m§Zmhr
g_mYr bmdVm òVo H$m`?'' lrVwH$m_mB© åhUmbo, ""Aao, Ë`mbm H$m`
haH$V Amho!'' lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`m KmoS>çmH$S>o ~KyZ "ha ha ha' Ago
eãX CƒmaVmM Vmo KmoS>m, Vmo Zdam Am{U Vr ~m`H$mo, {VKohr S>moio
PmHy$Z ñVãY Pmbo. XmoZ-VrZ VmgmZ§Va lrVwH$m_mBªZr ""Om''
åhUVmM Vo KmoS>o Zdam-~m`H$mogh nwT>o admZm Pmbo.
`ËgËòZ OJËgË`§, `ËàH$meoZ {d^m{V`V² &
`XmZÝXoZ ZÝXpÝV, Vñ_¡ lr Jwado Z_: &&
Xod XoVmo nU H$_© ZoVo

{ZOm_mMo EH$ gaXma amOo aKmoÎm_amd `m§À`m XmoÝhr ~m`H$m§n¡H$s
EH$sbmhr _yb~mi ZìhVo. Amnë`m XmoÝhr ~m`H$m§gh Vo òhioJmdbm
Ambo. S>oao, amhþQ>çm bmdyZ Jmdm~mhoa _w¸$m_r Wm§~bo Am{U
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>r XaamoO OmD$ bmJbo. AmR> {Xdgm§Z§Va naV
OmÊ`mMr nadmZJr _mJÊ`mgmR>r amOo ghHw$Qw>§~ lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m
Xe©ZmñVd Ambo AgVm, Ë`m§À`m XmoÝhrhr nËZtZm lrVwH$m_mBªZr
{nR>bo-^mH$arMm àgmX {Xbm. ~m`H$m§Zm Vo ng§V nS>bo Zmhr Am{U
Kar òVmM XmoKtZrhr Vmo àgmX ^jU Z H$aVm ~mOybm R>odyZ {Xbm. Vmo
~mOybm nS>bobm àgmX g§Ü`mH$mir ^Q>OrÀ`m ~m`H$mooZo ImD$Z
Q>mH$bm. amOo {ZKmbo Voìhm, ""Xod XoVmo AZ² H$_© ZoVo,'' EdT>oM
lrVwH$m_mB© åhUmbo. amOogmho~m§Zm eodQ>r _yb PmboM Zmhr, nU
^Q>OrÀ`m ~m`H$mobm nwT>rb dfu Owio Pmbo.
Oo Oo H$mhr H$[agr Vo Vo _mPo ñd{hV &
ho Vmo gà{MV H$imo Amco &&
hþOya, hþŠH$m Oc ahm h¡ &
Amnë`m _Zmà_mUo KSy>Z Amë`m_wio bmoH$m§Zr ~aoMgo {ZOm_r énò
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m XmamnwT>o R>moH$bo. `m~m~V H$moUrVar {ZOm_mH$S>o VH«$ma
Ho$br AgVm {ZOm_mZo EH$m _wgb_mZ Z~m~mg Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mgmR>r
òhioJmdbm nmR>{dbo. Ë`mZo AJXr lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m Kamg_moaM V§~y
R>moH$bm. lrVwH$m_mBªMr narjm nmhÊ`mgmR>r Z~m~mZo Amnë`m
emJrXm©bm hþ¸$m V`ma H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo; nU Ë`mV {dñVd Kmby
ZH$mog åhUyZ ~Omdbo. Z§Va Ë`mZo lrVwH$m_mBªZm AmXanyd©H$ Am_§{ÌV
H$ê$Z bmoS>mer ~g{dbo Am{U ""hþ¸$m bmd'' Ago emJrXm©g \$_m©dbo.
Z~m~ AX~rZo åhUmbm, ""_hmamO, X_ bJmAmo.'' lrVwH$m_mBªZr
{dMmabo, ""A§Jma bJm`m h¡ ?'' emJrXm©Zo ImoQ>oM gm§{JVbo, "Or hm±
hþOya, hþ¸$m Ob ahm h¡,' Vo EoHy$Z ""O` gX²Jwê$'' Ago åhUyZ
lrVwH$m_mBªZr X_ bmdbm d Vm|S> ^ê$Z Yya gmoS>bm. {VH$S>o AmV_Üò
hþŠŠ`mVyZ Ádmim CgiyZ V§~yÀ`m N>Vmn`ªV bmJë`m d Ë`mZo noQ>
KoVbm. _J _mÌ Z~m~ Km~abm d lrVwH$m_mBªMo nm` Yê$Z åhUmbm,
""_hmamO, H$gya _m\$ H$amo.'' Aer j_m`mMZm H$ê$Z Vmo
lrVwH$m_mBªMm {eî` ~Zbm.
Ago nmVH$s XrZ _r ñdm_ram`m & nXr nmVcmo {gÕ ìhm CÕam`m&&
Zgo AÝ` ÌmVm OJr `m XrZmcm & g_Wm© VwÂ`m{dU àmWy© Hw$Umcm&&
VoìhmnmgyZ ~aoM _wgb_mZ A{YH$mar lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>r
òhioJmdr òD$ bmJbo.
"nm§Sw>a§Jm, _cm H$m§Xm nm{hOo'
gmpËdH$ Am{U ^m{dH$ A§V:H$aUmÀ`m _mUgm§da lrVwH$m_mB© Iyn
ào_ H$arV d Ë`m§Mr dmQ>ob Vr BÀN>m nyU© H$arV. EH$Xm JmdmVrb
Jdù`m§Mr nmoao Jwam§Zm KoD$Z O§JbmV MmaÊ`mgmR>r Jobr. Ë`m§Zm
MmaUrbm bmdyZ Vr _wbo ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`mV Ioiy bmJbr. BVŠ`mV
lrVwH$m_mB© VoWo Jobo. Ë`m§Zm nm{hë`m~amo~a ""Aao VwH$m_mB© Amco ao
Amco! Vo Amnbo H$nS>o KoVrb d BH$S>o-{VH$S>o Q>mHy$Z XoVrb.'' Ago
AmoaSy>Z gd© _wbo nmÊ`m~mhoa Ambr Am{U âmâ Amnmnbr H$nS>o
CMby bmJbr. `m JS>~S>rV EH$mMr nmgmoS>r \$mQ>br. Vmo _wbJm aSy>
bmJbm Am{U åhUmbm ""Kar EdT>rM nmgmoS>r Amho, AmVm AmB© _bm
_marb.'' lrVwH$m_mBªZm Ë`mMr X`m Ambr d Vo Ë`m _wbmbm åhUmbo,
""Aao doS>çm, CJmM aSy> ZH$mog. Wm§~ Vwbm _r nm§Sw>a§JmMr emb XoVmo.''
Ago ~mobyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m A§Ja»`mImbyZ EH$ g§wXa emb H$mTy>Z Ë`m
nmoambm {Xbr. gdmªZm AmZ§X Pmbm. _J lrVwH$m_mB© Ë`m _wbm§gmo~V
H$mhr doi hþVwVw Ioibo. Z§Va lrVwH$m_mB© åhUmbo, ""Aao nmoam§Zmo, Mbm
_bm ^yH$ bmJbr Amho. ~Ky H$moUr H$m` AmUbo Amho Vo!'' gdmªZr
AmUbobo {d{dY àH$maMo ImÚnXmW© EH${ÌV H$ê$Z Ë`mMm
JmonmiH$mbm lrVwH$m_mBªZr V`ma Ho$bm d AmnUm§gh gdmªZm KoD$Z Vo
Oodmd`mg ~gbo. BVŠ`mV EH$OU åhUmbm, ""VwH$m_m` Vm|S>r
bmdm`bm H$m§Xm AgVm Va {H$Vr _Om òB©b Zmhr?'' ho EoHy$Z
lrVwH$m_mB© AmoaS>bo, ""nm§Sw>a§Jm, _bm H$m§Xm nm{hOo.'' BVŠ`mV EH$
Zdam-~m`H$mo S>moŠ`mda H$m§ÚmÀ`m Q>monë`m KoD$Z ~mOmambm {ZKmbobo
hmoVo. Vo Ë`m§À`mOdi òD$Z åhUmbo, ""VwH$m_m`, Vwåhr ôQ>bmV ho
\$maM Mm§Jbo Pmbo. _mPr ^dmZr H$am, _r ~mOmambm H$m§Xo KoD$Z OmV
Amho.'' Ago åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr àËòH$mbm XmoZ-XmoZ H$m§Xo dmT>bo Am{U Vo
Zdam-~m`H$mo nwT>o {ZKyZ Jobo.
àË`j lr nm§Sw>a§J d lr épŠ_Ur _mVoZo lrVwH$m_mBªMr BÀN>m nyU©
Ho$cr d gd© ~miJmonmim§Zm AmZ§{XV Ho$co. g§VH$dr ny. lr. XmgJUy
_hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m "g§VH$Wm_¥VmV' `m àg§JmMo Imcrcà_mUo dU©Z
Ho$co Amho -
YÝ` YÝ` H$`mYwMo Vra & YÝ` Vr JwamIr nmoao Wmoa &
YÝ` VwH$mam_ gmYwda & YÝ` gmohim Ý`mharMm &&34, 93&&
Jmonm§Mm H$ê$Z CÕma & n§T>arg Jocm na_oœa &
gmYwg§JVr jUâ & KS>Vm§ H¥$VmW© H$[aVo H$s &&94&&
lr VwH$m_mBªMr Wmoadr d CnXoe
lr VwH$mam_ _hmamO ho {dbjU A{YH$mar hmoVo. {VWo
AZÝ`Vo{edm` Xwgam _mJ©M ZìhVm. Ë`mdoir XwgaogwÕm Mm§Jbo bmoH$
hmoVo, nU Ë`m§À`mOdi hr gÎmm ZìhVr. lr VwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mm
A{YH$maM OmñV _moR>m `mV e§H$m Zmhr. AJXr {df`m§Vë`m _mUgmbm
~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mMm Ë`m§Mm A{YH$ma hmoVm. Ë`m§À`mOdi OmD$Z ""_r
eaU Ambmo Amho,'' Ago åhQ>bo Var nwao hmoVo. ~mhoê$Z Ë`m§Mr d¥Îmr
Oam CJ« hmoVr, nU Omo Ë`m§À`mOdi OmD$Z {Z^mdbm Vmo naV òV
Zgo. Vo A{Ve` X`miy hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr d¥Îmr Zoh_r AmZ§Xr Ago d
_wcm§À`mV IoiÊ`mMr Ë`m§Zm \$ma hm¡g hmoVr. gd© {gÕr Ë`m§À`m nm`r
cmoiV hmoË`m åhUyZ H$moUË`m doir Vo H$m` AK{Q>V H$aVrc, `mMm
âdgm Zgo. Vo H$moUmMohr ê$n KoD$ eH$V hmoVo. Vo Xwgè`m§Mr g_mYr
bmdy eH$V hmoVo.
AmVmn`ªV Ho$boë`m dU©Zmdê$Z lr VwH$mam_ M¡VÝ` H$moU hmoVo `mMr
gmYmaU H$ënZm Ambr AgobM. Vo EH$ A{VWmoa ~«÷{Zð> gV²nwéf,
{dbjU `moJramO Am{U A{VWmoa OrdÝ_wº$ _hmË_o hmoVo. ~hþOZ
g_mOmda AmB©à_mUo _m`m H$aUmam hm g§V ~møV: Oar H$S>H$ {XgV
Agcm Var A§Var BVH$m ào_i d cmoÊ`mgmaIm _¥Xþ hmoVm H$s,
Xe©ZmWu ^º$m§Zm naV OmVmZm Ë`m§À`m {d`moJmZo aSy> H$mogio. Ë`m§À`m
öX`mV ào_m{edm` Xþgao H$mhrhr ZìhVoM, nU ~mhoê$Z _mÌ Vo H$m`
H$aVrc `mMm Zo_ Zgo. na_mW}ÀNw>H$m§Mm nm`m _O~yV H$ê$Z _JM
Ë`m§À`mda Vo H¥$nm H$arV. gmYH$m§Zm XohmÀ`m Ñï>rZo AZoH$ H$ï>
H$am`bm bmdrV. Oo `m narjoV {Q>H$bo Vo \$maM N>mZ V`ma Pmbo.
gmYH$mMr narjm H$aVmZm VwH$m_mB© Ë`mg _ma XoV, {eì`m XoV, Cnmer
R>odrV qH$dm nmUr âm`bm bmdrV qH$dm hmH$byZ XoV; na§Vw gmYH$ `m
H$gmoQ>rg CVaë`mZ§Va Ë`mbm nmoQ>mer Yê$Z _moR>çm ào_mZo Ë`mÀ`m
A§Jmdê$Z hmV {\$adrV. lrVwH$m_mB© ñdV: Oar `moJemóm§_Üò nma§JV
hmoVo, Var gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Zm ^pŠV_mJm©ZoM Om`bm Vo gm§JV. ""àn§MmV
gwIr ahm nU nm§Sw>a§Jmbm {dgê$ ZH$m,'' Ago Vo Zoh_r gm§JV.
~mhoaÀ`m T>m|JrnUmMo AdS>§~a _mOdbobo Ë`m§Zm _wirM AmdS>V Zgo.
lr JmoMañdm_r d lr amdgmho~ eodmiH$a `m§À`mda Ë`m§Mo nwÌdV ào_
Am{U Anma bmo^ hmoVm.
lrVwH$m_mBªMo ñdê$n nmhVmM nyÁ`^md CËnÞ hmoB©. glÕ Am{U
gai A§V:H$aUmÀ`m _mUgm§~amo~a Vo nwîH$i ~mobV, na§Vw
lÕmhrZm§er VwgS>onUmZo dmJyZ Ë`m§Zm {eì`m XoD$Z hmH$byZ bmdrV.
na_mWm©À`m Iè`m {OkmgoZo Omo H$moUr Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Jobm Vmo g§nyU©
g_mYmZ nmdyZM naV Ambm. gmpÎdH$ Am{U ^m{dH$ A§V:H$aUmÀ`m
_mUgm§da lr VwH$m_mB© Iyn ào_ H$arV, Ë`mMr dmQ>oc Vo B©ÀN>m nyU©
H$arV. Zm_ñ_aU Am{U g§Vgodm H$amdr, åhUOo gd© gmYVo, hmM
CnXoe Vo gdmªZm H$arV AgV.
Á`m§Zr {ZîH$m_ godm Ho$cr Ë`m§Zm lr VwH$m_mBªZr AmË_kmZmMr
àmßVr H$ê$Z {Xcr Va Eo{hH$ gwImMr BÀN>m H$ê$Z gH$m_ ^ŠVr
H$aUmè`m§À`m gd© _ZmoH$m_Zm nwadyZ Ë`m§Zm ^pŠV_mJm©cm cmdco.
Am¡a§Jm~mX òWo {XZm§H$ 02/04/2012 amoOr _cm n.ny.d¡.
lr. XÎmmH$mH$m `m§À`m gËg§JmMm cm^ Pmcm. Ë`m§Zr MVwWm©d¥ÎmrV
lr VwH$m_mBª~ÔcÀ`m Imcrc ~m~rMm AmdOy©Z CëcoI H$aÊ`mMr
gyMZm `mdoir _cm Ho$cr hmoVr d Ë`mà_mUo Vmo CëcoI _r òWo Ho$cocm
Amho. EH$Xm n.ny. lr. ~m~m ~ocga|Zr n.ny. lr VmË`mgmho~ Ho$VH$a
(n.ny. lr. ~«÷M¡VÝ` Jm|XdcoH$a _hmamOm§Mo dmUr AdVma) `m§Zm
{dMmaUm Ho$cr AgVm Vo åhUmco H$s,
""^ŠVm§Zm hdo Vo daXmZ "VWmñVw' åhUyZ àXmZ H$aUo hm lr
VwH$m_mBªMm ghO ñd^md ZìhVm, Va Vmo Ë`m§Mm {deof A{YH$ma
hmoVm.''
n.ny. lr VmË`mgmho~ Ho$VH$a EH$Xm H$mhr _§S>itgh òhioJmdcm
lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m g_mYr Xe©ZmgmR>r Joco AgVm `m dmarV EH$ ^m{dH$
ñÌr Ë`m§Zm òhioJmdcm ôQ>cr hmoVr. nwT>o n.ny. lr VmË`mgmho~
Amnë`m Jmdr - _mcmS>cm (_w§~B©) naV Joë`mZ§Va H$mhr {Xdgm§Zr Vr
^m{dH$ ñÌr _mcmS>cm Ë`m§À`m Xe©Zmcm Amcr d åhUmcr,
""_hmamO, AmnU AmVm nwÝhm òhioJmdcm Ho$ìhm OmUma?'' Voìhm
n.ny. lr VmË`mgmho~ {Vcm åhUmco, ""_m`, òhioJmd åhUOo
~Xm_mMm {eam Amho, amoO amoO Zmhr ImVm òV.''
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m g_mYr Xe©ZmgmR>r lr~«÷M¡VÝ` Jm|XdcoH$a
_hmamOm§Mo dmUr AdVma n.ny. lr VmË`mgmho~ Ho$VH$a _hmamO
(_mcmS>, _w§~B©) ho {eî`d¥§Xm§gh "ltgh>' {X. 9/12/1951 amoOr
òhioJm§d _R>mV _wŠH$m_r Wm§~co hmoVo. `m{edm` lr~«÷M¡VÝ` hZw_§V
_hmamO dmda{haoH$a \o$~«wdmar 1958 _Üò Amco hmoVo. VgoM n.ny. lr
am_mZ§X _hmamO (OmcZm), n.ny. lr àëhmX _hmamO (gmIaIoS>m©),
S>m°. lr. Hw$V©H$moQ>r _hm^mJdV (^yVnyd© e§H$amMm`© H$adranrR>,
H$moëhmnya), ny.lr. Ho$. {d. ~ocgao (~m~m) `mhr Wmoa Wmoa {d^yVr
òhioJmdcm Xe©ZmgmR>r Amë`mMm CëcoI Amho.
ZXrMo nmUr Pmco cmoUH$T>r Vyn
C_aIoS>Odi n¡ZJ§Jm ZXrH$mR>r _mb}Jmd ZmdmMo EH$ Jmd Amho.
VoWo EH$m Ym{_©H$ H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m {Z{_Îm bmoH$m§À`m OodUmÀ`m n§º$sda
n§º$s CR>V hmoË`m; nU H$mhr n§ŠVr Pmë`mda AMmZH$ Vyn g§nbo.
VwnmMm nwadR>m H$aUmam Bg_ H$miOrV nS>bm. Ë`mZo Ho$boë`m
ì`dñWoZwgma VwnmÀ`m KmJar H$mhr Ë`m {R>H$mUr doioda nmohMë`m
Zgë`m_wio hm KmoQ>mim Pmbm. Vmo AJXr aS>dobm Pmbm. BVŠ`mV lr
VwH$m_mB© VooWo AMmZH$ àH$Q>bo d Ë`mbm åhUmbo, ""_r Vwbm gÜ`m
CgZo Vyn XoVmo, na§Vw VwPo H$m_ Pmë`mZ§Va _mPo _bm naV Xoerb
H$m`?'' Ë`mZo VmËH$mi H$~yb Ho$bo. _J lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`mg [aH$må`m
KmJar gmo~V KoD$Z ZXrH$mR>r MmbÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. VoWo Ë`m KmJar
ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`mZo âÊ`mg Ë`mg gm§{JVbo d Ë`m§À`mda Amnbr N>mQ>r
Q>mH$br (nm§Kabr) d bJoM H$mTy>Z KoVbr. EH$m jUmV Ë`m
KmJarVrb nmÊ`mMo ewÕ bmoUH$T>r VwnmV ê$nm§Va Pmbo. Vmo J¥hñW
AË`§V AmZ§{XV Pmbm d OodUmdirMm H$m`©H«$_ `Wmgm§J Mm§Jë`m
nÕVrZo nma nS>bm. nwT>o EH$-XmoZ {Xdgm§Zr Ë`mZo ì`dñWm Ho$boë`m
VwnmÀ`m KmJar Amë`m Voìhm lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`m KmJarVrb gd© Vyn
naV ZXrV Q>mHy$Z {Xbo. Ago hmoVo lrVwH$m_mBªMo `moJ gm_Ï`©.
gË` g§H$ënmMm XmVm ZmamÙ & gd© H$ar nyU© _ZmoaW &&
Á`mo{Vfmcm àMrVr Amcr
Zm§XoS>À`m EH$m à{gÕ na§Vw Ah§H$mar Á`mo{Vfmcm, Vmo òhioJmdr
Amcm AgVm, lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m _mò_wio Ë`m§À`m COì`m AJa S>mì`m
hmVmda EH$hr aof {Xgcr Zmhr. nwÝhm lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`mg Amncm
COdm hmV XmIdVmM Ë`mda gd© hñVaofm àJQ> Pmcoë`m {XgyZ
Amë`m. Vmo lrVwH$m_mBªZm eaU Amcm. Ë`mg lrVwH$m_mBªZr Zm_OnmMm
CnXoe Ho$cm.
hm M_ËH$ma nmhÿZŸ& Z_« Pmcm ~«m÷U Ÿ&&
nyd©H$_© ~«÷mn©U Ÿ& VwH$mam_mZo Ho$coŸ&&
Zm_OnmMo _hmËå`
EH$Xm lr VwH$m_mB© H¥$noZo dmKmoS>m `m JmdmV Voam H$moQ>r ""am_H¥$îU
har'' `m Zm_OnmMm O`Kmof Mmcy hmoVm. añË`mZo H$mhr _wpñc_
ì`mnmar OmV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m H$mZr hm Zm_JOa nS>VmM Vohr _§S>nmV
Amco d Y_m©{^_mZ {dgê$Z Mm§Jco Vmgâ Zm_ñ_aUmV a§JyZ Joco.
Eogm Zm_ldUo n[aUm_Ÿ& _wIo H$[aVm Zm_moÀMaUŸ&&
Ë`m AZw^dmMo dU©ZŸ& gX²Jwê$ VwH$mam_m§Mr H¥$nmŸ&&
àdmhn{VVm§Zm `mo½` _mJm©da AmUco
EH$Xm lr VwH$m_mB©gmo~V ~arMer ^ŠV_§S>ir qXS>r KoD$Z
C_aIoS>cm {ZKmcr. _mJm©V ViUrcm _w¸$m_ nS>cm. VoWo EH$m ór
^ŠVmH$S>o lr VwH$m_mB© Kar Joco d {Vcm eodù`m ImÊ`mg _m{JVco.
{VMm nVr nmQ>rc ì`gZr hmoVm. lr g_W© am_Xmg ñdm_tgmaIo, lr
VwH$m_mBªZr eodù`m Imëë`m, dm§Vr Ho$cr d nwÝhm VrM dm§Vr ImD$
cmJco. BVŠ`mV nmQ>rc VoWo Amcm d åhUmcm H$s, "ho KmUoaS>o AÞ
ImD$ ZH$m.' Voìhm lr VwH$m_mB© Ë`mg åhUmco, "Aao nmQ>cm, Vy H$m _J
Ago KmU dmJVmo ao?' nmQ>cmcm níMmÎmmn Pmcm. Vmo lrVwH$m_mBªZm
eaU Jocm d nËZrgh qXS>rgmo~V C_aIoS>cm dmarcm {ZKmcm.
VwH$mam_ Jwê$ ~moccm Ÿ& nmQ>cmcm níMmÎmmn PmcmŸ&&
A§V…H$aUr gX` PmcmŸ& Z_ñH$ma Ho$cm gX²Jwê§$grŸ&&
Aëngodm KoD$Z Ho$cm OrdZmMm CÕma
EH$Xm {XJ«g òWrc EH$m H$ÀN>r _wgc_mZmÀ`m {H$amUm
XwH$mZmVrc ImaH$m, ~Xm_, Imo~è`mÀ`m dmQ>çm lr VwH$m_mBªZr
crc`m añË`mda \o$Hy$Z {Xë`m d Vo gd© àgmX åhUyZ cmoH$m§Zr KoVco.
nwT>o Ë`m XwH$mZXmamcm YZmMm Acä` cm^ Pmcm.
nwT>o XwH$mZXmamcm & YZmMm Acä` cm^ PmcmŸ&&
Vmo Zoh_r qhXy Y_m©cm & ào_mZo JmoS> ~mocoŸ&&
{enXam `m Jmdr OÝ_coë`m Ym|S>m_mder `m, lr am_Or~mny§Zr
Ë`m§Zm H$sV©ZmV {Xcoë`m AZw^yVr_wio òhioJmdrM _R>mV godmaV
am{hë`m. Ë`m ~mc{dYdm hmoË`m. _R>mV Ë`m PmS>cmoQ>, ñd`§nmH$ -
nmUr B.godm A{daV H$arV AgV. VgoM òhioJmdr lr am_Or~mny§À`m
_§{Xar ~mny§Mr H$Ý`m VmZy~mB© d EH$ nwOmar gX¡d H$m`©aV am{hco.
_wgiYma nmdgmVyZ a{jcr Iù`mVrc Ádmar
EH$Xm lr VwH$m_mBªMo na_^ŠV lr. em_amd _{hÝÐo nmQ>cm§Mo
ÁdmarMo Iio {XJ«g `m Jmdr Mmcy AgVm _wgiYma nO©Ý`d¥ï>r gwê$
Pmcr. Ë`m§Zr lr VwH$m_mBªMm Ymdm Ho$cm AgVm Iù`mVrc Ádmar
Ajaj… H$moaS>r am{hcr. H$mhrhr ZwH$gmZ Pmco Zmhr. Vo Ëd[aV
gmdircm Joco d VoWrc lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m _§{XamV gìdmI§S>r YmÝ`
An©U Ho$co.
Jwê$Mm Zm_On gwê$ Ho$cmŸ& Mma Vmgm§Zr nmD$g JocmŸ&&
Iù`mÀ`m ^modVr {MIc PmcmŸ& ZXr- Zmë`mcm nya AmcmŸ&&
gH$mir gy`m}X`mV Ÿ& Iù`mV OmD$Z nmhVmVŸ&&
Vmo Ádmar H$moaS>m H$ê$ cmJcr hmVmVŸ& Iio H$moaS>oM {XgcoŸ&&
gX²^ŠVm§Zm {Xì`mZw^yVr
lr. em_amd _{hÝÐo nmQ>cm§Zr EH$Xm {dhra ImoXmd`mg KoVcr;
na§Vw Iyn Imoc ImoXyZhr nmUr cmJoZm. eodQ>r Ë`m§Zr {d{harV
lrVwH$m_mBªMm A§Jmam Q>mH$VmM nmÊ`mMm nmPa gwê$ Pmcm.
Z§Va {d{harV A§Jmam Q>mH$cmŸ& gwê$ Ho$co ~m§YH$m_mcmŸ&&
nmÊ`mMm nmPa gwê$ PmcmŸ&& gX²Jwê§$À`m A§Jmè`mZoŸ&&
_yH§$ H$amo{V dmMmc_² n§Jw§ c§K`Vo {Jar_² &
Ë`m§À`mM H$m_mdarc EH$m cmohmamMr _wcJr AmOmar nSy>Z Am§Yir
Pmcr. {Vcm XmoÝhr S>moù`m§Zr {XgoZm. {Vcm nmQ>cm§Zr gmo_dmaÀ`m nmM
dmè`m H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVco. {Vgè`m dmarcmM {Vcm {Xgy cmJco.
Ë`m _wcrcm Ñï>r AmcrŸ& cmohmamZo ì`gZo gmoS>crŸ&&
hr dmVm© ngacr & {XJ«g ehamV Ÿ&&
VgoM em_amd nmQ>cm§Mm nwVÊ`m dm_Z `mg chmZnUr MmcVm-
~mocVm òB©Zm. Ë`mZo nmM dmè`m H$aVmM Ë`mg JwU Amcm.
dm_Z ~mocy-Mmcy cmJcmŸ& nmM gmo_dmar JwU AmcmŸ&&
hr dmVm© H$icr cmoH$m§Zm& Vohr VwH$mam_mÀ`m Xe©Zmcm òVmV&&
_mhmocrÀ`m cmcgm Omdao (Vocr) `m§À`m Vm|S>mcm nS>coco diU
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m Zm_OnmZo Xya Pmco. AZoH$ cmoH$m§Zm AemàH$mao
lrVwH$m_mBªMo AZw^d Amë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m g§ñWmZmgmR>r
Amnë`m O{_Zr An©U Ho$ë`m.
Imè`m nmÊ`mMr {dhra Pmcr JmoS> nmÊ`mMr
lr VwH$m_mB© Jmdm~mhoa PmS>mImcr ~gyZ Jwam»`mZo AmUyZ {Xcocr
H$m§Xm^mH$ar ImV AgV. EH$Xm JmdmV nmÊ`mMo \$maM Xw{^©j Pmco
AgVm JmdH$è`m§À`m {dZ§Vrdê$Z lr VwH$m_mBªZr JmdmV OmD$Z VoWo
{dhra IUÊ`mgmR>r OmJm XmIdcr. Ë`m {d{harcm nwîH$i nmUr
cmJco; na§Vw Vo nmUr JmoS> ZìhVo. _Myi (Imao) hmoVo. Voìhm EH$m
JmdH$è`mZo lrVwH$m_mBªH$S>o òD$Z KS>cocm d¥Îmm§V H$WZ Ho$cm.
lrVwH$m_mB© VoWo Ë`m {d{harda Amco d M¸$ ~m|~ R>moHy$Z "VwŠ`m _ocm'
Ago åhUV Amamoù`m R>moH$sV Ë`m§Zr Ë`m {d{harcm àX{jUm Kmcm`cm
gwédmV Ho$cr. BVa cmoH$hr {d{harcm àX{jUm Kmcy cmJco. VrZ
{Xdgm§Zr M_ËH$ma KS>cm. Ë`m {d{harMo nmUr {nÊ`mcm`H$ JmoS> d
_Ywa Pmco.
gX²Jwê§$À`m AmkmnmcZmMm M_ËH$ma
òhioJmdOdi H$moir ZmdmMo EH$ Jmd Amho. òWrb EH$
H$mo_Q>çmMr ór lrVwH$m_mBªMr ^º$ hmoVr. {VZo EH$Xm Zdg Ho$bm H$s
{VÀ`mH$S>rb H$qbJS>mÀ`m dobrMo n{hbo \$i lrVwH$m_mBªZm An©U
H$am`Mo Am{U Ë`mà_mUo {VZo n{hbo \$i H$mTy>Z R>odbo. BH$S>o
lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`m§Mo {eî` lr am_Or~mny§Zm Vo \$i {VÀ`mH$Sy>Z
AmUÊ`mgmR>r H$moirbm nmR>dbo. Ë`m órZohr VmoSy>Z R>odbobo \$i lr
am_Or~mny§H$S>o {Xbo; nU Vo \$i Ë`m§Zm WmoS>ogo {H$S>bobo {Xgbo åhUyZ
Vo \$i Ë`m§Zr VgoM Ë`m órH$S>o naV Ho$bo d dobrMo Xwgao CÎm_ \$i
VmoSy>Z KoVbo d òhioJmdr òD$Z lrVwH$m_mBªH$S>o {Xbo. \$i nm{hë`mda
lrVwH$m_mB© am_Or~mny§Zm åhUmbo H$s, ""ho \$i _mPo Zmhr, AgmM
naV H$moirbm Om. ho \$i naV Ë`m dobrbm OoWyZ VmoS>bo VoWo
{MH$Q>dyZ ò d Ë`m órH$Sy>Z _mPo \$i KoD$Z ò.'' nwÝhm lr am_Or~mny
Ë`m ~mB©H$S>o H$moirbm Ambo d {Vbm gd© hH$sH$V gm§{JVbr.
VWm{n, VmoS>bobo \$i dobrbm nwÝhm {MH$Q>ob ho Ë`m§Zm Iao dmQ>oZm.
Ë`m§À`m _ZmV qH$Vw Ambm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m hmVyZ Vo \$i H$mhr
dobrbm {MH$Q>bo Zmhr; nU H$mo_{Q>UrMr lrVwH$m_mB©darb lÕm
AT>i hmoVr. {VZo lrVwH$m_mB©Mo Zmd KoD$Z dobrbm Vo \$i
bmdVmjUrM Vo VoWo {MH$Q>bo. Z§Va lr am_Or~mny Ë`m órZo nydu
VmoS>bobo ({H$S>bobo) \$i KoD$Z òhioJmdbm Ambo d Vo lrVwH$m_mBªZm
{Xbo. Vo \$i H$mnyZ nm{hbo AgVm A{O~mV {H$S>bobo Zgë`mMo
AmT>iyZ Ambo. ho nmhÿZ lr am_Or~mny M{H$V Pmbo. {edm`
H$mo_{Q>UrÀ`m hñVo \$i dobrbm {MH$Q>bo hogwÕm Ë`m§Zr lrVwH$m_mBªZm
gm§{JVbo Zmhr; na§Vw A§Vkm©Zr lrVwH$m_mBªZr am_Or~mny§Zm H$moir
òWo KS>bobr hH$sH$V {dMmabr AgVm am_Or~mny§Zr I{Ob hmoD$Z
gd© g{dñVa hH$sH$V {ZdoXZ Ho$br. `mdê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s,
gX²Jwê§$À`m AmkmnmbZmV A{dœmg XmIdy Zò d g§nyU© lÕm^º$s`wº$
A§V:H$aUmZo Ë`m§Mo AmkmnmbZ H$amdo.
g_Wm©{M`m godH$m dH«$ nmho, Agm gd© ^y_§S>ir H$moU Amho
EH$Xm lr am_Or~mny lmdUmV lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>r {ZKmbo
AgVm dmQ>oV n¡ZJ§Jm ZXrg _hmnya Ambobm hmoVm. lrVwH$m_mBªMo Zmd
KoD$Z lr am_Or~mny nwamV {eabo. BH$S>o òhioJmdr lrVwH$m_mB©
~mOoda ~gbo hmoVo. g^modVr ~arMer _§S>ir ~gbobr hmoVr. Ë`mdoir
lrVwH$m_mB© EH$X_ åhUmbo, ""amå`m, CXH$ Amho WmoS>o & VwÂ`m
A§Jmdarb H$nS>o & {Zü`| amhVrb H$moaS>o & gmH$S>o H$mhr _mZy
ZH$mo&&'' g^modVmbÀ`m _§S>irbm Amü`© dmQ>bo H$s lrVwH$m_mB©
H$moUmer ~ao ~mobV AmhoV! Ë`m§Zm H$mhrM ~moY hmoB©Zm. H$mhr doimZ§Va
lr am_Or~mny òhioJmdr òD$Z nmohMbo. Ë`m§Zr lrVwH$m_mBªMo Xe©Z
KoD$Z gd© hH$sH$V gm§{JVbr. Voìhm H$moR>o O_boë`m bmoH$m§Zm nwamÀ`m
nmÊ`mMo H$moS>o C_Jbo d lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m ~mobÊ`mMm CbJS>m Pmbm.
EH$Xm lr VwH$m_mB© H¥$noZo lr am_Or~mny Ë`m§Zm AÝZmVyZ H$aÊ`mV
Amcoë`m {df~mYoVyZ VgoM Ë`m§À`mda O§JcmV Pmcoë`m AñdcmÀ`m
hëë`mVyZ gwIê$nnUo dmMco. VgoM ViUrÀ`m EH$m ñÌrMr H$S>odarc
_wcJr lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m dmarV AMmZH$ Pmcoë`m XþY©a amoJmÀ`m
àmXþ^m©dm_wio EH$mEH$s _¥V Pmcr AgVm lr am_Or~mny§Zr Ë`m
coH$amcm CMcyZ lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m MaUmda KmVco. Ë`mdoir
lrVwH$m_mB© nc§Jmda {dlm_ H$arV hmoVo. lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`m coH$amg
Amncm nXñne© Ho$cm, Vmo H$m` M_ËH$ma! Vo _¥V coH$ê$ {Od§V Pmco.
V§d H$m` H$ar VwH$m_m` & coH$amdar R>odr nm` &
hmM Pmcm VaUmonm`& _aUmonm` g§ncm &&6, 26&&
_wcJr Vr aSy> cmJcr & Voìhm {VMr AmB© Amcr &
CMc ~moccr & VwH$m_m` {VOcmJr &&6,27&&
lrVwH$m_mBªMo Zm_ñ_aU H$ê$Z ~mny§Zr IS>H$Xar JmdÀ`m Ë`m§À`m
nmQ>rc {eî`mÀ`m _aUmgÞ nËZrcm A§Jmam cmdVmM amÌrVyZ Vr ~mB©
IS>IS>rV ~ar Pmcr.
~mny Joco ~mOodar & A§Jmam KoD$Zr H$ar &
VwH$m_m` åhUy{Z {ear & cmdcm Ë`m ~mB©À`m &&7,22&&
amÌrVyZ Amam_ Pmcm & CRy>Z ~gcr ~mOocm &
nmQ>cmg AmZ§X Pmcm & {eî`d¥Îmr XþUmdcr &&7,23&&
nmoQ>XþIrnmgyZ _wŠVr
^maVmVrb g§ñWmZo {dbrZ hmoÊ`mnydu òhioJmd ho {ZOm_emhrV
hmoVo. {ZOm_emhrVrb EH$ _wgb_mZ VhgrbXma gaH$mar H$m_m{Z{_Îm
òhioJmdbm Ambm hmoVm. Vmo lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m Xe©Zmbm Ambm. Ë`mbm
nmoQ>eyirMm OwZmQ> {dH$ma hmoVm. lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`mbm ~m§YH$m_mdarb
nmQ>çm dmhm`bm bmdë`m d Xwnman`ªV Ë`mMr nmoQ>XwIr nyU©nUo
H$m`_Mr ~ar Pmbr. Ë`mZo Iwe hmoD$Z VoWrb ZmH$m H$a aÔ Ho$bm.
lr CÕd~mny (lr Cn|Ðñdm_r) nmQ>moXoH$a `m§Mr H$Wm

nmQ>moÚmÀ`m grVmam_n§Vm§Mo {Ma§Ord lr CÕd ~mny _mhyaJS>mÀ`m lr
aoUwH$m_mVoÀ`m Xe©Zmg Joco AgVm Ë`m§Zr VoWo lr {Zd¥Îmr~wdm
X¡R>UH$am§À`m H$sV©ZmV lrVwH$m_mBªMr H$sVu EoH$br. Vo F$½doXr ~«m÷U
hmoVo. Vo lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>r C_aIoS>_mJ} òhioJmdcm {ZKmco
AgVm C_aIoS> _R>mVhr lr JmoMañdm_tÛmam lrVwH$m_mBªMo _mhmËå`
Ë`m§Zm g{dñVanUo kmV Pmco. lrVwH$m_mBªZm nmhVmM ~mnyÀ`m _ZmMo
nyU© g_mYmZ hmoD$Z Ë`m§g Ë`m§Mm CnXoe KoÊ`mMr Vrd« BÀN>m Pmbr.
Ë`m§Zr AZÝ`^mdo lrVwH$m_mBªMo nyOZ H$ê$Z CnXoe XoÊ`m~Ôb àmW©Zm
Ho$br. Ë`m§Mm {Z_©i ^md nmhÿZ lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`m§Zm CnXoe {Xbm.
~mny òhioJmdrM amhÿZ VZ-_Z-YZmZo lrVwH$m_mBªMr godm H$ê$
bmJbo. bmH$S>o \$moS>Uo, nmUr âUo, Cï>r H$mT>Uo, XodnyOm H$aUo,
Jmodè`m bmdUo Aer gd© H$m_o ~mny _Zmo^mdo H$arV. gX²Jwê§$Mo OodU
Pmë`m{edm` ~mny OodV ZgV. lrVwH$m_mB© H$moR>ohr OodV, Ë`m§Mo Xe©Z
Pmbo Zmhr Va ~mnybm VrZ-VrZ {Xdg Cndmg KS>o. ho H$m`
lrVwH$m_mBªZm H$iV ZìhVo? na§Vw gX²Jwê$ ~mnybm _wÔm_ H$gmg bmdyZ
nmhV hmoVo. ~mny Xe©Z KoÊ`mgmR>r MaUmOdi òVmM lrVwH$m_mB© Ë`m§Zm
bmWoZo _marV. JmdmVhr lrVwH$m_mBªZr gm§JyZ R>odbo hmoVo H$s hm ~mny
Mmoa Amho. `mbm H$moUrhr {^jm dmTy> ZH$m. `mbm CnmerM amhÿ Úm;
nU lrVwH$m_mB© ~mny§H$Sy>Z nm` MonyZ KoV. BVam§Zr H$moUr nm` Monbobo
Ë`m§Zm AmdS>V Zgo; nU ~mny§H$adr nm` MonyZ KoÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zm H$YrM
H§$Q>mim òV Zgo.
EHo${Xder â CÝhmù`mÀ`m {XdgmV lrVwH$m_mBªZr ~mny§Mm hmV
Yê$Z Ë`m§Zm _R>m~mhoa H$mTy>Z {Xbo d gdmªZm gm§JyZ Q>mH$bo H$s `mbm
H$moUrhr {^jm Kmby Zò, ZgVm Ë`mMm d§ej` hmoB©b. _J ~mny
EImXodoiog eodmù`mg {^jm _mJmd`mg OmV. Ë`m§Mr JwéMaUr d¥Îmr
OS>br hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr VhmZ^yH$ gd© hadyZ Jobr hmoVr. Ago EH$
Vn åhUOo ~mam df} ~mn§yMr godm Pmbr. EH$Xm ÛmXerÀ`m {Xder ~mny
XodnyOm H$arV ~gbo AgVmZm lrVwH$m_mB© Ë`m§À`mOdi Ambo Am{U
Ë`m§À`m S>moŠ`mV EH$m _moR>çm H$mR>rZo AmKmV Ho$bm d gd© Xod
AmS>mVrb nmÊ`mV ~wS>dyZ Q>mH$bo. ~mny§À`m S>moŠ`mVyZ îîm aº$
dmhÿ bmJbo. ~mny gX²Jwê§$À`m MaUr ""j_m H$am H¥$nmd§Vm'' åhUyZ
nm` Yê$ bmJbo. dmñV{dH$ ~mny§Zm lrVwH$m_mBªZr S>moŠ`mV H$mR>r
_maVmM Vo g_mYr AdñWoV nmohMbo. hr lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`m§À`mda
Ho$bobr H¥$nmM hmo`. Ë`m {XdgmnmgyZ ~mny§Mr AdñWmM ~XbyZ Jobr
d lrVwH$m_mBªMo ZwgVo Zmd H$mT>bo H$s Ë`m§À`m S>moù`mVyZ AlwYmam
dmhÊ`mg gwédmV hmoB©.
lrVwH$m_mBªMo _hmg_mYrJ«hU
~mny§À`m AmJù`mdoJù`m Ana§nma godo_wio Ë`m§Mo gX²Jwê$ lr
VwH$m_mB© g§Vmof nmdbo.
EHo$ {Xder lrVwH$m_mBªZr lr am_Or~mny§À`m hmVmV Agcocm
IamQ>m KoD$Z lr CÕd~mny§À`m _ñVH$s _macm. lr CÕd~mny EH$X_
VÝ_` Pmco. lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`m§Zm gmjmV² lr nm§Sw>a§JmMo Xe©Z KS>{dco.
lrJwê$ H¥$no_wio Ë`m§Zm gmjmËH$ma Pmcm d Vo AmZ§XmZo S>mocy cmJco. lr
VwH$m_mB©H¥$noZo CÕd~mny ~«÷ê$nr g_ag nmdco.
Eogo bmoQ>bo ÛmXe g§dËga Ÿ& godm Omhbr Anma Ÿ&
gX²Jwê$ åhUVr H$éUm nma Ÿ& hm H¥$nogr nmÌ Pmbm Ÿ&&
lrJwê$gr _Zr dmQ>bo Ÿ& `mMo ^º$sF$U gmMbo Ÿ&
gdmªnarg AmJio Ÿ& Vmof{dbo _ObmJr Ÿ&&
lrVwH$m_mBªZm dmQ>bo H$s, `mÀ`m ^º$sMo F$U AmnUmda \$maM
Pmbo. `mMo F$U \o$S>Ê`mgmR>r Amnë`mOdi AmVm H$mhrM Cabo Zmhr.
AmVm H$mhr XoÊ`mgr Ÿ& CaboM Zmhr _Onmer Ÿ&
nmhmVr H$mbmdYrgr Ÿ& åhUVr Xody Amnbo nX Ÿ&&
EH$ {Xdg lrVwH$m_mBªZr ~mny§Zm ~mobmdbo Am{U åhUmbo, ""~mny
Amåhr AmVm nabmoH$s OmUma'' Am{U Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m OdiMr N>mQ>r
d nmXwH$m XoD$Z gm§{JVbo H$s, Vy AmVm lr {MÝ_`_yVvMm CËgd H$arV
Om. VgoM nwT>Mr ì`dñWm AmIyZ {Xbr. `mZ§Va Áòð> ewÕ n§M_r eHo$
1809 (B©.g. 1887) amoOr lr VwH$m_mBªZr g§Ý`mgXrjm J«hU H$ê$Z
"~«÷mZ§X' ho Zmd YmaU Ho$bo. g§Ý`mgXrjoZ§Va Vo VrZM {Xdg am{hbo.
Ë`mZ§Va eHo$ 1809, Áòð>_mg, ewŠbnj, na_ n{dÌ Aï>_r {VWrcm
gX²Jwê$ lr {MÝ_`mZ§X ñdm_tÀ`m nmXwHo$g_moa nÙmgZ KmbyZ lr
VwH$m_mBªZr òhioJmdr g§OrdZ g_mYr KoVbr.
AmVm H$m§hr XoÊ`mgr Ÿ& CaboM Zmhr _Onmgr Ÿ&&
nmhmVr H$mbmdYrgr Ÿ& åhUVr Xody Amnbo nX Ÿ&&9.45Ÿ&&
Eogr _mJ© àVrjm H$arVr Ÿ& Vd àmá Pmbr H$miJVr Ÿ&
H$iy Ambo gX²Jwê$gr Ÿ& ~mnyg ~mob{dbo Ÿ&&9.46Ÿ&&
AmVm g_` g_rn Ambm Ÿ& Amåhr OmVmo nabmoH$mbm Ÿ&&
Vwåhr H$amdo _hmoËgdmbm Ÿ& lr Jwê$ {MÝ_`mMo Ÿ&&9.47Ÿ&&
ho N>mQ>r Am{U nmXwH$m Ÿ& nyOr R>odyZr ^md {ZH$m Ÿ&&
MhþXoer _mJyZr {^H$m Ÿ& lrOr CËgmhm H$amdo Ÿ&& 9.48Ÿ&&
Eogo AmkmnwZr gËda Ÿ& Ë`mJrVo Pmbo H$boda Ÿ&&
gd© {_imo{Z OÒ`H$ma Ÿ& H$[aVo Pmbo {ZO^º$ Ÿ&&9.49Ÿ&&
lr. M§Ð^mZ {dR>mo~m ~§Jio `m§Zr Amnë`m "lrJwê$ na_h§g VwH$mam_
_hmamO òhioJmd M[aÌ' `m n§Mdrg AÜ`m`r Amodr~Õ nmoWrV `m
àg§JmMo Imcrcà_mUo dU©Z Ho$co Amho -
EHo$ {Xder lr VwH$m_mBªZr Amnco {eî`moÎm_Û` gd©lr am_Or~mny
Am{U CÕd~mny (Cn|Ðñdm_r) `m§Zm Amnë`m COì`m d S>mì`m hmVmcm
~gdyZ KoD$Z XmoKm§Zmhr H$dQ>mico d Ë`m§Zm lrVwH$m_mB© åhUmco,
""AmVm _r n§T>anyacm OmVmo. Vwåhr Xadfu gX²Jwê$ lr {MÝ_`mZ§X
_hmamOm§Mm nwÊ`{VWr CËgd {^jm _mJyZ gmOam H$aV Om.'' lr
am_Or~mny§Zm ñ_emZmV amhÊ`mMr Amkm H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm ew^merdm©X
{Xco. lrVwH$m_mB© CÕd~mny§Zm åhUmco, ""Z§Va S>mdrH$S>o nm{hco
diyZ& ~mß`m Vy _mPm d§e MVwamZZ & ho N>mQ>r - nmXþH$m KoD$Z &
`mMm gm§^mi H$ar &&16,89&& lrVwH$m_mBªMo ho {Zadm{ZadrMo eãX
EoHy$Z XmoKm§Zmhr _hmXþ:I Pmco d Vo Ym`_moH$cyZ aSy> cmJco.
lrVwH$m_mBªZrM Ë`m§Mr g_OyV KmcyZ Ë`m§Zm em§V Ho$co. VoìhmnmgyZ
lrVwH$m_mB© H$moR>o ~mhoaJmdr Z OmVm _R>mVM dmñVì`mg am{hco.
lr. ~m~m Zm§Jao `m§Zr lrVwH$m_mBªZm _R>mgmR>r An©U Ho$coë`m
OmJoV `mnyduM _R>mMo àeñV ~m§YH$m_ H$aÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. `m OmJoV
EH$ _moR>m qnnid¥j hmoVm. `m qnnid¥jmImcrM lrVwH$m_mB©
{dlm§Vr KoV AgV. Amnë`m g_mYrJ«hUmnydu hrM OmJm Amnë`m
g_mYr ñWimgmR>r lrVwH$m_mBªZr {ZX}{eV Ho$cr hmoVr d Ë`m§À`m
AmkoZwgma lr. am_Or ~mny d lr. CÕd ~mny `m§Zr òWo AJmoXaM
~m§YH$m_ H$ê$Z KoVco.
`mZ§Va lrVwH$m_mB© ho lram_Or~mny, lr CÕd~mny d VmZy~mB© `m
{VKm§Zm Amnë`m g_doV KoD$Z C_aIoS>cm lrJwê$ {MÝ_`mZ§X
_hmamOm§À`m g_mYrÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>r Amco. VoWo amÌr Mma àha "Jwê$
_hmamO Jwê$, O` O` na~«÷ gX²Jwê$' `m JwéZm_mMm JOa Ho$cm.
Z§Va Xþgè`m {Xder gd©OU òhioJmdcm naV Amco. lrVwH$m_mBªZr
am_Or~mny§Zm Amkm{nV H$ê$Z _R>mV ñd`§nmH$ H$am`cm cmdcm d
ZJa^moOZ {Xco. ÔZmMm OmJa H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
JUnVr hZw_§V _§{XamV & qXS>r ZodyZ nyOm H$adrV &
J«m_àX{jUm Zm_ JOamV & nwÝhm _R>mV Amco &&16-105&&
Áòð> ewÕ Aï>_r, eHo$ 1809 gmo_dma amoOr gH$mir lrVwH$m_mB©
lram_Or~mny d lr CÕd~mny `m XmoKm§Mo hmV Yê$Z g_mYrñWir
CVaVo Omhco.
eHo$ AR>ameo Zd gmcr & Áòð> Aï>_rMo gH$mir & XmoKm§Mo X§S>
Yê$Zr VwH$m_mD$cr & g_mYr OmJoV CVaco &&16.106&& nÙmgZ
KmcyZ ~gco & Zm_ñ_aU gwê$ Ho$co & am_H¥$îUhar CÀMm[aco &
CÜd©Ñï>r cmdmoZr &&16,107&& Eo{g`m g_`moJmMr {Zê$Vr &
cmhmo{Z Oo Xoh R>o{dVr & Vo ~«÷{dX hmoVr & na~«÷ &&16,108&&
^Jd§VmÀ`m dMZmà_mUo & gX²Jwê$ VwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Zr & Áòð> ewÕ
Aï>_r gmo_dma {XZr & am_ Zm_moÀMmao àmU gmoS>cm &&16,111&&
H$mhr doimZo _mZ dmH$cr & VwH$m_m` d¡Hw§$R>dmgr Pmcr & ho nmhÿZ
gd© _§S>ir & AmH«$moeo aSy> cmJco &&16,112&&
lr am_Or ~mny, lr CÕd ~mny, VmZÿ~mB©, {dR>m~mB© d BVa gd©
^ŠV_§S>itZr Amncm emoH$ Amdê$Z ~«m÷Um§Ûmao JwéXohmMr {dYr`wŠV
nyOm Ho$cr d ^modVr AH$am nmoVr _rR> Q>mHy$Z g_mYr_wIr EH$
{eim R>odcr.
lr VwH$m_mBªZr g_mYr KoVë`m_wio bmoH$ \$ma hihi H$ê$ bmJbo.
gdmªZm nmoaHo$ Pmë`mgmaIo dmQy> bmJbo. Xe©Zmbm AbmoQ> JXu O_m
Pmbr hmoVr. ~mn§yZr Jwê$ Amkoà_mUo òhioJmdr lrVwH$m_mBªMr g_mYr
~m§YyZ Ë`m§À`m Amkoà_mUo gd© CËgd-_hmoËgd gmOao H$ê$ bmJbo.
Ag§»` ^ŠVm§À`m gh`moJmVyZ 101 \y$Q> C§MrÀ`m _§{XamMr C^maUr
Ho$cr. Ë`mMm H$ig 11 \y$Q> C§M ~m§Ycm. hm _R> d BVa gd© ñWmda-
O§J_ _mc_Îmm lr VwH$m_mBªZr Amnë`m h`mVrVM lr {MÝ_`_yVu
g§ñWmZ C_aIoS>Mo VËH$m{cZ _R>m{YnVr lr gpÀMXmZ§X _hmamO
`m§MoH$S>o ñdV: OmD$Z JwéJ¥hr C_aIoS> g§ñWmZcm An©U Ho$cr hmoVr.
lr VwH$m_mBªZr Oar g_mYr KoVcr Agcr Var ^ŠVm§Zm Ë`m§Mr
àË`jmà_mUoM AZw^yVr òD$ cmJcr.
lr ~mny _mÌ \$maM Xw:Ir Pmbo. Ë`m§À`mV AË`§V {daº$Vm
~mUbr. H$mhr {Xdgm§Z§Va Vo qhJmobrg Ambo d VoWo Ë`m§Zr
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m nmXwH$m§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Aer nmM df} bmoQ>ë`mZ§Va
~mny§Zr h§g g§Ý`mg Xrjm KoVbr. XrjoZ§Va Ë`m§Mo Zmd Cn|Ðñdm_r Ago
R>odÊ`mV Ambo.

Eogo n§Mg§dËga bmoQ>Vm Ÿ& _Zr dmQ>br {daº$Vm Ÿ&&
J¥hñWml_ gm§Sy>Zr h§gê$nVm Ÿ& àmá Pmbr Jwéam`m Ÿ&&
bj bmJbo VwH|$ÐZm_r Ÿ& åhUmoZr Zm§d Cn|Ðñdm_r Ÿ&&
gm§Sy>Zr {dÛÎmoMr D$_u Ÿ& gXm MaUr {Z_¾ Ÿ&&
lr Cn|Ðñdm_tÛmam gX²^ŠVm§Zm lrVwH$m_mB© H¥$noMr àMrVr
lrJwê$àVmno ^damoJ Ëd[aV hmanVmV, g_§Ym{X-~mYm Xya hmoVmV
Ago EoHy$Z S>moB©\$moS>o `m§Mr ~hrU VmZÿ~mB© lrJwwéMaUr òD$Z brZ
hmoVmM {VMr g_§Y~mYm lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m H¥$noZo Xya Pmbr.
lr Cn|Ðñdm_tZr MhþXoer ^«_U H$ê$Z gdmªZm lrJwê$ VwH$m_mBªMm
_mJ© XmIdyZ bmoH$moÕma Ho$bm. EH$Xm lr Cn|Ðñdm_tMm àdmgmV
AgVmZm H$aIobr òWo _w¸$m_ nS>bm. VoWrb ZmamÙ ZmdmÀ`m
XoeboIH$mbm hr ~mV_r H$imë`m~amo~a Vmo Amnë`m H$Ýòbm gmo~V
KoD$Z YmdV-niVM lr Cn|Ðñdm_tÀ`m Xe©Zmbm Jobm d ñdm_tZm
gmï>m§J Z_ñH$ma H$ê$Z åhUmbm, ""ñdm_r, _mPr _wbJr A{Ve`
AmOmar AgyZ Vr ApñWn§Oa Pmbobr Amho. {Vbm A{O~mV AÞ OmV
Zmhr. {VMm jUmMmhr âdgm am{hbobm Zmhr. AmVm _amo AWdm OJmo,
_r {Vbm Vw_À`m nm`mda KmVbo Amho.'' Ë`mMm hm ÑT>{Zü` nmhÿZ
lr Cn|Ðñdm_tZr ""O` VwH$mam_ _hmamO'' Ago åhUyZ Ë`m _wbrg
VrW©àgmX {Xbm. _wbrÀ`m Vm|S>r VrW©àgmX nS>VmM {VMr ì`mYr Xya
hmoÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr. EH$m _{hÝ`mVM _wbJr {ZamoJr d gwÑT> Pmbr.
ZmamÙmZo AmZ§Xr hmoD$Z lrJwéMaUr {_R>r _mabr d ~«m÷U^moOZ
KmbyZ gwIr Zm§Xy bmJbm.
XwYr Xhr KmbVm Ÿ& BaOy bmJo VÎdVm Ÿ&&
V¡go {XZ{Zer àgmX KoVm Ÿ& amoJ Jobm VmËH$mi Ÿ&&
Eogr H¥$nm H$ê$Zr Ëd[aV Ÿ& B§Jmobrg Ambo {ZpíMV Ÿ&&
am_Or YZ R>odyZr hoV Ÿ& _mJ© nmhmV ~¡gbm Ÿ&&
qhJmobr òWrb am_Or YZ `mMr ~hrU ~`Zm {hbm XwY©a ì`mYr
OS>br hmoVr. eoH$S>mo énò IM© Ho$bo. Cnm`m§Mr gr_m Pmbr, na§Vw gd©
Cnm` {ZaW©H$ R>abo. eodQ>r am_OrZo gd© ^ma lrVwH$m_mBªda Q>mH$bm
Am{U lr Cn|Ðñdm_tÀ`m Xe©Zmg ~{hUrbm KoD$Z Jobm.
gX²Jwê$ ñ_aU H$ê$Zr & XoVr VrW©àgmXm bmJwZr &&
VËH$mi amoJ_wº$ hmodyZr & gwIr Omhbo &&
Ago {H$ËòH$ OU lr Cn|Ðñdm_tÀ`m Xe©Zmbm òD$Z Ë`m§À`m hñVo
lrVwH$m_mBªMm VrW©àgmX KoD$Z CÕma nmdVo Pmbo. n§T>arMm ~m~mamd,
~miH¥$îU dJ¡ao gd© _§S>ir A{^Zd godm H$ê$Z gwIê$n hmoD$Z Jobo.
VgoM VwH$mam_ Am{U {dR>m~mB© `m§Zr amÌ§{Xdg lrVwH$m_mBªMr godm
Ho$br d Vo lrJwéMaUr brZ Pmbo. lr Cn|Ðñdm_r R>m`r R>m`r ^«_U
H$ê$Z lrVwH$m_mB© Am{U lr{MÝ_`mZ§X ñdm_tMo CËgd-_hmoËgd H$ê$
bmJbo. lrJwê$ VwH$m_mBªÀ`m H¥$nmàgmXm_wio A§Y, ~{Ya, b§JS>o, Iwio
nmdZ hmoVmV. Á`mÀ`m Ë`mÀ`m H$_©^moJmMo \$i JwéH¥$noZo Ëd[aV {_iVo
d ^º$JU {eî`JU gwIê$n hmoD$Z OmVmV.
H$Vw©_ AH$Vw©_ AÝ`Wm H$Vw©_ & hçm ^Jd§VmÀ`m eŠË`m OmU &
lr gX²Jwê$ VwH$mam_mZo & g_mYr KoVë`mdahr Ho$ë`m &&
(lr.n.Vw._.M. 24-116)
lrVwH$m_mBªMr {d{dY CnmgZmñWio
~è`mMem Jmdm§Zm {eî`-^ŠV JUm§Zr lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m nmXwH$m
ñWmnZ H$ê$Z XoD$io /_§{Xao C^macr d VoWo {ZË`monmgZm gwê$ Ho$cr.
nyOZ-AM©Z, Zm_On, CËgd-_hmoËgd gwê$ Ho$co.
Aem lÕmdmZ cmoH$m§ZrŸ& JwéeŠVrZo ~è`mM {R>H$mUrŸ&&
VwH$mam_mÀ`m Zm_ g_mÜ`m _m§Sy>Zr & nmXwH$m ñWmnZ Ho$ë`mŸ&&
EHy$U n§Yam kmV ñWir Aem Zm_g_mÜ`m AgyZ `mì`{V[aŠVhr
AmUIr gmV {R>H$mUo Agë`mMo g_OVo. hr n§Yam ñWio Imcr Z_yX
Ho$cr AmhoV.
òhioJmdr _w»` g_mYr, \w$cVm§ã`mV {ÛVr` g_mYr, nwgXcm
V¥Vr` nmXwH$m ñWmnZ {dYr, Jm|Xdë`mV MVwW©, gmdirV n§M_,
dmKmoS>çmV fð>_, R>mHw$admS>m Jmdr gßV_, Aï>_ g_mYr Hw$é§Xm,
Zddr g_mYr {eUJr, naÛrV Xhmdr g_mYr, qhJmocrV EH$mXe
g_mYr, ~mamdr Mm|T>r-Am§~m JmdmV, Ì`moXe g_mYr ImZmnya, MVwX©e
g_mYr {eanya, n§MXe g_mYr dm{e_.
H$mhr {R>H$mUr Xodmcò ~m§Ycocr AmhoV. darc n§Yam ñWmZm§n¡H$s
nwgX Am{U gmdir `m Jmdm§Zm lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m g§J_adar _yVu
Xodmc`mV ñWmnZ Ho$coë`m AmhoV. `m{edm` lr. CÎm_amd Xoe_wI
nmÌwS>H$a ({O. OmcZm) `m§Mo {Ma§Ord lr lram_ Xoe_wI h._w.
Am¡a§Jm~mX `m§À`m Kar XodKamV lr VwH$m_mBªZr Amerdm©Xna {Xcocr
{Mcr_ {ZË` nyOZmV Amho.
VgoM nwUo-\$cQ>U Eg.Q>r. ~g _mJm©darc cmoU§X `m
JmdmnmgyZ 8-10 {H$._r. A§Vamdarc A§Xmoar (Vm. I§S>mim,
{O. gmVmam) `m Jmdr lrVwH$m_mBªMm _R> AgyZ VoWo {ZË` nyOm-
AMm©-CnmgZm MmcVo. hm _R> "~wAmgmho~m§Mm _R>' `m ZmdmZo
à{gÕ AgyZ d¡. n.ny. gX²Jwê$ lr e§H$aZmW XJS>o _hmamO `m
_R>mMo _R>m{YnVr hmoVo. Vo d`mÀ`m 108 ì`m dfu g_mYrñV Pmco.
gÜ`m Ë`m§Mo gwnwÌ _R>mMm H$ma^ma nmhVmV.
gX²^ŠV lr M§Ð^mZ ~§Jio `m§Zm Amcoco {Xì` AZw^d
{dR>mocrMo lr {dR>mo~m ~§Jio ho har^ŠVnamÙ hmoVo. Vo gnËZrH$
qXS>rgmo~V òhioJmdr lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m g_mYr Xe©ZmgmR>r Amco.
Ë`mdoir Ë`m§À`m nËZr J^m©dñWoV hmoË`m. Ë`m§Zr H$~yc Ho$co H$s
J^m©Vrc ~mcH$ Vw_Mm Xmg Amho. Z§Va {dR>mocr òWo gZ 1914 _Üò
Ë`m§Zm nwÌaËZ OÝ_co. Ë`mMo Zm_H$aU òhioJmdrM H$amdo Ago lr
{dR>mo~m§Zr gm§{JVco; nU _wcmÀ`m d`mÀ`m drg dfmªn`ªVhr `m Zm
Ë`m H$maUmZo Ë`m§Mo òhioJmdr OmUo PmcoM Zmhr. cm¡{H$H$mWm©gmR>r
lr {dR>mo~m§Zr _wcmMo Zmd M§Ð^mZ Ago R>odco. dS>rc lr {dR>mo~m ho
AÜ`mË_mVrc A{YH$mar nwéf AgyZ Vo BVam§Zm Xrjmhr XoV AgV.
d{S>cm§Zr M§Ð^mZcm òhioJmdr OmÊ`mg gm§{JVco. Ë`mà_mUo AmB©gh
M§Ð^mZ òhioJmdr lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m g_mYr Xe©Zmcm Amco. Ë`mdoir
_R>mV H$ma^mar ({XdmUOr), lr. qc~mOr (n.ny. nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X ñdm_r
_hmamO) hmoVo. VoWo M§Ð^mZMo Omdio H$mT>ë`mZ§Va Vo Omdio Ë`m§À`m
AmB©Zo nXamV KoD$Z _R>m~mhoa ZoD$Z Q>mH$coco AgVmZmhr Ë`m§À`m
nXamVyZ Vo _R>m~mhoa nS>coM Zmhr. åhUyZ M§Ð^mZ Amnë`m AmB©da
amJmdco. BH$S>o OmdimMo Ho$g lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m g_mYrda nS>co
Agë`mMm M_ËH$ma gdmªZm {Xgcm.
_r AmB©cm ~moccmo amJmZo Ÿ& _mPo hmV Yarco qZ~mOrZoŸ&&
AmB©da amJmdy Zò _mUgmZoŸ& Mcm Omdi§ XmIdVmoŸ&&
Amåhmcm XadmOmV Cô Ho$co Ÿ& g_mYrda Ho$g XmI{dcoŸ&&
Omdio Ho$g hmVr KoD$Z ~mocco& VwH$m_m`rMo M_ËH$ma Eogo Amho&&
nwT>o 1934 gmcr lr M§Ð^mZ `m§Zr dS>rc lr {dR>mo~m `m§À`mH$Sy>Z
Xrjm J«hU Ho$cr. 1936 gmcr Ë`m§Zm jàmoJmMr ~mYm OS>cr
AgVm dS>rc lr {dR>mo~m `m§À`m CnXoemà_mUo Ë`m§Zr EH$drg {Xdg
lr VwH$m_mBªMm On Ho$cm. lr VwH$m_mBªZr lr M§Ð^mZ `m§Zm ñdßZ Ñï>m§V
XoD$Z Ë`m§À`m {eamda daXhñV R>odcm d Ë`mg amoJ_wŠV Ho$co.
gX²Jwê$ gmarImŸ& AgVm nmR>ramImŸ&
amoJ_wŠV Pmcmo XoImŸ& VwH$m_m`rÀ`m VrWm©Zo Ÿ&&
lr M§Ð^mZ `m§Mm _wcJm am_H¥$îU `mg ~mcnUr Im§Sy>H$ Pmco
AgVm Ë`m§À`m nËZrZo lr VwH$m_mBªMo gmo_dmaMo nmM Cndmg d
Zm_On Ho$cm. _wcmg VrW©-A§Jmam XoVmM Vmo amoJ_wŠV Pmcm.
VrW© nmOco A§Jmam cmdcmŸ& am_H¥$îU XwéñV Pmcm &&
VwH$m_m`rÀ`m Xe©Zmcm & gmdircm ZocoŸ&&
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m _§{XamÀ`m dmè`m, Cndmg, Zm_On, nmoWrMr
nmamÙo, VrW©-A§Jmam godZ `m_wio AZoH$ amoJr AgmÜ` amoJm§VyZ XwéñV
Pmco, AZoH$m§Mr g§H$Q>o {ZdmaU Pmcr, AZoH$ {Znw{ÌH$m§Zm g§VmZàmár
Pmcr, gd© ^ŠV-{eî`m§Mo _ZmoaW nyU© Pmco. lr. M§Ð^mZ {dR>mo~m
~§Jio `m§Zr AZoH$ {eî` d ^ŠV_§S>itZm lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m Ñï>m§V d
àoaUoZo lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m nmoWrMo nmamÙ, lrVwH$m_mBªMo Zm_ñ_aU,
Cndmg, dmè`m H$aUo, VrW©-A§Jmam godZ H$aUo Ago {d{dY Cnm`
gwM{dco AgVm Ë`mMm Mm§Jcm AZw^d {H$ËòH$ _§S>itZm Amcocm
Amho. EH$Xm lr M§Ð^mZ ~§Jio `m§À`m {ÛVr` nËZrcm gy`m©ñVmZ§Va
Ë`m§Mo {nVm lr {dR>mo~m _hmamO, lr VwH$m_mB© d ~½JrMo _Uram_
_hmamO `m g§VÌ`tZr Xe©Z {Xco d Ë`m§Mo g§H$Q> {ZdmaU H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m
_ZmMo g_mYmZ Ho$co.
gy`m©ñVmZ§Va g§V & _mPo {nVm {dR>mo~m _hmamOŸ&&
òhioJm§dMo VwH$mam_ _hmamO & _Uram_ _hmamO ~½JrMoŸ&&
ho {VKohr Pmco g_mYrñV & àË`j VoWo AmcoVŸ&&
H§$Xrc {dR>mo~mMo hmVmVŸ& EH$m hmVmV Hw$~S>rŸ&&
nmR>r_mJo VwH$mam_ & {dXohr hmVmV {Mcr_Ÿ&&
^Jdo dó n[aYmZyZ & _Uram_ Ë`m§À`m _mJoŸ&&
Xþï> aPmH$mam§Zm YS>m {Xcm
d¡. n. ny. lr nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamO, _R>m{YnVr, C_aIoS> ho
nydm©l_r (lr qc~mOr ZmB©H$ Zo~) òhioJmd _R>mV XrdmUOr AgVm§Zm
aPmH$mam§Zr B©.g. 1947-48 _Üò _amR>dmS>çmV IynM YwS>Jwg
KmVcm hmoVm. cyQ>_ma, Ominmoi, ^`mZH$ AË`mMma _mO{dco hmoVo.
EHo$ {Xder ho aPmH$ma lr VwH$m_mB©_R> òhioJmd òWo Amco d _R>mV
KwgwZ Ë`m§Zr n.ny. lr nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamOm§Mo hmVnm` ~m§YyZ Ë`m§Zm
cmXUrV H$m|Sy>Z Q>mH$co d ~mhoê$Z H$S>r cmdyZ Q>mH$cr Am{U
_R>mVrc YmÝ` d BVa EodO cwQy>Z ~¡cJmS>çmV Q>mHy$Z {ZKyZ OmD$
cmJco. lr nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamO ho gmaIo lr VwH$m_mBªMm Ymdm H$ê$
cmJco. Ë`m§Zm ½cmZr Amcr hmoVr. Vo gmaIo lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m qMVZmV
AgVm§Zm H$m` M_ËH$ma Pmcm nhm ! lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`m§Zm hmH$ _mê$Z
gmdY Ho$co, Ë`m§Zm ~§YZ_wŠV Ho$co. Vo CRy>Z nmhVmV Vmo H$m`!
ImocrMo Xma CKS>o hmoVo. Vo ~§YZ_wŠV Pmco hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm EoHy$ Amco,
""qc~mOr, CR>, ho gd© gm§^mi'' Ago åhUyZ amo{hë`m§Zr cwQy>Z Zococm
_R>mVrc gd© EodO lrVwH$m_mBªZr lr nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamOm§À`m
ñdmYrZ Ho$cm d Vo A§VYm©Z nmdco. Oo amohrco (aPmH$ma) _R>mVrc
YmÝ` d BVa gm_mZ KoD$Z _R>m~mhoa {ZKyZ OmD$ cmJco hmoVo Vo
òhioJmdÀ`m {edmam~mhoa OmD$M eH$co ZmhrV, Ë`m§Zm nwT>Mo H$mhrM
{XgoZmgo Pmco, Vo Ñï>rhrZ (Am§Yio) Pmco d Vo lrVwH$m_mBªZm eaU
òD$Z _R>mV ~¡cJmS>r d gd© YmÝ` gm_mZmgh naV Amco, Aer hr lr
VwH$m_mBªMr crcm ! na_X`miy lr nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X ñdm_tZr Ë`m gd©
aPmH$mam§Zm (amo{hë`m§Zm) didQ>mÀ`m Irargh nmoQ>â Oody KmVco d
_JM OmD$ {Xco. gd© amo{hë`m§Zr j_m`mMZm H$ê$Z _R>mVyZ J_Z Ho$co.
n.ny. lr ~«÷M¡VÝ` hZw_§V _hmamOm§Zm AZwJ«h

AemàH$mao lr VwH$m_mBªMr _Zmo^mdo ^ŠVr d godm H$aUmè`m
_§S>itZm lr VwH$m_mBªMm H¥$nmdfm©d AmOhr Ë`m§À`m _hmg_mYrZ§Vahr
hmoV Amho. lr VwH$m_mBªZr _hmg_mYr KoVë`mZ§Va OdiOdi gmR>
dfmªZr EH$ {dcjU crcm Ho$cr. Jm|Xdë`mnmgyZ gw_mao n§Yam
{H$cmo_rQ>a A§Vamda dmda{hao ho EH$ N>moQ>o Jmd AgyZ lr ~«÷M¡VÝ`
Jm|XdcoH$a _hmamOm§Mo Vo _yi Jmd. VoWo lr hZw_§V _hmamO KwJaXao
ZmdmMo gËnwéf hmoD$Z Joco (B.gZ.1934-1961). Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m
d`mÀ`m Voamì`m dfuM lr ~«÷M¡VÝ` Jm|XdcoH$a _hmamOm§Mo "ñdmZ§X
gwYmH$a' ZmdmMo XrK©M[aÌ lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m Amkodê$Z {c{hco. lr
VwH$m_mB©, lr ~mUqcJ ({ed) _§{XamV qnS>rVyZ àJQ> Pmco d
hZw_§V~wdm§Zm AZwJ«h {Xcm Am{U nyd©OÝ_rMo lr ~«÷M¡VÝ`m§Mo M[aÌ
coIZmMm AmXoe {Xcm. ho _§{Xa dmda{hao d {eIaqeJUmnya `m
{edñWmZmnmgyZ OdiM Amho. lr hZw_§V _hmamO "ñdmZ§X gwYmH$a'
_Üò åhUVmV -
d`mMo Ì`moXe dfu Ÿ& J«m_ Zm_o dmda{hè`merŸ&&
VwH$m_m` _hmamO {ZíMògrŸ& ñd`§^y qcJmgr Xe©Z XoVrŸ&&
dmda{hao nmUqcJ ZJarŸ&
Á`mgr ZOrH$ qeJUmnya ^y-H¡$cmg nwarŸ&&
VoW {edmMr WmoarŸ& qcJÛ` {ddar emo^VmVrŸ&&
VoW {edcrcm_¥V nmamÙŸ& H$aVm VwH$m_m` gwàgÞŸ&&
A§Jo àJQ>moZ XoV Xe©Z & A^` H$a AmnU _ñVH$s R>odrŸ&&
Vmo AZwJ«h Pmcmgo nyU© & VoUo Ho$co _O nmdZŸ&&
XwOo H$V©ì` Z Cao{M OmU & EH$ ñdmZ§X g_mYmZ {Xco VoUoŸ&&
Ë`m ñdmZ§Xr Vmo gwYmH$a & gX²JwéamO {dZQ>o IamoIaŸ&&
dmñVd Zm_ ñdmZ§X gwYmH$a & {XYco {ZYm©a `m R>m`rŸ&&
VwH$m_m` _hmamO na~«÷ & H$mIoV hmoVo {ncy œmZŸ&&
XoV A§Jmdar Q>mH$moZŸ& åhUo ~«÷M¡VÝ` M[aÌ coIZ H$ar H$m&&
(13.10-39-44)
Ed§ dmgZma{hV H$amoZ Ÿ& MaUr {dZQ>{dco Ago OmUŸ&&
Ë`m§Mo Amkoà_mUo coIZ Ÿ& àma§^ OmU ñdmZ§XoŸ&&
(13,10,47)
Aem àH$mao lr hZ_w§V _hmamOm§Zm gX²Jwê§$Mo gX²Jwê$ ~«÷r^yV lr_V²
na_h§g lr VwH$mam_ M¡VÝ`m§Zr crcoÛmao ~mUqcJ qnS>rVyZ àJQ> hmoD$Z
AZwJ«h {Xcm d nwT>o lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m AmkoZwgma lr hZw_§V _hmamOm§Zr
AmË_ê$no AmË_H$WmM {c{hcr d Ë`mcm lrVwH$m_mBªZr VÐwnVm {Xcr.
Z dU©do VwH|$Ð àVmn & dU©Z H$[aVm hao Vmn &&
__ _mZgr {eamo{Z {MÐwn & AmR>dmoZr XoVr &&9.113Ÿ&&
hr AJmY eº$s AJmoMa & öX`r ôQ>dr na_oœa &&
Ü`mZr_Zr MaUr {ea & R>ody {Zer{XZr && 9.114Ÿ&&
YÝ` Ho$bo Jwéam`m & Z ôQ>o H$Xm ^d^`m &&
nmR>ramIm AgVm Ñî`m{X _m`m & H$m` H$arb && 9.115Ÿ&&
Eogm hm VwH|$ÐmMm _{h_m & Á`m§Mo ñdmYrZ na_mË_m &&
ldUo nR>Uo héZr ^d^«_m & ^damoJ OmVrb && 9.136Ÿ&&
{H$ËòH$ Vabo Am{U VaVr & hm {Zü` Yê$Zr ÑT>{MÎmr &&
^pŠV^mdo lrJwé_yVu & nyOmdr AmXao && 9.137Ÿ&&
Agm AJmY _{h_m Agcoco lrVwH$m_mBªMo {Xì` M[aÌ AgyZ
YaVrMm H$mJX d g_wÐmMr emB© Ho$cr Var Ë`mMo g§nyU© dU©Z H$aUo
Ho$di AeŠ` Amho. lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m MaUr _mPo H$moQ>r H$moQ>r àUm_.
YÝ` òioJm§drMo OZ & Ë`m§Vo _mPo cmoQ>m§JU & YÝ` YÝ` Vo
nwÊ`Ym_& OoWo OoWo MaU g_WmªMo && AmgoVw {h_mMc `mÌm & H$ar
eVdoim g_ñV nwÊ`joÌm & H$m ZmZm n¥Ïdr àXjUm H$[aVm & Vohr
nwÊ` gd©Wm nmg§Jm Z cJo && Vo EH$doi òioJm§d n{dÌ & nmhVm
^m{dH$ gwnmÌ & cmô na_gwI Wmoa & ho Jwé^ŠV{M gmMma
OmUVr&&
(ñdmZ§X gwYmH$a 4.2~.134-136)
Ÿ&& O` VwH$m_m` &&

^mJ - 2
lr VwH$m_mBªMo gpËeî`
1) lr gX²Jwê$ "~«÷M¡VÝ` _hmamO', Jm|XdboH$a
O`mMm OZr OÝ_ Zm_mW© Pmbm & O`mZo gXm dmg Zm_m§V Ho$bm&&
O`mÀ`m _wIr gd©Xm Zm_H$s{V© & Z_ñH$ma Ë`m ~«÷M¡VÝ` _y{V© &&
Omo {Za§Va Zm_ KoVmo, am_ Ë`mMm _mbH$ hmoVmo. Á`mMm _mbH$ am_,
OJ Ë`mMo Jwbm_, ho Á`m§À`m {eH$dUrMo gma hmoVo, ^Jd§VmÀ`m
Zm_mMr Wmoadr JmVm JmVm Á`m§À`m Am`wî`mMm àËòH$ jU Jobm,
Zm_mMo _hÎd gm§JÊ`mgmR>r Oo OÝ_mbm Ambo, OÝ_â Á`m§Zr Zm_mMoM
Jm`Z Ho$bo, H$m`m-dmMm-_ZmZo, OJmV EH$m Zm_m{edm` Xwgao H$mhr
gË` _mZboM Zmhr Aem EH$m Wmoa {d^yVrMo - lr gX²Jwê$ ~«÷M¡VÝ`
_hmamO Jm|XdboH$a `m§Mo M[aÌ AmnU òWo WmoS>Š`mV nmhÿ `m.
OÝ_ - gmVmam {OëømVrb _mU VmbwŠ`mVrb Jm|Xdbo (~w.) `m
Jmdr eHo$ 1766 _mK ewÕ ÛmXer (19 \o$~«wdmar 1845B.) ~wYdmar
gy`m}X`mÀ`m gw_mamg ewŠb Òwd}Xr` XoeñW ~«m÷U Hw$bmV
lr _hmamOm§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. Ë`m§À`m d{S>bm§Mo Zmd lr amdOr
Hw$bH$Uu d AmB©Mo Zmd JrVm~mB© hmoVo. AmB©d{S>bm§Zr ~mimMo Zmd
"JUnVr' Ago R>odbo. lr_hmamOm§À`m KamV nm§Sw>a§J^º$s AmOmo~m
qbJmon§Vm§nmgyZ hmoVr, Va dS>rb amdOr ñZmZ-g§Ü`m, nyOm-AMm©,
Zm_ñ_aU, `m_Üò aV AgV. _mVmolr JrVm~mBªÀ`m Kar am_monmgZm
hmoVr. lrg_W© am_Xmg ñdm_tÀ`m g§àXm`mMm à^md _mhoaÀ`m
KamÊ`mda Agë`m_wio Ë`m ""lram_ Oàm_ OÒàm_'' `m _§ÌmV
gX¡d a_boë`m AgV. Aem `m AË`§V ey{M^y©V Am{U n{dÌ Hw$imV
lr_hmamOm§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. AmOmo~m-AmOr Ë`m§Zm "JUnVr' åhUyZ
hmH$ _marV, Va AmB©-dS>rb Ë`m§Zm "JUy' åhUyZ g§~mo{YV. JmdMo
bmoH$ Ë`m§Zm "JUw~wdm' åhUV. CÎma ^maVmV bmoH$ Ë`m§Zm "X»IZHo$
_hmamO' Ago åhUV. lr _hmamOm§Mo gX²Jwê$ lrVwH$m_mB© Ë`m§Zm ""_mPm
~mi'' åhUyZ hmH$ _marV, gd© {eî`_§S>ir Ë`m§Zm "_hmamO' åhUV,
Va Vo ñdV: ""~«÷M¡VÝ`~wdm am_Xmgr'' Aer Amnbr ghr H$arV.
Jwê$ emoYmW© ^«_U
n{dÌ Hw$imV OÝ_, ~mbnUmnmgyZ ^JdV²qMVZ, h[aÔZmMr
_ZmnmgyZ AmdS>, BVŠ`m Jmoï>r Agë`m Var gX²Jwê${edm` {MÎmmMr
VJ_J em§V hmoV Zmhr. JUyZohr d`mÀ`m ~mamì`m dfu gX²Jwê$
emoYmW© EH$m b§JmoQ>rdaM Ka gmoS>bo. A§Jr b§JmoQ>r, _wIr {Okmgm,
_mYwH$arda OodU d AI§S> lram_mMm d gX²Jwê§$Mm Ü`mg, Aem
AdñWoV Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ gmYwnwéfm§Mr Xe©Zo KoVbr. Ë`m§À`mer
AmË_MMm© H$ê$Z Amnë`m _ZmMr Vi_i ì`º$ Ho$br. àW_ Vo
h[anyabm gmÜdr amYm~mBªÀ`m ÔZàrVrV H$mhr {Xdg a_bo. Z§Va
{_aOoMo lr AÊUm~wdm, gQ>mÊ`mMo lr Xod _m_boXma, A¸$bH$moQ>Mo
lrXÎmmdVmar lr ñdm_r g_W©, hþ_Um~mXMo lrXÎmmdVmar lr_m{UH$à^y
`m Wmoa g§Vm§Mo Xe©Z d Amerdm©X KoD$Z nwT>o A~y nhmS>mH$S>o {ZKmbo.
VoWrb EH$m Cƒ `mo½`m§ghr Ë`m§Zr JwénXoe XoÊ`m~m~V gmH$S>o KmVbo;
nU Ë`m§Zrhr `mnydu ôQ>boë`m gd©M g§Vm§à_mUo "_r VwPm Jwê$ Zmhr,
Vwbm VwPm Jwê$ `mo½` doir ôQ>ob' Agm Amerdm©X XoD$Z nwT>o Om`bm
gm§{JVbo. VoWyZ Vo H$mer_Üò lr Vob§Jñdm_tH$S>o, Z§Va A`moÜ`m-
Z¡{_fmaÊ`, ~§Jmb-H$bH$Îmm òWo lram_H¥$îU na_h§gmn`ªV Jobo.
VWm{n gX²Jwê$ ôQ>r{df`rMr Ë`m§Mr Vi_i em§V Pmbr Zmhr.
H$bH$Î`mhÿZ Vo {\$aV {\$aV h¡Ðm~mX (X{jU) òWo Ambo. EH$m
ZXrH$mR>r EH$m§V ñWir ~gyZ Vo {dMma H$ê$ bmJbo H$s AmnU
Jwê$emoYmW© BVHo$ qhS>bmo, _moR>_moR>çm _hmËå`m§Zr Amnë`mbm
Amerdm©X {Xbo, nU Amnbo H$m_ H$aUmam {Zamim Amho Ago
gm§{JVbo. AmVm X{jU qhXwñWmZ nmbWm Kmby `m. Ago {dMma
_Zm_Üò Mmby AgVmZmM AMmZH$ EH$X_ Ë`m§À`mg_moa lrg_W©
g§àXm`mVbo Wmoa gV²nwéf lram_H¥$îU àH$Q> Pmbo d Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbo
""~mi! Vy òhioJmdÀ`m lrVwH$mam_ M¡VÝ`m§H$S>o Om, VoWo VwPo nyU©
g_mYmZ hmoB©b.'' ho eãX ~mobyZ Vo nmhVm nmhVm Jwá Pmbo.
lram_H¥$îUm§À`m `m A_¥VdmUrZo JUoen§V gwImdbo d VoWyZ Vo n¡R>U-
Am¡a§Jm~mX-OmbZm-Zm§XoS>_mJ} òhioJmdH$S>o {ZKmbo. `mM gw_mamg
òhioJmd òWo lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m ôQ>rgmR>r bmoUrMo lr gImam_ _hmamO
Ambobo hmoVo. Vo XmoKohr {dXohr g§V. hmV JJZmda nmoMcoco. EH$
H$m_YoZw, EH$ H$ënVê$. Ë`m§Zr VwH$m_mBªg gm§{JVbo H$s, Jm|XdboH$a
_wbJm VwÂ`mH$S>o òB©b, Ë`mbm Jwé_§Ì XoD$Z nmdZ H$a.
òhioJmdcm AmJ_Z (B©.g. 1858-59)

lr _hmamO òÊ`mÀ`m VrZ {Xdg AJmoXa lrVwH$m_mB© gmaIo AmoaS>V
AgV H$s, ""Aao, Mmoa òUma Amho Am{U gJio bwQy>Z ZoUma Amho,
gm§^mim ao gm§^mim.'' Ë`m§À`m `m eãXm§Mm AW© gm_mÝ` OZm§Zm H$gm
H$iUma? JUoen§V òhioJmdbm gH$mir ZD$-XhmÀ`m gw_mambm
nmohMbo. lrVwH$m_mBªMr Mm¡H$er Ho$br AgVm bmoH$ åhUmbo, ""Aao
~mi, Ë`m§Mo H$m` gm§Jmdo. Vo H$Yr òVrb, H$moR>o AgVrb `mMm
H$mhrM âdgm XoVm òV Zmhr.'' JUyZo òhioJmdÀ`m Amgnmg
lrVwH$m_mBªMm ~amM emoY KoVbm. g§Ü`mH$mi Pmbr. Vo
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m KamOdi òD$Z VoWoM Ë`m§Mr dmQ> nmhV ~gbo
AgVmZm AMmZH$ lrVwH$m_mBªMr ñdmar AmaS>mAmoaS>m H$arV Kar naV
Ambr. H$_aobm b§JmoQ>r, S>moŠ`mbm Q>monS>o, EH$m hmVmV {Mbr_, Xwgè`m
hmVmV CgmMo H$m§S>o, Aem doemV Agboë`m lrVwH$m_mBªnwT>o JUy
S>moù`mV AmZ§Xmly AmUyZ Cô hmoVo. XmoKm§Mr Ñï>mÑï> hmoVmM "Wm§~, _r
VwPm IyZ H$aVmo' Ago AmoaSy>Z lrVwH$m_mBªZr CgmMo H$m§S>o CJmabo,
Am{U ""_r nU _mPm Ord Amnë`m nm`r XoVmo'' Ago åhUyZ JUyZo
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m MaUr gmï>m§J Z_ñH$ma KmVbm. lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`m§Zm
CR>dyZ nmoQ>mer Yabo d ào_mly§Zr Ýhmdy KmVbo. JUyZohr ZD$ _{hZo
òhioJmdbm lrVwH$m_mBªOdi amhÿZ Ë`m§Mr EH${Zð>nUo godm Ho$br.
Ë`m§À`m gd© bhar Ë`m§Zr gm§^mië`m. lrVwH$m_mB©~amo~a amhUo Am{U
Ë`m§Mr godm H$aUo ho EH$ {Xì`M hmoVo. `m H$mimV lrVwH$m_mBªZr
JUoen§Vm§Mr AZoH$ àH$mao H$gH$gyZ narjm KoVbr. godm H$aVm H$aVm
OmJ¥Vr d ñdßZm_Üò EH$m lrVwH$m_mB©dmMyZ AÝ` H$emMohr qMVZ
JUoen§Vm§Zr Ho$bo Zmhr.
g_Wm©Zw`m`r VwH$mam_ {gÕ & O`m nyU© d¡am½` AÜ`mË_~moY &&
V`m àmW©yZr am__§Ìmgr KoVr& Z_ñH$ma Ë`m ~«÷M¡VÝ`_yVu &&
(lr gX²Jwê$ crcm_¥V)

lrVwH$m_mBªZr KoVcoë`m H$gmoQ>çm
lrVwH$m_mBªZr JUoen§Vm§Mr ZmZmàH$mao narjm KoVbr. EH$Xm Ë`m§Zm
dS>mÀ`m PmS>mMr nmZo VmoS>m`bm bmdbr Am{U naV Vr VmoS>bobr nmZo
OoWë`m VoWo bmdyZ Q>mH$m`bm bmdbr. EH$Xm lrVwH$m_mBªZm EH$m D$g
~mJm`VXmamZo Amnë`m _ù`mVrb drg-n§Mdrg D$g VmoSy>Z An©U
Ho$bo. lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`m Cgm§Mr _moir ~m§Ym`bm bmdyZ Vr _moir
JUoen§Vm§À`m S>moŠ`mda R>odyZ Amnë`m _mJmo_mJ Mmbmd`mg
gm§{JVbo. VrZ _mUgm§Zmhr Z CMbUmar Vr _moir S>moB©da KoD$Z JUy
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m nmR>monmR> {ZKmbo. lrVwH$m_mB© H$Yr MmbV Va H$Yr
niV, Ago H$aV H$aV XmoKohr EH$XmMo JmdmV Ambo. JmdmV Amë`mda
""BH$S>o AmU Vo gd© D$g'' Ago AmoaSy>Z lrVwH$m_mBªZr gJio D$g
AñVmì`ñV \o$Hy$Z {Xbo Am{U JmdH$è`m§Zr Vo àgmX åhUyZ Zobo.
AgoM EH$Xm ZXrda ñZmZmbm Jobo AgVm JUoen§Vmg Amkm Pmbr
H$s, "S>mohmV CS>r _ma !' Ë`mà_mUo Ë`m§Zr CS>r _mabr; nU da
òÊ`mMr Amkm Zgë`m_wio VgoM S>mohmÀ`m Vimer ~gyZ am{hbo. BH$S>o
lrVwH$m_mBªZr AmaS>mAmoaS>m H$ê$Z JmdMo bmoH$ Jmoim Ho$bo d _moR>çmZo
emoH$ H$ê$ bmJbo H$s ""_mPm ~mi ~wS>mbm, _bm Ho$dT>o nmn bmJob.''
bmoH$m§Zr Ë`m§Mo gm§ËdZ Ho$bo d S>mohmV Ji Q>mHy$Z JUyMm emoY KoÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Mmbdbm, nU ì`W© ! hm àH$ma XmoZ-VrZ Vmg Mmbbm. _J
lrVwH$m_mB© AMmZH$ åhUmbo ""~mi, Vy AmVm ~mhoa Zmhr Ambmg Va
_r S>mohmV CS>r Q>mHy$Z Ord XoVmo,'' Ago ~mobë`m~amo~a JUy nmÊ`mVyZ
Cgir _mê$Z da Ambo Am{U lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m nmoQ>mer
Yabo. EH$Xm lrVwH$m_mBªZr JUoeda XJS>m§MmM dfm©d Ho$bm, nU Vohr
Ë`m§Zr ghZ Ho$bo. H$maU Ë`m§Zm _Zmo_Z nQ>bo hmoVo H$s òWoM
Amnë`mbm Iam _mJ© gmnS>Uma Amho.
EH$Xm EH$m {eî`mZo CÎm_ OmVrMo n§Mdrg Am§~o lrVwH$m_mBªnwT>o
R>odbo. Ë`mVrb EH$ Am§~m \$maM gwaoI hmoVm. JUyÀ`m _ZmV Ambo,
"hm Am§~m lrVwH$m_mB© Amnë`m hmVyZ ImVrb H$m?' hm {dMma Ë`m§À`m
_ZmV òÊ`mMm AdH$me H$s lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`m§À`mH$S>o ~{KVbo Am{U
EHo$H$ Am§~m Ë`m§À`mH$S>o \o$H$Ê`mg gwédmV Ho$br. JUybm ng§V
nS>bobm Am§~m gmoSy>Z ~mH$sMo gd© Am§~o Ë`m§Zr \o$H$bo. eodQ>r Vmo
Am§~m hmVmV KoD$Z Vo åhUmbo, "_r hm Am§~m ImUma.' bJoM JUyZo nwT>o
hmoD$Z Vmo Am§~m KoVbm Am{U {Mê$Z Ë`m§À`mnwT>o Ho$bm. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$
XmoZ \$moS>r Ë`m§Zr ImD$Z ~mH$sÀ`m Hw$Í`m§Zm KmVë`m. {eî` _ZmnmgyZ
godm H$aUmam Agob Va Ë`mMo Jwê$er VmXmËå` KSy>Z Jwê$-{eî`
EH$ê$n hmoVmV.
EH$Xm gH$mir XhmÀ`m gw_mambm lrVwH$m_mB© JUoegh ZXrda Jobo.
VoWo JmdmVrb VrZ bhmZ _wbo IoiV hmoVr. lrVwH$m_mBªZr JUoebm EH$
_moR>m IÈ>m V`ma H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. lrVwH$m_mBªZr ñdV: Ë`m VrZ
_wbm§Zm nH$Sy>Z Ë`m IÈ>çmV Q>mH$bo d _mVr, dmiy Q>mHy$Z Ë`m§Zm nwê$Z
Q>mH$bo. _J JUoebm Ë`m IS²>S>çmda {gÕmgZ KmbyZ ~gÊ`mg
gm§{JVbo. VgoM H$moUmerhr EH$m eãXmZo ~moby ZH$mo Am{U Amnbo
AmgZ gmoSy> ZH$mo Ago Ë`m§Zm gm§JyZ ñdV: XyadaÀ`m EH$m PmS>mImbr
OmD$Z ~gbo. H$mhr doimZo Ë`m VrZ _wbm§Mo AmB©-dS>rb _wbm§Mm emoY
KoV VoWo Ambo. JUoembm {dMmabo AgVm Vo H$mhr ~moboZmV.
AmB©~mnm§Mr Ñï>r Xyadarb PmS>mImbr ~gboë`m lrVwH$m_mBªH$S>o Jobr
d VoWo OmD$Z Ë`m§Zr lrVwH$m_mBªH$S>o Ë`m§À`m _wbm§~m~V Mm¡H$er Ho$br.
lrVwH$m_mBªZr gm§{JVbo H$s, IS²>S>çmda Vmo _wbJm ~gbobm Amho Zm,
Ë`mbmM {dMmam, Vmo Zmhr ~mobbm Va Ë`mg Mm§Jbo _mam. Ë`m
_mUgm§Zr JUoebm {dMmabo, nU Vo H$mhrM gm§JoZmV. Voìhm Ë`m§Zr
Ë`m§g Mm§JbmM Mmon {Xbm. Varhr Vo JßnM am{hbo. BVŠ`mV
lrVwH$m_mB© VoWo YmdV Ambo Am{U åhUmbo "Aao `mbm Xya T>H$bm,
`mZoM `m IS²>S>çmV Vw_Mr _wbo nwê$Z Q>mH$bobr AmhoV Am{U da
~gbm Amho.' bmoH$m§Zr JUoebm ~mOybm T>H$byZ {Xbo Am{U dmiy
CH$abr Voìhm Vr VrZhr _wbo IS²>S>çmV _¥VmdñWoV Agbobr AmT>iyZ
Ambr. bJoM Vo JUoembm _maÊ`mg gagmdbo Voìhm lrVwH$m_mB©
EH$X_ AmoaS>bo, ""Aao Ë`mbm CJmMM H$m _maVm? Vw_À`m _wbm§Zm
H$m` Pmbo Amho? Vr Va Mm§Jbr {Od§V AmhoV!'' Ago åhUVmM Vr
VrZhr _wbo bJoM hgVM IS²>S>çmVyZ ~mhoa Ambr d Amnë`m
AmB©~mnm§Zm {~bJbr. BH$S>o lrVwH$m_mBªZr JUoebm Amnë`m nmoQ>mer
Yê$Z Ë`m§À`mda ào_mly§Mr Yma Yabr. Vo åhUmbo ""~mim! _r Vwbm
_ma Xod{dbm, nU na_mË_m `mMo JmoS> \$i Vwbm {Xë`mdmMyZ amhUma
Zmhr.''
hr g§Vm§Mr Acm¡{cH$Vm & AeŠ`m{M H$ê${Z eŠ`Vm &
Agë`m àH$maMr gm_Ï`©Vm & g§Vm§{dZm AmZ Zmhr &&
(lr n. Vw. _. M.)
lrVwH$m_mBªMm AZwJ«h
Aem ~è`mM H$gmoQ>çm§VyZ nyU©nUo CVaë`mZ§Va lrVwH$m_mBªZm ImÌr
nQ>br H$s AmVm JUoeMm Ah§H$ma nyU©nUo Zï> Pmbm AgyZ Vmo
Xohm{^_mZeyÝ` Pmbm Amho. Ë`mÀ`mda AmVm H¥$nm Ho$brM nm{hOo.
bdH$aM lram_Zd_r Ambr. gmo~VÀ`m BVa _§S>itZm lrVwH$m_mBªZr
CËgdmgmR>r C_aIoS>bm nmR>dyZ {Xbo. Ë`mZ§Va ñd`§nmH$KamOdirb
~madoV Agboë`m _moR>çm H$moZmS>çmV lrVwH$m_mB© JUoebm KoD$Z Jobo
d VoWo Ë`m§Zr Ë`mOda àW_ AZwJ«h Ho$bm. Ë`mZ§Va nwÝhm Xwnmar ~mam
dmOVm eoVm_Yrb {d{harda XmoKm§Zrhr ñZmZ Ho$bo d EH$m AemoH$
d¥jmImbr lrVwH$m_mBªZr JUoebm hmV Yê$Z Amnë`mg_moa ~gdbo
Am{U åhUmbo ""nydu d{gð>m§Zr am_M§Ðmbm Oo {Xbo Vo _r Vwbm
AmO `m jUr XoVmo!'' Ago åhUyZ JUoeÀ`m S>moŠ`mda hmV R>odbm.
VmËH$mi JUoeMr g_mYr bmJbr.
YÝ` YÝ` hr VwH$m_m` hmo & Anyd©Vm hr {VMr nhm hmo &
`m öX`rMo Ë`m öX`r hmo & ñdñdê$nr Ho$co&&
~è`mM doimZ§Va Ooìhm g_mYr CVabr Voìhm lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`m§Mo
""~«÷M¡VÝ`'' Ago Zm_m{^H$aU Ho$co. Am{U Ë`m§Zm AË`§V ào_âmZo
AmqbJZ {Xbo. Ë`m§Zm ""lram_ Oàm_ OÒàm_'' `m
Ì`moXemjar _§ÌmMm CnXoe H$ê$Z
am_monmgZm H$amdr Ago gm§JyZ
lrVwH$m_mBªZr Ë`m§Zm am_Xmgr
Xrjm {Xbr d AZwJ«h XoÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma {Xbm. "àmn§{MH$m§Zm
{deofV… _Ü`_ pñWVrÀ`m
cmoH$m§Zm àn§MmV na_mW© H$gm
H$amd`mMm Vo {eH$d, am__§{Xao
ñWmnyZ am_Zm_mMm àgma H$a,
_mPo _hÎd dmT>{dÊ`mnojm lr
g_WmªMo _hÎd dmT>d,
cmoH$m§_Üò ÔZmMo ào_ CËnÝZ H$a, Iè`m XrZm§Mr godm H$a Am{U
gdmª_Üò ào_ dmT>oc Agm Cnm` H$a' Agm CnXoe Ho$bm.
Vn| Vmofcm gX²Jwê$ km{Z`m§Mm & dXo dmT>dr n§W `m amKdmMm &&
H$cr_mOr _§Xmdcr Y_©^ŠVr & Z_ñH$ma Ë`m ~«÷M¡VÝ`_yVu&&
(lr gX²Jwê$ crcm_¥V)

n.ny. lr ~«÷M¡VÝ` Jm|XdcoH$a _hmamO åhUVmV -
""cmoH$moÕmamgmR>r lrVwH$m_mBªZr _cm Mma daXmZo {Xcr AmhoV. (1)
gd©kVm - g§nyU© kmZ. _cm Á`mÀ`m{df`r _m{hVr hdr AgVo, Vo kmZ
_cm cJoM hmoVo. (2) gd© ì`mnH$Vm - Hw$R>ohr EH$m jUmYm©V OmUo,
EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xþgè`m {R>H$mUr jUmYm©V XohmZo OmUo qH$dm
EH$mMdoir AZoH$ {R>H$mUr àJQ> hmoUo. (3) Omo _mPm AZwJ«hrV Pmcm,
Ë`mÀ`m g§gmamV T>dimT>di Z H$aVm Ë`mcm ZH$iV Ë`mMr
g§gmamVrc AmgŠVr emofyZ KoUo. (4) Á`mcm _r _mPm åhQ>cm, Ë`mMm
A§VH$mi gmYyZ XoUo.''
Ë`mZ§Va H$mhr {Xdgm§Zr JUoen§Vmg lrVwH$m_mBªZr CÎmaoH$S>o OmD$Z
VrW©`mÌm H$amdr d Z§Va Kar g§gmamV naV Omdo, Ago gm§{JVbo.
EHo${Xder lrVwH$m_mB© lr~«÷M¡VÝ`m§Zm gmo~V KoD$Z C_aIoS>r JwéJ¥hr
Ambo. lr~«÷M¡VÝ`m§Zm lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§À`m g_mYrMo Xe©Z
H$a{dbo Am{U VoWyZ nwT>o JUoen§Vm§Zr (lr~«÷M¡VÝ`m§Zr) JwéAmkoZwgma
nwT>Mm àdmg gwê$ Ho$bm.
VwH$m_m` hr H$éUmqgYw & {eî` AJmYw na_mZ§Xþ &
gmo{Z`mg _J òB© gwJ§Yw & dZ ho Xadico &&
H$m`© d {eH$dUyH$
`m àdmgmV VgoM Amnë`m OrdZH$mcmV Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ crcm d
M_ËH$ma Ho$co. dmZJrXmIc gm§Jmd`mMo Pmë`mg H$merVrc EH$
H$moQ>çmYre ì`mnmar AH$mcr _¥Ë`y nmdcm AgVm Ë`mÀ`m edmda
J§JmOc qenSy>Z Ë`mg Ë`m§Zr {Od§V Ho$co. H$cH$Î`mÀ`m O_rZXmamcm
lr_hmamOm§À`m ew^merdm©XmZo nwÌàmßVr Pmcr. Ë`mZo lr_hmamOm§À`m
CnpñWVrV H$cH$Î`mcm _moR>m {Xì`-^ì` h[ahmQ> Ho$cm. _hmamï´>,
_Ü`àXoe, CÎma àXoe, H$Zm©Q>H$, Am§Y« àXoe, Vm{_iZmSy> òWrc
hOmamo ^ŠVm§da H¥$noMm dfm©d H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm na_mWm©H$S>o didco d
Ë`m§Mm CÕma Ho$cm.
gd© VrWm©Q>Z H$ê$Z naV òhioJmdr Jwê§$Mo Xe©Z KoÊ`mg Ambo d
Z§Va JwéAmkoZwgma Jm|Xdbo òWo ñdJ«m_r naV Ambo. VoWo Ë`m§Zr
am_Zm_mMm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ _moR>o H|$Ð ñWmnZ Ho$bo. lram_
_§{XamMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z _moR>çm à_mUmda am_Zm_mMm àMma d àgma
Ho$bm. ^maVmV AZoH$ {R>H$mUr {eî`m§H$adr-^º$m§H$adr am__§{Xam§Mr
ñWmnZm Ho$br. lrg_W© am_Xmg ñdm_tÀ`m CnXoemMm àgma Ho$bm.
Ë`m§À`m {eH$dUwH$sMo gma åhUOo- Zm_mZo AmZ§X_` Aem ^Jd§VmMo
gm{ÞÜ` bm^ë`mZo Ë`mMr H¥$nm ìhm`bm doi bmJV Zmhr. Á`mÀ`mda
^Jd§VmMr H¥$nm hmoVo Ë`mÀ`mM _wImV Zm_ òVo. gd© H$mbr, gd©
{R>H$mUr, gd© AdñWm§V, H$moUmbmhr H$aVm òÊ`mgmaIo Zm_ hoM EH$
gmYZ Amho. Zm_mZo nmnr _mUgo nwÊ`dmZ ~ZVmV. Zm_mZo H$brMr
gÎmm Zmhrer hmoVo. _mUgmMo nyd©M[aÌ H$go H$m AgoZm, Ë`mZo WmoS>oM
nU _ZmnmgyZ am_Zm_ KoVbo Va Vo Zm_M \$ma _moR>o H$m_ H$aVo.
AÝZXmZ Am{U Zm_ñ_aU `m XmoZ Jmoï>r Ë`m§Zm AË`§V {à` hmoË`m.
_wIr am_mMo Zm_ & ~mø àn§MmMo H$m_ &
Eogm am_ OmoS>m _Zr &&
ho Ë`m§À`m {eH$dUwH$sMo ahñ` Amho. ~«÷M¡VÝ` _hmamOm§À`m
{Zê$nUmMo gma åhUOo, ""dmQ>ob Vo Pmbo Var ^Jd§VmMo Zm_ gmoSy>
ZH$m. Zm_ KoUmè`mMo am_ H$ë`mU H$aVmo ho _mPo gm§JUo eodQ>n`ªV
{dgê$ ZH$m.'' Aem `m Wmoa _hmËå`mZo eHo$ 1835 _mJ©erf© dÚ
Xe_rbm (22 {S>g|~a 1913) gmo_dmar nhmQ>o gy`m}X`mÀ`m gw_mamg
Jm|Xdë`mgM d`mÀ`m EH$moUgÎmamì`m dfu _hmg_mYr KoVbr.
Jm|Xdco (~wÐþH$) ho Jmd gmVmam-n§T>anya Eg. Q>r. ~g _mJm©da
gmVmè`mhÿZ 64 {H$._r. d n§T>anyahÿZ 90 {H$._r. A§Vamda Amho. nwUo,
_w§~B©, R>mUo, gm§Jcr, gmocmnya dJ¡ao {R>H$mUm§hÿZ òUmè`m ~ggodm
AmhoV. `m{edm` XhrdS>rhÿZhr Jm|Xdco 5 {H$._r. AgyZ {dnwc
~ggodm d [aŠem CncãY hmoVmV. aoëdoZo H$moaoJmd ñQ>oeZcm CVê$Z
~gZo Jm|Xdë`mcm òVm òVo.
lr~«÷M¡VÝ` _hmamO Jm|XdboH$a `m§Mo gV²{eî` :

lr AmZ§XgmJa _hmamO, lr~«÷mZ§X _hmamO Am{U lr ^mD$gmho~
Ho$VH$a ho {VKo à_wI A{YH$mar {eî` åhUOo lr_hmamOm§Mo öX` hmoVo.
lr AmZ§XgmJa _hmamO d lram_mZ§X _hmamO (nm§Sw>a§J~wdm) `m§Zr
lr_hmamOm§À`m AmkoZwgma OmcZm òWo lram__§{Xa ñWmnZ Ho$co d
lram_Zm_mMr nVmH$m \$S>H$dV R>odcr. Ë`m§Mr {eî` na§nam åhUOo
gmIaIoS>çm©Mo àmV…ñ_aUr` lràëhmX _hmamO - _hm_hmonmÜ`m` lr
`koídaemór H$ñVwao (MVwd}Xoída Ym_, gmdaJmd, {O. OmcZm)
Am{U lr dm_Zemór AmMm`© _hmamO - lr am_Xmg AmMm`© _hmamO.
`m{edm` H$adranrR> H$moëhmnyaMo ^yVnwd© e§H$amMm`© S>m°. lr.
Hw$V©H$moQ>r (_hm^mJdV), lr_hmamOm§Mo dmUrAdVma n.ny. lr.
VmË`mgmho~ Ho$VH$a (_mcmS>-_w§~B©), lr H¥$îUemñÌr CpßnZ ~o{Q>{Jar,
lr Aßnmgmho~ ^S>JmdH$a, lr JUnVamd Xm_co AmXr loð>
gV²{eî`m§gh H$merVmB© d `_wZmVmB© Ho$VH$a, _wº$m~mB©, J§JwVmB©
AmR>dco B. Wmoa ór {eî`m§Mmhr C„oI H$aUo A{Zdm`© R>aoc.
g_mYr nhmVm§ g_mYmZ hmoVo & VZy H$ï>dr Ë`mgr AmZ§X XoVo &
_Zt ^m{dVm H$m_Zm nyU© hmoVr& Z_ñH$ma Ë`m ~«÷M¡VÝ`_yVu&&

(2) lrVwH$m_mBªMo gpËeî` - n.ny. lr am_Or~mny
Agmo òhioJm§dr hmo g§V»`m{V &

VwH$m_m` godm B©e^ŠVr &&
JwéÀ`m H¥$noZo O`m cm^ Pmcm &
Z_y _§{Xar am_~mny nXmcm &&
(lrg§V am_~mny M[aÌ)
n.ny. g§Vlr am_Or~mny ho lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m à_wI {eî`m§n¡H$s hmoV.

_hmamï´>mVrb `dV_mi {OëømVrb ({dX^©) n¡ZJ§Jm ZXrÀ`m H$mR>r
Agboë`m PmS>JmdÀ`m lr hZw_§Vamd qeXo d JhoZr~mB© `m§Mo Vo gwnwÌ
hmoV. Ë`m§Mo AmB©dS>rb Ym{_©H$ d¥ÎmrMo d n§T>arMo dmaH$ar hmoVo. EH$Xm
n§T>arbm Jobo AgVm {dÇ>b _§{XamV `m nVr-nËZrg lrVwH$m_mBªZr
Xe©Z XoD$Z ""Vy H$arV Om {ÌH$mim ÛmXe A^§J Zo_mZo'' Agm AmXoe
{Xbm. hr Amkm à_mU _mZyZ lr hZw_§Vamdm§Zr AI§S> ÔZmMm Zo_
Mmb{dbm. H$mhr {XdgmZ§Va EH$Xm lrVwH$m_mB© lr {dÇ>bmÀ`m
Amkodê$Z AMmZH$nUo PmS>Jmdr AdVabo d Ë`m§Zr qeXo nVr-nËZrg
Xe©Z XoD$Z JhoZr~mB©bm Hw§$Hy$ bmdyZ åhUmbo ""Vwbm XmoZ _wbo hmoVrb;
_mÌ n{hbm _bm Xo.'' Am{U Ambo Vgo {ZKyZ Jobo. lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m
Amerdm©Xm_wio nwT>o eHo$ 1770 _Üò _mJ©erf© _{hÝ`mV ewÕ fð>rbm
a{ddmar JhoZr~mB©g nwÌaËZ OÝ_bo. VoM ho lr am_Or~mny hmoV.
VwH$m_m` H¥$nm§Hw$a_ H$s{V©d¥j {dam{OV_ &
am_~mny Jwê§$ d§Xo qeXo d§e g_wÐd_² &&
(lr g§V am_~mny M[aÌ)

lr am_Or~mny Amnë`m AmB©d{S>bm§~amo~a ~mbnUmnmgyZM Xa
gmo_dmar òhioJmdbm lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m Xe©Zmg òV AgV. Ë`m§Mm
lrVwH$m_mBªH$S>o AmoT>m hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr gmo_dmaMr dmar H$YrM MwH$dbr
Zmhr. Ë`mH$miÀ`m ê$T>rà_mUo lr am_Or~mny§Mo d`mÀ`m Xhmì`m dfu
b¾ Pmbo. Vo J¥hñWml_r Pmbo. eoVrÀ`m H$m_mV d{S>bm§Zm _XV
H$arV, nU A§V`m©_r {daº$M hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm B©œaXe©ZmMr Vi_i
bmJbr hmoVr.
EH$Xm lr am_Or~mny gmo_dmaEodOr a{ddmarM lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m
Xe©Zmbm {ZKmbo AgVm Ë`m§À`m d{S>bm§Zr Ë`m§Zm Q>moHy$Z åhQ>bo,
""am_~mny, eoVmVrb H$aS>B© V`ma H$ê$Z _J CÚm dmarbm Om.'' lr
am_~mny amÌrÀ`m amIUrbm eoVmda Jobo d Amgnmg H$moUr Zmhr Ago
nmhÿZ Ë`m§Zr eoVmVrb g§nyU© H$aS>B©bm AmJ bmdyZ {Xbr d ñdV:M,
""Ymdm Ymdm, AmJ bmJbr'' Ago AmoaSy> bmJbo. Ë`m§Mm
AmaS>mAmoaS>m EoHy$Z AmOy~mOyMo eoVH$ar _XVrgmR>r YmdyZ Ambo, nU
Vmon`ªV gd© H$aS>B© OiyZ Jobr hmoVr. lr am_Or~mny Kar Ambo d
d{S>bm§Zm B{Vd¥Îmm§V gm§JyZ ""AmVm dmarbm OmVmo'' Ago åhUmbo.
`mda Ë`m§À`m d{S>bm§Zm amJ AZmda Pmbm d amJmÀ`m âmV Vo lr
am_Or~mny§Zm åhUmbo ""_mÂ`m òWyZ Vm|S> H$mio H$a, nwÝhm Kar òD$
ZH$mog.'' hrM Amkm {eagmd§Ú _mZyZ lr am_Or~mny Oo KamVyZ ~mhoa
nS>bo Vo WoQ> òhioJmdbm lrVwH$m_mBªH$S>o Ambo d Ë`m§À`m nm`mda
_ñVH$ R>odyZ Ë`m§Zm X§S>dV KmVbm. Ë`mMdoir lrVwH$m_mBªZr lr
am_Or~mny§Zm AZwJ«h XoD$Z H¥$VmW© Ho$bo. VgoM Ë`m§Zm AZwJ«h XoÊ`mMm
A{YH$mahr {Xbm. lr am_Or~mny§Zr lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m Amkodê$Z gwH$ir
Jmdr qghmgZ ~m§YyZ Ë`mda VoWo _ëhmar YZJamÀ`m KamV gmnS>boë`m

lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m dma d nmXwH$m§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. òWo lr am_Or~mny§Mo
nwÌ - lr VwH$mam_ _hmamO d Ë`m§À`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mo nwÌ lr kmZmo~m
_hmamO ì`dñWm nmhmV. AÚmnhr gwH$irbm \$mëJwZ dÚ n§M_rbm
lrVwH$m_mBªMm OÝ_moËgd WmQ>mZo gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. lr am_Or~mny§À`m
~è`mMem AZw^yVtMo, Ë`m§Mo lrVwH$m_mBªàVr Agcoë`m Jwé{Zð>oMo d
lrVwH$m_mBªMo Ë`m§À`mdarc H¥$nmerdm©XmMo dU©Z `mnydu H$aÊ`mV
Amcoco Amho. EH$Xm gwH$ir `m lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m OÝ_Jmdr (AmOmoir)
\$mëJwZ dÚ n§M_rcm ~mny§Zr lrVwH$m_mBªMm OÝ_moËgd gmOam Ho$cm
AgVm EH$ M_ËH$ma gdmªZm nmhmd`mg {_imcm. nmiÊ`mV R>odcoë`m
àVrH$mË_H$ ~mcH$mÀ`m aS>Ê`mMm AmdmO gdmªZm EoHy$ Amcm.
Eogm AmZ§X Mmccm & V§d éXZmMm ñda EoHy$ Amcm &
gOrd ~mcH$ ^mgcm & M_ËH$ma KS>cm Vo R>m`r &&8, 18&&
g§Vlr am_Or~mny§Mo AZoH$ {Xì` AZw^d Ë`m§À`m {eî`m§Zm d
^ŠVm§Zm Amcoco AmhoV. Ag§»` ^ŠVm§Zm Ë`m§Zr na_mWm©H$S>o didyZ
Ë`m§Mm CÕma Ho$cm.
lr am_Or~mny§Zr lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m Amkodê$Z Amnbo dñVrñWmZ
òhioJmdbm Vù`mOdirb ñ_emZmV ~m§Ybo d VoWo amhÿ bmJbo. ho
Vio lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m _§{XamOdi Amho. g§Vlr am_Or~mny§Mr g_mYr
_§{Xa d _R> AmO òoWoM (Vù`mOdirb Ë`m§À`m amhË`m KamV) Amho.
lr am_Or~mny§Zr AmfmT> ewÕ Aï>_rbm gmo_dmar gy`m}X`mg eHo$
1850 _Üò Xoh R>odbm. òWo lr am_Or~mny§Mr nwÊ`{VWr _moR>çm
à_mUmda gmOar hmoVo. Ë`mdoir {ÌH$mi nyOm, ÔZ-H$sV©Z d ^mJdV
gámh hmoVmo. Aï>_rbm H$mbm d Iyn AÞXmZ hmoVo. gÜ`m `m
g_mYrñWmZmMr ì`dñWm g§Vlr am_~mny§Mo nUVy nmhVmV.
Agmo `m OJr gd© gmYw d[að> & VwH$mam_ Ü`mZr gXm EH${Zð> &
JwégpÝZYr R>odr Omo `m VZwcm & Agmo d§XZm am_~mny nXmcm &&
(lr g§V am_~mny M[aÌ)
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lrVwH$m_mBªZr eHo$ 1805 _Üò òhioJmdnmgyZ XrS> {H$bmo_rQ>a
A§Vamdarb _aS>Jm `m Jmdr lraoUwH$mXodrMo _§{Xa ñWmnZ Ho$bo hmoVo.
`mM Jmdr lrVwH$m_mB© ho lr {H$gZamd nmQ>rb `m eoVH$è`mÀ`m
Kam~mhoarb AmoQ>çmda ~gV d Xhr _mJyZ KoD$Z ImV AgV.
lrVwH$m_mBªZm Xhr, H$m§Xm-^mH$a, {nR>bo-^mH$a \$ma AmdS>V Ago.
D$ggwÕm Ë`m§Zm \$ma AmdS>o. `m lraoUwH$m _§{XamMr nyOm-AMm©
lrVwH$mam_ _hmamO g§ñWmZ, òhioJmdÛmao Ho$br OmVo. VgoM
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lrVwH$m_mBªMo gX²Jwê$ n.ny.lr{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamO `m§Mm g_mYr_R> d
{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ ho C_aIoS>, {O. `dV_mi ({dX^©-_hmamï´>) òWo
Amho. hm ñdm_tMm _R> åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. lr{MÝ_`_yVu
g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS>Mr ñWmnZm lrVwH$m_mBªMo Jwé~§Yy n.ny. lrghOmZ§X
_hmamO (JmoMa ñdm_r) `m§Zr Amnë`m Jwê§$À`m g_mYrZ§Va Ë`m§À`mM
amhË`m KamV Ho$br. `m g§ñWmZmg Jwéna§nam Amho. hr ZmW na§nam
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òVo. lrghOmZ§X ñdm_rZ§Va lrgpÀMXmZ§X ñdm_r _R>m{YnVr Pmbo.
lrVwH$m_mBªZr Amnë`m òhioJmd òWrb _R>mMr gd© _mb_Îmm ñdV…
JwéJ¥hr C_aIoS> g§ñWmZmbm An©U Ho$br. Ë`mdoir lrgpÀMXmZ§X
ñdm_r ho _R>m{YnVr hmoVo. Ë`m_wio C_aIoS>À`m g§ñWmZMo Oo
_R>m{YnVr AgVmV VoM òhioJmd òWrb lrVwH$mam_ _hmamO
g§ñWmZMo _mbH$ åhUyZ gd© ì`dñWm nmhV AgVmV. åhUyZ XmoÝhrhr
g§ñWmZMo _R>m{YnVr ho EH$M g_Oco OmVmV. Ë`m§À`mM
A{YnË`mImbr gd© H$ma^ma, ì`dñWmnZ, g§MbZ, _mbH$s Am{U
{d{dY CËgd-_hmoËgd gmOao H$aÊ`mV òVmV. lr VwH$mam_ _hmamO
g§ñWmZ, òhioJmd ho lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ C_aIoS>A§VJ©V ImgJr
_mbH$sMo Amho. gÜ`m C_aIoS> òWo n.ny lr _mYdmZ§X _hmamO
_R>m{YnVr AmhoV.
lrVwH$m_mBªZr ~mny§Zm (Cn|Ðñdm_r) nwT>rb gd© `moOZm C_aIoS>
_R>m_m\©$V am~dÊ`m~m~V gm§{JVbo hmoVo. C_aIoS> _R>mV d¡{XH$
CnmgZm d AÞXmZ MmbVo. òWo godobm OmñV _hÎd Amho. "ghO
~mobUo hmM CnXoe' ho VÎd Amho. `m g§ñWmZMo lr{dœ§â (_hmXod)
ho _w»` X¡dV AgyZ ho ñ\${Q>H$mMo ~mam à{V_m AgUmao {edÁ`mo{V{cªJ
Amho. `m lr{dœ§âmMr gH$mi-g§Ü`mH$mi éÐnmR>mgh nyOm-AMm©
hmoVo. ho ñ\${Q>H$mMo Á`mo{V{bªJ lrJmoMañdm_tÀ`m hmVmda H$merjoÌr
J§JmVrar àH$Q> Pmbobo Amho. lr{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS> òWo
{d{dY Ym{_©H$ gU, CËgd, _hmoËgd df©â gmOao Ho$bo OmVmV.
Aem `m lr{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§À`m _R>m_m\©$V òhioJmdÀ`m
g_mYr_§{Xa d _R>mMo ì`dñWmnZ MmbVo. òhioJmdbm _R>mV 5-6
H$_©Mmar AgyZ H$mhr godm^mdr ^ŠV d {eî`_§S>irhr AmhoV. Vo
_R>mVrb lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m g_mYrMr nyOm-AMm©, _aS>Jm òWrb
lraoUwH$m_mVm _§{XamMr nyOm-AMm©, Amboë`m§Zm AÞXmZ-àgmX,
{Zdmg ì`dñWm, XoIaoI dJ¡ao ì`dñWm nmhVmV. C_aIoS> d òhioJmd
_R>m§Zm eoVO{_Zrhr AmhoV. _R>mV EH$ OU _w»` H$ma^mar
({XdmUOr) Zo_co OmVmV. lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ C_aIoS> _R>mMo
{XdmUOr lr. OJXreamd {H$eZamd nmMoJmdH$a AmhoV (_mo.H«$.
9404851491). VgoM n.ny. _R>m{YnVtMo dVrZo C_aIoS>-
òhioJmd òWrb d `mA§VJ©V òUmar gd© _§{Xao, _mb_Îmm `m§Mo
ì`dñWmnZ d Am{W©H$ XoIaoIrMo H$m_H$mO nmhÊ`mgmR>r EH$
Hw$b_wIË`ma Zo_bo OmVmV. gÜ`m lr. Í`§~H$amd ZmJmoamd Hw$cH$Uu,
dmHw$iUrH$a (VmË`m) (_mo. 9422865991) ho lr {MÝ_`_yVu
g§ñWmZ C_aIoS>, {O. `dV_miMo Hw$c_wIË`ma AgyZ òhioJmd
_R>mMo {XdmUOr H¡$. lr. ~mcmgmho~ _hmOZ ho hmoVo. _R>mÀ`m
OrUm}ÕmamV d ZdrZ ~m§YH$m_mV `m XmoKm§Mohr \$ma _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ
Amho. gÜ`m lr. VwH$mam_ C\©$ ~§Sw>_mcH$ amOmam_ Ohm{JaXma
(Jm|XrH$a) ho lrVwH$mam_ _hmamO g§ñWmZ òhioJmd VwH$mam_, {O.
qhJmocrMo {XdmUOr AmhoV (_mo.H«$. 9421659030).
lr{ZË`mZ§X _hmamOm§À`m AZw_VrZo lram_mZ§X d lrdmgwXodmZ§X
_hmamOm§Zr òhioJmdmÀ`m g_mYr _§{Xa d _R>mMo ~m§YH$m_ nyU© Ho$bo.
g_mYrg_moarc g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO B.g. 1928 _Üò Zm{eH$À`m
H$mam{Jam§Zr Ho$co Amho. òWrc JéS>Im§~mcm Q>oHy$Z lrVwH$m_mB© ~¡R>H$
KmcyZ ~gV d {Mcr_ AmoT>V AgV. hm gmjmËH$mar Im§~ Amho. `m
Im§~mg n§MYmVyÀ`m nÍ`mZo _T>dcoco AgyZ Ë`mg ñne© Ho$ë`mg
^yV~mYm, H$aUrMm Xmof Xÿa hmoVmo Aer ^ŠVm§Mr _mÝ`Vm Amho.
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m g_mYrñWimda gÜ`m {XgV Agcoë`m g§J_adar
g_mYrMo (Mm¡Wam) ~m§YH$m_ eHo$ 1834 _Üò Pmë`mMm CëcoI
Amho. `mda Aï>XcH$_c d nmXþH$m AmhoV. g_mYrÀ`m _mJrc ~mOyg
lr{dÇ>c-épŠ_UrÀ`m _yVu AmhoV. g_mYrÛmamÀ`m ~mhoa EH$m ~mOycm
n§M_wIr lr_hmXod d nmXþH$m, Va EH$sH$S>o hëcr Zmoìh|~a 2013 _Üò
An©U H$aÊ`mV Amcocr n.ny.lr~«÷M¡VÝ` Jm|XdcoH$a _hmamOm§Mr
_yVu, lraoUwH$m_mVoMm _wIdQ>m d lrhZw_mZOtMr _yVu Amho.
`m _R>mV amoO nyOm, XmoÝhr doim AmaVr, n§MnXr d àgmX hmoVmo.
amoO {ddoH$qgYy, kmZoídar, ^mJdV d Xmg~moY dmMZ dJ¡ao MmbVo.
{ZXmZ EH$ g_mg Var dmMVmVM. Xa EH$mXerg H$sV©Z AgVo. Xa
EH$mXercm d gmo_dmacm {ZË`{Z`_mZo òhioJmdÀ`m dmè`m H$aUmao
Ag§»` ^ŠV AgyZ Amnë`m _ZmoH$m_Zm§Mr nyV©Vm Pmë`m_wio YÝ`
hmoD$Z OmVmV. øm dmè`m lrVwH$m_mB© XohmV Agë`mnmgyZM gwê$
Pmboë`m AmhoV.
g_mYrñWmZr amoO gH$mir ^mH$ar d EH$ nobm XyY `mMm Z¡doÚ
AgVmo. Xwnmar _hmZ¡doÚ AgVmo. `mdoir Xhr nm{hOoM. òhioJmd,
_aS>Jm `m JmdmVrb H$mhr Kar Agm àKmV Amho H$s, XaamoO gH$mir
àmV:H$_© d ñZmZ AmQ>monë`mda Ý`mhmargmR>r Ho$bobr n{hbr ^mH$ar
AmYr g_mYr _§{XamV AmUyZ lrVwH$m_mBªZm An©U H$am`Mr.
^mH$ar~amo~a {nR>bo, H$m§Xm AJa MQ>Ur XoVmV. VgoM AmOy~mOyÀ`m
n[agamVrb ~aoMgo eoVH$ar Amnë`m eoVrV {nH$dboë`m eoV_mbmMm
H$mhr R>am{dH$ {hñgm Iio hmoVmM òhioJmdbm lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m _R>mg
An©U H$aVmV.
òhioJmdbm lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m _R>mV {edamÌ, H$m{V©H$s nm¡{U©_m,
Áòð> ewÕ Aï>_r (nwÊ`{VWr), Jwénm¡{U©_m, \$mëJwZ dÚ n§M_r
(OÝ_moËgd), XohÿMo g§V lrVwH$mam_ _hmamO `m§Mo ~rO dJ¡ao CËgd
hmoVmV. òWo lrVwH$m_mBªZm g§H«$m§Vrbm AJa Ho$ìhmhr ~m§JS>çm
dmhÊ`mMr àWm Amho. JmdmV H$moUVmhr H$m`©H«$_ H$aÊ`mAmYr
lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m _R>mV hOoar bmdyZ Xe©Z KoÊ`mMr àWm Amho.
òhioJmdZOrH$ gwH$ir ho lrVwH$m_mBªMo OÝ_J«m_ AgyZ VoWo
lrVwH$m_mBªMo nmXwH$m _§{Xa Amho. VoWo Ë`m§Mm OÝ_moËgd _moR>çm
à_mUmda gmOam hmoVmo. gd© {R>H$mUr ^Jd§VmMo Zm_ñ_aU, nyOZ,
AM©Z d AÞXmZ hmoV AgVo. n.ny.lrdm_ZmZ§X _hmamOm§Zr C_aIoS>
_R>mÀ`m {dH$mgmMo H$m`© gwê$ Ho$co hmoVo. Vo {dÚ_mZ _R>m{YnVr n.ny.
lr_mYdmZ§X _hmamO `m§Zr A{Ve` {dñVm[aV H$ê$Z C_aIoS> òWrc
lrgXmZ§X _hmamO d lr{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§Mm _R>, nwgX òWrc
lr{dÇ>c qH$H$a _hmamOm§Mm _R>, H$moWim òWrc lr EH$ZmW ZmZmXod
_§{Xa, òhioJmdMm lrVwH$m_mBªMm _R>, qhJmocrMo lrVwH$m_mB© nmXþH$m
_§{Xa, H$a§Omim, n§T>anya òWrc _§{Xa d _R>, _aS>Jm òWrc lr
aoUwH$m_mVm _§{Xa `m gd© ñWim§Mm OrUm}Õma d ZdrZ ~m§YH$m_m§Ûmao
H$m`mnmcQ> Ho$cocm AgyZ ^ŠVm§gmR>r {Z:ewëH$ {Zdmg d ^moOZ
àgmXmMr CÎm_ ì`dñWm R>odcocr Amho. {X. 29 _o 2012 Áòð> ew.
Aï>_rcm lrVwH$m_mBªÀ`m 125 ì`m nwÊ`{VWr CËgdm{Z{_Îm
lrVwH$m_mB© _§{Xa, òhioJmdÀ`m {eIamda n.ny.lr _mYdmZ§X
_hmamOm§À`m ew^ hñVo n§Mdrg-Vrg hOma ^m{dH$m§À`m CnpñWVrV
ho{cH$m°ßQ>a_YyZ nwînd¥ï>r H$aÊ`mV Amcr AgyZ {X. 31 _mM© 2013
a§Jn§M_r hm lrVwH$m_mBªMm 200 dm OÝ_moËgdhr _moR>çm à_mUmda
òhioJmd òWo n.ny. lr_mYdmZ§X _hmamOm§À`m nmdZ CnpñWVrV
gmOam H$aÊ`mV Amcm. n.ny. lr_mYdmZ§X _hmamOm§Zr lr {MÝ_`_yVu
g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS> `m Acm¡{H$H$ eŠVrÀ`m {Xì` Aem AÜ`mpË_H$
JwénrR>mMr A_¥Vdoc JJZmda Zocr Amho. hOmamo {eî`m§da Ë`m§Zr
Amnë`m A_¥V_` H¥$noMm dfm©d H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm CÕma Ho$cm Amho. B.g.
2010 À`m lrjoÌ H$mer òWrc MmVw_m©gmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo hOmamo {eî`
d ^ŠV_§S>itZm Ë`m§Zr H$mer - à`mJ - J`m `m {ÌñWitMr `mÌm
KS>dcocr Amho. VgoM B.g. 2015 À`m n§T>anya d B.g. 2016 À`m
nwUo d B.g. 2018 À`m VwiOmnya òWrc MmVw_m©gm§À`m {Z{_ÎmmZo
hOmamo {eî` d ^ŠVm§Zm AZoH$ n{dÌ Ym{_©H$ ñWim§À`m Xe©ZmMm cm^
Pmcm Amho.
lr g§V VwH$m_mB© - am_~mny n§MH«$moer n[aH«$_m VWm
gH$c g§V aW Xe©Z gmohim
Xadfu d¡emI d. Aï>_rcm lr VwH$m_mB© g_mYr _§{Xa, òhioJmd
òWyZ gXa gmohù`mMo Q>mi, _¥X§J, {dZm `m dmaH$ar dmÚm§À`m JOamV
d ÔZ, H$sV©Z, àdMZ, à~moYZ, qXS>r - nVmH$m§gh gd© lÕmdmZ
^m{dH$m§À`m CËgmhr dmVmdaUmV àñWmZ hmoD$Z _Oc Xa_Oc H$arV
hr n§MH«$moer n[aH«$_m Odinmg 42 Jmdm§Zm 14 {Xdgm§À`m àdmgmV
ôQ>r XoV Áòð> ew. Aï>_rcm naV lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m nwÊ`{VWrcm
òhioJm§d òWo naV òVo. `m n[aH«$_og B©.g. 2018 _Üò 14 df} nyU©
Pmcr AmhoV. gXa n[aH«$_m, Zm§XoS>, qhJmocr (_amR>dmS>m) d `dV_mi
({dX^©) `m VrZ {OëømVrc AZwH«$_o hXJmd, H$i_Zwar d C_aIoS>
`m VmcwŠ`mVyZ àdmg nyU© H$aVo.
`m n[aH«$_m àdmgmV à{UVm `m naewam_ em{nV _hmZXrMo nmM
doim ghO ñZmZ d Xe©Z hmoVo. hr ZXr AZoH$ _hÎdnyU© XodñWmZo d
{edñWmZo `m§Mo _mhoaKa Amho. Hw$ð>>hmaH$ à{UVm ZXr_Üò dmam `m
Jmdr 12 Á`mo{V{cªJmMo gcJ 12 {edqnS>r EH$mM {eioda AmoirZo
Agcoë`m AmT>iVmV. OJmnyacm Z_©Xoída, ^m§~aIoS>m òWo g§^mOr
~mny dmaH$ar, dmH$s òWo à{UVm àdmhmV nw§S>{cH$mMo Xe©Z hmoVo.
^m{dH$m§Zm H$`mYw ZXrMohr ñZmZ KS>Vo. ZmW g§àXm`mMo gmYy lr
AmB©ZmW _hmamO `m§À`m Amerdm©XmZo H$amoS>r òWo ZmJnyaH$a ^mogco
KamÊ`mÀ`m gwZoMm Hw$ð>amoJ nyU© ~am Pmcm Aer Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$Wm
Amho. òWoM lr H$éUoída _hmXodmMo gw§Xa ho_mS>n§Wr {ed_§{Xa Amho.
lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamO d lrVwH$m_mB© `m§À`m Jwéna§naoVrc lr
{dídoída, lr H$mÝh`m `m§À`m g_mÜ`m à{UVmVrar ~ocIoS> òWo
AmOhr nhmd`mg {_iVmV. VgoM à{UVm ZXrÀ`m X{jU Vramda
dgcoë`m H$moWim `m Jmdr `mM na§naoVrc lr ZmZmXod g§ñWmZ
AmOhr à{gÕ Amho.
{e~Xè`mMo AS>rM qcJ Xe©Z d lr VwH$m_mBªMo {eî` lr MÝZmßnm
ñdm_r `m§Mo g_mYrñWi, _mZdmS>rMo lr hZw_mZ, ^wdZoídaMo
lr _hmXod, lr Ho$XmaZmW Xe©Z, H$dmZm òWo lr Z§Xr _hmamO g_mYr,
lr VwH$m_mB© OÝ_ñWmZ gwH$ir Xe©Z, S>m|JaH$S>m òWrc à{gÕ
{edqcJ lr OQ>me§H$a Xe©Z, dma§Jm \$mQ>çmÀ`m X{jUog Agcoco
^dmZr _§{Xa d lr _hmXodm§À`m Ü`mZñW _yVuMo Xe©Z, ^mogrMo
lr ^mogoída, XmVrMo lr {gÕoída, Ym§S>o qnnar \$mQ>m d ~mimnya òWrc
lr {dÇ>c aIw_mB© d lr JOmZZ _hmamO _§{Xa, éÐdmS>rMo lr éÐ
Xe©Z, Hw$V©S>rÀ`m lr aoUwH$mXodrMo Xe©Z, ê$nya òWrc lr XþYm{Jar
_m`Mo Xe©Z, Pam òWrc lr XodrMo Xe©Z, nm§Mmioída d ZmJ|Ðnwar g§V
g_mYr Xe©Z, H$i_ZwarÀ`m _moR>çm _méVrMo Xe©Z, Jm¡i ~mOmaMo
lr ~mcmOr, e|~miqnàrMo lr e|~mioída, {e`waMr coÊ`mÐr, ~mîr
òWrc lr VwH$m_mBªMo g_H$mcrZ `moJr lr JmoqdX~wdm, lr X`m©_m`,
PmS>Jmd òWo lr am_~mny _hmamO `m§Mo OÝ_ñWmZ, _wimdm òWrc
lr aoUwH$m_mVm (_yinrR>) Xe©Z d lr Amßnm ñdm_r _R>, _ZmR>m
òWrc lr JUnVr _§{Xa, H$a_moS>r d {eUJr òWrc lr VwH$m_mB©
nmXþH$m _§{Xa, nmoÌm lr _hmXod, gmcoJmdMo lr {dídZmW qcJXe©Z,
Vwßnm òWo OoWyZ lr VwH$m_mB© Ë`m§Zm H$m|Sy>Z R>odco AgVmZm Jwá Pmco
hmoVo Vo lr _méVr _§{Xa (lr JmoMa ñdm_tÀ`m ôQ>rMm àg§J) Aem
ZmZm{dY àmMrZ d Adm©MrZ XodXodVm§Mr d g§Vm§Mr Xe©Zo ^m{dH$m§Zm
`m n[aH«$_oV KS>V AgVmV.
H$m_R>m òWrc lr XþYm{Jar _mVm XodñWmZ òWo JodamB©hÿZ nm`r
àdmg H$ê$Z Amcoë`m nmcIrMm d `m n§MH«$moer n[aH«$_m gH$c g§V
aW `mÌoMm g§J_ Áòð> ew. gßV_rcm hmoVmo. gm`§H$mir KmoS>çm§Mo [a¨JZ
hmoD$Z _wŠH$m_ hmoVmo. Aï>_rcm n[agamVrc ^ŠV H$m_R>m Vo òhioJmd
nmM {H$._r. emo^m`mÌoV gh^mJr hmoD$Z lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m Xe©ZmMm d
àgmXmMm cm^ KoVmV.
`m n§MH«$moer n[aH«$_oMr gwédmV òhioJmd òWyZ OdiM
Agcoë`m _aS>Jm `m JmdMo ^m{dH$ lr VwH$m_mB© - am_~mny§Mo {Zñgr_
^ŠV h.^.n. lram_Xmg~wdm H$mio `m§Zr Ho$cr d gVV n[al_ KoD$Z
11 df} n[aH«$_m nyU© Ho$cr.
12 ì`m dfuÀ`m n[aH«$_og ^ì` ñdê$n àmßV Pmco Amho. `m
n[aH«$_og h.^.n. àmMm`© lr gw. J. MìhmU, lr VwH$m_mB©, ZmB©H$ZJa,
Zm§XoS> VgoM h.^.n. lr A{dZme ~id§Vamd nmÜò, YZoJmd, Zm§XoS>
`m§Zr {deof n[al_ KoD$Z n[aH«$_oMr emo^m dmT>{dcr. AerM ^ì`-
{Xì` n[aH«$_m Xadfu _moR>çm CËgmhmZo g§nÝZ hmoV AgVo.
***
òhioJmd d AmOy~mOyMr VgoM g§~§{YV
BVa Ym{_©H$ ñWio `m~m~V g§{jßV _m{hVr
1) òhioJmd (VwH$mam_):- òhioJmd (Vm. H$i_Zwar, {O.
qhJmocr) òWo lr_V² na_h§g lrVwH$mam_ _hmamO `m§Mm g_mYr_R> d
_§{Xa Amho. g_mYrdarc _mS>rda Vwier d¥§XmdZ d _R>mOdiM lr
{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamO `m§Mo nmXþH$mñWi EH$m eoVmV Amho. VgoM Ë`m§Mo
gpËeî` n.ny. lr am_Or~mny `m§Mohr g_mYr _§{Xa OdiM Amho.
lrVwH$m_mB© _R>mV ^ŠVm§Mr {Zdmg, ^moOZ àgmXmMr {Z:ewëH$
ì`dñWm Amho.
2) _aS>Jm : - òhioJm§dmhÿZ ho Jmd gw_mao XrS> {H$._r. A§Vamda
AgyZ òWo lrVwH$m_mBªZr ñdhñVo ñWmnZ Ho$bobr lraoUwH$m_mVoMr _yVu
d _§{Xa Amho.
3) C_aIoS> :- `m Jmdr lrVwH$m_mBªMo gX²Jwê$
n.ny.lr{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§Mm g_mYr_R> VWm lr{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ
AgyZ ho Jmd noZJ§Jm ZXr {H$Zmar
_hmamï´>mVrb {dX^© àXoemVrb
`dV_mi `m {OëømV Amho.
VgoM n.ny. lrghOmZ§X _hmamO
d n.ny. lrgpÀMXmZ§X _hmamO
`m§Mr dñÌg_mYr Am{U
lrJwénrR>mMr JmXr Amho. `m
JmXrda n.ny. _R>m{YnVr dfm©VyZ
EH$M {Xdg åhUOo ^mD$~rOocm
gm`§H$mir ~gVmV d ór ^ŠV
Ë`m§Zm AmodmiVmV. òWo _R>mV
^ŠVm§Mr {Zdmg, ^moOZ àgmXmMr {Z:ewëH$ ì`dñWm Amho. òhioJmd
Vo C_aIoS> ho A§Va EgQ>r ~g _mJm©Zo gw_mao 45 {H$._r. Amho
(hXJmd_mJ©o). VgoM òWo lr{MÝ_`_yVu Jwén§anaoVrc n.ny. lrgXmZ§X
_hmamOm§Mo g_mYr _§{Xahr Amho. `m{edm` lr AmB©ZmW _hmamO, lr
gmYy _hmamO, lr CÎm_ûcmoH$, lr ~mcH$Xmg AmXr _hmZ g§Vm§Mr
_§{Xao AmhoV.
4) _mhÿa (_mhÿaJS> / _mVmnya) :- ho Jmd òhioJmdmhÿZ
hXJmd-C_aIoS> EgQ>r ~g_mJ} gw_mao 95 {H$._r. A§Vamda Va
C_aIoS>mhÿZ gw_mao 50 {H$._r. A§Vamda Amho. òWo OJÝ_mVm lr
aoUwH$mXodrMo _§{Xa, AdYyVqMVZ lr JwéXodXÎmm§Mo _§{Xa, AÌr-
AZgy`m _§{Xa VgoM gwà{gÕ g§VH$dr lr {dîUwXmg `m§Mm _R> Amho.
lr {dîUyXmg _hmamOm§Zm lr {ZË`mZ§X _hmamOm§Ûmao g§Ý`mgXrjm
{_imcr hmoVr d MVwWm©l_mVrc Ë`m§Mo Zm_m{^H$aU lr nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X
ñdm_r Ago hmoVo.
5) Am¢T>m ZmJZmW :- ho Jmd òhioJmdmhÿZ qhJmobr_mJ}
qhJmobr-naÛr ~g_mJm©da A§XmOo 65 {H$._r. A§Vamda Amho. ho
~mam Á`mo{V{bªJmn¡H$s EH$ _mZbo OmVo. òWo {ed_§{Xa Amho. g§V
lrZm_Xod _hmamO `m§Zm Ë`m§Mo Jwê$ lr{dgmo~m IoMa `m§À`mÛmam òWoM
AZwJ«hàmßVr Pmcr.
6) Zagr (Zm_Xod) :- g§V lrZm_Xod _hmamOm§Mo OÝ_ñWmZ d
_§{Xa Agbobo ho Jmd òhioJmdmhÿZ qhJmobr_mJ} A§XmOo 65 {H$._r.
A§Vamda Amho. òWo lrJwéXodXÎm ñdê$n n.n.lr lrdmgwXodmZ§X
gañdVr (Q>|~o ñdm_r) _hmamO `m§Mm MmVw_m©g B.g. 1905 gmcr
g§nÞ Pmcm hmoVm. òWoM Ë`m§À`mÛmam XÎmg§àXm`mVrc àmgm{XH$, à^mdr
Am{U daX Aem Agcoë`m H$éUm{ÌnXrMr aMZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
7) qhJmobr :- ho òhioJmdMo {Oëhm _w»`mb`mMo {R>H$mU
òhioJmdmhÿZ 37 {H$._r. A§Vamda Amho. ho Jmd H$`mYy ZXrVrar
dgbobo AgyZ òWo nmoim _mamoVr _§{XamÀ`m _mJoM lr Cn|Ðñdm_r
(~mny) `m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m lrVwH$m_mBªMm nmXwH$m_R> Amho. VgoM
OdiM C_aIoS> g§ñWmZMo lram__§{Xahr Amho.
8) Zm§XoS> :- JmoXmdar ZXrH$mR>r dgbobo, n{dÌ {R>H$mU _mZbo

OmUmao Zm§XoS> ho _amR>dmS>çmVrb EH$ {Oëhm _w»`mb`mMo {R>H$mU
AgyZ, ho Jmd òhioJmdmhÿZ 57 {H$._r. A§Vamda Amho. VgoM
{eIm§Mohr ho n{dÌ {R>H$mU (qhXÿ§À`m H$mergmaIo) A_¥Vga
ImbmoImb _mZbo OmVo. òWo lr JwéJmoqdXqgJm§Mr g_mYr d
JwéÛmam Amho.
9) eodmim :- `m Jmdr lrVwH$m_mBªMo Jwé~§Yy n.ny. lrnyUm©Z§X
_hmamO (amdgmho~ /am_M§Ð _hmamO) `m§Mr g_mYr d _R> Amho.
{dÚ_mZ _R>m{YnVr n.ny. lr í`m_ _hmamO dma§H$a ho AmhoV. ho Jmd
òhioJmdmhÿZ H$m_R>m \$mQ>m-AmImS>m ~mimnya_mJ} A§XmOo 13-14
{H$._r. A§Vamda Amho, Va AmImS>m ~mimnyanmgyZ A§XmOo 3-4
{H$._r. A§Vamda Amho d òWo ImgJr Am°Q>moZo OmVm òVo.
10) gwH$ir (dra) :- lr VwH$m_mBªMo AmOmoi VWm OÝ_J«m_.
ho Jmd Zm§XoS>-qhJmobr amoS>darb dma§Jm \$mQ>m `m JmdmnmgyZ _w»`
añË`mnmgyZ Om_JìhmU _mJ} AmV_Üò A§XmOo 5 Vo 6 {H$._r.
A§Vamda Amho. òWo OmÊ`m-òÊ`mgmR>r ImgJr Am°Q>mo[ajm dma§Jm
\$mQ>çmhÿZ CnbãY hmoVmV. òWo lrVwH$m_mBªMo nmXwH$m _§{Xa Amho.
Zm§XoS>hÿZ dma§Jm \$mQ>m A§XmOo 35 {H$._r. A§Vamda Amho. òhioJmdmhÿZ
gwH$ir A§XmOo 32-33 {H$._r. A§Vamda Amho. dma§Jm \$mQ>çmdê$Z
Zm§XoS>H$S>o OmV AgVmZm A§XmOo 1-11/2 {H$._r. A§Vamda amoS>À`m
COì`m ~mOycm Om_JìhmU Eg.Q>r. ~gWm§~m Amho. VoWyZ AmV 5-6
{H$._r. A§Vamda gwH$ir (dra) ho Jmd Amho.
lr VwH$m_mB© nmXþH$m _§{Xa, gwH$ir (dra)

11) nwgX :- {dX^m©Vrc `dV_mi {OëømVrc VmbwŠ`mMo
_w»`mb` Agbobo ho Jmd C_aIoS>hÿZ gw_mao 40 {H$._r. A§Vamda
AgyZ Eg.Q>r. ~gZo OmoS>coco Amho. òWo n.ny. lr{MÝ_`mZ§X
_hmamOm§Mo Jwê$ n.ny. lr{dÇ>c qH$H$a _hmamO `m§Mo g_mYr _§{Xa
Amho. VgoM lr VwH$m_mBªÀ`m nmXwH$m d _yVu Agcocm EH$ _R> Amho
(erim_§{Xa). `m{edm` lrZ¥qgh XodVoMo A{VàmMrZ ^ì` _§{Xa Amho.
lr{dÇ>c qH$H$a _hmamO lr VwH$m_mB© erim_§{Xa,

g_mYr_R>, nwgX. nwgX
12) H$moWim :- ho Jmd C_aIoS>hÿZ gw_mao 13 {H$._r. A§Vamda
Vm. hXJmd, {O. Zm§XoS> òWo AgyZ òWo n.ny. lr{dÇ>c qH$H$a
_hmamOm§Mo Jwê$ n.ny.lr EH$ZmW ZmZm _hmamO VgoM Ë`m§Mohr Jwê$
n.ny.lr ZmJ`m _hmamO `m§Mo g_mYr _§{Xa Amho. VgoM n.ny.lr
EH$ZmW ZmZm _hmamO `m§Mo {eî` lr {^H$_ehm dcr (gy\$s g§V)
`m§Mm XJm© Amho. ho Jmd noZJ§Jm ZXrÀ`m Vramda dgcoco AgyZ òWo
lr{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ C_aIoS>À`m _R>m{YnVtZm Vo {ed Pmë`mZ§Va
noZJ§Jm ZXrH$mR>r Ocg_mYr XoÊ`mV òVo. C_aIoS>hÿZ _mc}Jmdcm
ImgJr Am°Q>moZo OmD$Z VoWyZ nm`r ZXr Amocm§Sy>Z `m Jmdr OmVmV.
VgoM hXJmdhÿZ gwÕm `m Jmdr OmÊ`mgmR>r ImgJr Am°Q>mo AmhoV. lr
ZmZmXod _hmamOm§À`m g§OrdZ g_mYrMm OrUm}Õma H$aÊ`mV Amcm
AgyZ ^ì` g^m_§S>n ~m§YÊ`mV Amcm Amho. gXarc g^m_§S>nmV
d¡.n.ny. lr dm_ZmZ§X _hmamO `m§À`m _yVuMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV
Amcocr Amho. `m{edm` lrXÎm d lrJUoe _yVvMrhr àmUà{Vð>m
H$aÊ`mV Amcocr Amho.
13) Hw$V©S>r :- lr VwH$m_mBªMo dS>rc lr. H$merZmWn§V CÝhmio
`m§Mo ho Jmd. Vo òWo {ejH$ hmoVo d WmoS>r O_rZhr Ë`m§Zm hmoVr. Zm§XoS-
qhJmocr amoS>da dma§Jm \$mQ>çmnmgyZ A§XmOo 3-4 {H$._r. A§Vamda
Am{U h_añË`mnmgyZ A§XmOo 2 {H$._r. A§Vamda AmV ho Jmd Amho.
òWo lr. Omoer Hw$V©S>rH$am§Zr ñWm{ncoco lr aoUwH$m_mVm _§{Xa Amho.
14) Ho$gmnwar (Vm. _mOcJmd, {O. ~rS>) :- _mOcJmdhÿZ
5 {H$._r. A§Vamda Agcoë`m `m Jmdr lr ghOmZ§X ñdm_tMo
A{YH$mar {eî` lr e§H$amZ§X _hmamO `m§Mm g_mYr _R> Amho. VgoM
`m JmdmV lr Ho$edamOm§Mo àmMrZ _§{Xahr Amho.
15) _§OaW (Vm. _mOcJmd) :- JmoXmdar d qgX\$Um
ZÚm§À`m g§J_mda dgcoco ho VrW©joÌ _mOcJmdhÿZ 11 {H$._r.
A§Vamda AgyZ òWo Jwê$ na§naoVrc lram_mZ§X _hmamOm§Mo Ocg_mYr
ñWi Amho. VgoM òWo nwamVZ lr {Ì{dH«$_mMo _§{Xahr Amho. ho Jmd
X{jU à`mJ åhUyZhr à{gÕ Amho.

16) cmI~mnVam (Vm. d¡Omnya, {O. Am¡a§Jm~mX) :- òWo
JmoXmVrar n. ny. lr ghOmZ§X _hmamOm§Mo Ocg_mYr ñWi AgyZ
ZXrÀ`m n¡cVrar nwUVm§ã`mMo lr Mm§JXod _hmamO _§{Xa Amho.
nwUVm§ã`mhÿZ {eS>u 15 {H$._r. Amho.
17) ~mam{ed d H$a§Omim ({O. naÛr) :- hr XmoÝhr Jmdo
cmJyZ cmJyZM AgyZ ~mam{ed òWrc lr _méVram`mÀ`m _yVuMr
ñWmnZm lr ghOmZ§X _hmamOm§Zr Ho$cr Amho. H$a§Omim òWo lrH$U}ída
_hméÐ _§{Xa Amho.
&& O` VwH$m_m` Ÿ&&

^mJ - 3
AmaË`m d Aï>Ho$
(1) AmaË`m
AmaVr na§naoMr
Am{XZmWmMo _pÀN>¨Ð Ë`mMo Jmoaj & VÐþnMaUr _wŠVm dQ>oída Xj &&
MH«$nmUr {d_cm Mm§JXod gmj & OZmX©ZmMo nm`r Zah[aMo cj &&
O`Xod O`Xod O` gX²Jwê$_y{V©& gm§àXm`mZwH«$_o EH$Ëd AmaVr&&1&& O`...
VËnXr {dídoem{göX`m AmZ§X & Ho$edamO _hm_w{Z Vmo à{gÕ &&
~mon`m h[aXmgr H$mÝh`mZo N>§X& H$mÝh`mMo MaUr ZV gXmZ§X&&2&& O`...
VV²MaUr H¥$îUm»`gwVna§nam & í`m_gwÝXam AZ§V Ü`mò {Za§Va &&
àëhmXmMm A§{H$V ZmJ`mnwam& {ZO`moJrXmñ`Ëdo EH$ZmW Iam&&3&& O`...
{dÇ>cqH$H$aMaUt {MÝ_`mZ§X & {MÝ_`MaUr ^mdo `{V ghOmZ§X &&
ghOmZ§Xmnm`r Xmg _{V_§X& na§naoMr AmaVr hmM {ZON>§X&&4&& O`...
AmaVr lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamOm§Mr
{Z{d©H$ma {ZJw©U Zm_ ñdñ_aUmVr& {dXohr {dîUy ñdm_r Y[aco {ZpíMV&&
pñWVrËd à{VnmcZ g§hmaH$Vm© & n[a AdKm EH$ gX²Jwê$ZmWm &&
O`Xod O`Xod O` gX²Jwê$_yVu lr {MÝ_`_yVu &
AmaVr Amodmiy ^mdmW} Amodmiy Vwåhm§àVr &&1&&
nmhÿZ Vd ê$n AmZ§X J§Jm {ZO _m`& {Zer{XZr A§V:H$aUr AmR>{dVmo nm`&&
VdnXH$_cr d¥Îmr _mPr pñWa hmo`& Ago H$ar AmVm Vy gX²Jwê$am`&&2&&
^dZm{XH$ VmaH$ Eogo VwPo Zm_ eaU& H¥$nm H$ê$Zr AmVm XoB© {ZOÔZ&&
Eogo åhUo lr{Zdmg chmZ &&3&&
AmaVr lr ghOmZ§X _hmamOm§Mr
àUdmXr ZmWmMo Vodrg AdVma & OJXmoÕmar cmJr _yVu EH$mH$ma &&
EH$nUo gmYZ _hmdmŠ` gma & Vohr {Zê$nU Xogr {ZO^ŠVrnma &&
O`Xod O`Xod O` JmoMañdm_r& gX²Jwê$ ghOmZ§Xm AmaVr öXnXr &&1&&
^ŠVr_mJm© cmJw{Z OJm CÕ[aco& JwéÔZr {ednyOm {~OV¥ßV Ho$co&&
AZ§V JUZm Zmhr eofm{XH$ X_co& EH$ _wImZo dXVm _Z a§{OV Pmco&&2&&
Am¡Xþ§~a joÌm{X CnmgZm g§ñWmZr& OrUm}ÕmaU Ho$co AmdS>r Ðì`mO©Zr&&
CËgd _§JcdmÚo JO©Vr {Zer{XZr& ~«m÷U ^moOZ H$sV©Z AZwH«$_o {Zer{XZr&&3&&
ewŠcmgZ dmgZ h[a{XZ CÎm_ & CÎm_ eVVmaH$m {ÛOmMm Zo_ &&
eHo$ Aï>mXe EH$mMm Zo_ & X{jUm`Z g§dËga à_mWr Zm_ &&4&&
gJwU g_mYr CnmgZm Jwé_yVu & {MÝ_` g_mYr EH$Ëd {XßVr &&
EH$Ëd ^mdo Vaco @ VaVmVr& gpÀMVmZ§Xm Xmgm nm`r {dlm§Vr &&5&&
AmaVr lr VwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mr (1)

AmaVr H$ê$ VwH$mam_m Ÿ& `moJrOZ _mZg {dlm_m Ÿ&& Y¥. Ÿ&&
{ddoH$moËnÎmr àm½YZVm Ÿ& àma§^r MVwï>` gmYZVm Ÿ&&
H$amo{Z g§g¥{V B§YZVm Ÿ& kmZmZ{bhþV ~§YZVm Ÿ&&
OrdÝ_wº$m Ag§JËdo Ÿ& Ag§àkmV & H$ê${Z {dkmV Ÿ&&
g_m{Y kmV gIm Zm_m Ÿ& d¥Îmr {ZO Zobr Vw`©Ym_m Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&
VËd_{g dmŠ` {dMmamMr Ÿ& ÑT>Vm Yê$Zr àMmamMr Ÿ&&
C„§KwZr aofm g§gmamMr Ÿ& Zída Xm{dVmVr gmMr Ÿ&&

~«÷Mr ^md gd© R>gbm Ÿ& AÛ` àmár Ÿ& {\$Q>br ^«m§{V Ÿ&&
Pmbr {dlm§Vr& g_m{YgwIo Aï>Ym_m& ñdmZw^dr AZw^dr AZm_m&&2&&
AdñWm Xohr A{^_mZr Ÿ& {ZagwZr {Zaggr ñdm{^_mZr Ÿ&&
gXmZ§XmV AmZ§XmZr Ÿ& Sw>bVr Ho$di gwkmZr Ÿ&&
d`mg H$s H$brV OZVm Ÿ& Oo H$m AgmÜ` Ÿ& Vo VwO gmÜ` Ÿ&&
åhUyZ AmamÜ` nwZO©Ý_m Ÿ& hmogr ~m gI`m gwZa OÝ_m Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&
Cnmggr {MÝ_` Jwé_yVu Ÿ& V`mÀ`m H¥$no ñdê$nr ñ\y$Vu Ÿ&&
Vd AZwH§$nyOm _y{V© Ÿ& V`mgr hmo` ñdê$n àmár Ÿ&&
Agmo _O Vmar XrZmZmWm Ÿ& XrZ _r hrZ Ÿ& nXr Vd brZ Ÿ&&
dmar __ erU OÝ__aUm Ÿ& {dÇ>bgwV VwPo Ym_m Ÿ&&4Ÿ&&
AmaVr lr VwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mr (2)

AmaVr H$ê$ gX²Jwê§$Mr Ÿ&& OrdÝ_wº$ øm VwH$`mMr Ÿ&& Y¥.Ÿ&&
~«÷Hw$bm_Üò AdVabm Ÿ& XwOm hm e§H$a àJQ>bm Ÿ&
Ho$di Vmo ~«÷ê$n Pmbm Ÿ& Xoh bmo^ gd©hr Ë`m{Jbm Ÿ&&
OJm_Yo AgyZr doJim Vmo Ÿ& {^ÞnZ Zmhr, gd© EH$ nmhr Ÿ&
Amem H$Xm Zmhr Ðì`mMr Ÿ& MmS> Zmhr `mgr bm¡{H$H$mMr Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&
ewÕ~rO XohpñWVr nmhr Ÿ& àn§Mm{XH$m Vmn Zmhr Ÿ&
H$m_-H«$moYm{XH$ [anwbmhr Ÿ& amhÿ XoB©Zm H$Yr Xohr Ÿ&&
dmgZm X½Y Á`mZo Ho$br Ÿ& AmR>dVr nm` Ÿ& gXm_wIr Jm` Ÿ&
YwZr {XZ aOZr {MÝ_`mMr Ÿ& Xmg H$ar BÀN>m MaUmMr Ÿ&&2Ÿ&&
_m`mnme gd© Ë`m{Jbo Ÿ& Jwê$À`m MaUr {MÎm a_bo Ÿ&
OJqZ{X Vo H$_© Ho$bo Ÿ& n[a Xmof Zmhr Ambo Ÿ&&
qnS> ~«÷m§S> EH$ nmho Ÿ& XwOm Zmhr ^md, ^º$sbm bmd Ÿ&
dgVr òhioJm§d Ÿ& ñWmnZm Ho$br XodrMr Ÿ& `mÌm òV M¡ÌoMr Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&
gd© H$_m©{g Ë`mJw{Z`m Ÿ& bj bm{dbo gX²Jwê$nm`m Ÿ&&
H$Xm ~m{YZm Ë`mg _m`m Ÿ& Ambmgo n{VV CÕam`m Ÿ&&
H$br_Yr Yê$Zr AdVma Ÿ& OJ CÕ[abo Ÿ& ~hwV Vm[abo Ÿ&&
AmdS> Xmdr OZm ÔZmMr Ÿ& Xmg H$ar BÀN>m MaUmMr Ÿ&&4Ÿ&&
AmaVr lr gpÀMXmZ§X _hmamOm§Mr

AÜ`mË_ kmZmMr {àVr ^d{MÎmr& g§e` ~§YmnmgyZ {ZdS>r {ZOd¥Îmr&&
lÕm ^mdo Ho$cr na_ Jwé^ŠVr & O`Xod O`Xod O` gX²Jwê$ZmWm &&
gpÀMVmZ§Xm Vd nXr _mWm &&1&&
ghOmZ§Xm Jwê$Mo dMZm AZwgacm& dmT>dr na_mWm©cm gX²^mñÌ Ñï>rcm&&
godmY_© n§WmMm nW AkmV {XYcm & ~«÷kmZr aWrl_r a_cm &&2&&
{Zah§H$mar {ZJw©U _r _aUr e§H$m &
{ZOpñWVr kmZmMr JVr Xm{dVr nma_oH$m &&
JmoXmVra dñÌr Pmcr nacmoH$m &&3&&
{MÝ_` ghOo ~«÷m nyUm©Z§XmMm& EH$Mr AW© cjyZ Ho$di kmZmMm &&
Vmo Jwê$ H$amoZr gwV JmoqdXmMm& am_ñ_aUr aVë`m ^d OmB©c gmMm&&4&&
AmaVr lr am_mZ§X _hmamOm§Mr

{Zam§OZ ho ^dhaUm & lr_Ðm_ `{V MaUm &&Y¥.&&
em§{V j_m X`m daVo & àn§Mr _Ý_Z WaWaVo &&
H${Q>H$a {Vð>V {dQ>od[aVo & R>o{dco ~«÷_Zr daVo &&
J¥h YZ {df`mgr JaVo & _m{Zco VdMaUm naVo &&
Mmc :- AmOÝ_ CÜd©aoV d¥{Îm & MwH${dcr OZr _aUmd¥{Îm &&
H$ê$Zr g§Ý`mg, {ZOmË_ Ü`mg, ê$Mcm dmg &
Am¡Xþ§~ar A§V:H$aUm & lr_Ðm_ &&1&&
AI§{S>V H$ar n§T>ardmar & n{WH$ OZ _ dX:Imdmar &&
OS> _yT> XrZm H¡$dmar & H¥$nmKZ df} X`mdmar &&
H$m_ à^¥{V gdm©[a & qO{H$co {ddoH$ Vadmar &&
Mmc :- lram_mZ§X gañdVr & X`miy g§V Jwé_yVu &&
Zm_ gwIH§$X, {Zdmar Û§Û, Vmo{S> ^d~§Y &&
`{Vda H${d H§$R>m âUm & lr_Ðm_ &&2&&
J¥hdZ gwV d¡^d Om`m & nmhÿ{Z ^wccmo da Om`m &&
Xd{S>cr CÎm_ ZaH$m`m & Omhcmo ^mJr ZaH$m `m &&
g§g¥{V nmamd`m & Vam`m Z gwMo Jwéam`m &&
Mmc :- `mñVd cmJcr a§JZmWm & Xe©Zr Amem JwéZmWm &&
nmdo Xmgmg, Y[acr ÑT> H$m§g, Omoho CXmg &
KS>cmo Zmhr n[a MaUm & lr_Ðm_ &&3&&
AmaVr lr dmgwXodmZ§X _hmamOm§Mr

(Mmc) AmaVr ^wdZ
AmaVr dmgwXod `{Vcm & Agmhr àgÝZ hmo _Ocm &&Y¥.&&
H$m|Tw>a J«m_r OÝ_ Pmcm & ñWm`wH$ d§e ^yf{dcm &&
nyduMm nwÊ`moX` Pmcm & {damJo ËÒw{Z àn§Mmcm &&
(Mmc) òD${Z Am¡Xþ§~a J«m_r
H$ê${Z`m dmg & Jwégodog & cmdw{Z VZwg &
VmofdyZr am_mZ§Xmcm & KoVco VXr` _§Ìmcm &&1&&
C§~aIoS>r H$ê$Zr dmgm & KoVco Jwéda g§Ý`mgm &&
cmdy{Z JwénXr {ZOÜ`mgm & gmo{S>cr gH$chr ^dAmem &&
(Mmc) ho ZmW Xm_moXam
gH$c Amåhr XrZ & ~mc _{Z hrZ & nm`r Vd crZ &&
Omhcmo Vmar AZmWmcm & H$ê$ ZH$mo H$Yr Cnojocm &&2&&
Ah{Z©e H$ê${Z Jwégodm & YZmÝZo V{n©V ^yXodm &&
Jwéda KoVm Vd Zm§dm & e_{dVo gH$c{h ^d-Xmdm &&
(Mmc) ho Jwamo dmgwXod ñdm{_Z²
Vm[a Xmgmg & nwadr __ Amg & VmoS>r ^dnme &
àmWu hm am_M§Ð VwOcm & ZoB© Vy ~«÷nXm _Ocm &&3&&
AmaVr lr nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamOm§Mr

AmaVr nwéfmoÎm_ `{Vcm & Amodmiy n§MmaVr VwOcm &&
g_W© J«m_r OÝ_ Pmcm & Zo~ hm d§e ^yf{dcm &&
Kmcdr ~më` AdñWocm & {dYrZo àn§M hm Ho$cm &&
EH${M nwÌ nmoQ>r hmoVm & {daŠVr Yacr {df`gwIm &&
H$ê${Z {ZYm©a & Ë`mJr g§gma & N>o{X _Ëga &
gmo{S>co H$m_H«$moYmcm & {ddoHo$ gÝ_mJ© Y[acm &
AmaVr nwéfmoÎm_ `Vrcm & Amodmiy n§MmaVr VwOcm &&1&&
òioJ«m_r òD${Z & cmJco VwH$mam_ MaUr &&

Ah{Z©e godm H$ê${Z & _Zmgr {Z:ñn¥hVm Yê${Z &&
XmoZ Vn df} OmUyZ & VwH$mam_ H$ar H¥$nm nyU© &&
KoD$Zr g§Ý`mg & Am¡Xþ§~ar dmg & OJXmoÕmamg &
eaU OmB© dmgwXod `{Vcm & Amodmiy n§MmaVr VwOcm &&2&&
AR>ameo ehmÎma gmcmV & Jwéda g§Ý`mgm KoV &&
_mZy{Z doX dMZmg & {díd§â H¥$nm daXhñV &&
dmgwXod H¥$nm nyU© Pmcr & AmMaUr VÝ_`Vm Amcr &&
XoD${Z AqcJZ & ~moco dMZ & gË` AmMaU &
dmT>dr {eî` emIocm & Omdo Xoe àMmamcm &&
AmaVr nwéfmoÎm_ `{Vcm & Amodmiy n§MmaVr VwOcm &&3&&
AÛ` AmZ§X_` d¥Îmr & emo^cr {Xì` gm§~_yVu &&
CnH$ma A{VàrVr & ñ_aUo OS>Ord CÕaVr &&
XrZmoÕmaU Jwéam`m & ~miXÎm cmJo nm`m &&
Pmcmo _r XrZ & VwOgr eaU & H$ar nmdZ &
AZw^d àrVr Xo _Ocm & Amodmiy n§MmaVr VwOcm &&
AmaVr nwéfmoÎm_ `Vrcm & Amodmiy n§MmaVr VwOcm &&4&&
AmaVr lr dm_ZmZ§X _hmamOm§Mr

AmaVr lrJwê$ `{Vam`m & dm_ZmZ§X ñdm_rd_m© &&Y¥.&&
{gagmim J«m_r OÝ_ Pmcm & Xoe_wI d§e ^yf{dcm &&
{damJo _wŠV _mJ© Y[acm & n§W hm ~«÷Mmar R>acm &&
_Zt hm {ZíM` ÑT> Y[acm & C_aIoS>r dmg Ho$cm &&

(Mm.~.) gmoS>r KaXma & gd© ì`dhma & H$ê${Z {ZYm©a &
Ama§^r JwénX ^ŠVrcm & Ah{Z©e {Z:ñn¥h godocm &&1&&
VnmZo ewÕ H$ê${Z H$m_ & àgÝZ Ho$co VwH$mam_ &&
df© nÝZmg nyU© H$ê$Z & godm Pmcr {ZîH$m_ &&
ewÕ gmpËdH$ ^md em§V & cmJoZm ^ŠVm§Zm A§V &&
gXm Ü`mZñW am_Zm_r & ñd`§^y e§^y V`m Ym_r &&
(Mm.~.) cmdy{Z _Z & H$[a nyOZ & O_dyZr OZ &
AdKo OS> _yT> Vmam`m & dm_ZmZ§X ñdm_rd`m© &&2&&
eHo$ EH$moUrg VrZ gmcr & V`mMr doi nyU© Pmcr &&
Xrjm g§Ý`mgr {XYcr & nwéfmoÎm_o H¥$nm Ho$cr &&
(Mm. ~.) _mJ©erfm©g & ewŠc MVwWug & gmo_dmamg &
Omhcm ew^ma§^ H$m`m© & dm_ZmZ§X ñdm_rd`m© &&3&&
gX²Jwê$ nyUm©{lV Pmcm & AZwJ«h _mYdm{g {XYcm &&
XoD$Zr N>mQ>r gmjocm & `{V hm ~«÷crZ Pmcm &&
(Mm. ~.) Áòð> _mgmg & H¥$îU njmg & {VWr Zd_rg &&
nyU©{dam_ {Xcm H$m`m© & dm_ZmZ§X ñdm_rd`m© &&4&&
^ŠVr^mdo eaU òVr & V`mgr ajr gm§~_yVu &&
_ZmMm hoVy nyU© H$[aVr & åhUmo{Z ^ŠV Zdg H$[aVr &&
(Mm. ~.) Agm Vy kmZ & gmJa nyU© & XòMm KZ &
_wacrYamdar N>m`m & dm_ZmZ§X ñdm_rd`m© &&5&&

(2) Aï>Ho$
lr{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS>À`m
Jwéna§naoMo Aï>H$
~«÷mZ§X§ na_gwIX§ Ho$db§ kmZ_y{Vª &
Û§ÛmVrV§ JJZgÑí`§ VËd_ñ`m{Xbú`_² &&
EH§${ZË`§ {d_b_Mb§ gd©Yrgmjr^yV§ &
^mdmVrV§ {ÌJwUa{hV§ gX²Jwê§$ V§ Z_m{_ Ÿ&&
AWm{X Am{XZmWñ` _rZ-Jmoaj_odM &
_wº$m dQ>oœaíM¡d MH«$nm{U[aVrñ_¥V:Ÿ&&
{d_bm Mm§JXodñ` OZmX©Zñ` Zahar: &
öX`mZ§X {dœoemo Ho$edamO _hm_w{Z:Ÿ&&
~mon`m h[aXmgñ` Vñ` gwVñ` H$mÝh`: &
gXmZ§Xñ` H¥$îUñ` H¥$îUgwVna§nam: Ÿ&&
í`m_gw§XamZ§Vñ` Xmg Ü`mò {Za§Va§ &
àëhmXm g§{H$VmZm_ ZmJ`m {ZO `mo{JZm_² Ÿ&&
EH$ZmW: ñ_ao{ZË`§ ZmZmnmVH$ ZmeZ§ Ÿ&
àem§Vê$n VpËeî`§ lr_X² {dÇ>bqH$H$a§ Ÿ&&
ñdm{_Z§ {MÝ_`mZ§X§ VV²{eî`§ `{Vê${nU§ &
ghOmZ§X {gÕm»`§ gd©^yV X`m{ZYo Ÿ&&
Jwé^º$m¡ gXm{Zð>§ gd©kmZ{demaX§ &
g{ƒXmZ§X {gÕoe§ OJXmoX²YmaH$maH§$ Ÿ&&
XodH$m§Y«r H¥$V§ Ý`mg§ A[a{_Ì: g_mZH§$ &
lrJwê$ {edam_mZ§X àË`j {edê${nUr Ÿ&&
Vñ`mkmnmbH§$ {ZË`§ {ZË`mZÝX¡H${dJ«h_² &
{ZJw©U§ {Z_©b§ em§V§ am_mZÝX§ `qVJwê§$ Ÿ&&
gd©^yV{Zdm{gZ_² dmgwXodmZ§X {_{V_² Ÿ&
`ñ` d¡am½` kmZoZ V¥áñVw gH$bmOZm Ÿ&&
dmgwXod H¥$nmbãYr nwéfmoÎm_ `Vrœam Ÿ&
lrJwê$ {d_b§ em§V§ g{ƒXmZ§X {dJ«h_² Ÿ&&
nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X§ {eî`m»`§ dm_ZmZ§X gX²Jwê$_² &
^d~§Y {d_wŠË`Wª V§ Z_m{_ `{Vœa_² Ÿ&&
EVm§ na§nam{ZË`§, ò nR>pÝV _w_wjd: &
Vofm§ _w{º$ H$añWm`r, ZmÌ H$m`m© {dMmaUm Ÿ&&
Jwé~©«÷m Jwé{d©îUy, JwéX}dmo _hoœa: &
JwéaoH$ na~«÷ Vñ_¡ lrJwédo Z_: Ÿ&&
lr ghOmZ§X _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$

Ago nmVH$s _r XrZ ghOmZ§Xm & nXt nmVcmo _r KoÊ`mg AmZ§Xm &&
Zgo AÝ` ÌmVm OJr `m XrZmcm & JmoMam VyO{dU àmW©y Hw$Umcm &&1&&
_cm _m` Zm ~mn Zm AmßV ~§Yy & gImgmoàm gd© Vy XrZ~§Yy &&
VwPm _mÌ AmYma `m coH$amcm & JmoMam VwO{dU àmW©y Hw$Umcm &&2&&
Zgo kmZ d¡am½` Vo gd©Wmhr & VwPo coH$ê$ hr Ah§Vm _Zmcm &&
JmoMam VwO{dU àmW©y Hw$Umcm &&3&&
àn§Mr nwam ~Õ Pmcmo X`mim & VwPm Xmg _r hr ñ_¥Vr _Zmcm &&
j_oMr Ago `mMZm Ëdm nXmcm & JmoMam VwO{dU àmW©y Hw$Umcm &&4&&

ZH$mo A§V nmhÿ Ëdao Ymd KoB© & VyO{dU Zmhr Hw$Ur loð> AmB© &&
AZmWmgr AmYma VwPm X`mim & JmoMam VwO{dU àmW©y Hw$Umcm &&5&&
H$Yr JmoS> dmUr Z òB© _wImcm & H$Yr Ðì` Zm A{n©co `mMH$mcm &&
H$Yr _yVu VwPr Z ò cmoMZmcm & JmoMam VwO{dU àmW©y Hw$Umcm &&6&&
_cm EdT>r Kmc {^jm g_Wm© & _wIo {ZË` Jmdr VwPrM JwUJmWm &&
KS>mo nmXgodm VwPr qH$H$amcm & JmoMam VwO{dU àmW©y Hw$Umcm &&7&&
Vy {MÝ_`mMm Ago {Xì` _oê$ & VyM ^ŠVm§Mm Ago H$ënVê$ &&
VwPr H$sVu {H$Vr {H$Vr dUy© crcm& JmoMam VwO{dU àmW©y Hw$Umcm&&8&&
lrVwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$ (1)

dXoH§$ nwam {ZJw©U§ {Z{d©H$ma§ Ÿ& ~¥hV g{ƒXmZ§Xê$n§ {demoH§$ Ÿ&
ñd^º$mZwH§$nmW©_ {d~w©^d Ÿ& VwH$mam_ {_S>oe g§Xoer Ho$ÝÐ_² Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&
X`m kmZ em§Vr àYmZm JwUm`§ Ÿ& OhþZ© ¹${MV²H«$m§V {_ly§ g{Vd Ÿ&
gXm `moJo{Zð>§ eaÊ`§ OZmZm_² Ÿ& VwH$mam_ Ÿ&&2Ÿ&&
Jwê$ {MÝ_`§ kmZ^º$s àYmZ_² Ÿ& gwfoì`má{Zð>§ dmß`gw Vñ_mV² Ÿ&
{dYwVm{Ibm kmZg§gma ~§Y Ÿ& VwH$mam_ Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&
{ZfoYmo {dYrdm©H$ Ì`r JrV & Ed ñdê$nmZ² {^kñ` OÝVmo à`ËZmV² &
gw{dkmV VË`mo Ohmo ~«÷^wV_² Ÿ& VwH$mam_ Ÿ&&4Ÿ&&
Aohio B{V J«m__mË_m{Y dmgmV² Ÿ& gwam{Yf gÚ¡d MH«o$Vr aå` Ÿ&
AnUm©b`§ VÌ VoZo _h§V Ÿ& VwH$mam_ Ÿ&&5Ÿ&&
ñd`§Ý`ñV dUm©{^_mZ¡ {d_wT>¡ Ÿ& gwa¡_o OZ¡_w©T>dV {dÎm_mo_r Ÿ&
{d_yT>mZ² OZmZ² ^{º$_mJ} XYmZ_² Ÿ& VwH$mam_ Ÿ&&6Ÿ&&

eaüÝÐdH«§$ gwaº$mãO ZoÌ§ Ÿ& {dembm¡a g§JyT> OÌy§ gJm¡a§ Ÿ&
gwnrZàb§~mo gw~mhþ daoÊ`§ Ÿ& VwH$mam_ Ÿ&&7Ÿ&&
Zd ì`mo_d pñd¨Xw emHo$M ewŠb¡ Ÿ& {gV_mgo njo {VWm¡ e§^w Xodo Ÿ&
JVmW© eara§ Ohmo ~«÷^wV_² Ÿ& VwH$mam_ Ÿ&&8Ÿ&&
VwH$mam_ nÙmï>H§$ amKdmoº§$ Ÿ& lwUmo{dV ^ŠË`m nR>¡ : ÛmaX²J{MV: Ÿ&
ngJÀN>oX² nX§ em§^d Ë`º$ Xoh Ÿ& nwZZ}d _mVw gJ^©n`m{V Ÿ&&9Ÿ&&
Ÿ&& har › VËgV² na~«÷mn©U_ñVw Ÿ&&
Ÿ&& har › emÝVr Ÿ& emÝVr Ÿ&& emÝVrŸ&&&
lrVwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$( 2)

dmKwamV ew^« _yfH$ ggm ídmZ nm{hbm Ÿ&
amo{hVmg H$midrQ> H$moëhm g_moa _H©$Q> ~m§{Ybm Ÿ&
_hmÛmar qnOè`mV ewH$njr ~mo{bbm Ÿ&
Z_Z _mPo òhioJm§dr VwH$mam_ gmYwbm Ÿ&& 1 Ÿ&&
A§JUmV H$amo{Z AmS> Am{X_m`m ñWm{nbr Ÿ&
X{jUog ~mJ nhm _Üò ~mad ~m§{Ybr Ÿ&
{XZ-aOZr ÔZr nyOZr {eî`_oim XmQ>bm Ÿ&
_R>mdaVr H$ê$Zr _mS>r {MÌemim H$m{T>br Ÿ&
JmoMañdm_r _hmamOm§Mr _y{V© AmV ñWm{nbr Ÿ&
Ë`m§Zr _mPm Yê$Zr hmV M_ËH$ma Xm{dbm Ÿ&
`mÌm Ambr Xe©Zmgr n¡ZJ§Jm Vrambm Ÿ&

âbr n¡ZJ§Jm ê$I Vmê$ Á`mZo bmo{Q>bm Ÿ&
\w$Q>Vm ê$I KoVm Zm_ Ambo n¡bVrambm Ÿ&
VéUr Ambr Xe©Zmgr {VMm hmV Y[abm Ÿ&
OmD$Zr {VÀ`m _§MH$mdar ñdñW Ago {ZObm Ÿ&
OZ òdyZr nhmVr S>moim {VMm ~mi Omhbm Ÿ&
hmVmdaVr _mê$Zr hmV Yam åhUmo{Z nimbm Ÿ&
niVm niVm {eUbo ~hþ hmVr Zmhr bmJbm Ÿ&
nmhwZr Ë`mMm ewÕ ^md Ë`mgr VoWo ôQ>bm Ÿ&
gXmo{XV AmZ§XmV hmñ`dXZ gd©Xm Ÿ&
hmVr {Mbr_ gd©H$mi Zgo Ë`mMr _`m©Xm Ÿ&
Z R>o{dVm A¾rdar Yy_« Á`mZo H$mT>rbm Ÿ&
C_aIoS> gaH$ma òhioJm§d Xa~ma Ÿ&
Jwê$ {MÝ_`mZ§X Zm_o hmoV Ago JOa Ÿ&
KS>moKS>r gmIaoMm àgmX Á`mZo dmQ>rbm Ÿ&
gXmo{XV Aï>H$mgr nR>Z Oo H$m H$[aVr Ÿ&
BhbmoH$s gm¡»` ^moJmoZr ~«÷nXm OmVr Ÿ&
lrnVrMm dm_ZnwÌ Z_ñH$ma ~mobrbm
Z_Z _mPo òhioJm§dr VwH$mam_ ñdm_rbm Ÿ&
Z_Z _mPo òhioJm§dr Jwê$ VwH$m_mB©bm Ÿ&&
lrVwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mo nX
òhioJm§d òWo VwH$mam_ g§V, òhioJm§d òWo VwH$mam_ g§V &
A§JUmV AmS> nwT>o g^m_§S>n, Q>mi_¥X§J ÔZmMm JOa &&
òhioJm§d òWo VwH$mam_ g§V, òhioJm§d òWo VwH$mam_ g§V &&1&&
nmfmUmMr g_mYr, gmoÝ`mMm H$ig, cm{dcr Vwig d¥§XmdZr &
{ndim {nVm§~a Mm§XrMm _wJwQ>, cm{dcm Z§XmXrn XodimV &
hma Kodmo{Z`m _§{XamV Joco, Xe©Z Pmco gX²Jwê§$Mo &&
- H¡$. lr_Vr dËgcm~mB© {XJ§~aamd
Xoe_wI, H$m_R>oH$a
lr nyUm©Z§X _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$

ho ñdm_rZ² H$éUmH$c Jwédam cmoH$m§VamYrídam &
~«÷oemZ² h[añdê$n ^JdÝXodm X`mgmJam &&
Vmamdo gX`m à^mo eaU _r Amcmo JwéËdËnXm &
nyUm©Z§XnXmg d§XZ Agmo, _mPo gXmgd©Xm &&1&&
H$m_mar ZJarV OÝ_w{Z Jwamo Ho$co OJm nmdZ &

Vmarco Hw$cAmßV _yT> OS>hr gËn§Wr Ë`m cmdyZ &&
^mdo {MÝ_`_y{V© gX²Jwê$dam, g§ny{Oòco gXm &
Ë`mJmo{Z Hw$iH$Uud¥Îmr gXZm J«m_m _{h d¡^dm &
eodmim ZJarV amhÿ{Z Jwamo, Amam{Yco _mYdm &&
Ho$co aå` Vgo nwaíMaUMr Jm`Ìr hr _wXm &
Jmo^y_r YZYmÝ` d¡^d {ÛOm§ Xodmo{Z g§Vmo{fco &
^mdo fS´>g AÝZXmZ H$ê${Z, gdmªg g§V{n©co &&
ào_o Jm¡a{dco Jwê$ A{VWrcm d§Xÿ{Z`m VËnXm &
nyUm©Z§X nXmg d§XZ Agmo, _mPo gXmgd©Xm &&4&&
Jmh©ñWml_ hm gwaå` H$ê$Zr _mojmW©hr gm{Ycm &
Ho$co Jm§JOcm K¥Vm CR>{dcr H$Ý`m _¥Vm YoZwcm &&
^ŠVoÀN>m n[anyU© XoD${Z H$[a _mojm{XH$m g§nXm &
Aï>m^«mï> Hw$em{cdmhZeH$s J«mî_mV gm¡å`m`Zr &
Áòð>r ewŠc MVwX©er Hw$O{XZr g§Ý`mg hmo KoD${Z &&
cmoH$s XmI{dcm gwaå` nW hm OmÊ`mg gpÀMËnXm &
nyUm©Z§X nXmg d§XZ Agmo _mPo gXmgd©Xm &&6&&
Aï>m^«mï>Yam eH$moXJ`Zr J«rî_r ì``mÛm§Var &
Áòð> H¥$îUXcr `_m»` {V{Wcm amÌr Jwédmgar &&
Ë`mJmo{Z Jwê$ nm§M^m¡{VH$ dnw Joco ñdH$s`m nXm &
nyUm©Z§XnXmg d§XZ Agmo _mPo gXmgd©Xm &&7&&
H$mct d¥ï>r Agmo gwnrH$ dgwYXm amï´>r Agmo em§VVm &
Zm§Xo cmoH$m gwImV {ZË`{M Agmo XrKm©`wamamo½`Vm &
amhmo {ZË` H¥$nm{M am_ {dZdr dmarJwamo AmnXm &
nyUm©Z§X nXmg d§XZ Agmo _mPo gXmgd©Xm &&8&&
lr am_mZ§X _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$

lr Am¡Xþ§~aJ«m_ ñdJ© Xþgao ^mgo OZm ^ydar &
OoWo {MÝ_`_yVuMm _R> Ago Ë`m aå` nrR>mdar &&
Pmco Oo Jwê$ em§VXm§V gw_{V ~«÷Ê` ^ŠVm{V©hm &
am_mZ§X nXmaqdX gwagm godmo _Zmo^¥§Jhm &&1&&
Á`m§Zm ^mg{V gd© ~«m÷U OJr àË`j ho B©ída &
Á`m§Zm {ZY©Z dm YZr g_ Ago lÕmÝZXmZmda &&
Á`m§Mr Eogr H$sVuM __^dm dmgo A{V Xþ:ghm &
^moñdm_r H$éUm H$am _Odar ZmWm X`mgmJam &
_mVo fS²>[anw Jm§{OVr à~c ho Amem Vem XþY©am &&
`mcmJr VwO nmdcmo eaU _r dmar à^mo Vmn hm &
OmB© H$mi d¥WmM gX`m {OdËdmhr M§Mc &
ËdËnmXmM©Zhr KS>o Z _Ocm H¡$gr J{V hmoB©c &&
Amho _§X_{V Vwåhm KS>rKS>r Vmar VwPm Xmg hm &

Pmcmo ~mcnUr gw_½Z OZZr ñVÝ`m_¥Vm godZr &
VméÊ`mV Vy{M ^mgcr _O Jwé H$m§Vm Hw$cñdm{_Zr &&
dmY©Š`mV VZwg òV OS>Vm `mcmJr àmWuV hm &
ho ZmWm __ Vy {nVm OZZrhr Vy ~§Yy Vy gmoàm &
_mPm {_Ì Var OJmV gI`m Vy{M Zgo Xþgam &&
ÌmVm VyM _cm åhUmo{Z MaUmg§pÝZY Amcmo nhm &
n§MmãYr JO _yfH$m§V Jwê$Or _mojmàVr nmdVr &
hmoVr ^mÐnXr` fð>r {VWr Vr dfm© F$VwVrc Vr &&
B§Xþdmga H¥$îUnjhr Vgr hmoVm Agm H$mc hm &
gm§Jo emñÌ OJmV loð> JwéMr godm V`m gd©Xm &
Omo ^ŠVoï> _ZmoaWm{g nwadr dmamo{Z Jm AmnXm &&
àmWu Ho$edgwV am_ {ear `m R>odm H$am ^moê$ hm &
lr dmgwXodmZ§X _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$

Pmco gX²Jwê$ em§VXm§V gw_{V ~«m÷Ê` ^ŠVmVuhm &
dmgwXod nXmaqdX gwagm godmo _Zmo^¥§Jhm &&1&&
dmQ>o gd©hr ~«÷d¥§X Á`m§Zm àË`j{M B©ída &
ôXm Wmoa Z amd a§H$ dgcr lÕmÝZXmZmda &&
Á`m§À`m Ho$di Xe©ZoM ha{V ì`mYr A{V Xþ:ghm &
g{MÎmo ñ_aVm§ gXm JwénXm Vo ^moJhr g§nVr &
Vmam lr`{Vd`©ñdm_r _Oer _r crZ hmo ËdËnXr &&
dmam Vmn X`m{ZYo N>{iVr hmo ho f{S´>nw Ord hm &
XoB© R>md AVm Ëdao MaUr ~m Xmgmgr `m B©ídam &
H$_m©Km§V{M cmoQ>r Zm H$ar H¥$nm ZmWm X`mgmJam &&
^dnmer Jw§Vw{Z ~hþ {eUVgo M§Mc Ago Ord hm &
dmho A_¥V{g{Õ {ZP©a Aer dmUr O`mMr Iar &
{Okmgy Hw$Ur AmV© nmhÿ{Z V`m hmoB© H¥$nm {Z^©ar &&
"{eî`mMm H$aÊ`m {dH$mg l_Uo' Ü`mZr_Zr Ü`mg hm &
Z§XmXrn Ago Vwåhr CO{icm AÜ`mË_ doXm§V {Z &
lrJmoMa g§Vna§nam {Q>H${dcr, \$S>Ho$ ÜdOm ^ydZr &&
^ŠVmoÕmar H¥$nmKZm `{Vdam Xodm{YXodm _hm &
X`m j_m em§Vrê$no Ì` Aer Amnwcr Ago AM©Zm &
{gÕr~wÕrídam à^mo `{Vdam Úm Aml`m `m XrZm &&
XodmhÿZrhr loð> gX²Jwê$ Aer _hVr Ago hmo _hm &

lrMr {Xì` na§nam ~«rX Vgo Vr Mmcdr gmYZm &
A{YH$mar H$[aVr {Z`wŠV Jwê$Or KoVm MVwWm©l_m &&
MaUr crZ gXm à^mo `Vrídam nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X hm &
lr nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$

^mdo d§XZ ho Agmo gVV Ë`m nwéfmoÎm_mÀ`m nXm &&1&&
Omo H$m ^md~io VwH$mg VwHw${Z gËào_ Vo OmJdr &
gmoSy>{Z KaXma AmßVñdOZm gX²^ŠV g§Vmofdr &&
AmMmao ~adm Vnmo{ZYr nar Omo _mÝ` gdm©gXm &
lre§^y {ednyOZm{dZ O`m Zm Ü`mZ Vo A§Var &
gmjmX²Xe©Z XoD${Z {ed gXm Á`mVo ñdò CÕar &&
R>odyZr {ZOhñV _ñVH$s VXm dmarV gdm©nXm &
Amcm `moJ VerM ^m½`K{Q>H$m hmo gX²Jwê$ Xe©Z &
Pmcr nyU© H¥$nmM Ñï>r ~adr Vr coV kmZm§OZ &&
Ho$co YÝ`hr dmgwXod `VrZo ~«÷mpñ_ VXm &
H$moUrhr Oar lm§V dm jw{YV ò VoWo V`m Xe©Z &
Zmhr Zm åhUUo Hw$Umg H$Yrhr hmo {ZË` g§Vn©U &&
Á`m§Zr ôX Z R>o{dcm C_Jy{Z ZmamÙmÀ`m nXm &
XodmMo Ka Ë`m_Yrc AdKo _mPo gIo gÁOZ &
Zmhr ôX Hw$UmV EH$ ZQ>cmo _r EH$ ZmamÙ &&
Á`mMm ^md Ogm VgoM \$i Ë`m _r XoVgo gd©Xm &
Zmhr gmZ VgmM Wmoa Hw$Urhr gdm©Ë_Ñï>rnwT>o &
{dídr EH${M lrhar gXmM ~KVmo gdm©g _mJonwT>o &&
AmOr Xe©Z Omhco __ _Zr YÝ`mo@pñ_ dmQ>o gXm &
Zmhr A§V VgmM nma Vw{P`m Xodm H¥$nmqgYycm &
cmoH$s AmMê${Z gXmM n[a Omo lram_{M Omhcm &&
^ŠVm§À`m _ZH$m_Zm nwa{dÊ`m Vy {gÕ H$s gd©Xm &
AmVm H$mhr Z _mJUo Jwédam ^ŠVm§g Vy EH$cm &
Amerdm©X VwPm Agmo gVV H$s Úmdr _{V {Z_©cm &&
gdmªÀ`m _ZrMo hê${Z gX`m {H$pë_f {Z AmnXm &
lr nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamOm§Mo nX
AZw^d _mPm hm n{hcm, OmJ¥{V öX`r Jwê$ âcm &
JwénXr a{Mco _Z _mPo, XrZX`mim JwéamOo &&
gmYZ Xþgao H$mhr gyMoZm, JwédmMmo{Z AÝZ ê$MoZm &
nmhVm nmhUo Pmco _§X, ào_agr a{Vco nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X &
Yarco MaU _r gmoS>rZm, H¥$nm Ho$ë`mdmMmo{Z {dÝ_wI &
naVmo{Z _r OmB©Zm &&
- H¡$. lr_Vr dËgcm~mB© {XJ§~aamd
Xoe_wI, H$m_R>oH$a
lr dm_ZmZ§X _hmamOm§Mo Aï>H$

lrgX²Jwê$ dm_ZmZ§X d§XZ Vwåhm gmï>m§J ^mdo gXm &&1&&
àn§Mr __Vm H$Yr Z YaVm cmo^mV Zm Jw§Vco &
cmoH$s amhþZr Xþï> nwï> Ii ho gÝ_mJu cmdr`co &&
g§Ý`mgr AgyZr àdmhn{VVm Û§Ûmgr Vmar gXm &
ì`mYr Ìmg AVrhr AgVm H«$moYmgr Zm Xm{dVm &
ôXmôX _ZmV H$Yr Zmhr H$Yr ÛofVm &&
^moJo Xþ:I gwImXr gmê${Z {ZOmZ§Xmg _mZr gXm &
H$Uu Xþï> H$R>moa eãX nS>Vm _mZr ~hþ hf© hm &
hm{ZMm H$Yr emoH${d`moJ Z YaVm amho AmZ§Xr gXm &&
Mmco ^md Yamo{Z {MÝ_`nXr gwpñWa em§Vr gXm &
_mòMr ~hþ g§nXm Z JUVm `moJr `{V Omhcm &
{gagmim ew^J«m_ Ë`mJy{Z _hmn§Wmgr `m cmJcm &&
lr Am¡Xþ§~a J«m_joÌr a_cm nwéfmoÎm_mÀ`m nXm &
àmaãYr gwI`moJ ^moJ AgVm lr_§Vrhr Ë`mJw{Z &
gdmªMo B{V H¥$Ë` Bï> H$aÊ`m hm EH$ ZmamÙ &&
XohmMo H¥$VH$_© Xþ:I Amnwco dmho Am`wî` gXm &
d_m}ÀMma H$Yr Z H$aVm d¡am½` Zm gmoS>rco &
XohmMr __Vm _Zr Z YaVm gd©ñd A{n©`co &&
ewÕmMma {dMma H$ê$Zr qcJmM©Zr gd©Xm &
AmVm H$m` {dd§MZm Jwédam Zmhr _Zr `mVZm &
Áòð>mMm _{hZm F$Vy J«rî_ hm Jocm adr {_WwZm &&
njr H¥$îU ^¥Jw Zd_rhr n§Mmjar crZVm &
^ŠVm amJ ZH$mo AZmda H$Yr Xmgmgr Ë`mJy ZH$mo &
H$m`m Šcoe ZH$mo OZr§ _yT> Aem g§JmV ~¡gy ZH$mo &&
_wacrYa {Ì{dH«$_ gwVm Vmar Jwê$ gd©Xm &
***

AmVm H$m§hr Z _mJUo Jwédam, ^º$m§g Vy EH$bm Ÿ&
Amerdm©X VwPm Agmo gVV H$s Úmdr _{V {Z_©bm Ÿ&&
gdmªÀ`m _ZtMo hamoZr gX`m {H$pë_f {Z AmnXm Ÿ&
^mdo d§XZ ho Agmo gVV Ë`m nwéfmoÎm_mÀ`m nXm Ÿ&&
{MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamO H$s O` Ÿ&

lr gX²Jwê$ ghOmZ§X ~«÷mZ§X nyUm©Z§X _hmamO H$s O` Ÿ&
gpÀMXmZ§X _hmamO H$s O` &
nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamO H$s O` Ÿ& dm_ZmZ§X _hmamO H$s O` Ÿ&
AdYyV qMVZ lr JwéXod XÎm Ÿ& JmonmbH¥$îU ^JdmZ H$s O` Ÿ&
nmd©VrnVo haha _hmXod Ÿ& lr {díd§â _hmamO H$s O` Ÿ&
&&› M¡VÝ` ZdZmWm` Z_… && &&lrZmW O` ZmW O` O` ZmW &&

&& O` O` aKwdra g_W© &&
&& lr VwH$m_mB© g_W© OÒ` VwH$m_mB© g_W© &&

Omo Hw$N> h¡ gmo Vy hr h¡ &
&& O` VwH$m_m` &&
***

lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS>À`m
dm{f©H$ nwÊ`{VWr CËgdm§Mr na§nam
1) n.ny.lr gXmZ§X _hmamO nwÊ`{VWr H$m{V©H$ H¥$. 8
2) n.ny.lr ZmZm _hmamO nwÊ`{VWr AmpídZ H¥$. 7
(H$moWim, Vm. hXJmd, {O. Zm§XoS>)
3) n.ny.lr {dÇ>c qH$H$a _hmamO nwÊ`{VWr _mJ©erf© ew. 10
(nwgX, {O. `dV_mi)
4) n.ny.lr {MÝ_`mZ§X _hmamO nwÊ`{VWr d¡emI H¥$. 12
5) n.ny.lr ghOmZ§X _hmamO (JmoMañdm_r) AmpídZ ew. 12
nwÊ`{VWr
6) n.ny.lr gpÀMXmZ§X _hmamO nwÊ`{VWr d¡emI H¥$. 6
7) n.ny.lr VwH$mam_ _hmamO (~«÷mZ§X) nwÊ`{VWr Áòð> ew. 8
nwÊ`{VWr, òhioJmd, Vm. H$i_Zwar, _hmàgmX -
{O. qhJmocr Áòð> ew. 9
8) n.ny.lr {edam_mZ§X _hmamO nwÊ`{VWr _mJ©erf© H¥$. 14
9) n.ny.lr {ZË`mZ§X _hmamO nwÊ`{VWr lmdU H¥$. 13
10) n.ny.lr am_mZ§X _hmamO nwÊ`{VWr ^mÐnX H¥$. 6
11) n.ny.lr dmgwXodmZ§X _hmamO nwÊ`{VWr \$mëJwZ ew. 5
12) n.ny.lr nwéfmoÎm_mZ§X _hmamO nwÊ`{VWr _mJ©erf© ew. 4
13) n.ny.lr dm_ZmZ§X _hmamO nwÊ`{VWr Áòð> H¥$. 9

g§X^© J«§W
1) lr VwH$mam_ _hmamO M[aÌ (9 AÜ`m`m§Mr nmoWr) -

_R>m{YnVr - lr VwH$mam_ _hmamO g§ñWmZ, òhioJmd.
2) "{MÝ_`-{H$aU' -
{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ C_aIoS>Mo H$m`© d na§nam. boIH$ : S>m°. lram_
Xo. Mm¡Yar. àH$meH$ : lr Í`§. Zm. Hw$bH$Uu, Hw$b_wIË`ma, lr
{MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS>, {O. `dV_mi.
3) "lr VwH$m_mB© M[aÌ' -
boIH$ : Am.{d. AmR>dbo, àH$meH$ : lr ~«÷mZ§X _hmamO g§ñWmZ,
Zd~mJ (H$mJdmS>) {Oëhm: ~oiJmd
4) "lr ~«÷M¡VÝ` Jm|XdboH$a _hmamO' -
M[aÌ Am{U dmL²>_`, boIH$ : àm. Ho$.{d. ~obgao.
5) "lr ~«÷M¡VÝ` Jm|XdboH$a _hmamO' -
(M[aÌ d {eH$dU)- boIH$ : S>m°. à.Z. Omoer
6) "lrg_W© gX²Jwê$ ~«÷M¡VÝ` _hmamO Jm|XdcoH$a `m§Mr
àdMZo'- g§J«mhH$ : Jmo.gr. JmoIbo
7) "lrJwê$ na_h§g VwH$mam_ _hmamO (òhioJmd) M[aÌ'
(25 AÜ`m`m§Mr nmoWr) -
coIH$ : lr. M§Ð^mZ {dR>mo~m ~§Jio
8) "gX²Jwê§$Mo gX²Jwê$ - lr_V² na_h§g VwH$mam_ M¡VÝ`
(òhioJmdÀ`m lr VwH$m_mBªMo M[aÌ)' -
coIH$ : àm. à.nm§. nmR>H$, gmocmnya
9) "lrg§V H$Wm_¥V (lr XmgJUy _hmamO {da{MV)' -
àH$meH$ : lr XmgJUy _hmamO à{Vð>mZ, JmoaQ>o, {O. Zm§XoS>, {Vgar
Amd¥Îmr, lr nwéfmoÎm_ _mg ew. EH$mXer - 1921
10) "ñdmZ§X gwYmH$a' -
coIH$ : n.ny. lr ~«÷M¡VÝ` hZw_§V _hmamO, dmda{haoH$a.
11) "lrg§V am_~mny M[aÌ (nmoWr)' -
coIH$ : lr. VwH$mam_ Jwê$ nmR>H$, àH$meH$ - h.^.n. Jwéd`©
VwH$mam_ _hmamO, {ÛVr`md¥Îmr, B.g. 2004
12) lr MmVw_m©g B.g. 2012, òhioJmd ñ_a{UH$m
13) "Hw$V©S>rMr OJX§~m' -
g§H$cH$ : lr. H$m§Vamd cú_Uamd Hw$V©S>rH$a,
àH$meH$ - n.ny. lr_mYdmZ§X _hmamO, C_aIoS>
14) A_¥VdmUr - coIH$ : S>m°. _Zmoha dQ>uH$a
15) ghO ~mocUo {hV CnXoe - g§J«mhH$ : Jmo. gr. JmoIco
16) lr gX²Jwê$ crcm_¥V (nmoWr) - Jmonmi {dîUy \$S>Ho$
17) Jwê$J§Y - JodamB© MmVw_m©g 2014 ñ_a{UH$m
18) YÝ` hr Jm|Xdco ZJar - g§H$cZ : lr. dmgwXod nw§S>{cH$ Hw$cH$Uu
19) lr gX²Jwê$ ghOmZ§XZmW M[aÌ -
_R>m{YnVr, lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS> (26-6-2006)
20) lrJwéXod M[aÌ - g§H$cZH$Vm© : {dÚmdmMñnVr lrXÎmmÌo`
Y§wS>ramO H$drída emñÌr, lr dmgwXod {Zdmg, nwUo
21) A_¥V KwQ>Ho$ - lr~«÷M¡VÝ` hZw_§V _hmamO, dmda{haoH$a
22) ñn{e©V ñWmZo - lr M¡VÝ` ghò~wÕo
23) n.ny.lr VmË`mgmho~ Ho$VH$a `m§Mo AmË_d¥Îm - lr M¡VÝ`
àH$meZ, lrjoÌ hoã~pùi
24) "_wpŠVdoY', MmVw_m©g ñ_a{UH$m, C_aIoS>, B.g. 2007
25) MmVw_m©g ñ_a{UH$m, B.g. 2008, Am¡a§Jm~mX.
***
lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS>Mr àH$meZo
A.H«$. àH$meZmMo Zmd lÕm _yë` {_iÊ`mMo {R>H$mU
1) {MÝ_`{H$aU ({MÝ_`_yVu 100 -lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ

g§ñWmZ C_aIoS>Mo H$m`© d C_aIoS>
na§nam) JÚ nwñVH$ \$moZ 07231-238520
_mo. 9404851491
-lr VwH$mam_ _hmamO
g§ñWmZ, òhioJmd
_mo. 9421659030
2) lr. VwH$mam_ _hmamO M[aÌ 30 ---''---

(ZD$ AÜ`m`m§Mr Amodr~Õ
nmoWr)
3) lr VwH$m_mB© M[aÌ, 50 ---''---

ghmdr Amd¥Îmr
(JÚ nwñVH$)
4) lr_ËgX²Jêw $ ghOmZ§XZmW 25 ---''---

M[aÌ (Amodr~Õ nmoWr)
5) lr gX²Jêw $ M[aÌ 25 ---''---

(Amodr~Õ nmoWr)

lr {MÝ_`_yVu g§ñWmZ, C_aIoS>Ûmam
Amerdm©{XV / nwañH¥$V àH$meZo
A.H«$. àH$meZmMo Zmd lÕm _yë` {_iÊ`mMo {R>H$mU
1) "O` {MÝ_`mZ§X' grS>r 60 - C_aIoS> _R>

2) JmWm _mojJwê$§ Mr 60 - C_aIoS> _R>,
(pìh{S>Amo grS>r) - ñQw>{S>Amo H$m§MZ,
C_aIoS>
- qMVm_Ur {S>{OQ>c
ñQw>{S>Amo, C_aIoS>
3) gX²Jêw $ {MÝ_`mZ§X 100 C_aIoS> d òhioJmd _R>
M[aÌm_¥V
4) "VwH$mB© _mPr Jwé_mD$cr' 50 C_aIoS> d òhioJmd _R>

^pŠVJrVm§Mr grS>r
Q>rn :- darc gd© àH$meZo MmVw_m©gmV MmVw_m©gñWirgwÕm CncãY

hmoVmV. `m{edm` CncãY àH$meZo, grS>r B. ~m~V C_aIoS> d
òhioJmd _R>mVyZ AÚ`mdV _m{hVr ¿`mdr.
***

òhioJmd (VwH$mam_), Vm. H$i_Zwar, {O. qhJmobr
(_amR>dmS>m-_hmamï´>) òWo H$go Omdo?
(nrZ H$moS> H«$. 431 702)
1) Zm§XoS> Vo qhJmobr `m Eg.Q>r. ~gÀ`m _mJm©da H$m_R>m (KmoS>m) `m
\$mQ>çmdê$Z òhioJmd 5 {H$._r. A§Vamda Amho. `m \$mQ>çmda
lr VwH$mam_ _hmamO g§ñWmZ, òhioJmd Ago Zmd {b{hbobr _moR>r
H$_mZ C^mabobr Amho.
2) Zm§XoS> Vo H$m_R>m \$mQ>m A§Va 52 {H$._r. d VoWyZ nwT>o òhioJmd
5 {H$._r. Ago EHy$U 57 {H$._r. A§Va Zm§XoS>-òhioJmd Amho.
VwaiH$ à_mUmV ~gog AmImS>m ~mimnya Vo hXJmd _mJ} H$m_R>m
(KmoS>m) OmVmV. Zm§XoS> Vo AmImS>m ~mimnya A§Va 47 {H$._r.
Amho. Ë`mÀ`mnwT>o S>m|JaJmd (nyb) d Ë`mÀ`mZ§Va H$m_R>m \$mQ>m
bmJVmo. AmImS>m ~mimnya Vo òhioJmd A§Va 10 {H$._r. Amho.
òWrc OwÝ`m ~g ñQ>±S>hÿZ Am°Q>moarjm d ImgJr OrnZogwÕm
dmhVyH$ Mmby AgVo. gm`§H$mir 6-6.30 Z§Va _mÌ dmhZo
CncãY hmoV ZmhrV. lrVwH$mam_ _hmamO g§ñWmZ, òhioJmd
(VwH$mam_) òWrb XyaÜdZr H«$. hm (02455) 245011 Amho.
VgoM lr. VwH$mam_ amOmam_n§V Ohm{JaXma (Jm|XrH$a) {XdmUOr
`m§Mm _mo.H«$. 9421659030 Amho.
3) qhJmobr Vo òhioJmd ìhm`m H$m_R>m \$mQ>m ho ~g ê$Q>Zo A§Va 37
{H$._r. Amho. VwaiH$ ~gog d ImgJr OrnZo dmhVyH$ MmbVo.
4) òhioJmd _R>mV ^m{dH$m§Mr {Zdmg, ^moOZàgmX AmXrMr
{Z:ewëH$ ì`dñWm Amho.
&& O` VwH$m_m` &&

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{Oëhm U
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gmVmam

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