I. Cagvra Da Seqsizmi 2 Ras Ar Nisnavs 'Cagvra 2

samuSao versia. gTxovT, citirebisTvis ar gamoiyenoT avtorTan SeTanxmebis gareSe.
I. Cagvra da seqsizmi 2
ras ar niSnavs `Cagvra~ 2

· `Cagvra~ ar niSnavs nebismier Seviwroebas an tanjvas 2
· `Cagvra~ ar niSnavs mxolod ukanono an tiranul mmarTvelobas 2
· Cagvra ar daiyvaneba diskriminaciaze 3
· Cagvra ar daiyvaneba mis Sedegebsa Tu simptomebze 3
ra aris Cagvra 4
· Cagvris sistemuri xasiaTi: galiis metafora 5
· Cagvris struqturuli xasiaTi: socialuri jgufi 6
· Cagvris agenti (vin aris mCagvreli?). Cagvris asimetriuloba 11
· Cagvris Zneli dasanaxoba: makroskopuli perspeqtivis aucilebloba; qalebis jgufad
aRiarebis dabrkolebebi; Cagvris aRiarebis asimetriuloba 13
· Cagvris sistemebis erTmaneTze arareducirebadoba da àrakrebiToba~ 15
Cagvris aspeqtebi 17
· eqspluatacia 17
· marginalizacia 20
· uZlureba 21
· kulturuli imperializmi 23
· Zaladoba 25
1
I. Cagvra da seqsizmi
am qveTavSi ganvixilavT ramdenime feministi avtoris pasuxs Tavis SesavalSi

gamoyofil pirvel kiTxvaze, anu kiTxvaze imis Sesaxeb, zustad ras niSnavs mtkiceba,
rom ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi qalebi iCagrebian? raSi mdgomareobs es Cagvra? sxva
sityvebiT, am qveTavis mizania, Cagvrisa da seqsizmis im cnebebis naTelyofa, romelTa
mniSvnelobiTac es sityvebi feminstur TeoriebSi gamoiyeneba. amrigad, Cveni amocana aq
ZiriTadad konceptualuria. amitom Cagvrasa da seqsizms ganvixilavT zogadad,
konkretuli istoriuli droisa da adgilis Taviseburebebidan met-naklebad
ganyenebulad. ukve aRvniSneT da qvemoTac araerTgzis gavusvamT xazs imas, rom aseTi
universalizacia uaRresad problemuria; amis miuxedavad, niadagis mosamzadeblad,
sawyisi etapisTvis SegviZlia aseTi ganzogadebuli msjelobis ufleba mivceT Tavs.
Cagvrisa da seqsizmis cnebebis eqsplikaciisTvis feminsti avtorebis Semdeg
teqstebs daveyrdnobiT: merilin frais `Cagvra~ (frai 1983), sandra bartkis
`fsiqologiuri Cagvris Sesaxeb~ (bartki 1990), airis merion iangis `Cagvris xuTi saxe~
(iangi 1998), en qadis da lesli jounsis `seqsizmi~ (qadi da jounsi 2003). marTalia,
Cagvra da seqsizmi aSkarad gansxvavebuli cnebebia, feministur diskursSi isini axlos
dgas erTmaneTTan. uxeSi da winaswari gansazRvrebis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
`seqsizmis~ erT-erTi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa sqesis niSniT ganxorcielebuli Cagvra.
ras ar niSnavs `Cagvra~

Cagvris cnebis naTelyofis gzaze pirveli nabijis saxiT gamovkveToT am sityvis is
mniSvnelobebi, romlebiTac is SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi,
magram romelTaganac gansxvavdeba Cagvris is cneba, romelic centraluria feministuri
diskursisaTvis.
• `Cagvra~ ar niSnavs nebismier Seviwroebas an tanjvas

Cagvris Cveni cneba unda ganvasxvavoT im Zalian farTo mniSvnelobisgan, romelic
yoveldRiur enaSi SeiZleba hqondes am sityvas _ nebismieri Seviwroebis, usiamovnebis an
tanjvis mniSvnelobisgan. es viTareba kargad aqvs gamokveTili merilin frais: `[am
gamoyenebaSi] sityva `Cagvris~ mniSvneloba imdenad farTovdeba, rom TiTqmis kargavs
azrs _ TiTqos is moicavdes SezRudvis an tanjvis nebismier adamianur gamocdilebas
mizezis, xarisxisa da Sedegis miuxedavad... magram es uazrobaa _ adamianebi SeiZleba
sacodavebi iyvnen isec, rom ar iCagrebodnen...~ (frai 1983: 84).
• `Cagvra~ ar niSnavs mxolod ukanono an tiranul mmarTvelobas

sityva `Cagvris~ meore gavrcelebuli mniSvneloba, romelic aseve unda
ganvasxvavoT Cagvris Cveni cnebisgan, piriqiT, metismetad viwroa. am azriT `Cagvra~
niSnavs mmarTveli jgufis mier Zalauflebis sastiki an usamarTlo gziT gamoyenebas,
tiraniis ganxorcielebas. rogorc iangi SeniSnavs, gansakuTrebiT xSiria am sityvis
gamoyeneba erTi saxelmwifos an xalxis mier meoris dapyrobisa da koloniuri
batonobis konotaciiT (iangi 1998: 92). Cagvris es mniSvneloba mxolod mcire nawilia
imisa, rasac es sityva aRniSnavs Tanamedrove socialur TeoriebSi, feministuri
Teoriis CaTvliT.
2
• Cagvra ar daiyvaneba diskriminaciaze

Cagvris CvenTvis saintereso cnebis naTelsayofad iangi marjved iyenebs mis
Sepirispirebas diskriminaciis cnebasTan. is yuradRebas aqcevs im faqts, rom dasavlur
samyaroSi samarTlianobisa da usamarTlobis Sesaxeb dominantur diskursSi, iseve,
rogorc dominantur politikur diskursSi, xSirad sityva `diskriminacia~ gamoiyeneba
im konteqstebSi, sadac zogierTi memarcxene Cagvraze ilaparakebda. magaliTad, aSS-Si
SavkanianTa Cagvras xSirad `diskriminacias~ uwodeben. am tendenciis sapirispirod iangi
amtkicebs, rom Cagvris cneba arc emTxveva diskriminacis cnebas da arc daiyvaneba masze
miuxedavad imisa, rom diskriminacia xSirad aris Cagvris instrumenti, xolo
diskriminaciuli qmedeba Cagvris nawilia (iangi 1998: 92).
am or cnebas Soris iangi arsebiT gansxvavebas imaSi xedavs, rom diskriminacia
meTodologiurad individualisturi cnebaa. amiT is gulisxmobs, rom diskriminaciaze
mxolod iseT situaciebSi SegviZlia laparaki, sadac: (1) SesaZlebelia konkretuli
individis (an individTa jgufis), rogorc diskriminaciis msxverplis identificireba; (2)
SesaZlebelia konkretuli individis, rogorc diskriminaciis agentis (Camdenis)
identificireba; da (3) qmedeba cnobieria im azriT, rom SesaZlebelia imis Cveneba, rom
agentma icoda, rom misi qmedebebi an politika diskriminaciuli iyo (iangi 1998: 92).
Cagvra ki SeiZleba arsebobdes da xSirad arsebobs iq, sadac ar gvaqvs diskriminacia aq
dazustebuli mniSvnelobiT: maSinac ki, rodesac ar arsebobs maT winaaRmdeg aSkara
diskriminacia, zogierTi jgufis mimarT mainc xorcieldeba didi usamarTloba
`yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cveulebrivi procesebis~ Sedegad: xSirad keTili zraxvebis
mqone adamianebis aracnobieri daSvebebisa da reaqciebis, mediisa da kulturis
stereotipebis, biurokratuli ierarqiis, sabazro meqanizmebis struqturuli
Tvisebebis Sedegad (iangi 1998: 93).
diskriminaciis an tiraniisgan gansxvavebiT, Cagvra aRniSnavs sistemur da
struqturul fenomenebs da àm azriT sazogadoebis bazisuri qsovilis nawilia da ara
_ ramdenime adamianis arCevanisa da politikuri kursis funqcia. struqturuli Cagvris
eliminacia SeuZlebelia mmarTvelTa CamogdebiT an raRac axali kanonebis miRebiT,
radgan wamyvan ekonomikur, politikur da kulturul institutebSi xdeba Cagvris
sistemurad kvlavwarmoeba~ (iangi 1998: 92).
• Cagvra ar daiyvaneba mis Sedegebsa Tu simptomebze

Cagvris fenomenze saubrisas, bunebrivia, yuradRebis centrSi eqceva Tavad im
adamianTa cxovreba, romlebzec vambobT, rom iCagrebian. Cagvris fenomenebis Sesaxeb
mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs monacemebi sxvadasxva socialuri jgufis
warmomadgenelTa cxovrebis xarisxis sxvadasxva aspeqtis Sesaxeb: ramden xans cocxlobs
da ramdenad janmrTeli atarebs Tavis cxovrebas, rogor ganaTlebas iRebs, ra tipis
samuSaos asrulebs, rogor xelfass iRebs da a.S. ama Tu im jgufis warmomadgeneli.
aseTi statistikuri monacemebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs rogorc feministur, ise
sxva emansipaciur (antirasistul, socialistur, antikolonialistur da a.S.)
diskursebSi da xSirad centraluri wanamZRvaria Cagvris realurobis dasasabuTeblad
motanil argumentebSi. aseT argumentebSi am monacemebis adgilze ufro detalurad
qvemoT visaubrebT (gv). axla mxolod mokled SevniSnoT, rom es statistikuri
monacemebi, TavisTavad, mxolod da mxolod faqtebia, romlebic axsnas moiTxovs.
sxvadasxva Teoretikosma isini SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad axsnas da aseT SesaZlo
axsnaTagan mxolod erT-erTi iqneba maTi warmodgena, rogorc mocemul sazogadoebaSi
adamianTa ama Tu im jgufis Cagvris Sedegisa. amgvari hipoTezis wamoyenebis Semdeg
aucilebelia sxva sabuTebis moZebna, romlebic mas damajereblobas Sematebs da
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alternatul axsnebTan SedarebiT mis upiratesobas aCvenebs. saboloo jamSi, es mizani

saukeTesod iqneba Sesrulebuli im konkretuli meqanizmebis CvenebiT, romlebiTac
warmoiSoba aRniSnuli Sedegebi da romlebSic mdgomareobs Cagvra.
am sakiTxs, rogorc iTqva, ufro detalurad qvemoT ganvixilavT. aq mas Semdegi
mniSvnelovani viTarebis gamosakveTad SevexeT: Cagvris CvenTvis saintereso cneba unda
ganvasxvavoT imisgan, rac SeiZleba Cagvris Sedegad an simptomad migvaCndes.
magaliTisTvis, vTqvaT, aRiarebulia, rom qalebs Cvens sazogadoebaSi masiurad aqvT
mamakacebze ufro naklebi Semosavali, naklebad ukaviaT mniSvnelovani politikuri
poziciebi, ufro xSirad arian Zaladobis msxverplni. feministi Teoretikosi
uTanasworobis am faqtebs imiT xsnis, rom Cvens sazogadoebaSi qalebi sxvadasxva saxis
Cagvras ganicdian. es imas niSnavs, rom misTvis Cagvra amxsneli cnebaa, romelic
aRniSnuli faqtebis mizezebs Seesabameba da ara _ Tavad am faqtebis simravles. sxva
sityvebiT, qalebis Cagvris faqti ar daiyvaneba zemoT CamoTvlilTa msgavsi
statistikuri faqtebis simravleze iseve, rogorc, vTqvaT, esa Tu is daavadeba ar
daiyvaneba misi simptomebis erTobliobaze.
es gansxvaveba mniSvnelovania Teoriuladac da politikuradac. aq, albaT,
zedmetia mizezis Sedegisgan gansxvavebis Teoriuli mniSvnelobis axsnaze SeCereba. misi
politikuri mniSvnelobac sakmaod aSkaraa: mosalodnelia, rom ama Tu im
emansipatoruli moZraobis dRis wesrigi araTanmimdevruli da TviTgamanadgurebeli
iqneba, Tu masSi es gansxvaveba gacnobierebuli da gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris. am
gansxvavebis gabundovneba xSirad antiemansipatoruli ritorikis erT-erTi iaraRic
aris. magaliTad, feministis mtkicebaze, rom politikaSi qalebis mcire monawileoba
qalTa Cagvris erT-erTi gamovlinebaa, xSirad sarkastulad pasuxoben: ìqneb
qalebisTvis savaldebulo gavxadoT politikuri aqtiuroba~.
am sakiTxze kidev erTi mniSvnelovani SeniSvna unda gavakeToT: gansxvaveba Cagvras,
rogorc mizezsa, da uTanasworobis sxvadasxva formebs, rogorc Sedegebs, Soris
gulubryvilod da sworxazovnad ar unda gavigoT. socialur fenomenebze zogjer
azrianad da aratrivialurad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi awmyoSi arseboba aris maTi
momavalSi arsebobis mizezi, nawilobriv mainc. erTi SexedviT es ucnaurad JRers,
magram xSirad swored aseTi ram igulisxmeba, roca vambobT, rom esa Tu es socialuri
fenomeni TviTreproducirdeba. magaliTad isev politikaSi monawileoba rom aviRoT, is
faqti, rom mocemul sazogadoebaSi mocemul dros politikur Tanamdebobebze Zalian
cota qalia, qalTa politikuri karieris xelisSemSlel sxva faqtorebTan erTad,
Tavadac aris erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc konkretuli qalebi ver an ar ikeTeben
politikur karieras da, amdenad, erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom politikur elitaSi
arsebuli sqesobrivi disbalansi arsebobas agrZelebs. amrigad, Cagvris, rogorc
mizezis, gansxvaveba uTanasworobis zogierTi formisgan, rogorc misi Sedegisa da
simptomisgan, ar gamoricxavs imas, es Sedegebi Tavadac iyos sakuTari arsebobis
mizezSedegobrivi faqtori, anu Tavadac asrulebdes garkveul rols Cagvris im
meqanizmebis muSaobaSi, romlebic maT warmoSobs. am SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswineba
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania diskusiebSi, romlebic exeba socialuri usamarTlobis
Semsubuqebis mizniT iseTi saSualebebis gamoyenebis gamarTlebulobas, rogorebicaa e.
w. pozitiuri diskriminacia an kvotireba.
ra aris Cagvra
aqamde Cagvris cnebas vaxasiaTebdiT negatiurad _ imaze laparakis gziT, Tu rasTan
ar unda gavaigivoT is. am gziT mainc mivediT Cagvris pirvel zogad gansazRvrebasTan,
rogorc sazogadoebis sistemuri da struqturuli maxasiaTeblisa, romelic adamianTa
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garkveuli jgufis Seviwroebis mizezia. es daxasiaTeba, udavod, jer-jerobiT Zalian

mwiri da sqematuria da SinaarsiT Sevsebas saWiroebs. magram is ukve Seicavs ramdenime
gasaReb ideas, romelTa garSemoc davalagebT CagvrasTan dakavSirebul mosazrebebs. es
ideebia Cagvris, rogorc sistemuri fenomenis gageba da mixvedra, rom Cagvris obieqtia
garkveuli socialuri jgufi, rogorc aseTi.
• Cagvris sistemuri xasiaTi: galiis metafora

Cagvris cnebis pozitiuri eqsplikaciis amocanas aZnelebs is garemoeba, rom,
Cagvris bevri sxvadasxva forma Tu nairsaxeoba arsebobs da Zneli mosaZebnia iseTi
niSani an niSanTa jgufi, romelic saerTo aqvs Cagvris yovel konkretul SemTxvevas.
zogierTi feminsiti avtori, magaliTad, airis iangi, fiqrobs, rom àr arsebobs
atributi an atributebis jgufi, romelic saerToa yvela Cagruli adamianisTvis...
[amitom SeuZlebelia] Cagvris cnebis mkacrad gansazRvra, anu raime mkafio sazRvriT
Semofargvla~ (iangi 1998: 91). sanacvlod is Cagvris calkeuli kategoriebis
daxasiaTebas gvTavazobs, romelTac qvemoT ganvixilavT. iangisgan gansxvavebiT,
zogierTma feministma scada, Cagvris an, sul mcire, qalTa Cagvris zogadi daxasiaTeba
moeca. aseTi cdis erT-erTi klasikuri nimuSia merilin frais `Cagvra~. am zogad
xedvaze dayrdnobiT gavagrZelebT Cagvris cnebis Cvens eqsplikacias.
frai Cagvris universalur niSnad miiCnevs imas, rom Cagrulis cxovreba
SezRudulia da formirebulia garegani ZalebiT da barierebiT, romlebic: (1) ar aris
SemTxveviTi an sporaduli da, amdenad, Tavidan acilebadi, aramed isea sistemurad
urTierTdakavSirebuli, rom gamoricxavs maTgan Tavis daRwevas romelime
mimarTulebiT moZraobiT; (2) adamianis arCevans zRudavs alternativebis Zalian mcire
raodenobiT, romelTaganac yvela wamgebiania misTvis. ès aris galiaSi
gamomwyvdeulobis gamocdileba: yvela gza yvela mimarTulebiT gadaketilia~ (frai
1998: 85).
galiis metaforis saSualebiT frai Cagvris or mniSvnelovan Tvisebas gamokveTs,
romelTagan erT-erTia Cagvris sistemuri xasiaTi: arc erT calkeul rkinis ReroSi,
romlebisganac galiaa Sekruli, araferia iseTi, rac galiaSi damwyvdeul Cits Tavis
nebaze gafrenaSi SeuSlida xels: vidre galiis erT Reros vuyurebT ise, rom
danarCenebs ver vxedavT, ver davinaxavT, ratom ar SeuZlia Cits, mas garSemo
Semoufrinos da sadac unda, iq gafrindes. mxolod maSin SevZlebT davinaxoT, Tu ratom
ver midis is versad, roca erTi nabijiT ukan davixevT da makroskopulad SevxedavT
mTel galias. mxolod ase davinaxavT, rom Citi moqceulia sistemurad
urTerTdakavSirebuli barierebis qselSi, romelTaganac, calke aRebuli, mas verc erTi
xels ver SeuSlida gafrenaSi, magram romelTa erTobliobac nebismier dilegze
aranakleb SemzRudavia. frai fiqrobs, rom, zustad analogiurad, qalebi maTze moqmedi
sxvadasxvagvari Zalebis qselSi arian moqceulebi: ekonomikuri siduxWire, specifikuri
samsaxurebiT SezRudva, seqsualuri Seviwroeba, sqesis niSniT diskriminacia,
urTierTsapirispiro molodinebi da Sefasebebi maT mimarT, rogorc qalebis, colebisa
Tu dedebis mimarT, damokidebuleba qmrebze, mSoblebze an saxelmwifoze, politikuri
ideebis erTguleba, rasobrivi Tu eTnikuri jgufis mimarT loialoba da sxva. rogorc
galiis galiad yofnaa makroskopuli movlena, isea cxovrebiseul situaciebSi qalebis
Cagvra makroskopuli movlena – arc erTi ar Cans mikroskopuli perspeqtividan (frai
1998: 85-87).
Cagvris am sistemuri Tu `makroskopuli~, rogorc Tavad frai uwodebs, xasiaTis
ilustraciisTvis SegviZlia aseTi situacia warmovidginoT: vTqvaT, romelime
konkretuli qalis _ magaliTad, moZalade qmris Tavdasxmebis msxverplis _ Seviwroebis
5
SemTxvevas ganvixilavT da vamtkicebT, rom is zogadad qalebis Cagvris gamovlinebaa.

amaze gavrcelebuli pasuxia, rom Cvens sazogadoebaSi (zogierTi sxva sazogadoebisgan
gansxvavebiT) am qalisTvis da nebismieri sxvisTvisac arsebobs gamosavali: mas SeuZlia
ganqorwineba moiTxovos da uCivlos kidec moZalades. aseTi pasuxi imis magaliTia,
rasac frai `mikroskopul~ an `miopur~ perspeqtivas uwodebs, radgan masSi
ugulebelyofilia yvela is faqtori (`galiis danarCeni nawili~), romelTa gamoc
SemoTavazebuli `gamosavali~ sulac ar aris realuri gamosavali _ romelTa gamoc is
SeiZleba ganuxorcielebeli iyos an arsebul viTarebaze aranakleb arasasurvel
Sedegebs uqaddes subieqts. aseT faqtorebs Soris SeiZleba iyos qmarze an naTesavebze
ekonomikuri damokidebuleba, ojaxis wevrebis zewola, ganqorwinebuli qalebisa da
Zaladobis msxverplTa stigmatizeba sazogadoebaSi, tradiciuli warmodgenebi
qalisTvis Sesaferis saqcielze, Svilebis winaSe pasuximgeblobis CaTvliT, Tavad
subieqtsac rom eqneba internalizebuli, sasamarTlo sistemaSi da sxva oficalur
uwyebebSi qalebis aSkara Tu faruli diskriminacia (moxeleTa cnobieri Tu aracnobieri
seqsizmis CaTvliT), subieqtis mier sakuTari uflebebis, kanonebis, samarTaldamcavi Tu
sasamarTlo sistemis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebis arcodna da oficialur
struqturebTan efeqturi urTierTobisTvis saWiro unarebis arqona (risi mizezic
nawilobriv mainc is iqneba, rom sazogadoeba am codnis miRebisa da am unarebis
ganviTarebis pirobebs naklebad uqmnis qalebs) da sxva. Tu am faqtorebs erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad ganvixilavT, SeiZleba arc erTi maTgani ar miviCnioT gadaulaxavad,
cota maTgani iqneba saerTo ugamonaklisod yvela SemTxvevisaTvis da mosalodnelia,
rom ama Tu im konkretuli situaciaSi TiToeulis qmediTobis xarisxi Tavad situaciis
specifikur Taviseburebad warmogvidges (subieqtis cnobieri arCevanis, garemoebaTa
SemTxveviTi Tanxvedris, an raime sxva lokaluri specifikis funqciad). meore mxriv,
konkretuli situacia SeiZleba mTeli socialuri jgufis Cagvris epitomad
warmogvidges, Tuki mas relevantur farTo konteqstSi ganvixilavT.
rom SevajamoT, Cagvris sistemuri xasiaTi gulisxmobs, rom is arc raime erT
konkretul SezRudvaSi an barierSi mdgomareobs da arc mravali SezRudvisa da
barieris `meqanikur jamSi~, aramed maT sistemur erTobliobaSi. am SezRudvebidan da
barierebidan TiToeulis moqmedeba saxes ucvlis da aZlierebs danarCenebis efeqts,
amitom maTi muSaobis dasanaxad da gasagebad aucilebelia maTi erTobliobaSi ganxilva.
• Cagvris struqturuli xasiaTi: socialuri jgufi

Cagvris sistemuri xasiaTis sakiTxTan mWidro kavSirSia Cagvris cnebis kidev erTi
kritikulad mniSvnelovani aspeqti: Cagvraze saubari azriania mxolod garkveul
socialur jgufTan mimarTebaSi. isev frais metaforas Tu gamoviyenebT, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom es kidev sxva aspeqtia Cagvris dasanaxad makroskopuli perspeqtivis
aucileblobisa.
Cagvra socialuri TeoriisTvis relevanturi termini Tavidanve swored socialur
jgufTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobiT gaxda _ rogorc termini, romelic aRwers
zogierTi socialuri jgufis mdgomareobis garkveul specifikas. me-19 saukunis
marqsizmis, aseve, zogierTi me-20 saukunis Teoretikosis Tanaxmad, socialuri
TeoriisTvis (Sesabamisad, Cagvris cnebisTvis) relevanturi ZiriTadi socialuri
jgufebia sazogadoebaSi arsebuli klasebi. zogierTi axali memarcxene Teoretikosi,
amis sapirispirod, socialuri jgufebis iseT gagebas icavs, rom klass saerTod ar
Tvlis socialuri jgufis modelad. sxvebi afarToeben socialuri jgufis marqsistul
cnebas da klasTan erTad jgufis sxva tipebsac uSveben. rogorc vxedavT, socialuri
jgufis cneba Tavad aris intensiuri kvlevisa da debatebis sagani, magram, nebismier
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SemTxvevaSi, aseTi Tu iseTi gagebiT, is centraluria Cagvris Sesaxeb memarcxene

diskursisaTvis.
Cagvris cnebis socialuri jgufis cnebaze damokidebuleba airis iangs imdenad
kritikulad miaCnia, rom erT-erT mizezad imisa, rom dasavleTSi, gansakuTrebiT, aSS-Si
Cveulebriv sityva `Cagvras~ ar iyeneben am sazogadoebebSi arsebuli usamarTlobebis
saxelad, is imas Tvlis, rom aq gabatonebul socialur diskurss, romelic liberaluri
individualizmis diskursia, `Tavis socialur ontologiaSi ar gaaCnia adgili
struqturaciisa da socialuri jgufebisTvis~ (iangi 1998: 92).
amrigad, feministi Teoretikosebis mtkiceba, rom qalebi iCagrebian, ukve sityvebis
mniSvnelobaTa ZaliT gulisxmobs, rom qalebi gamorCeul socialur jgufs Seadgenen. es
ukanaskneli Tezisi udidesi mniSvnelobisaa feministur TeoriaSic da praqtikaSic, mis
garSemo feministuri debatebi erT-erTi yvelaze masStaburi iyo bolo ramdenime
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi da bolo dromde grZeldeba. masTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva
siZneles sagangebod ganvixilavT Sesabamis qveTavSi (gv). Tumca, masTan manamdec
araerTxel mogviwevs dabruneba qvemoT sxvadasxva konteqstSi, imdenad centraluri
mniSvnelobisaa is feministi Teoretikosebis didi nawilisTvis.
is avtorebic, romelTa teqstebsac am qveTavSi warmodgenili konceptualuri
analizisTvis veyrdnobiT, gansakuTrebul adgils uTmoben qalebis socialur jgufad
aRiarebis, rogorc qalTa Cagvris amocnobisa da gagebis winapirobis, didi mniSvnelobis
gamokveTas.
merilin frai, isev galiis metaforis gamoyenebiT, gveubneba: `swored rogorc qali
(an rogorc Cikana, rogorc Sevkaniani, rogorc azieli, rogorc lesboseli) aris
adamiani gamomwyvdeuli... roca svam kiTxvas, ratom gzRudaven, ratom geRobeba gzaze es
barieri, pasuxi ar exeba Sens individualur niWs an Rirsebas, uunarobas an nakls; is
exeba imas, rom xar raRac kategoriis wevri, romelic gagebulia, rogorc `bunebrivi~ an
`fizikuri~ kategoria. Tu individi iCagreba, is iCagreba imitom, rom ekuTvnis adamianTa
jgufs Tu kategorias, romelic sistemurad damcirebulia, zewolis qveSaa, uZravadaa
qceuli. amrigad, raTa adamiani vaRiaroT Cagrulad, is unda davinaxoT, rogorc
garkveuli saxis jgufs mikuTvnebuli~ (frai 1983: 87).
frai aqve aRniSnavs imas, rac feminist Teoretikosebs Soris TiTqmis sayovelTao
konsensusis kidev erTi punqtia _ qalebis socialur jgufad danaxvis gansakuTrebul
siZneles: `Zalian bevr adamians, qali iqneba Tu mamakaci..., ubralod ar sjera, rom qali
Cagruli xalxis kategoriaa, da me vfiqrob, rom es nawilobriv imis gamo xdeba, rom
isini tyuvdebian qalebis dispersiiTa da asimilaciiT klasobriv da rasobriv
sistemebSi, romlebSic kacebi arian organizebulebi. ekonomikur klasebsa da rasebSi
qalebis dispersia da asimilacia, garda amisa, praqtikulad da ekonomikurad
gvapirispirebs Cven erTmaneTTan da, amdenad, gviqmnis imis interess, rom ar SegveZlos
danaxva: zogierTisTvis es aris sakuTari upiratesobebis dakargvis SiSi, zogisTvis ki _
sxvebis privilegiebis Suri~ (frai 1983: 87).
am nawyvetSi gaJRerebulia meore talRis feministuri diskusiebis kidev erTi
gamWoli Tema _ SeSfoTeba imis gamo, rom qalebis sxvadasxva jgufuri identobebi da
loialobebi (saxeldobr, rasa da klasi) ara mxolod aferxebs maT mier TavianTi Tavis,
rogorc erTi socialuri jgufis, danaxvas, aramed aqtiurad apirispirebs kidec maT
erTmaneTTan, aTavsebs ra maT sxva emansipatoruli moZraobebis frontebis sxvadasxva
mxares. sxva sityvebiT, es aris SeSfoTeba imis gamo, rom rasobrivi da klasobrivi
identobebi SeiZleba abrkolebdes qalebs Soris solidarobis Camoyalibebas da,
Sesabamisad, maT mobilizacias TavianTi _ rogorc qalebis _ Cagvris winaaRmdeg. swored
7
qalebs Soris mravalferovani gansxvavebebis Temaa meore Tavis gamaerTianebeli, amitom

mas aq met dros ar davuTmobT.
Cagvris cnebisaTvis socialuri jgufis cnebis kritikuli mniSvneloba
gamokveTilia airis ianagis `Cagvris xuT saxeSic~. iangi sakiTxs ufro zogad WrilSi
ganixilavs. is cdilobs, gansazRvros socialuri jgufis is specifikuri cneba,
romelic relevanturia Cagvris cnebisaTvis: misTvis socialuri jgufi aris iseT
adamianTa erToba, romelTac saerTo aqvT (rogorc Tavad misTvis, ise garSemomyofTa
TvalSi) adamianis identobis ganmsazRvreli cxovrebis wesi (iangi 1998: 93). iangi
socialuri jgufis cnebas negatiuradac azustebs: socialur jgufs ganasxvavebs
adamianTa agregatisa da asociaciisagan. imave dros, is ar eTanxmeba arc marqsistul
Tvalsazriss, romelSic socialuri jgufis cneba dayvanilia ekonomikuri klasis
cnebaze, da arc mis sapirispiro Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac klasi saerTod ar
warmoadgens socialur jgufs.
asociaciac da agregatic, iangis azriT, meTodologiurad individualisturi
cnebebia da socialuri jgufis cnebis romelime maTganze dayvana am cnebis saerTod
arqonis tolfasia. rogorc ramdenime abzacis zemoT motanili misi citatidan
davinaxeT, swored am diagnozs usvams igi Tanamedrove individualuri liberalizmis
politikur diskurss.
agregats iangi uwodebs raime saerTo niSnis (atributis) mqone adamianTa nebismier
simravles _ aseTi saerTo niSani iseve SeiZleba iyos adamianis Tmis feri, simaRle an
misi avtomobilis marka, rogorc misi rasa, sqesi Tu religia. es cneba iangs ar
akmayofilebs socialuri jgufis modelad, radgan miaCnia, rom agregati meoradia misi
wevrebis mimarT: àgregatebis logika winaswar uSvebs substanciur cnebas pirovnebisa,
romelsac atributebi miewereba da am logikuri azriT pirovneba win uswrebs
koleqtivs. Tu socialur jgufebs agregatebad ganvixilavT, vgulisxmobT, rom jgufis
wevroba ar gansazRvravs pirovnebas, aramed ubralod aris atributebis erToblioba da
rom koleqtivi sxva araferia, garda am atributebis mqone individebis jamisa~ (iangi
1998: 93).
iangis azris ilustraciisTvis SegviZlia aseTi magaliTi gamoviyenoT:
warmovidginoT vaSlebis grova, romelSic sxvadasxva zomis, formis, feris da a.S.
vaSlebia Sereuli. TiToeuli am Tvisebis, aseve TvisebaTa TiToeuli kombinaciis
Sesabamisad grovaSi vaSlebis bevri sxvadasxva simravle gamoiyofa. magaliTad, SeiZleba
gvqondes wiTeli vaSlebis, yviTeli vaSlebis, mwvane vaSlebis, mrgvali vaSlebis, 200-
gramiani vaSlebis, Wiani vaSlebis simravleebi; kidev sxva iqneba wiTeli 200-gramiani
vaSlebisa da mwvane Wiani vaSlebis simravleebi, yviTeli 200-gramiani Wiani da xaliani
vaSlebis simravle da a.S. (ase moazrebuli simravleebidan zogierTi SeiZleba carielic
aRmoCndes). ioli dasanaxia, ra azriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am suraTSi vaSlebis esa Tu
is simravle (iangis enaze, agregati) meoradia masSi Semavali vaSlebis mimarT: yoveli
aseTi (aracarieli) simravlis arseboba damokidebulia Sesabamisi Tvisebebis mqone
vaSlebis arsebobaze maSin, rodesac ver vityviT, rom am Tvisebebis mqone romelime
konkretuli vaSlis arseboba raime azriT damokidebulia am Tvisebebis mqone vaSlebis
simravlis _ anu imave Tvisebebis mqone sxva vaSlebis arsebobaze. uTuod intuiciurad
misaRebia mtkiceba, rom ai am konkretuli wiTeli vaSlis arseboba damoukidebelia
danarCeni wiTeli vaSlebisgan da maTi simravlisgan garkveuli mniSvnelovani azriT,
romliTac wiTeli vaSlebis simravlis arseboba ar aris am an masSi Semavali romelime
sxva vaSlis arsebobisgan damoukidebeli. sxva sityvebiT es ase SeiZleba vTqvaT: es
wiTeli vaSli rac aris, is iqneboda maSinac, arc erTi sxva wiTeli vaSli, an saerTod
arc erTi sxva wiTeli sagani rom ar arsebuliyo, da maSinac, yvela sxva sagani wiTel
8
vaSlad rom qceuliyo. àgregatis~ modeli aq imdenad bunebrivad warmovadgineT, rom

ucbad SeiZleba is ualternativod mogveCvenos. imis dasanaxad, rom ase ar aris,
gavafarTovoT vaSlebis SesaZlo Tvisebebis wre. grovis romeliRac vaSli iqneba
yvelaze didi an yvelaze gemrieli vaSli, romeliRac sxvebze SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom isini
grovis marcxena an zeda nawilSia moTavsebuli da a.S. es Tvisebebi vaSlebs aqvs imis
mixedviT, Tu rogoria grovis sxva vaSlebi da am Tvisebebis mixedviTac SeiZleba
grovaSi vaSlebis sxvadasxva simravlis gamoyofa.1 iangis msjelobis ilustraciisTvis,
albaT, kargi iqneba kidev erTi nabiji gadavdgaT Cvens magaliTSi da davfiqrdeT imaze,
rogor ergeba agregatis cneba vaSlebis jiSebis mixedviT gamoyofil simravleebs. erTi
SexedviT, is faqti, rom es konkretuli vaSli, vTqvaT, sinafia, mis mier im Tvisebebis
qonaSi mdgomareobs, romlebic mas yvela sxva vaSlisgan damoukideblad aqvs: konkrtuli
forma, feri, aromati, konkretuli ujreduli Tu molekuluri struqtura,
konkretuli kauzaluri istoria (biologiuri procesebi, romelTa Sedegadac is
warmoiSva) da sxva. es xedva, albaT, garkveulad marTebulia, magram axla kiTxva ase
davsvaT: iqneboda es vaSli sinafi, arc erT sxva sinafs rom ar earseba arc adre da arc
axla, Tundac misi yvela individualuri Tviseba zustad igive yofiliyo? am Znel
kiTxvas aq Rias davtovebT da ase davasrulebT Cveni magaliTis gamoyenebas. frTxilad
unda viyoT, rom man metismetad ar gagvitacos da socialuri jgufis cnebasTan
pirdapiri analogiebis Zebna ar daviwyoT.
iangi SeniSnavs, rom socialur jgufebs asociaciebTan ufro xSirad aigiveben,
vidre agregatebTan. asociaciebSi is gulisxmobs formalurad organizebul
institutebs, rogorebicaa klubi, korporacia, politikuri partia, eklesia da sxva.
asociaciasa da socialur jgufs Soris mTavari gansxvaveba misTvis isaa, rom asociacia
sazogadoebis individualisturi kontraqtis models Seesabameba, anu, masSi wevrebi
individualuri cnobieri gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze Sedian (iangi 1998: 93). amdenad,
ra Tqma unda, asociaciac, rogorc agregati, individualisturi cnebaa im azriT, rom
ontologiurad individi win uswrebs asociacias da damoukidebelia misgan. iangi ar
uaryofs, rom ama Tu im asociaciis wevroba SeiZleba fundamentur gavlenas axdendes
adamianis cxovrebaze, magram xazs usvams, rom is mainc ar gansazRvravs adamianis
identobas iseTnairad, rogorc raime socialuri jgufis wevroba – magaliTad, navahos
tomis indielad yofna (iqve).
asociaciisa da agregatisgan gansxvavebiT, socialuri jgufi Tavad qmnis individs,
amtkicebs iangi. es mtkiceba or moments aerTianebs: erTi mxriv, adamianis warmodgenebi
da grZnobebi sakuTar meobasTan, istoriasTan, sxva adamianebTan dakavSirebiT, misi
azrovneba, Sefasebebi da a. S. yalibdeba im im jgufebis gavleniT, romelTa wevric is
aris. meore mxriv, sxvebis warmodgenebi adamianis Sesaxeb gansazRvrulia im jgufebTan
dakavSirebuli specifikuri atributebiT, stereotipebiT, normebiT, romelTac isini
mas miakuTvneben, xolo es warmodgenebi mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis
identobas. es yvelaferi ar niSnavs imas, rom adamianebs ar aqvT individualuroba, rom
maTi pirovnebis arcerTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti ar aris jgufuri identobebisgan
damoukidebeli, an rom maT ar SeuZliaT jgufuri identobis gadalaxva an masze uaris
Tqma. adamianis jgufuri identobebi cvalebadia da isini SeiZleba Seicvalos rogorc
cnobieri gadawyvetilebis Sedegad, ise mis gareSe. magaliTad, bevri qali uars ambobs
heteroseqsualur identobaze da lesboseli xdeba; aseve cnobieri gadawyvetilebis
1
amiT mivediT imasTan, rasac filosofiaSi Sinagan da garegan, zogjer ki absolutur
(aramimarTebiT) da mimarTebiT Tvisebebs Soris gansxvavebas uwodeben. marTalia, zogierTi
filosofosi uaryofs absoluturi (aramimarTebiTi) Tvisebebis arsebobas da es gansxvaveba
usafuZvlod miaCnia, Cvens konteqstSi masze apelacia usafrTxoa.
9
safuZvelze icvlis adamiani religiur identobas; meore mxriv, adamianebi sakuTari

gadawyvetilebisagan damoukideblad xdebian moxucebulebi. am magaliTebSi
mniSvnelovani isaa, rom sxvadasxva jgufis mimarT adamianis mikuTvnebulobaSi momxdari
cvlilebebi misi identobis cvlilebad ganicdeba. garda amisa, sayuradReboa, rom erTi
da igive adamiani, Cveulebriv, ramdenime sxvadasxva jgufs ekuTvnis da misi identobis
Sesabamisi asepeqtebi SeiZleba erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi aRmoCndes (iangi 1998: 93-94).
sainteresoa iangis pozicia socialur jgufsa da klass Soris mimarTebis Taobaze.
is eTanxmeba maT, visac klasi socialuri jgufis magaliTad miaCnia, magram garkveul
simarTles xedavs am Tvalsazrisis mowinaaRmdegeTa argumentebSic. saxeldobr, Tu
klass gavigebT, rogorc wminda struqturul cnebas, romelic ar ukavSirdeba
subieqturobas da identobas, maSin is marTla unda gaimijnos socialuri jgufis
cnebisgan. aseTi viwro mniSvneloba aqvs, iangis azriT, klass marqsis ekonomikur
TeoriaSi: is aRniSnavs mimarTebas warmoebis ZiriTad saSualebebTan (aris Tu ara
adamiani maTi mesakuTre, axdens Tu ara misi gadawyvetilebebi gavlenas kapitalis
moZraobaze) da mogebasTan (vin iRebs mas, vin wyvets, Tu vin miiRebs mas, vin monawileobs
mis miRebaSi ise, rom TviTon ar iRebs mas da a.S.). es struqturuli poziciebi
TavisTavad metismetad viwroa imisTvis, rom socialuri jgufebi gansazRvros. magram
iangi fiqrobs, rom sityva `klasi~ yoveldRiuri, arateqnikuri mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavs
imasac, rac adamianTa Soris interqaciisa da konfliqtis safuZvelia, identobas,
romliTac adamianebi erTmaneTs cnoben. am farTo mniSvnelobiT klasi erTdroulad
aRniSnavs rogorc socialur jgufs, ise struqturul poziciebs. ase, magaliTad,
sazogadoebaTa umravlesobaSi mmarTveli klasi socialuri jgufia: mis wevrebs
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs saerTo kultura da msoflmxedveloba, saerTo interesebi,
specifikuri institutebi; magram ar arsebobs erTi socialuri jgufi, romelic
emTxveva `muSaTa klass~ _ mmarTveli klasis korelats marqsistuli analizis mixedviT.
saSualo klasis profesionalebi da menejerebi, erTi mxriv, da warmoebisa da
momsaxurebis sferoSi dasaqmebuli muSaxeli, meore mxriv, sxvadasxva socialur jgufs
Seadgenen, kidev sxva socialuri jgufia Ratakebi, anu is, rasac zogierTi Teoretikosi
`deklasirebulebs~ uwodebs. Tavisi msjelobis am monakveTs iangi ase ajamebs: ìmdenad,
ramdenadac ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da saqmianobis sfero mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs
imas, Tu rogor esmis adamians sakuTari Tavi, rogor aRiqvams is socialur
urTierTobebs da sxva adamianebs, da imdenad, ramdenadac Cvens sazogadoebaSi aseT
ekonomikur mdgomareobas Taobdan Taobaze gadasvlis tendencia aqvs, klasebi udavod
aris socialuri jgufebi Cem mier ganxiluli azriT~ (iangi 1998: 94).
rogorc vxedavT, iangisTvis klasi socialuri jgufis nairsaxeobaa ara termin
`klasis~ viwro ekonomikuri mniSvnelobiT, aramed ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT,
romliTac, marTalia, klasi Seesabameba sazogadoebebis dayofas adamianTa ekonomikuri
mdgomareobisa da saqmianobis tipis mixedviT, magram ar daiyvaneba masze da damatebiT
moicavs identobis maformirebel aspeqts.
unda SevniSnoT, rom, Tumca iangi klasis viwrod struqturul cnebas marqsistul
ekonomikur TeoriasTan akavSirebs, klasis marqsistuli cneba ar gamoricxavs am meore,
identobis ganmsazRvrel aspeqts. marTlac, marqsizmis erT-erTi gasaRebi cnebaa
klasobrivi cnobierebis cneba, romelic sakmaod aaxloebs klasis marqsistul cnebas
socialuri jgufis iangiseul cnebasTan. Tavad marqsisTvis klasobrivi cnobiereba
klasis aucilebeli niSania: imisaTvis, rom adamianTa simravle klass Seadgendes, maT ara
mxolod erTnairi adgili unda ekavoT ekonomikur sistemaSi, aramed, aseve, raRac zomiT
unda acnobirebdnen TavianT msgavsebas da saerTo interesebs. am gacnobierebas
uwodebda marqsi klasobriv cnobierebas, romelic, mis Tanaxmad, aucileblad
10
adekvaturi ar aris (SeiZleba ideologiis gavleniT klasi arasworad xedavdes Tavis

interesebs, anu yalbi cnobiereba hqondes) (evansi 1975: 80). marqsTan da, gansakuTrebiT,
mis memkvidreebTan (am TvalsazrisiT istoriulad mniSvnelovania georg lukasi (lukasi
1923)) klasobriv cnobierebas ramdenadme gansxvavebuli, normatiuli mniSvnelobac aqvs:
klasobrivi cnobiereba YTaviseburi miRwevaa, romelic arasgziT ar aris nebismieri
klasisTvis garantirebuli da romelic klasma brZolis Sedegad unda moipovos. es
meore gageba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani resursia, romelsac marqsisti feministebi
iyeneben klasobrivi Cagvris marqsistuli analizis qalebis universalur Cagvraze
morgebisas.
• Cagvris agenti (vin aris mCagvreli?). Cagvris asimetriuloba

Cagvris CvenTvis saintereso cnebis kidev erTi Tavisebureba, romelic mas am
sityvis yoveldRiuri mniSvnelobisgan ganasxvavebs, is aris, rom romelime jgufis
Cagvra aucileblad ar gulisxmobs sxva jgufis arsebobas, romelic cnobierad da
ganzrax axorcielebs Cagvras.
am ideis asaxsnelad airis iangi Zalauflebis miSel fukoseul gagebas iyenebs:
fuko ukuagdebs Zalauflebis tradiciul models, romlis mixedviTac Zalaufleba
gaigeba, rogorc suverens (mmarTvelsa) da qveSevrdoms Soris binaruli mimarTeba. is
fiqrobs, rom Zalauflebas aqvs decentralizebuli, gafantuli, fragmentirebuli
xasiaTi da xorcieldeba ganaTlebis, biurokratiis, medicinis, samomxmareblo saqonlis
warmoebisa da gasaRebis da a. S. yoveldRiur praqtikebSi. Sesabamisad, iangis mixedviT,
Cagvris ganxorcieleba da SenarCuneba bevri individualuri agentis yoveldRiuri
cnobieri qmedebebis gziT xdeba, magram es ar niSnavs, rom es adamianebi aucileblad
mizandasaxulad da cnobierad Cagraven sxvebs. Tumca, iangi maSinve SeniSnavs, rom Tavisi
am poziciiT is ar uaryofs aSkara faqts, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi konkretuli adamianebi
ganzrax vneben Cagruli jgufebis wevrebs: `gaupatiurebuli qali, nacemi Savkaniani biWi,
warmoebis gangeb SeCerebiT umuSevrad datovebuli muSa an quCaSi Seuracxyofili
homoseqsualuri mamakaci _ TiToeuli maTgani aris identificirebadi agentis mier
Cadenili intenciuri qcevebis msxverpli~ (iangi 1998: 94-95).
mniSvnelovania, rom feministi Teoretikosebis mier Zalauflebisa da Cagvris aseTi
difuzuri, ùpirovno~ gageba ar niSnavs imas, rom isini uaryofen Cagruli jgufis
korelaturi privilegirebuli jgufis arsebobas. Tavad iangi gamokveTs, rom misi
pozicia ar gulisxmobs, TiTqos `konkretuli jgufebi sargeblobas ar iReben sxva
jgufebis Cagvrisgan da, amdenad, ar arian dainteresebulebi maTi Cagvris gagrZelebiT.
piriqiT, yvela Cagruli jgufisTvis arsebobs jgufi, romelic privilegirebulia am
jgufTan mimarTebaSi” (iangi 1998: 95).
Cagvris am asimetriul bunebas did yuradRebas uTmobs merilin frai. misi
`Cagvris~ (1983) erT-erTi mTavari Tezisi swored es aris: iq, sadac aris Cagvra da
Cagruli jgufi, arian mCagvrelebic da maTi usiamovnebebi da problemebi, rogoric ar
unda iyos isini, Tavad ar aris Cagvra.
Tavisi poziciis ilustraciisTvis frais ramdenime magaliTi mohyavs: amerikul
qalaqSi SavkanianTa getos arseboba gulisxmobs ara mxolod imas, rom getos mcxovrebni
mis farglebSi unda darCnen, aramed imasac, rom TeTrkanianebi masSi ar unda Sevidnen.
konkretuli TeTrkaniani adamiani SeiZleba dazaralebulad grZnobdes Tavs aseTi
sazRvrebis arsebobiT, romelTa gamoc mas ar SeuZlia Tavisuflad da usafrTxod
imoZraos getoSi, ucxo kulturis egzotikiT datkbes an sarfianad ivaWros iqaur iaf
maRaziebSi. metic, rogorc frai SeniSnavs, rasobrivi segregacia marTla azaralebs
TeTrkanian adamians _ gzas uketavs mas mniSvnelovani codnisken da aRmatebulebis
11
usafuZvlo grZnobas asazrdoebs masSi. magram amis gamo ar unda vTqvaT, rom getos
sazRvari erTnairad aris barieri am sazRvris sxvadasxva mxares myofi rasebisaTvis.
analogiurad, is viTareba, rom cixis kedlebi abrkolebs ara mxolod patimrebis gareT
gamosvlas, aramed gareT myofTa cixeSi Sesvlasac, ar niSnavs imas, rom isini patimrebsa
da gareT myofTaTvis erTi da imave mniSvnelobiTaa barierebi. kidev sxva magaliTia
saqmianobis sferoebis sqesis mixedviT ganawileba an is, rasac `sqesis rolebs~ uwodeben:
e. w. `qalis saqmis~ arsebobis Sedegia ara mxolod is, rom qalebi saqmianobaTa am viwro
sferoze arian mijaWvulebi da dabrkolebebs xvdebian sxva tipis saqmianobaSi, aramed
isic, rom kacebisTvis àkrZalulia~ `qalis saqme~ Tu `qalis roli~. konkretulma
mamakacma zogjer SeiZleba es barieri SezRudvad ganicados da vinmem SeiZleba isic
Tqvas, rom `sqesis rolebiT~ kacebic iCagrebian, magram am mtkicebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli
ar aris, rom sqesis niSniT moqmed barierebs, konkretuli istoriuli drois da adgilis
mixedviT, sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs maT sxvadasxva mxareze myofTaTvis, miuxedavad
imisa, rom isini orive mxarisTvis barierebia (frai 1983: 88-89).
barieris arseboba, TavisTavad, jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom Cagvris SemTxvevasTan
gvaqvs saqme. sanam barierSi Cagvras davinaxavdeT, pasuxi unda gavceT kiTxvebs: vin qmnis
da icavs am bariers? vis interesebs emsaxureba misi arseboba, an vin iRebs misgan
sargebels? kargad dafiqrebam SeiZleba dagvarwmunos imaSi, rom konkretuli barieri
saerTod ar aris Cagvris struqturis nawili; xolo roca aris, es Cagvra ar exeba
yvelas, visac barieri raime saxiT zRudavs (iqve).
wina abzacSi moyvanil magaliTebs rom davubrundeT, SavkanianTa getos sazRvari,
miuxedavad imisa, rom is mniSvnelovnad azaralebs TeTrkanianebs, ar aris TeTrkanianTa
Cagvris instancia, radgan ar aris TeTrkanianTa Cagvris raime ufro vrceli
struqturis nawili. meore mxriv, es barieri sistemur kavSirSia sxva barierebTan da
SezRudvebTan, romelTa erTianobac SavkanianTa Cagvris struqturas qmnis. is
TeTrkanianTa ganzraxvebis da qmedebebis produqtia da maTi privilegiebis SenarCunebas
emsaxureba. msgavsadve, frais azriT, qalebis sferos SemomsazRvreli barieri mamakacTa
mier aris Seqmnili da SenarCunebuli da maT interesebs emsaxureba. is nawilia im
struqturisa, romelic uzrunvelyofs mamakacTa privilegiebs: maTi, rogorc
moqalaqeebis, ufro maRal statuss, ukeTesad anazRaurebadi da ufro prestiJuli
samsaxurebis arCevans maTTvis, maT uflebas, umuSevroba amjobinon dabali statusis
`qalis~ saqmis keTebas, da sxva (iqve).
Cagvris asimetriulobis ilustraciisTvis frais kidev erTi kargi magaliTi
mohyavs. is ganixilavs mamakacisa da qalis qcevis specifikur SezRudvebs, romlebic
ZalaSia bevr sazogadoebaSi: mamakacebs ar SeuZliaT TavianTi emociebis (brazis garda)
Tavisuflad gamoxatva, vTqvaT, tiriliT, xolo qalebi mamakacebze gacilebiT ufro
SezRudulebi arian sxeulis moZraobebisa da mdgomareobebis TvalsazrisiT. es
SezRudvebi moqmedebs ara garegani barierebis, aramed socializaciis procesSi
internalizebuli normebis saxiT; maTi muSaoba adamianTa mier sakuTari qcevebis
kontrols emyareba (frai 1983: 89-90). SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom am SezRudvebis saxiT
saqme gvaqvs im elementarul faqtTan, rom sazogadoebaSi cxovreba aucileblad uwesebs
individs garkveul SezRudvebs, romelTaganac zogierTs aSkara pragmatuli mniSvneloba
aqvs (magaliTad, sagzao moZraobis wesebi), xolo sxvebs tradiciis Zala inarCunebs da
aSkara funqciuri gamarTleba ar aqvs. erTi SexedviT, qalisa da mamakacis qcevis
gansxvavebuli normebi socialuri SezRudvebis am meore jgufs miekuTvneba. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, arc ise aSkaraa, rom isini specifikurad romelime sqesis Cagvris meqanizmis
nawilia: am normebiT xom orive sqesis qceva izRudeba, marTalia, sxvadasxvagvarad. da
Znelia imis gansazRvra, Tu romeli sqesis mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebia ufro
12
SemzRudveli da Znelad Sesasrulebeli calkeuli individebisaTvis: konkretul

situaciaSi emociis gamoxatvisgan Tavis Sekaveba SeiZleba aranaklebad Zneli an
fsiqologiurad travmuli iyos romelime mamakacisaTvis, vidre ama Tu im fizikuri
moZraobisagan Tavis Sekaveba _ qalisTvis. mokled, erTi SexedviT Zneli dasanaxia,
rogor aris es SezRudvebi erTi sqesis mier meoris Cagvris saSualeba Tu gamoxatuleba.
magram frai am SezRudvebis konteqstebis iseT detalebze migvaqcevinebs yuradRebas,
romelTa gaTvaliswinebac maT Zalian sxvanair perspeqtivaSi dagvanaxebs.
saxeldobr, Tavis magaliTebSi frai Semdeg garemoebas gamokveTs: rogorc
emociebis gamoxatva kacebs, ise fizikuri moZraobebi qalebs, ZiriTadad, mamakacTa
wreSi ezRudebaT. mamakacisTvis dasaSvebia tirili qalis TandaswrebiT, magram araviTar
SemTxvevaSi _ sxva mamakacebis winaSe; zustad aseve, qals SeuZlia, sakuTari moZraobebis
kontroli moadunos sxva qalebis TandaswrebiT, magram ara _ mamakacebis winaSe. orive
SezRudvas mamakacebi akontroleben, isini sjian maT mimarT urCobas an ajildoeben maT
morCilebas. amiT ar amoiwureba am SezRudvebis sqesis niSniT asimetriuloba; isini
kidev erTi arsebiTi TvalsazrisiT aris sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi qalebTan da
mamakacebTan: mamakacurobis normis dacvas, ragind SemzRudveladac unda ganicdides
mas individi, misTvis mamakacTa sazogadoebis mxridan aRiareba da dafaseba moaqvs _ anu
am normis dacviT gamowveuli usiamovnebebis sanacvlod mamakaci jildod iRebs sxva
mamakacTa pativiscemas da, Sedegad, gazrdil TviTSefasebas. amisgan gansxvavebiT,
qalurobis normis dacvis sanacvlod qali ar iRebs mamakacebisgan (swored romlebic
moiTxoven misgan am normis dacvas) jildos, aramed dacinvas da gamojavrebas, dabal
Sefasebas maTi mxridan, Sedegad ki _ dabal TviTSefasebasac (frai 1983: 89-90). am
dakvirvebebs frai Semdegi sityvebiT ajamebs: `misaRebi qceva orive jgufisTvis
gulisxmobs SezRudvas, romelic TavisTavad suleluri da Znelad Sesasrulebeli Cans.
magram maTi socialuri Sedegebi radikalurad gansxvavebulia: qalis SezRudva aris
qalebis Cagvris struqturis nawili. kacebis SezRudvac aris qalebis Cagvris
struqturis nawili~ (frai 1983: 90).
rogorc vxedavT, frai metad amaxvilebs yuradRebas Cagvris identificirebad
agentze, rogorc Cagvris cnebis aucilebel komponentze, vidre iangi. maxvilSi am
gansxvavebis miuxedavad, fraisa da iangis poziciebi urTierTgamomricxvelad ar unda
miviCnioT, isini ufro urTierTSemavsebelia: frais analizSi gamokveTilia, rom iq,
sadac Cagvraa, CagrulTan erTad arsebobs mCagvreli jgufi _ jgufi, romelic
privilegirebulia da raRac saxis sargeblobas iRebs Cagruli jgufis xarjze; xolo
Cagvris iangiseuli analizi Zalauflebis fukoseuli gagebis gamoyenebiT gamokveTs
imas, rom Cagvris arseboba ar gulisxmobs, rom mCagvreli jgufis individualuri
wevrebi Segnebulad da mizandasaxulad axorcieleben sxva jgufis wevrebis Cagvras.
Cagvris konkretuli agentisa da misi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebze ufro mets vityviT
cota xanSi, roca ganvixilavT en qadisa da lesli jounsis mier seqsizmis formebis
klasifikacias instituciur, interpersonalur da aracnobier seqsizmad.
• Cagvris Zneli dasanaxoba: makroskopuli perspeqtivis aucilebloba; qalebis jgufad

aRiarebis dabrkolebebi; Cagvris aRiarebis asimetriuloba
Cagvris kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia misi Zneli dasanaxaoba. ukve vTqviT, rom
adamianis nebismieri SezRudva, usiamovneba an tanjva Cagvris SemTxveva Tu gamovlineba
ar aris. es yvelaferi, albaT, nebismieri adamianis gamocdilebis nawilia, rac ar
niSnavs, rom yvela Cagrulia. aseTi ramis daSveba Cagvris cnebas mTel Sinaarss
daukargavda. imisTvis, rom Cagvraze laparaki SegveZlos, unda gvqondes socialur
SezRudvaTa, aqtualur Tu SesaZlo usiamovno gamocdilebaTa mTel mravalferovnebaSi
13
im nawilis gamorCevis saSualeba, romelTac Cagvris SemTxvevebsa da gamovlinebebs

mivakuTvnebT. amasTan, SeuZlebelia aseTi kategorizaciis ganxorcieleba TavisTavad
aRniSnul viTarebaTa eqsplicituri Sinaarsis mixedviT (magaliTad, sxvadasxva
sqesisTvis Cacmis specifikuri normebi an konkretul ojaxur wyvilSi samuSaos
ganawilebis wesi SeiZleba iyos da SeiZleba arc iyos Cagvris SemTxveva). amitom,
imisaTvis, rom am viTarebaTagan zogierTi Cagvris Sedegad da mis saimedo simptomad
miviCnioT, sakmarisi ar aris calkeuli viTarebis TavisTavad, danarCenebisgan
izolirebulad ganxilva. am individualuri viTarebebis ukan Cagvris danaxva moiTxovs
maT ganxilvas ufro farTo konteqstSi, sxva analogiur viTarebebTan maTi mimarTebis
gaTvaliswinebas, maT gaazrebas ufro vrceli struqturis elementebad.
am azris kargi ilustraciaa isev fraiseuli galiis metafora, romelic Cagvris
sistemuri xasiaTis asaxsnelad gamoviyeneT: iseve, rogorc rkinis Rero CitisTvis
dabrkolebaa sxva rkinis ReroebTan _ galiis sxva nawilebTan _ mis sistemur
erTobliobaSi, raime SezRudva an usiamovneba Cagvris elementia mxolod Cagvris sxva
elementebTan mis sistemur erTobliobaSi. amis analogiurad (da amis gamo), iseve,
rogorc rkinis ReroSi CitisTvis dabrkolebis danaxvas mxolod maSin SevZlebT, Tu mas
sxva rkinis ReroebTan _ galiis sxva nawilebTan _ mis sistemur erTobliobaSi
SevxedavT, raime SezRudvaSi an usiamovnebaSi Cagvris elementis danaxvas mxolod maSin
SevZlebT, Tu mas Cagvris sxva elementebTan mis sistemur erTobliobaSi SevxedavT.
Cagvris calkeuli elementebis danaxvis am winapirobas frai uwodebs
`makroskopuli perspeqtivis aucileblobas~. is wers: ìmisTvis, rom gavigoT, aris Tu
ara konkretuli usiamovneba an SezRudva Cagvra, saWiroa is konteqstSi ganvixiloT,
raTa vnaxoT, aris Tu ara is Cagvris struqturis elementi: aris Tu ara is nawili
Zalebisa da barierebis vrceli struqturisa, romlis tendenciaa, moZraoba SeuzRudos
adamianTa garkveul jgufs an kategorias da daamciros isini. unda vnaxoT, rogor
ergeba es brieri an Zala danarCenebs da vis sazianod an sasargeblod muSaobs is~ (frai
83: 88).
Cagvris danaxvisTvis makroskopuli perspeqtivis aucileblobasTan mWidro
kavSirSia Cagvris uxilavobis meore faqtori _ qalebis socialur jgufad danaxvis
siZnele. zemoT, Cagvris cnebis analizisas, ukve gamoikveTa, rom Cagvra (CvenTvis
saintereso mniSvnelobiT) aucileblad gulisxmobs mis obieqtad garkveul socialur
jgufs. imas, rom qalebis mier sakuTari Cagruli mdgomareobis gacnobiereba da,
Sesabamisad, misgan Tavis dasaRwevad mobilizeba, gacilebiT ufro nela da Znelad
xdeba, vidre istoriulad cnobili nebismieri sxva Cagruli jgufis SemTxvevaSi,
feministma Teoretikosebma didi xnis win miaqcies yuradReba.2 am viTarebis axsna imaze
miTiTebiT, rom Cagvris danaxvis aucilebeli winapirobaa Cagrul individTa simravlis
socialur jgufad gacnobiereba, xolo qalebis SemTxvevaSi aseT gacnobierebas
gansakuTrebuli dabrkolebebi eRobeba win, istoriulad feminsti Teoretikosebis mier
marqsis naazrevis gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba.3 Cagvris uxilavobis am aspeqtze zemoT ukve
vilaparakeT, roca Cagvris struqturul xasiaTs ganvixilavdiT.
is faqti, rom xSirad ara mxolod mCagvreli, aramed Cagruli jgufis wevrebc ar
aRiqvamen arsebul viTarebas Cagvrad an Tundac raime saxis usamarTlobad, siaxle ar
2
adreuli miniSnebebis daZebna ukve meri uolstenkrafTTan SeiZleba, romelic `qalTa
uflebebis dacvis~ IV TavSi msjelobs imaze, Tu rogor xalisiT monawileoben Tavad qalebi
sakuTari arasrulfasovani mdgomareobis SenarCunebaSi. yvela sxva Cagruli jgufisgan qalebis
es TvalSimosaxvedri gansxvaveba mkafiod aris dafiqsirebuli simon de bovuaris `meore sqesSic~
(bovuari 1949: gv.).
3
aseTi, marqsistul-feministuri axsnis kargi nimuSia sulamiT faiersTounis `sqesis
dialeqtikis~ zogierTi pasaJi, sadac laparakia qalebis, rogorc klasis (sityvis marqsiseuli
mniSvnelobiT) ganxilvis aucileblobaze (faiersTouni 1970: gv.).
14
aris. am `verdanaxvis~ bevrnairi axsna arsebobs, romelTagan, albaT, bevri Seicavs

simarTlis raRac nawils. aq mxolod ori faqtori ganvixileT: makroskopuli
perspeqtivis aucilebloba da qalebis, rogorc jgufis, gacnobierebis Tu
TviTgacnobierebis siZnele.
Cagvris danaxvisa da aRiarebis am winapirobebis (SegviZlia maT transcendentaluri
pirobebic vuwodoT) garda, misi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia is, rasac SeiZleba
misi fenomenologia vuwodoT: is, Tu, rogor gancidis subieqti mis danaxvas da
aRiarebas. saxeldobr, Cagvris aRiarebis gamocdilebis saintereso specifikaa misi
asimetriuloba: roca Cagvris aRiareba sabolood mainc xdeba, mas Zalian
sxvadasxvagvari mimdinareoba aqvs Cagruli jgufis wevrisa da mCagvreli jgufis
wevrisaTvis.
seqsisturi Cagvris SemTxvevaSi am gansxvavebas en qadi da lesli jounsi ase
aRweren: bevri qalisTvis seqsizmis gacnobiereba platonis mier gamoqvabulis miTSi
aRwerilis msgavsi Rrma transformaciaa _ gamoqvabulis mcxovrebTa mier mzis pirvelad
danaxvis msgavsad, seqsizmis gacnobiereba qalSi erTdroulad iwvevs WeSmaritebasTan
uecrad ziarebis gancdasac da dezorientaciasac. xSirad es hgavs uecari mixvedris,
Taviseburi `CarTvis~ moments, romelic erTmaneTTan daakavSirebs manamde TiTqos
erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel gamocdilebas, problemas, satkivars. is, rac manamde
adamians mxolod sakuTari gamocdileba egona, qalis gamocdilebad iqceva; rac pirad
problemebad eCveneboda, qalebis problemebad iqceva. seqszimis gacnobierebas, amrigad,
moaqvs sakuTari gamocdilebis axleburad gaazrebac da sxva qalebTan identifikaciac.
is gardaqmnis qalis TviTaRqmas da samyaros mis aRqmas, Tavdayira ayenebs misi
cxovrebis udides nawils (qadi da jounsi 2003: 77). mamakacis mier seqsizmis
gacnobiereba, meore mxriv, ufro neli da Zalian gansxvavebuli procesia: kacebi ar
axasiaTeben mas, rogorc uecar CarTvas. es ufro aris maT mier sakuTari gamocdilebis
neli da Sromatevadi rekonstruqcia, romelic maTgan moiTxovs seqsistur praqtikebSi
monawileobis gamo pasuxismgeblobis aRebas da adrindeli survilebisa da rwmenebis
gadafasebas. maT unda aRiaron, rom socialuri interaqciis maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli
formebis (magaliTad, xumrobebis) didi nawili emyareba qalebis Rirebulebis dakninebas;
rom maskulinobis maTi xatebi SeuTavsebelia socialuri samarTlianobisa da adamianebs
Soris araiZulebiTi TanamSromlobis idealebTan. seqsizmis gacnobiereba, amdenad,
SeiZleba Rrma transformacia iyos mamakacisTvisac. es, transformacia amasTan,
mamakacis mier seriozul riskze wasvlas gulisxmobs, ramdenadac moiTxovs uaris Tqmas
im privilegiebsa da Zalauflebis im formebze, romelTa gamoyenebac aqamde
gansazRvravda mis fardobiT socialur statuss. igive transformacia Seicavs
seriozul moralur risksac, radgan gulisxmobs Cagvris sistemis Tanamzraxvelobis
aRiarebas (iqve: 77-78).
• Cagvris sistemebis erTmaneTze arareducirebadoba da àrakrebiToba~

Cagvris cnebis artikulaciis istoriis mniSvnelovani momentia imis gacnobiereba,
rom erTi sazogadoebis farglebSi SeiZleba Tanaarsebobdes Cagvris sxvadasxva forma
Tu sistema, romelTagan arc erTi ar aris sxvebze ufro fundamenturi an ZiriTadi _
iseTi, rom misi daZleva avtomaturad uzrunvelyofda Cagvris danarCeni formebis
eliminacias.
am viTarebis xazgasma iyo Taviseburi reaqcia marqsisti Teoretikosebis
Tvalsazrisze, romlebic cdilobdnen, Cagvris yvela arsebuli forma, magaliTad,
rasizmi an seqsizmi, warmoedginaT, rogorc klasobrivi Cagvrisa da burJuaziuli
ideologiis Sedegi. feministur TeoriaSi msgavsi poziciis magaliTad SegviZlia
15
gavixsenoT SulamiT faierstounis Tvalsazrisi, romelsac is Tavis gavlenian wignSi,

`sqesis dialeqtikaSi~ (1970) aviTarebs. faierstouni iRebs da iyenebs marqsistuli
analizis mraval aspeqts, gansakuTrebiT, mosazrebas, rom Cagvris fundamenturi formaa
eqspluatacia, xolo am ukanasknelis funadmenturi winapiroba _ Sromis danawileba.
Tumca, marqsistebisgan gansxvavebiT, amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebaSi Sromis danawilebis
yvelaze Zireuli formaa Sromis danawileba sqesebs Soris (is, rom reproduqciuli
Sroma qalis eqskluziuri pasuxismgeblobaa, rasac is biologiurad determinirebulad
miiCnevs); Sesabamisad, eqspluataciis yvelaze Zireuli formaa mamakacebis mier qalebis
eqspluatacia, xolo Cagvris yvelaze Zireuli sistema _ genderuli Cagvra: `sqesTa
Soris bunebrivma reproduqciulma gansxvavebebma uSualod gamoiwvia Sromis pirveli
danawileba, rac saTavea rogorc klasebis warmoSobisa, ise _ kastebis paradigmis
uzrunvelyofisa (biologiuri Taviseburebebis safuZvelze diskriminaciisa)~ (1970: 23).
am mtkicebasTan Tanmimdevrulad, faierstouns miaCnia, rom Cagvris nebismieri saxis
aRmofxvrisaTvis aucilebelia, upirveles yovlisa, sqesobrivi revolucia, da ver
ikmarebs, vTqvaT, mxolod klasobrivi revolucia klasobrivi Cagvris eliminaciisTvis
(iqve 25). rogorc vxedavT, faierstounic, marqsizmis msgavsad, Cagvris sxvadasxva
formebs Tavisebur ierarqiaSi alaqgebs da erT-erT maTgans _ marqsistebisgan
gansxvavebiT, sqesobriv Cagvras _ miiCnevs yvelaze fundamenturad.
aseTi reduqcionistuli Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod, ukve meore talRis
warmomadgenelTa SromebSi gamoikveTa, rom klasobrivi Cagvra, rasizmi, seqsizmi,
eijizmi, homofobia da a. S. Cagvris gansxvavebuli, sakuTari dinamikis mqone formebia.
rogorc airis iangi wers, `[me-20 saukunis] bolo aT weliwadSi socialistebs,
feminstebs, antirasistul aqtivistebs Soris cxare diskusiebidan TandaTan aRmocenda
konsensusi imis Sesaxeb, rom bevr sxvadasxva jgufze unda iTqvas, rom Cagrulia Cvens
sazogadoebaSi, da verc erTi jgufis an formis Cagvraze ver vityviT, rom sxvebze
ufro ZiriTadia mizezSedegobrivi an moraluri TvalsazrisiT. imave diskusiebis
Sedegad naTeli gaxda, rom jgufuri gansxvavebebi sxvadasxvanairad aisaxeba calkeul
individTa cxovrebaze, rasac SeiZleba Sedegad mosdevdes is, rom erTi da igive adamiani
erTdroulad iCagreba da privilegirebulia sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT~ (1998: 95).
Cagvris formebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb kidev erTi mniSvnelovani mixvedra,
romelsac aq àrakrebiToba~ SevurCie saxelad, Semdegia: arasworia da SeuZlebelia ara
mxolod Cagvris sxvadasxva formis reduqcia erT romelime `ZiriTad~ formaze, aseve
araadekvaturia Cagvris sistemebis analizi erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad _ anu is,
rasac 90-iani wlebidan `Cagvris krebiT (additive) analizs~ uwodeben. krebiT analizSi
igulisxmeba SedarebiT gulubryvilo midgoma, romelic, marTalia, aRiarebs Cagvris
mravali, erTmaneTze arareducirebadi formis arsebobas, magram yuradRebas amaxvilebs
romelime erT formaze da abstrahirebas akeTebs Cagvris sxva formebisagan. aseTi
midgomis damcveli aRiarebs, rom, magaliTad, me-20 saukunis 50-iani wlebSi amerikis
romelime StatSi mcxovrebi Savkaniani qali, gansxvavebiT iqve mcxovrebi TeTrkaniani
qalisgan, iCagreba rogorc qalic da rogorc Savkanianic, magram mainc uSvebs
SesaZleblobas, erTi mxriv, ikvlios Savkaniani qalis, rogorc qalis Cagvra, romelic
TiTqosda mas saerTo aqvs TeTrkanian qalTan, da, meore mxriv, ibrZolos am Cagvris,
rogorc zogadad qalebis Cagvris winaaRmdeg ise, rom Tan ar zrunavdes Cagvris sxva
arsebuli formebis daZlevaze. mokled, am midgomis Tanaxmad, Savkaniani qalis
mdgomareoba gaanlizebadia, rogorc ori TvalsazrisiT Cagrulobis jami.
amgvari krebiTi analizis araadekvaturoba feministi Teoretikosebis yuradRebis
centrSi me-20 saukunis 90-ini wlebis dasawyisidan moeqca, Tumca mis gacnobierebas
meore talRis adreul avtorTa naazrevSi ukve aqvs winapirobebi. am mxriv erT-erT
16
pionerul teqstad iTvleba kimberl qrenSous moxseneba 1989 wels gamarTul

saerTaSoriso konferenciaze, romelSic man pirvelad gamoiyena terminebi `krebiTi
analizi~ da ìnterseqcionaluroba~ da xazi gausva ìnterseqcionalurobis Teoriis~
aucileblobas (qrenSou 1991). interseqcionaluroba (an, Tu Targmnas vcdiT,
urTierTmkveToba) gulisxmobs, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebuli Cagvris sxvadasxva RerZi
Tu sistema urTierTikveTeba, erToblivad moqmedebs da saxes ucvlis erTmaneTis
moqmedebas. amitom feministuri Teoriis mizani da, Sesabamisad, feministuri politikis
safuZveli unda iyos am urTierTqmedebis dinamikis gageba, rac SeuZlebelia zemoT
aRwerili krebiTi analizis gziT.
Cagvris aspeqtebi
Cagvris cnebis am eqsplikaciis Semdeg mokled Sevajameb airis iangis Tvalsazriss
Cagvris sxvadasxva aspeqtis Tu gamovlinebis Sesaxeb (iangi 1998). saqme exeba ara Cagvris
sxvadasxva formas Tu struqturas (rogoricaa rasizmi, seqsizmi, kapitalizmi da a. S.),
aramed im saxeebs Tu modusebs, romliTac Cagvris esa Tu is forma SeiZleba
xorcieldebodes. imis gacnobiereba, rom Cagvras es sxvadasxvagvari gamovlinebebi aqvs,
dagvexmareba imis mkafiod danaxvaSi, Tu rogor moicavs erTi SexedviT erTmaneTisgan
Zalian gansxvavebul situaciebsa da paternebs Cagvris zogadi kategoria. amis danaxva ki
aucilebelia Tavad Cagvris arsebobis faqtis mimarT im skepticizmis gasaneitraleblad,
romelic yvela saxis emansipatoruli proeqtebisTvis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
kontrargumenti da mTavari damabrkolebeli faqtoria.
iangi gamoyofs Cagvris aspeqtebis Tu gamovlinebebis xuT kategorias:
eqspluatacia, marginalizacia, uZlureba, kulturuli imperializmi, Zaladoba.
yuradReba mivaqcioT, rom es kategoriebi ar aris moazrebuli, rogorc
urTierTgamomricxveli: esa Tu is socialuri jgufi SeiZleba Cagruli iyos erTze
meti, an Tundac xuTive saxiT, da xSirad swored asea. magram iangi fiqrobs, rom es xuTi
kategoria aris amomwuravi _ `srulia im azriT, rom moicavs yvela jgufs, romelsac esa
Tu is Tanamedrove memarcxene socialuri moZraoba miiCnevs Cagrulad, da faravs yvela
gzas, romliTac isini iCagreba~ (1998: 95).
• eqspluatacia
eqspluataciis cnebis eqsplikacias iangi iwyebs Semdeg viTarebaze miTiTebiT:
eqspluataciis marqsiseuli Teoriis mTavari amocanaa axsnas, rogor aris SesaZlebeli
klasobrivi struqturis arseboba kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi _ anu iq, sadac
(monaTmflobeluri an feodaluri wyobisagan gansxvavebiT) aRar arsebobs
samarTlebrivad sanqcirebuli gansxvavebebi da aRiarebulia adamianTa Tanasworoba da
Tavisufleba. sxva sityvebiT, Tu formalurad yvela erTnairad Tavisufalia, muSa
sakuTari nebiT debs kontraqts ama Tu im damqiravebelTan da Tavadve SeuZlia misi
Sewyveta, rogor arsebobs da izrdeba gansxvaveba simdidriT gansazRvrul klasebs
Soris? Tu davuSvebT, rom muSis Sromis anazRaureba am SromiT Seqmnili Rirebulebis
Sesabamisia, rogor iRebs kapitalisti mogebas, romelic misi Zalaulfebisa da
simdidris safuZvelia? marqsis pasuxi, uxeSad, is aris, rom muSis mier miRebuli
anazRaureba naklebia misi SromiT Seqmnil Rirebulebaze da maT Soris sxvaoba, anu
zedmeti Rirebulebaa is, rasac kapitalis mflobeli isakuTrebs da rac mis mogebas
Seadgens (iangi 1998: 95).
swored zedmeti Rirebulebis miTvisebaa is, rasac eqspluatacias vuwodebT.
rasakvirvelia, marqsis Teoria Seicavs metad an naklebad sadavo, Tumca feministuri
TeoriisaTvis uTuod saintereso pasuxebs am svliT wamoWril kiTxvebze imis Sesaxeb, Tu
17
ra uzrunvelyofs kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi imas, rom muSa daTanxmdes aseT

garigebaSi Sesvlaze da Tavisi SromiT Seqmnili Rirebulebis nawilis kapitalistis mier
miTvisebaze. Tumca, am etapze es sakiTxi gverdze gadavdoT da yuradReba mivapyroT
Semdeg kiTxvas: ratom da ra azriT aris ase gagebuli eqspluatacia (kapitalis
mflobelis mier muSis SromiT Seqmnili Rirebulebis garkveuli nawilis miTviseba)
Cagvra? ratom aris is usamarTloba? miT ufro, Tu davuSvebT, rom is muSasa da
kapitalists Soris ormxrivi SeTanxmebis Sedegia?
iangi SeniSnavs, rom sakuTriv marqsis TeoriaSi normatiuli Sinaarsi _ anu pasuxi
Cvens mier dasmul kiTxvaze _ naklebad gamokveTilia. amitom Tavad emyareba gavleniani
kanadeli politologis, qrouford maqfersonis rekonstruqcias. am ukanasknelis
Tanaxmad, kapitalisturi sazogadoebis usamarTloba mdgomareobs im faqtSi, rom
zogierTi adamiani Tavis unarebs iyenebs sxva adamianebis kontrolis qveS, maTi miznebis
Sesabamisad da maT sasargeblod. ...kapitalizmi sistemurad gadascems zogierTi
adamianis Zalas/energia zogierT sxvas, riTac am ukanasknelTa Zalas zrdis. metic, am
procesSi kapitalistTa klasi iZens Zalas, romlis saSualebiTac mas momavalSi
muSebisgan kidev meti sargeblis miReba SeuZlia. amasTan, muSis Zalas/energias akldeba
ara mxolod is, rac kapitalists gadaeca, aramed meti, radgan muSa ganicdis
deprivacias, ar flobs kontrols da, Sedegad, ar aqvs sakuTari Tavis pativiscema.
maSasadame, samarTlianoba moiTxovs im instituciuri formebis eliminacias, romlebic
SesaZlebels xdis da ganamtkicebs Zalis/energiis gadacemis am process~ (iqve: 96). rom
SevajamoT, am procesisa da misi uzrunvelmyofi institutebis usamarTloba isaa, rom,
arsebuli Zalauflebrivi ierarqiis Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis erTi nawili sargeblobas
iRebs imis xarjze, rom ferxdeba meore nawilis mier sakuTari unarebis ganviTareba da
gamoyeneba.
iangi xazs usvams, rom kalsobrivi dayofis usamarTloba ubralod is ki ar aris,
rom zogierT adamians didi simdidre aqvs, umravlesobas _ mcire ram abadia, xolo
zogierTi sastikad gaWirvebulia. swored eqspluataciis Teoria dagvanaxebs, rom es
uTanasworoba producirdeba da reproducirdeba im sistemuri procesiT, romelSic
armqoneTa Zala da energia gamudmebiT ixarjeba mqoneTa Zalis, statusisa da simdidris
SesanarCuneblad da gasazrdelad (iqve).
miuxedavad zogierTi avtoris eWvisa, rom eqspluataciis marqsiseuli cneba
usargebloa Zalauflebrivi ierarqiebisa da Cagvris sxva formebis, vTqvaT, seqsizmis da
rasizmis, analizisTvis, iangs SesaZleblad miaCnia misi ise gafarToeba, mieyenebodes ara
mxolod klasobrivi struqturis mixedviT, aramed sxva niSnebiT gamoyofil jgufebs
Soris arsebul urTierTobebsac _ yvela iseT SemTxvevas, sadac erTi jgufis Sroma da
Zalisxmeva meoris sasrgeblod ixarjeba da amiT maT Soris Zalauflebrivi ierarqiis
reproducirebas axdens (iqve).
aseTi gagebiT, eqspulataciis cneba kargad mieyeneba qalebis Cagvrasac, radgan,
rogorc feminsitebma araerTgzis aCvenes, qalebis Cagvra nawilobriv mdgomareobs
qalebis energiisa da Zalis kacebisaTvis sistemur da ukugebis gareSe gadacemaSi.
`qalebis Cagvra ar aris ubralod statusis, Zalauflebisa da simdidris TvalsazrisiT
uTanasworoba, rac imis Sedegia, rom kacebi qalebs privilegirebuli saqmianobebidan
gamoricxaven. kacebis Tavisuflebas, Zalauflebas, statussa da TviTrealizacias
SesaZlebels xdis zustad is, rom qalebi muSaoben maTTvis. genderul eqspluatacias
ori mxare aqvs: Sromis materialuri Sedegebis gadacema kacebisaTvis da zrunvisa da
seqsualuri energiis gadacema maTTvis~ (iqve).
iangi sxva feministi Teoretikosebis mosazrebebsac imowmebs: qristin delfi (1984)
qorwinebaSi amoicnobs klasobriv urTierTobas, romelSic mamkacebi sargebloben
18
qalebis aunazRaurebeli SromiT _ eqspluatacias is ki ar gansazRvravs, Tu ra saxis

samuSaos asrulebs qali saxlSi, aramed is, rom am samuSaos asrulebs sxva adamianisTvis,
romelzec Tavad damokidebulia. en frgiusoni (1979, 1984) gamokveTs qalebis energiis
kacebisaTvis gadacemis kidev sxva formas, romelsac `seqsualur-emociur warmoebas~
uwodebs _ qalebi uzrunvelyofen mamakacebs da bavSvebs emociuri zrunviT, xolo
mamakacebs _ seqsualuri dakmayofilebiT, ise, rom Tavad imaves ar iReben kacebisagan.
genderuli socializacia qals ise ayalibebs, rom ukeTesad Seasrulos es èmociuri
samuSao~, genderuli stereotipebi ki gansazRvravs sxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgenelTa
mimarT Sesabamis molodinebs. heteroseqsualobis normebi mamakacis siamovnebazea
orientirebuli, ris gamoc qalebi nakleb dakmayofilebas iReben kacebTan sqesobrivi
interaqciisgan. am magaliTebSi yuradRebis centrSia qalis eqspluatacia
patriarqaluri ojaxis institutSi, zogierTi feministi Teoretikosi ki genderul
eqspluatacias amoicnobs Tanamedrove samuSao adgilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tu
saxelmwifo institutebiT gansazRvrul urTierTobebSic. ase, qerol brauni (1981) qmnis
`sajaro patriarqatis~ cnebas, romliTac is aRwers Tanamedrove martoxela dedis
mdgomareobas, romelsac isev martos awevs bavSvze zrunvis mTeli pasuxismgebloba da,
amdenad, finansurad bolomde saxelmwifozea damokidebuli. am situaciaSi brauni qalis
saojaxo, aunazRaurebeli Sromis eqspluataciis axlebur sistemas amoicnobs. devid
aleqsanderi (1987) genderuli eqspluataciis kidev sxva saxes xedavs Sromis bazris
specifikurad feminuri segmentis arsebobaSi _ es tipurad feminur samsaxurebi,
rogorc wesi, gulisxmobs specifikurad genderul amocanebs, seqsualuri samsaxuris
gaweviT dawyebuli, sxvebze zrunvis, sxvebis sxeulis movlis, Tu konfliqtebis
ganmuxtvis CaTvliT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom qalebis energia, samsaxurebSic ki, ixarjeba
sxvebis, Cveulebriv, mamakacebis siamovnebis, komfortisa da statusis amaRlebisTvis
(iangi 1998: 96-97).
iangi ase ajamebs qalTa eqspluataciasTan dakavSirebul mosazrebebs: qalebi
eqspluatirebulebi arian marqsiseuli azriT imdenad, ramdenadac isini arian
daqiravebuli muSebi; agreTve, rogorc diasaxlisebi, Tu CavTvliT, rom qalebis
saojaxo Sromac klasobrivi eqspluataciis formaa, radgan is anazRaurdeba qmris mier
miRebuli xelfasiT. garda amisa, qalebi, rogorc jgufi, eqvemdebarebian genderuli
eqspluataciis specifikur formebs: qalebis energia da Zala, rogorc wesi, kacebis
sasargeblod ixarjeba, Tan SeumCnevlad da aRiarebis gareSe, imdenad, ramdenadac is
aTavisuflebs kacebs ufro mniSvnelovani da SemoqmedebiTi samuSaosaTvis, amaRlebs maT
statuss, aumjobesebs maT garemos, an uzrunvelyofs maTTvis emociur da seqsualur
momsaxurebas (iqve: 97).
iangi aseve aCvenebs, rom eqspluataciis cneba rasistul Cagvrasac ergeba _ ara
mxolod im azriT, rom aradominanturi rasobrivi jgufebi eqvemdebarebian
kapitalistur eqspluatacias (anu, rogorc uqoneli klasis wevrebi), aramed im azriTac,
rom, eqspluataciis genderulad specifikuri formebis analogiurad, arsebobs misi
rasobrivad specifikuri formebi. am formebis gamosakveTad iangi mimarTavs Savi
(menial) Sromis kategorias, romelic ZiriTadad mosamsaxureebis Sromas moicavs. is
SeniSnavs, rom yvelgan, sadac arsebobs rasizmi, iq arsebobs tendenciac, rom Cagruli
rasis warmomadgenlebi arian privilegirebuli rasis warmomadgenlebis, an zogierTi
maTganis, msaxurebi. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi dRemde Zlieria
tendencia, rom TeTrkanianebis Sinamosamsaxureebi Savkanianebi, azielebi an
samxreTamerikelebi arian. meore mxriv, dRes mosamsaxuris saqmis didi wili ojaxebs
gareT sruldeba: sastumroebSi, restornebSi, samrecxaoebsa Tu dalagebis servisis
SemomTavazebel kompaniebSi. aqac mosamsaxuris samuSaoebi ZiriTadad isev specifikuri
19
rasobrivi jgufebidan ivseba. Savi Sroma ar gulisxmobs mxolod momsaxurebas, is

moicavs nebismier monur, dabalanazRaurebad samuSaos, romelic ar moiTxovs
kvalifikacias, romlis Semsrulebelic ar moqmedebs avtonomiurad, da iRebs brZanebebs
ramdenime adamianisgan. rogorc wesi, es aris damxmare Sroma, instrumentuli sxva
adamianis Sromis mimarT, sadac saqmis gakeTebisTvis aRiarebas es sxva iRebs. rasobrivi
diskriminaciis istoriis mqone sazogadoebebSi Savi Sroma swored araprivilegirebuli
rasis warmomadgenlebis mier sruldeba, rac, iangis azriT, SeiZleba ganvixiloT,
rogorc eqspluataciis rasobrivad specifikuri forma (iqve).
• marginalizacia
Cagvris meore saxe, romelsac iangi gamoyofs, aris marginalizacia. is
marginalizaciaSi Sromis bazrisgan gandevnas gulisxmobs da SeniSnavs, rom mraval
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi rasobrivi Cagvris didi wili ukve swored am saxisaa,
nacvlad eqspluataciisa. Tumca, marginalizacias mxolod rasobrivad markirebuli
jgufebi ar ganicdian: moxucebi, samsaxuridan Suaxnis asakSi gaTavisuflebuli
adamianebi, martoxela dedebi, mentalurad an fizikurad unarSezRuduli adamianebi da
bevri sxva jgufi agreTve gandevnilia Sromis bazridan. iangi fiqrobs, rom
marginalizacia SeiZleba Cagvris yvelaze saSiSi forma iyos, radgan mis gamo adamianTa
mTeli kategoria materialuri resursebis sastik naklebobas ganicdis da sikvdilis
riskis winaSec dgas (iqve: 98).
marginalizaciiT gamowveuli materialuri deprivacia, SeniSnavs iangi,
gansakuTrebuli usamarTlobaa sazogadoebaSi, sadac sxvebs Zalian bevri aqvT. is, rom
es usamarTlobaa, principulad aRiarebulia ganviTarebul kapitalistur
sazogadoebebSi e. w. keTldReobis saxelmwifos ideisa da institutebis saxiT da mis
gamosasworeblad garkveuli zomebic miiReba socialuri daxmarebebisa da servisis
uzrunvelyofiT. magram, erTi mxriv, qveyanaTa umravlesobaSi am RonisZiebebisTvis
arasakmarisi resursebi ixarjeba, da, meorec, Tanamedrove samyaroSi Tavad
keTildReobis saxelmwifos SenarCunebac kiTxvis qveS dadga (iqve).
grda materialuri deprivaciisa, iangi gamoyofs usamarTlobis kidev or
kategorias, romlebic marginalizacias ukavSirdeba ganviTarebul kapitalistur
sazogadoebebSi.
erTia is, rom, marginalizebuli adamiani damokidebulia socialur daxmarebasa Tu
samsaxurebze, da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva biurokratul institutze, ris gamoc is
mowyvladia biurokratTa paternalisturi damokidebulebis, damamcirebeli da
TviTneburi mopyrobis mimarT. damokidebulebis es sistema Zalian zRudavs
marginalizebuli adamianis pirovnul avtonomias: imasac ki, Tu ra aris
marginalizebulTa moTxovnilebebi, gansazRvraven socialuri daxmarebis saagentoebi,
sxvadasxva mecnieruli disciplinis daxmarebiT (iqve).
iangi, araerTi feministi Teoretikosis kvaldakval, SeniSnavs, rom damokidebuleba
aucileblad Cagvras ar unda niSnavdes. marTlac, sxvebze fizikuri Tu emociuri
damokidebuleba adamianad yofnis universaluri pirobaa da adamians aqvs moraluri
ufleba, sxvebze iyos damokidebuli. es Tanamedrove, ganviTarebuli kapitalizmis
sazogadoebebSi xdeba, rom damokidebuleba usamarTlobis winapirobaa. feministebi, sxva
memarcxene kritikosebTan erTad, liberalizmis ideologias akisreben pasuxismgeblobas
imis gamo, rom adamianis sxvebze damokidebuleba Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi sakmarisi
piroba aRmoCnda misi piradi sivrics xelSeuxeblobis darRvevis, mis mimarT
pativiscemis Semcirebisa da misi individualuri arCevanis uflebis SezRudvisaTvis.
maTi azriT, swored liberalizmis ideologiis gavleniT gaidga fesvi da ukve truizmis
20
statusi SeiZina daSvebam, rom adamiani moraluri agenti da sruli moqalaqe mxolod
maSin SeiZleba iyos, Tu is damoukidebeli da avtonomiuria. es daSveba ki, miuTiTeben
feministebi, erTi mxriv, emyareba socialuri urTierTobebis mxolod dominantur
mamakacur gamocdilebas da ugulebelyofs qalur gamocdilebas, romlisTvisac
centraluri sxvebze zrunvaa; meore mxriv, is emyareba usafuZvlo abstraqcias Tundac
mamakacTa gamocdilebidan, radgan sinamdvileSi arc erTi adamiani ar aris marTla
damoukidebeli da avtonomiuri (iqve: 98-99)
`Tuki avtonomiis modelis mixedviT samarTliani sazogadoeba adamianebs
maqsimalurad miscemda damoukideblobis SesaZleblobas, feministuri modelis mixedviT
samarTlianoba isaa, rom pativiscema da gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobis
SesaZlebloba mieces masac, vinc damokidebulia, iseve, rogorc mas, vinc
damoukidebelia~ _ imowmebs iangi feministi filosofosis, virjinia heldis
Sexedulebas (iqve: 99).
liberalizmis politikuri filosofia, iseve, rogorc mis safuZvlad mdebare
moraluri fsiqologia da filosofia sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT gaakritika araerTma
feministma Teoretikosma. maT Soris mxolod zogierTi, gansakuTrebiT gavleniani
davasaxeloT: moralur fsiqologiasa da filosofiaSi individualisturi paradigmis
kritika qerol giliganisa (1982) da virjinia heldis (1993, 2007) mier; Tavisufali
kontraqtis miTis, avtonomiurobisa da samarTlianobis liberalisturi cnebis kritika
qerol feiTmenisa (1988) da merilin fridmanis (2003) mier.
marginalizaciis meore usamarTloba, materialur deprivaciaze rom ar daiyvaneba,
isaa, rom marginalizebul adamians, ukve Tavad marginalizaciis faqtis gamo, ar aqvs
Tavisi unarebis ganviTarebisa da gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba da, Sesabamisad, ar aqvs
igive uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, rac sxvebs. maSinac ki, roca marginali
uzrunvelyofilia materialurad da aqvs komfortulad cxovrebis saSualeba garemoSi,
sadac mis Tavisuflebas da Rirsebas pativs scemen (rogorc, magaliTad, zogierT
moxucebuls ganviTarebul qveynebSi), marginaluroba mainc iwvevs usargeblobis
gancdas, mowyenilobas da dabal TviTSefasebas. mokld, marginalizacia usamarTlobaa,
radgan is adamianTa jgufebs gamoricxavs socialuri TanamSromlobis konteqstebidan,
romlebic aucilebelia adamianis Rirsebis Sesaferisi arsebobisaTvis (iqve: 99).
• uZlureba
Cagvris mesame saxed iangi gamoyofs imas, rasac is uwodebs uZlurebas
(powerlessness). mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs Cagvris is formebi, romelTac adamiani misi
socialuri statusis gamo SeiZleba eqvemdebarebodes. is cdilobs, Cagvris es saxe
ganasxvavos eqspluataciisgan, radgan eqspluatacias (anu klasobriv Cagvras) erTnairad
eqvemdebareba daqiravebuli muSaxeli, miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara is profesionali _
aq mTavari gansxvavebaa gansxvaveba daqiravebulebsa da kapitalistebs Soris. amitom
eqspluataciis cneba ver moicavs Cagvris im formebs, romelsac, vTqvaT, muSaTa klasis
warmomadgeneli saSualo klasis warmomadgenelTagan gansxvavebiT eqvemdebareba, da
romelsac gansazRvravs Sromis socialuri danawileba profesionalebsa da
araprofesionalebs Soris (iangi 1998: 99).
uZlurebis am cnebas iangi ase xsnis: ùZlureba aRwers im adamianTa mdgomareobas,
vinc ar aris an TiTqmis ar aris avtonomiuri muSaobisas, Tavis samuSaoSi ar iyenebs
SemoqmedebiTobas da msjelobis unars, ar aqvs teqnikuri codna da avtoriteti, ar
exerxeba Tavisi saTqmelis gamoxatva, gansakuTrebiT sajaro an biurokratiul
garemoebebSi, ar aRZravs pativiscemas~ (iqve).
21
albaT unda vikiTxoT, ratom aris aseTi gansxvavebebis arseboba usamarTloba da,
Sesabamisad, ratom unda CaiTvalos dabali statusis mqone araprfesionalTa jgufi
Cagrulad? am kiTxvas iangi pasuxobs Semdegi sami privilegiis gamoyofiT, romlebic,
misi azriT, aqvT profesionalebs da romelTa arqonac aris araprofesionalebis
Cagvra:
1. profesiis daufleba da Semdeg profesiiT muSaoba, Cveulebriv, moiTxovs
umaRles ganaTlebas da specializebuli codnis aTvisebas, rasac simboloebiT da
cnebebiT operireba sWirdeba; agreTve, uwyvet profesiul zrdas, progress.
araprofesionali uZluria im azriT, rom mas ar aqvs aseTi orientacia sakuTari
unarebis ganviTarebaze (iqve: 99-100).
2. marTalia, profesionalTa umravlesobas hyavs ufrosi da arc Zalian bevri
adamianis gadawyvetilebaze an qmedebaze gavlenis moxdenis Zala aqvs, maT umravlesobas
mainc aqvs mniSvnelovani yoveldRiuri avtonomia. metic, profesionalebs, Cveulebriv,
aqvT garkveuli Zalaufleba sxvebze _ xelqveiTebze, muSebze, damxmareebze, an
klientebze. araprofesionals ki ar aqvs avtonomia da profesionalebs eqvemdebareba
ara mxolod samsaxurSi, aramed aseve rogorc momxmarebeli-klienti (iqve: 100).
3. profesionalTa privilegiebi scildeba samuSao adgils da mTel maT cxovrebaze
vrceldeba maTi meti `respeqtabelurobis~ saxiT. Tavad dayofa (romlis safuZvelia
Sromis danawileba `gonebriv~ da `fizikur~ samuSaod) ar Semoifargleba SromiTi
cxovrebiT da socialuri cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi aRwevs. profesionalebi da
araprofesionalebi sxvadasxva kulturas ekuTvnian: Cveulebriv, cxovroben sxvadasxva
ubanSi an saerTod sxvadasxva qalaqSi; aqvT sxvadasxva gemovneba sakvebSi, dekoraciaSi,
CacmulobaSi, musikasa da dasvenebaSi; urTierToba ZiriTadad maTive statusis mqone
jgufis wevrebTan aqvT; da, miuxedavad Taobidan Taobamde jgufebs Soris mobilobisa,
umeteswilad profesionalebis bavSvebi profesionalebi gamodian, araprofesionalebisa
_ araprofesionalebi. mraval sazogadoebaSi repeqtabeloba swored profesionalTa
kulturas ukavSirdeba, sazogadod, profesionalebi moelian da iReben pativiscemas
sxvebisgan. restornebSi, bankebSi, sastumroebSi da sxva sajaro adgilebSi
profesionalebs, Cveulebriv, ufro meti pativiscemiT epyrobian, vidre
araprofesionalebs. profesionaluri respeqtabelurobis privilegia aSkarad Cans
rasizmis da seqsizmis dinamikaSic: araprivilegirebuli rasobrivi Tu eTnikuri
jgufebis warmomadgenlebs da qalebs gamudmebiT uwevT TavianTi respeqtabelurobis
damtkiceba yoveldRiur urTierTobebSi. ucxoebi maT Tavidan ar epyrobian
pastviscemis gamomxatveli distanciiT da mokrZalebiT: roca adamianebi igeben, rom es
qali an is Savkaniani mamakaci didi biznesis menejeri an universitetis profesoria,
isini ufro pativiscemiT eqcevian maT (100).
rom SevajamoT, araprofesionalebi, rogorc jgufi, iCagrebian imiT, rom maT
sakuTari unarebis da SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebis naklebi motivacia da SesaZlebloba
aqvT; isini cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi, gansakuTrebiT ki _ samsaxurSi,
araavtonomiurad moqmedeben da sxvebis Zalauflebas eqvemdebarebian; isini socialuri
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi nakleb respeqtabelurad aRiqmebian da Sesabamis uares
mopyrobasac iReben.
iangis es analizi unda SevavsoT imaze miTiTebiT, rom vinaidan bevr sazogadoebaSi
qalebs, araprivilegirebuli rasobriv-eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebs, xelmokle
ojaxebis wevrebs, fizikurad Tu mentalurad unarSezRudul adamianebs da a. S.
naklebad aqvT Sesabamisi ganaTlebis miRebis da profesionaluri karieris gakeTebis
SesaZlebloba, am jgufebis, rogorc socialuri jgufebis, Cagvris mniSvnelovani
22
aspeqtia maTi uZlureba zemoT axsnili azriT. vfiqrob, es arsebiTi aspeqtia pasuxisa
popularul kiTxvaze, Tu ratom niSnavs diasaxlisoba qalisTvis Cagvras.
• kulturuli imperializmi
Cagvris kidev erT gansxvavebul saxes iangi `kulturul imperializms~4 uwodebs da
mas ganmartavs, rogorc ìseT sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis gamocdilebas, romlis
dominanturi mniSvnelobebic uxilavs xdis Cemi jgufis specifikur perspeqtivas da
Tvalsazriss da, imavdroulad, stereotipebiT warmoadgens da moniSnavs Cems jgufs,
rogorc sxvas~ (iangi 1998: 100). iangi SeniSnavs, rom Cagvris aqamde ganxiluli samive
saxe _ eqspluatacia, marginalizacia da uZlureba _ Zalauflebisa da Cagvris iseTi
mimarTebebia, romlebic Sromis socialuri danawilebis Sedegad warmoiSoba:
gansazRvrulia imiT, Tu vin muSaobs visTvis, vin ar muSaobs, rogoraa dakavSirebuli
erT poziciaze muSaoba sxva poziciebTan. Cagvris es saxeebi Seesabameba adamianTa
materialuri cxovrebis ganmsazRvrel struqturul da instituciur mimarTebebs da
konkretul Zalauflebas adamianTa erTi jgufisa meoreze _ imas, Tu `vin sargeblobs
visgan da vin aris zedmeti~ (iqve).
kulturuli imperializmi, amaTgan gansxvavebiT, aris dominanturi jgufis
gamocdilebis da kulturis universalizacia da normad dadgena. mocemul
sazogadoebaSi zogierT jgufs eqskluziurad an upiratesad miuwvdeba xeli
interpretaciisa da komunikaciis saSualebebze da amitom aseTi jgufis kulturuli
produqcia, romelic mis gamocdilebas, Rirebulebebs, miznebsa da miRwevebs gamoxatavs,
am sazogadoebaSi dominanturia _ yvelaze farTod vrceldeba. es kulturuli
produqcia aseve gamoxatavs misi Semqmneli jgufis xedvas da interpretacias
sazogadoebis sxva jgufebisa, Tuki am ukanasknelnTa arseboba saerTod aRiarebulia
(iqve: 100-101).
marTalia, gansxvavebuli jgufebis arseboba eWvqveS ayenebs dominanturi jgufis
pretenzias universalurobaze, magram es ukanaskneli Tavis pozicias inarCunebs imiT,
rom sxva jgufebs sazomad uwesebs Tavis dominantur normebs. am gziT qalebis
kacebisagan, mkvidri amerikelebis an afrikelebis evropelebisagan, ebraelebis
qristianebisgan, homoseqsualuri adamianebis heteroseqsualebisagan, muSebis
profesionalTagan gansxvaveba gaigeba, rogorc gadaxra da arasrulfasovneba. radgan
mxolod dominanturi jgufebis kulturuli gamoxatvis formebi vrceldeba farTod,
isini normalurad, universalurad da, amdenad, araRirsSesaniSnavad gaigeba, xolo
maTgan gansxvaveba _ rogorc nakleboba da normis darRveva; am gansxvavebis matarebeli
jgufebi ki markirdeba, rogorc sxva (iqve: 101).
kulturuli imperializmis formiT Cagvra paradoqsulia imiT, rom Cagruli jgufi
erTdroulad stereotipebiT markirebulicaa da uxilavic. rogorc gamorCeul, deviant
arsebebs, maT damRad adevT maTi jgufis wevroba, rogorc maTi arseba; xolo
privilegirebuli jgufi, rogorc jgufi, aradefinirebadia _ isini ubralod individebi
arian, TiToeuli is aris, rac unda rom iyos, fasdeba imis mixedviT, rasac akeTebs
(iqve). meore mxriv ki, dominanturi kulturis mauniversalizebeli Jesti imavdroulad
Slis, auCinarebs, uxilavs xdis `normidan gadaxril~ arsebobas.
kulturuli imperializmis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia isic, rasac òrmag cnobierebas~
uwodeben: erTi mxriv, Cagruli jgufis wevrebi sakuTar Tavs aRiqvamen ise, rogorc maT
gansazRvravs mniSvnelobaTa dominanturi sistema _ maTTvis garegani, maTTvis ucxo da
4
unda SevniSno, rom es saxeli ar meCveneba kargad SerCeulad. rogorc gamoCndeba, imas, rasac
iangi gulisxmobs, qarTul diskusiebSi xSirad marginalizacias uwodeben. zogjer Tavad iangic
xmarobs ubralod `kulturul Cagvras~.
23
maTTan araidentificirebuli jgufis produqti. maT uwevT TavianTi Tavis im xatis

internalizeba, romelsac dominanturi kulturis stereotipebi agebs _ imdenad mainc,
ramdenadac ver gaeqcevian reagirebas sazogadoebis didi nawilis qcevaze, romelic am
xatebis gavleniTaa gansazRvruli. isini TiTqos sakuTar Tavs sxvisi TvalebiT
uyureben, sakuTar Tavs maTi moZule samyaros sazomiT zomaven. meore mxriv, Cagruli
subieqti bolomde ar iRebs sakuTari Tavis am damamcirebel, obieqtivirebul,
streotipul xedvas; Tavs is xedavs adamianad, qmedebis unaris mqoned, imediTa da
SesaZleblobebiT aRsavsed. kulturuli Cagvris miuxedavad, adamianebi xSirad
inarCuneben pozitiuri subieqturobis grZnobas, radgan SeuZliaT miiRon da aRiaron
erTmaneTi, rogorc saerTo gamocdilebisa da xedvis mqoneni. amasTan, dominanturi
jgufis mier devianturad, sxvad gansazRvruli jgufi dominanturi jgufisgan marTlac
kulturulad gansxvavebulia: erTi, sxvadyofnis statusi qmnis specifikur
gamocdilebas, romelic ar aqvs dominantur jgufs; meorec, kulturulad Cagruli
jgufebi xSirad socialurad segregirebulebic arian da Sromis socialur danawilebaSi
specifikuri niSebi ukaviaT. samyaros am specifikuri gamocdilebisa da misi sakuTari
interpretaciis safuZvelze Cagruli jgufis wevrebi aviTareben da inarCuneben sakuTar
kulturas. amrigad, maTi cnobiereba erTdroulad gansazRvrulia ori _ dominanturi
da maTi sakuTari `devianturi~ _ kulturiT (iqve).
amgvarad, kulturuli imperializmis usamarTloba is aris, rom socialuri
cxovrebis is gamocdileba da interpretacia, romelic specifikuria Cagruli
jgufisaTvis, an saerTod ver hpovebs simbolur-kulturul gamoxatvas, an, Tu hpovebs,
veraviTar zemoqmedebas ver axdens dominantur kulturaze; xolo dominanturi jgufi
Cagrul jgufs Tavs axvevs socialuri cxovrebis sakuTar gamocdilebasa da
interpretacias, Tan iseTs, romelic dominantur jgufs warmoadgens universalur
normad, xolo Cagrul jgufs _ gadaxrad, deviaciad, sxvad (iqve).
Cagvris is aspeqti, romelsac iangi `kulturuli imperializmis~ rubrikaSi
aTavsebs, mravali feministi Teoretikosis yuradRebis centrSia. qalebis Cagvris am
aspeqtis gansakuTrebulad Rrma da saintereso analizis magaliTebad SegviZlia
davasaxeloT lus irigares (1974, 1977), elen siqsusa (1975) da xulia kristevas (1982)
ukve feministur klasikad qceuli Sromebi. qalTa kulturuli Cagvris STambeWdavi
aRwera, garkveuli dazustebebiT, ukve simon de bovuaris `meore sqesSic~ (1949)
SegviZlia amovikiTxoT. es avtorebi, marTalia, sxvadasxva terminebiTa da maxvilebiT,
qalTa Cagrul mdgomareobas ganixilaven, rogorc dominanturi maskulinuri kulturis
an, irigares sityvebs Tu gamoviyenebT, simboluri wesrigis gareT, miRma, magram Tan mis
sazRvarze yofnas (liminalurobas), sakuTari simboluri resursebis arqonas an maT
marginalurobas, viTomda neitraluri da universaluri dominanturi normebis mixedviT
sxvad, ucxod, arasrulfasovnad Sefasebas. am avtorebs isev davubrundebiT, aq ki kidev
erT yuradsaReb momentze SevCerdeT: iangi, rogorc vnaxeT, fiqrobs, rom kulturulad
Cagrul jgufs aqvs sakuTari kultura _ sakuTari gamocidlebis gamoxatvisa da misi
interpretirebis resursebi. gansxvavebiT iseTi jgufebisagan, rogorebicaa rasobrivi,
eTnikuri, religiuri, SeiZleba aseve seqsualuri orientaciis an Tundac klasobrivi
niSniT Cagruli jgufebi, qalebisTvis, rogorc jgufisTvis, SeiZleba saeWvod
mogveCvenos am mtkicebis marTebuloba _ gana marTla SesaZlebelia dominanturi
maskulinuri kulturis gverdiT qaluri subkulturis identificireba? am kiTxvaze
erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi ar arsebobs. rogorc zemoT, socialuri jgufis cnebaze
msjelobisas gamoikveTa, qalebis, rogorc Cagruli jgufis, specifikas bevri
Teoretikosi swored misi jgufad aRiarebis gansakuTrebul siZneleSi xedavs _ TviT
jgufis wevrebic ki Zlier winaaRmdegobas uweven qalebTan, rogorc socialur
24
jgufTan, TviTidentifikacias; qalebis, cnobiereba, maTi TviTaRqma da TviTSefaseba

yvela sxva jgufze metad da, SeiZleba, bolomdec, aris gansazRvruli Sesabamisi
dominanturi kulturis _ maskulinuri kulturis _ reprezentaciebiT da
RirebulebebiT. magram imis Sesaxeb, unda iyos Tu ara Cagvris eliminaciis Sedegi
qalebis TviTcnobier jgufad Camoyalibeba, romelic sakuTari kulturuli
produqciiT daupirispirdeba maskulinuri kulturis dominantobas, feministebs Soris
sxvadasxva pozicia arsebobs. poziciaTa am speqtris ori polusi `Tanasworobis
feminizmisa~ da `gansxvavebis feminizmis~ saxelebiTaa cnobili. pirvelTan ufro axlos
mdgomi feministebisTvis emansipaciis idealia qalis, rogorc socialuri jgufis,
eliminacia sqesobrivi gansxvavebis, rogorc socialurad mniSvneladi markeris,
saerTod gaqrobis gziT. Sesabamisad, maTTvis ucxoa specifikurad qaluri kulturis
arsebobis mtkiceba da misi aRiarebis, dafasebisa da xilulobis gazrdis moTxovna.
feminizmis swored am versiis warmomadgenlad unda miviCniT bovuari. meore polusTan
axlos mdgomi feministebisTvis ki qalebis, rogorc specifikuri jgufis, arseboba
uryevi mocemulobaa, xolo misi emansipaciis gza _ misi àmetyveleba~, mis mier sakuTari
kulturis produqcia an, Tu es kultura ukve arsebobs, misi gamotana ugulebelyofisa
da daviwyebis Crdilidan. aq dasaxelebulTagan, irigare da siqsu swored am jgufs
miekuTvnebian, Tumca, specifikurad qaluri kulturis arsebobis Sesaxeb Cvens kiTxvaze
arc isini scemen dadebiT pasuxs: maTTvis specifikurad qaluri kultura (qalebis
mwerloba, siqsus sityvebiT) proeqtia da ara _ Tundac marginalizebuli realoba.
meore mxriv, bevri feministi mkvlevari miznad isaxavs swored istoriulad arsebuli,
magram ignorirebuli qaluri kulturis, qalebis socialuri gamocdilebis, qalTa
istoriis samzeoze gamotanas da dafasebas _ kulturisa, romelic, maTi azriT, mudam
arsebobda dominanturi maskulinuri kulturis CrdilSi.
• Zaladoba
Cagvris mexuTe saxe, romelsac iangi gamokveTs, aris Zaladoba _ sistemuri da
legitimuri Zaladoba, romelsac zogierTi jgufis wevrebi ganicdian mxolod imitom,
rom am jgufs miekuTvnebian. isini mudmivad dganan imis safrTxis winaSe, rom aRmoCndnen
msxverpli SemTxveviTi, araprovocirebuli Tavdasxmisa, romelsac maTi dazaralebis,
damcirebis an ganadgurebis garda sxva motivi ar gaaaCnia. aseT Zaladobas aseve
SeiZleba hqondes sityvieri Seuracxyofis an seqsualuri Sinaarsis mqone erTi SexedviT
uvnebeli komentaris forma, magram am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSic ki is miznad isaxavs
adamianis damcirebas da yovelTvis aris fizikuri Tavdasxmis safrTxis signali.
sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi aseTi Zaladobis mudmivi safrTxis qveS cxovroben qalebi,
homoseqsualuri da lesboseli adamianebi, Savkanianebi, azielebi, ebraelebi da sxva
(iangi 1998: 101-102).
aseTi Zaladoba sistemuria im azriT, rom mimarTulia jgufis nebismier wevrze
ubralod imitom, rom is am jgufis wevria. magaliTad, nebismier qals aqvs safuZveli,
eSinodes gaupatiurebis. metic, Zaladoba, romelsac Cagruli jgufebi eqvemdebarebian,
Cveulebriv, legitimuria im azriT, rom is adamianTa umravlesobis TvalSi moulodneli
ar aris, iSviaTad iwvevs umarvlesobis aRSfoTebas da, rogorc wesi, dausjeli rCeba
(iqve: 102).
iangi am tipis sistemur Zaladobas qsenofobiur Zaladobad miiCnevs da ganasxvavebs
mas saxelmwifos an mmarTveli klasis mier gamoyenebuli represiuli Zaladobisgan:
represiul Zaladobas aqvs, marTlia, boroti, magram racionaluri motivi _ is
gamoiyeneba Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad, rogorc iZulebis saSualeba; xolo
qsenofobiuri Zaladobis arsebiTi mxarea misi sruli iracionaluroba. am TvalsazrisiT
25
iangi upirispirdeba araerT mkvlevars, romlebic rasistuli, seqsisturi Tu

homofobiuri Zaladobis motivs dominanturi jgufis mier sakuTari dominanturi
statusisa da jgufuri privilegiebis SenarCunebis survilSi xedaven. is fiqrobs, rom,
marTalia, Zaladobis SiSi xels uwyobs Cagruli jgufebis dominirebul mdgomareobaSi
darCenas, magram Tavad Zaladobis Zirebi mainc ìdentobis formirebis aracnobier
struqturebSi unda veZeboT (iqve).
unda SevniSnoT, rom SeiZleba aq araswori iyos Tavad dilema _ instrumentuli
racionaluroba Tu iracionaluri zizRi? Zalauflebis zogierTi, magaliTad, miSel
fukoseuli gageba gvaZlevs resurss imisaTvis, rom am dilemas gavcdeT da davinaxoT,
rogor SeiZleba motivaciis es ori saxe sinamdvileSi ara mxolod erTad, aramed
erTmaneTSi moqmedebdes. metic, is rasac iangi ìdentobis formirebis aracnobier
struqturebs~ uwodebs, am gagebiT, Tavad aRmoCndeba genealogiurad damokidebuli
Zalauflebis urTierTobebis arsebobisa da SenarCunebis meqanizmebze.
miTiTebuli literatura:
bartki 1990: Sandra Bartky, “On Psychological Oppression”, in Sandra Bartky, Feministy and Domination: Studies in
the Phenomenology of Oppression, New York: Routledge, 1990, pp. 22-‐32, 121-‐124. citirebulia
gamocemidan: Ann E. Cudd and Robin O. Andreasen (ed.), Feminist Theory, A philosophical Anthology,
Blackwell Publishing, 2004, pp. 105-‐113.
bovuari 1949: Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, translated by H. M. Pashley, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984.
giligani 1982: Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
evansi 1975: Michael Evans, Karl Marx, London: Allen & Unwin, 1975.
iangi 1998: Iris Marion Young, “Five Faces of Oppression”, in Philosophical Forum 19 (4), 1998, pp. 270-‐90.
citirebulia gamocemidan: Ann E. Cudd and Robin O. Andreasen (ed.), Feminist Theory, A philosophical
Anthology, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, pp. 91-‐104.
irigare 1974: Luce Irigaray, Speculum of the Other Woman, Cornell University Press, 1985.
irigare 1977: Luce Irigaray, This Sex Which Is Not One, Cornell University Press, 1985.
kristeva 1980: Julia Kristeva, Powers of Horror: an Essay on Abjection, Columbia University Press, 1982.
lukasi 1923: Georg Lukacs, History and Class Consciousness (Studies in Marxist Dialectics), translated by Rodney
Livingstone, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1971.
siksu 1975: Helene Cixous, The Laugh of the Medusa, Signs, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1976, pp. 875-‐893.
faierstouni 1970: Sulamith Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex, The Women's Press.
frai 1983: Marilyn Frye, “Oppression”, in Marilyn Frye, Politics and Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory, Freedom,
California: Crossing Press, 1983, pp. 1-‐16. citirebulia gamocemidan: Ann E. Cudd and Robin O. Andreasen
(ed.), Feminist Theory, A philosophical Anthology, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, pp. 84-‐90.
feiTmeni 1988: Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract, Stanford University Press.
fridmani 2003: Marilyn Friedman, Autonomy, Gender, Politics (Studies in Feminist Philosophy), Oxford University
Press.
qadi da jounsi 2003: Ann E. Cudd and Leslie E. Jones, “Sexism”, in R. G. Frey and C. H. Wellman (ed.), A
Companion to Applied Ethics, Oxford: Blackwell, 2003, pp. 102-‐117. citirebulia gamocemidan: Ann E.
Cudd and Robin O. Andreasen (ed.), Feminist Theory, A philosophical Anthology, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, pp.
73-‐83.
qrenSou 1991: Kimberle Crenshaw, Women of Color at the Center: Selections from the Third International
Conference on Women of Color and the Law: Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and
Violence Against Women of Color. In: Stanford Law Review 43 (1991), pp. 1241-‐1299.
heldi 1993: Virginia Held, Feminist Morality: Transforming Culture, Society, and Politics (Women in Culture and
Society), University Of Chicago Press.
heldi 2007: Virginia Held, The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global, Oxford University Press.

26

I. Cagvra Da Seqsizmi 2 Ras Ar Nisnavs 'Cagvra 2

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samuSao versia. gTxovT, citirebisTvis ar gamoiyenoT avtorTan SeTanxmebis gareSe.

ras ar niSnavs `Cagvra~ 2

am qveTavSi ganvixilavT ramdenime feministi avtoris pasuxs Tavis SesavalSi

ras ar niSnavs `Cagvra~

• `Cagvra~ ar niSnavs nebismier Seviwroebas an tanjvas

• `Cagvra~ ar niSnavs mxolod ukanono an tiranul mmarTvelobas

• Cagvra ar daiyvaneba diskriminaciaze

• Cagvra ar daiyvaneba mis Sedegebsa Tu simptomebze

alternatul axsnebTan SedarebiT mis upiratesobas aCvenebs. saboloo jamSi, es mizani

garkveuli jgufis Seviwroebis mizezia. es daxasiaTeba, udavod, jer-jerobiT Zalian

• Cagvris sistemuri xasiaTi: galiis metafora

SemTxvevas ganvixilavT da vamtkicebT, rom is zogadad qalebis Cagvris gamovlinebaa.

• Cagvris struqturuli xasiaTi: socialuri jgufi

SemTxvevaSi, aseTi Tu iseTi gagebiT, is centraluria Cagvris Sesaxeb memarcxene

qalebs Soris mravalferovani gansxvavebebis Temaa meore Tavis gamaerTianebeli, amitom

vaSlad rom qceuliyo. `agregatis~ modeli aq imdenad bunebrivad warmovadgineT, rom

safuZvelze icvlis adamiani religiur identobas; meore mxriv, adamianebi sakuTari

adekvaturi ar aris (SeiZleba ideologiis gavleniT klasi arasworad xedavdes Tavis

• Cagvris agenti (vin aris mCagvreli?). Cagvris asimetriuloba

SemzRudveli da Znelad Sesasrulebeli calkeuli individebisaTvis: konkretul

• Cagvris Zneli dasanaxoba: makroskopuli perspeqtivis aucilebloba; qalebis jgufad

im nawilis gamorCevis saSualeba, romelTac Cagvris SemTxvevebsa da gamovlinebebs

aris. am `verdanaxvis~ bevrnairi axsna arsebobs, romelTagan, albaT, bevri Seicavs

• Cagvris sistemebis erTmaneTze arareducirebadoba da `arakrebiToba~

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