ELEC3130 ELECTRIC

MACHINES AND POWER

SYSTEMS

5.1 Induction Machines I

School of Electrical Engineering and Computing

Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment

July 2017
 2

Induction Motor Construction

• An induction motor has the same stator structure as a

synchronous machine.
• The induction machine rotor structure can be either a;
– Squirrel cage rotor
– Wound rotor

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 3

Squirrel Cage Rotor

conducting bars

Conducting
rings

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 4

Wound Rotor

three phase windings on

the rotor

slip rings

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 5

Lorentz Force on the Rotor

• A voltage is induced (e = Blv) in each conductor while it is being cut by
the moving flux (Faraday’s Law), and direction given by Fleming’s right
hand rule.
• Induced voltage cause circulating currents in rotor.
• Circulating currents in a magnetic field produces
a mechanical force (Lorentz force, F = BIl),
direction given by the Left-hand rule.
• Force always acts in a direction to drag the
conductor along with the magnetic field.

Force

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 6

Development of Induced Torque in Induction Motor

(a) The rotating stator field BS induces a voltage in the rotor bars;
(b) the rotor voltage produces a rotor current flow, which lags behind the
voltage due to rotor inductance;
(c) the rotor current produces a magnetic field BR lagging rotor current by 90o.
Interaction between BR and BS produces a torque in the machine.
January 22, 2018
ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 7

The Concept of Rotor Slip

• Slip speed is defined as the difference between

synchronous speed and rotor speed:
nslip  nsync  nm

Where nslip  slip speed of the machine

nsync  speed of the magnetic field
nm  rotor mechanical speed

nslip nsync  nm
slip  s  
nsync nsync
January 22, 2018
ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 8

The Concept of Rotor Slip

• Frequency of rotor currents

= =
+ =

• Slip is generally small (<3%) therefore rotor current frequency

is very low

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 9

Example 7-1

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 10

Example 7-1

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 11

Example 7-1

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 12

The Transformer Model of an Induction Motor

• Stator resistance is R1, and stator leakage reactance is X1.

• Magnetizing reactance XM, Core Loss Rc
• Rotor resistance is RR, and rotor leakage reactance is XR.

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 13

The Transformer Model of an Induction Motor

• Unlike a transformer, in an induction motor, due to the presence

of an air gap, the magnetizing current is significant and its effect
may not be ignored.
• However, the core-loss resistance
may be removed from the
equivalent circuit and its effect
accounted for by including core
losses in our calculations.

The magnetization curve of an induction motor

compared to that of a transformer.
January 22, 2018
ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 14

The Rotor Circuit Model

• Magnitude of the induced voltage in the rotor at any slip

where ELR is the magnitude of the induced rotor voltage at locked-rotor

conditions.
• Frequency of the induced voltage at any slip

• The rotor reactance is given by

where XLR is the locked-rotor rotor reactance.

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 15

The Rotor Circuit Model

• Rotor current flow can be found as

• The rotor effects due to varying rotor

speed as being caused by a varying
impedance supplied with power from
a constant-voltage source ELR
• Equivalent rotor impedance

Rotor circuit model of an

induction motor

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 16

The Rotor Circuit Model

• Rotor equivalent circuit

• Rotor voltage is a constant ELR volts and the rotor impedance ZR,eq
contains all the effects of varying rotor slip.

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 17

The Final Equivalent Circuit

• R1 = Stator resistance/phase
• X1 = Stator leakage reactance/phase
• R2 = Rotor resistance referred to stator/phase
• X2 = Rotor leakage reactance referred to stator/phase

The per-phase equivalent circuit of an induction motor.

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 18

Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit and Phasor

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
Power and Torque in an Induction Motor 19

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
Example 7-2 20

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
Example 7-2 21

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
Example 7-2 22

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au
 23

Questions?

January 22, 2018

ELEC3130 Electric Machines and Power Systems | www.newcastle.edu.au