A DA N 36: B GBGBGB G BGCH B GBGBGBGB GB GB GB G B G B GBGBG B GBG

PROBABILITY R.M.M.C. – 8.
1 –
CHAPTER – 08 – PROBABILITY
Number of Favourable event
Probability =
Number of Exclusive event
 Key Notes :
a. P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
36 N
b g bg bg b g
P AB  P A  P B  P AB
PbA g  PcA h  1 , A  Not A
A
b.
PbA  B  Cg  PbA g  Pb Bg  PbCg  PbA  Bg  Pb B  Cg  PbC  A g  PbA  B  Cg
58 D
c.
If A and B are mutually exclusive events PbA  Bg  0
A
d.
If A and B are independent events PbA  Bg  PbA g. Pb Bg

e.
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f. If A and B are exhaustive event PbA  Bg  PbSg  1
10 H
g. If A and B are mutually exhaustive event P(A) + P(B) = 1
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1

98 ES
h. i. c h bg b g
P AB  P B P AB
ii. PcA  Bh  PbA g  PbA  Bg

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PcA  Bh  1  PbA  Bg
A
iii.
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iv. P  A  B  1  P  A  B
Probability Distribution
Mean () =  Px
Variance =  Px 2
 d Pxi 2
 S. D  var iance
Conditional Probability
P (A/B) = Probability of occurrence of the event A when the event B as already occurred.
b
P A/B  g PbAPbBgBg
RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

PROBABILITY R.M.M.C. – 8.2 –
b
P B/ A g PbPAbAgBg
PcA  Bh
PcA / Bh 
Pb Bg
PcA  Bh  Pb Bg  PbA  Bg
36 N
PcA  B h
Pc A / B h 
Pc B h
A
h PcAPcBhBh
58 D
c
P A/B 
Baye's Theorem
A
65 M
Let E1, E2, ............ En be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events, with non-zero probabilities, of a
random experiment. If A be any arbitrary event of the sample space of the above experiment which
b g b g ,1  i  n
10 H
b
occurs with E1 or E2 ............ or En and P(A) > 0, then P E i / A  g P Ei P A / E i
 Pd E i Pd A / E i
n
98 ES
j j
j1
J
A
R

SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex.1. An urn contain 6 white, 4 black and 5 red balls. Two balls are drawn at random. Find
the probability that :
a. Both the balls are red.
b. One ball is red, the other is black.
c. One ball is white
Sol. 6 White, 4 Blue, 5 Red.
36 N
5C 2
a. P (both red)  15C
A
2
5 4
58 D
2 1 5  42
 2
 15  14  
   147
153  21
A
2 1
5C1  4C1
b.
65 M
P (one red and other black)  15C 2
5 4
5  4  2 4
10 H
 15  14  
2 1    147
153  21
98 ES
6C1  9C1
c. P (one white)  15C 2
69
  9  2 18
62
J
 15  14  
2 1    147
155  35
A
Ex.2. 3 cards are drawn at random from a pack of well shuffled 52 cards. Find the
R
probability that :
a. All the three are the same suit.
b. One is king, other is a queen and third is a jack.
Sol. a. All the three cards are the same suit.
 b
P same suit  2 g
4 13 C 3 4  13
5 C3

   1262
   5117
52
    11
   5025

22 22
 
425 425
b. P (one king, other queen and third jack)
4C1  4C1  4C1
 52C 3

4  4  4 16
  3  2  1 
   5117
5213    50  25 5525
Ex3. An urn contain 9 red, 7 white and 4 black balls. If two balls are drawn at random, find
the probola that :
Sol. a. b
P Both the balls are red  g aC 2

36 18

2C 2 190 95
36 N
b g
a
C2  7 C2  4 C2
b. P same colour 
20C 2
A
36  21  6

58 D
190
63
A

190
Ex4.
65 M
Find the probability distribution of the number of success in two tosses of a die, where
a succes is defined as ‘a number greater than 4’. Find the mean and variance of the
distribution.
10 H
Sol. Let E be the event of getting a success i.e., of getting a number greater than 4 in the toss of
a die. On a die, numbers greater than 4 are 5 and 6.
98 ES
 PE  bg 2 1
 and P E  1  
6 3
ch
1 2
3 3
Let x denotes the random variable ‘number greater than 4’.
J
 The possible values of x are 0, 1, 2.
b g c h c h c h 23  23  49
A
P x  0  P E1 E 2  P E1 P E 2 
Pb x  1g  Pc E E or E E h  Pb E gPc E h  Pc E hPb E g
R
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
F 1 2 I F 2 1I 4
 G  J G  J 
H 3 3 K H 3 3K 9
P (x = 2) = P (E1 E2) = P (E1) P (E2)
1 1 1
  
3 3 9
 The P.D of x is
x 0 1 2
Px bg 4
9
4
9
1
9

Calculation of mean and variance
x P px px 2
4
0 0 0
9
4 4 4
1
9 9 9
2
1 2 4
 bg
Mean    px 
2
3
9 9 9
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2 2 8
 p  1  px  3  px 
9
A
8 2 FG IJ 2
4
HK
58 D
2 2
Variance =  px     
9 3 9
A
Ex5. Find the probability distribution of the number of sixes in three tosses of a die. Find
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also the mean and the variance.
Sol. Let E be the event of throwing six in a throw of a die.
bg
1
PE and P E  1  
1 5
ch
10 H

6 6 6
Let x denotes the random variable ‘number of sixes’.
98 ES
 The possible values of x are 0, 1, 2, 3.
b g c h c h c h c h 56  56  56  125
P x  0  P E1 E 2 E 3  P E 1 P E 2 P E 3 
216
Pb x  1g  Pc E E E or E E E or E E E h
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1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Pb E g Pc E h Pc E h  Pc E h Pb E g Pc E h  Pc E hPc E hPb E g
A
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
F 1 5 5I F 5 1 5I F 5 5 1I 75
 G   J G   J G   J 
R
H 6 6 6K H 6 6 6K H 6 6 6K 216
Pb x  2g  Pc E E E or E E E or E E E h
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
 Pb E g Pb E g Pc E h  Pb E g Pc E h Pb E g  Pc E hPb E gPb E g
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
F 1 1 5I F 1 5 1I F 5 1 1I 15
 G   J G   J G   J 
H 6 6 6K H 6 6 6K H 6 6 6K 216
1 1 1 1
P (x = 3) = P (E1E2E3) = P (E1) P(E2) P(E3)    
6 6 6 216
 The probability distribution (P.D) of x is.
x 0 1 2 3
Px bg 125
216
75
216
15
216
1
216


x p px px 2
125
0 0 0
216
75 75 75
1
216 216 216
15 30 60
2
216 216 216
1 3 9
3
36 N
216 216 216
1 2 2
 p  1  px  2  px 
A
3
bg 1 2 FG IJ
1
2
2 1 5
HK
58 D
2
Mean    px   Variance =  px     
2 3 2 3 4 12
A
Ex6. Three bad eggs got mixed up with seven good eggs. If three eggs are drawn
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simultaneously from 10 eggs. Find the mean and variance of the number of bad eggs
among them.
Sol. Let x denotes the discrete random variable ‘number of bad eggs.’
10 H
 x can take values 0, 1, 2, 3.
b g b g
7
C3 35
P x  0  P No bad eggs  
98 ES
10
C 3 120
b g b g
3
C1  7 C 2 63
P x  1  P 1 bad egg  10

C3 120
J
b g b g
3
C 2  7 C1 21
P x  2  P 2 bad eggs  10 
A
C3 120
b g b g
3
R
C3 1
P x  3  P 3 bad eggs  10

C 3 120
x p px px 2
35
0 0 0
120
63 63 63
1
120 120 120
21 42 84
2
120 120 120
1 3 9
3
120 120 120
108 2 156
 p  1  px  120  px 
120

bg
Mean    px 
108
120
 0.9
Variance =  px 2
 2 
156
120
b g
 0.9
2
 0.49
Ex7. The probability that a certain person will buy a shirt is 0.2, the probability that he will
buy a trouser is 0.3 and the probability that he will buy a shirt given that he buys a
trouser is 0.4. Find the probability that he will buy both a shirt and a trouser. Find also
36 N
the probability that he will buy a trouser given that he buys a shirt.
A
Sol. Let S = event of buying a shirt
and T = event of buying a trouser.
58 D
 P (S) = 0.2, P(T) = 0.3, P(S/T) = 0.4
b g PbPSbTgTg
A
We have, P S/T 
PbS  Tg
65 M
 0.4 
0.3
 b g b gb g
P S  T  0.4 0.3  0.12
10 H
 P (event of buying both shirt and trouser) = 0.12

Also, P (event of buying a trouser given that he buys a shirt)
98 ES
b g PbPTbSgSg  00.12.2  0.6

P T /S 
Ex8. A dice is thrown twice and the sum of the number appearing is observed to be 6. What
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is the conditional probability that the number 4 has appeared at least once.
A
Sol. Let S be the sample space of the experiment.

 S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), ........, (6, 5), (6, 6)}
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Let A = event of getting sum 6 and B = event of getting 4 at least once.

 A = {(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1)}
and B = {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (5, 4), (6, 4)}
 b g 365 and PbBg  11

PA
36
Also, A  B  mb4, 2g, b2, 4gr  b
P AB  g 2
36
Now, required probability
= Probability of getting 4 on at least one dice given that sum is 6.
b
 P B/A  g PbPBbA gA g  PbPAbAgBg  25 // 3636  25
Alternatively, Pb B / A g 
No. of cases favorable to ' A  B' 2

No. of cases favourable to A 5
Remark 1 : In practical problems, it would be easier to use the formulae.
a. b
P A/B  g No. of cases favorable to ' A  B'
No. of cases favourable to B
b. b
P B/A  g No. of cases favorable to ' B  A ' i. e., ' A  B'
No. of cases favourable to A
Remark 2 : The event A  B is same as B  A and each consists of sample points whihc
are common to both A and B.
36 N
Ex9. A couple has 2 children. Find the probability that both are boys, if it is known that
A
(a) one of the children is a boy (b) one of the children is a girl. (c) the older child is a
boy (d) the older child is a girl.
58 D
Sol. Here S = {B1B2, G1G2, G1B2, B1G2}
The suffixes ‘1’ and ‘2’ refer to older child and younger child respectively.
A
Let A = event that both children are boys.
65 M  A = {B1B2}
a. Let B = event that one of the children is a boy
 B = {B1B2, G1B2, B1G2}  l
A  B  B1 B2 q
b g nbAnbBgBg  13
10 H
Required probability = P A / B 
98 ES
b. Let B = event that one of the children is a girl.

 B = {G1G2, G1B2, B1G2}  AB 
 b
Required probability = P A / B  g nbAnbBgBg  03  0
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c. Let B = event that the older child is a boy.

A
 B = {B1B2, B1G2}  l
A  B  B1 B2 q
g nbAnbBgBg  21
R
 b
Required probability = P A / B 
d. Let B = event that the older child is a girl.

 B = {G1B2, G1G2}  AB 
 b
Required probability = P A / B  g nbAnbBgBg  20  0
Ex10. Assume that a factory has two machines. Past records shows that machine I produces
20% of the items of output and machine II produces 80% of the items. Further, 6% of
the items produced by machine I were defective and only 1% produced by machine II
were defective. If a defective item is drawn at random. What is the probability that it
was produced by (a) machine I (b) machine II.

Sol. Let E1, E2 be the events of drawing an item produced by machine I and II respectively. Let
A be the event of drawing a defective item. Now we have.
b g
P E1 
200 1
 , P E2 
100 5
80 4

100 5
b g
b
P A / E1 
6
100
g , P A / E2  b 1
100
g
The events E1 and E2 are mututally exclusive and exhaustive.
36 N
a. By Bayes’ theorem, P (machine I produced the defective item)
1 6
g PbE g PbAPb/EE ggPbAPb/EE ggPbA / E g F
A

b
 P E1 / A  1 1
 5 100
IJ FG

6

3
IJ
1 1
GH
2 2
1 6
  
4 1
K H
6 4 5
K
58 D
5 100 5 100
b. P (machine II produced the defective item)
A
b g b g b b gg b b g g b
4

1
65 M P E2 P A / E 2 5 100 4 2
 P E2 / A 
P E1 P A / E1  P E 2 P A / E 2

1 6 4 1
 
6 4 5 g FG IJ FG IJ

5 100
 
5 100 H K H K
10 H
Ex11. In a bolt factory, machines A, B and C manufacture 60%, 25% and 15% respectively.
98 ES
Of the total of their output 1%, 2% and 1% are defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at
random from the total production and found to be defective. From which machine, the
defective bolt is expected to be manufactured.
J
Sol. Let E1, E2, E3 be the events of drawing a bolt produced by machine A, B and C
respectively. Let D be the event of drawing a defective bolt.
A
We have, b g
P E1 
60
100
, P E2  b g
25
100
, P E3 
15
100
b g
R
b 1
P D / E1 
100
g
, P D / E2 
2
100
b
, P D / E3 
1
100
g b g
The events E1, E2 and E3 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
By Bayes’ theorem
P (defective bolt is produced by machine A)
b
 P E1 / D  g PbE g PbD / E g  PPbbEE gg PPbbDD // EE gg  PbE g PbD / E g
1 1
1
2
1
2 3 3
60 1

100 100 60 60 12

60FG 1 25 2 IJ FG
15 1
 
IJ FG

60  50  15 125 25 IJ
H

100 100
 
100 100

K H
100 100 K H K
P (defective bolt is produced by machine B)
b
 P E2 / D  g PbE g PbD / E g  PPbbEE gg PPbbDD // EE gg PbE g PbD / E g
1 1
2
2
2
2 3 3
25 2
 50 50 2
100 100

FG
60 1 25 IJ FG
2 15 1

IJ FG 
60  50  15 125 5 IJ
H 
100 100
 
100 100K H
 
100 100 K H K
36 N
P (defective bolt is produced by machine C)
b g PbE g PbD / E g  PPbbEE gg PPbbDD // EE gg  PbE g PbD / E g
A
3 3
 P E3 / D 
1 1 2 2 3 3
58 D
15 1

100 100 15 15 3
A

FG
60 1 25 IJ FG
2 15 1

IJ FG 
60  50  15 125 25 IJ
H 
100 100
 
100 100K H
 
100 100 K H K
65 M
 Most probably, the defective bolt has been drawn from the output of the machine A.
10 H
Ex12. A factory has three machines X, Y and Z producing 1000, 2000 and 3000 bolts per day
respectively. The machine X produces 1% defective bolt. Y produces 1.5% and Z
98 ES
produces 2% defective bolts. At the end of a day, a bolt is drawn at random and is
found defective. What is the probability that this defective bolt has been produced by
the machine X.
J
Sol. Let E1, E2, E3 be the events of drawing a bolt produced by machine X, machine Y,
machine Z respectively.
A
 b g
P E1 
1000 1
6000 6
 , P E2  b g
2000 1
6000 3
 , P E3 
3000 1

6000 2
b g
R
(Using 1000 + 2000 + 3000 = 6000)

Let A be the event of drawing a defective bolt.
b g
P D / E 1  1% 
1
100
b
, P D / E 2  15%
. g

15
.
100
b
, P D / E 3  2%  g
2
100
The events E1, E2 and E3 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
By Bayes’ Theorem
P (defective bolt is produced by machine X)
c h b gb b g b
P E1 P D / E1 g
 P E 3 D 
g b gb g b gb
P E1 P D / E1  P E 2 P D / E 2  P E 3 P D / E 3 g
1 1
 1 1
6 100

FG
1 1 1 15 IJ FG
. 1 2

IJ FG
1  3  6 10 IJ
H

6 100
 
3 100 K H
 
2 100 K H K
Ex13. Three urn are given, each containing red and black balls as indicated below :
Urn I : 6 red and 4 black balls.
Urn II : 2 red and 6 black balls.
Urn III : 1 red and 8 black balls.
An urn is chosen at random and a ball is drawn from that urn. The ball drawn is red.
Find the probability that the ball is drawn either from urn II or from urn III.
Sol. Urn I : 6 red and 4 black balls.
Urn II : 2 red and 6 black balls.
36 N
Urn III : 1 red and 8 black balls.
A
L et E1, E2, E3 be the events of choosing urn I, urn II, urnIII respectively.
b g 1
b g
1 1
b g
58 D
 P E1  , P E 2  , P E 3 
3 3 3
Let A be the event of getting a red ball when a ball is drawn from an urn.
A
 P (A/E1) = Probability that a red ball is drawn from the urn I
65 M
6 3
 
64 5
b
Similarly, P A / E 2 
2
g 1
 and P A / E 3  b 2
g
1
10 H
26 4 1 8 9
Required probability = P (red ball is drawn either from urn II or from urn III)
98 ES
= P (E2/A or E3/A)
b g b g b
P E 1 P A / E1 g
 1  P E1 / A  1 
b g b
P E1 g b g b g b g b
P A / E1  P E 2 P A / E 2  P E 3 P A / E 3 g
J
Using Bayes’ theorem

1 3 1
A

3 5 5
 1
FG
1 3 1 1 1 1 IJ FG
 1
1 1 1 IJ FG IJ
R
H
    
3 5 3 4 3 9 K H 
5 12 27 K H K
1
5 1 540 108 65
 1  1   1 
108  45  20 5 173 173 173
540
Ex14. By examining the chest X-ray, the probability that T.B. is detected when a person is
actually suffereing is 0.99. The probability that the doctor diagnoses incorrectly that
a person has T.B. on the basis of X-ray is 0.001. In a certain city, 1 in 1,000 persons
suffers from T.B. A person is selected at random and is diagnosed to have T.B. What
is the chance that he actually has T.B.
Sol. Let E1 and E2 be the events that a person selected is ‘suffering’ and ‘not suffering’ from

T.B. respectively.
 b g
P E1 
1
1000
b g
 0.001 and P E 2  1 
1

1000 1000
999
 0.999
Let A be the event that the doctor diagnoses a person to have T.B.
 P (A/E1) = Probability that the T.B. is detected by the doctor when the person is actually
suffering.
= 0.99
36 N
P (A/E2) = Probability that the T.B. is detected by the doctor when the person is actually not
suffering.
A
= 0.001
Required probability
58 D
= Probability that a person has T.B. who has already been declared to have T.B.
= P (E1/A)
A b
By Bayes’ theorem, we have P E 1 / A  g PbE g PbAPb/EE gg PbAPb/EE ggPbA / E g
1 1
65 M 1 1 2 2
b0.001gb0.99g 0.00099 0.00099 990 110


b0.001gb0.99g  b0.999gb0.001g 0.00099  0.000999 0.001989 1989  221
  
10 H
98 ES
Ex15. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is
a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.
Sol. Let E1 and E2 be the events that ‘six occurs’ and ‘six does not occur’ in the throw of the die,
respectively.
J
 b g
P E1 
1
b g
and P E 2 
5
A
6 6
Let A be the event that the man reports that six has occured in the throw of the die.
R
 P (A/E1) = Probability that the man reports that ‘six’ occurs when six has actually occurred.
= Probability that the man is speaking truth.
3

4
P (A/E2) = Probability that the man reports that ‘six’ occurs when six has actually occurred.
= Probability that the man is speaking truth.
3 1
 1 
4 4
Required probability
= Probability that six has actually occurred.
= Probability that the report of the man that six has occurred is true
= P (E1/A)

b g PbE g PbAPb/EEggPbPAbE/ Eg gPbA / E g

By Bayes Theorem, we have P E 1 / A 
1
1
1 2
1
1 3
 3 3
 6 4  
1 3 5 1 35 8
  
6 4 6 4
36 N
A
58 D
A
65 M
10 H
98 ES
J
A
R

PRACTICE EXERCISE
Q1. A coin is tossed once. What are the total events in this experiment.
Q2. Find the probability of getting :

(a) Head (b) Tail in a single toss of a coin
Q3. A dice is thrown once. Describe the sample space of this experiment.
36 N
Q4. A dice is thrown once. What is the probability of getting :
(a) The Number 5 (b) Number greater than 4
A
(c) Even Number (d) Prime Number
(e) Multiple of 3 (f) Number less than equal to 4
58 D
(g) Odd Number
A
Q5. A coin is tossed twice. Describe the sample space.
Q6.
65 M
A bag contains 5 Red and 8 Black balls. If a ball is drawn from this bag, what is the
probability that it is :
(a) Red (b) Black
10 H
Q7. What is the probability that a number selected from the numbers 1, 2, 3, ........ 19 is a prime
number. You may assume that each of the 19 numbers is equally likely to be selected.
98 ES
Q8. Two dice are thrown. Describe the sample space of this experiment.
Q9. In a single throw of two dice find the probability that the number 5 is on the first dice and a
J
number greater than 5 is on the second dice.

A
Q10. In a single throw of two dice find the probability of getting a doublet or a total of 10.
Q11. A card is drawn at random from well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability that the
R
card drawn is :
(a) Red card (b) Spade (c) Ace
(d) Face card (e) Black king (f) King or
Queen
(g) Red and king (h) Ace of spade (i) Club or
spade
(j) Heart and Queen (k) Heart or Queen(l) Black or Ace
(m) Jack or Club (n) Neither a heart nor a king
(o) Neither Red nor Ace.
Q12. Find the probability that a leap year, selected at random will contain 53 sundays.
Q13. Find the probability that a non-leap year, selected at random will contain 53 sundays.
Q14. If a coin is tossed thrice, find the probability of getting 2 heads.

Q15. A bag cotains 6 Red and 4 Black balls. If two balls are drawn with replacement from this
bag find the probability that :
(a) Both the balls are Red (b) No Red ball (c) One Red ball
(d) At least one red ball (e) At most one red ball.
Q16. A bag contains 6 red and 4 black balls. If a ball is drawn and then another ball is drawn
without putting the first ball back into the bag. Find the probability :
(a) No red ball (b) No black ball
(c) The first is red
36 N
Q17. Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that the
cards drawn are :
A
(a) Both are Red Cards (b) Both are Spade Cards
(c) Both are Aces Cards (d) One is Red and other is Black
58 D
(e) One spade and one club card (f) One is king and other is Queen
(g) Both the cards are of the same suit. (h) One is face card.
A
(i) Both the cards are Red Kings.
Q18.
65 M
If two cards are drawn one by one with replacement from a pcak of 52 cards. Find the
probability of getting (a) to (i) of Question No. 17.
Q19. If two cards are drawn one by one without replacement from a pack of 52 cards. Find the
10 H
probability that one of these is an ace and other is a queen of opposite shade.
98 ES
Q20. A bag contains 4 red, 5 black and 6 white balls. If 2 balls are drawn one by one without
replacement, find the probability that :
(a) both the balls are red (b) No red ball
(c) One red ball (d) At least one is red
(e) at most one is red (f) one red one black ball
J
A
Q21. A class consists of 80 students, 25 of them are girls and 55 boys. 10 of them are rich and the
remaining poor. 20 of them are fair complexioned. What is the probability of selecting a
fair complexioned rich girl.
R
Q22. A bag contains 5 red, 5 white and 5 green balls. If three balls are drawn at random. Find the
probability that the balls are one from each colour.
Q23. From a class of 13 boys and 11 girls, a group of 5 students are selected in such a manner that
every group of 5 students is equally likely to be selected. Find the probability that there are
exactly 3 girls in the selected group.
Q24. A bag contains 4 red and 5 black balls, a second bag contains 3 red and 6 black balls. If one
ball is drawn from each bag find the probability that :
(a) Both are red (b) One red one black (c) one is red
(d) At least one is red (e) No red ball
Q25. A bag contains 5 red and 4 black balls, a second bag contains 8 red and 7 black balls. If one
ball is drawn from the first bag and 2 from the second bag, find the probability that :

(a) No black ball (b) All are blackballs

(c) At least 2 are black balls
Q26. A bag contains 4 red and 5 black balls and a second bag contains 5 red and 4 black balls. If
a bag is selected and from the selected bag a balls is drawn. What is the probability that the
balls is red.
Q27. A purse contains 5 silver coins and 3 copper coins. A second purse contains 3 silver and
4 copper coins. If two coins are pulled out at random from one of the two purses, find the
36 N
probability that :
(a) Both are silver coins (b) One is silver coins
(c) No silver coins
A
Q28. Bag A contains 4 red and 5 black balls. Bag B contains 3 red and 6 black balls. Bag C
58 D
contains 5 red and 4 black balls. If 2 balls are pulled out at random from one of the three
bags, find the probability that the balls drawn are :
A
(a) One red one black (b) No black ball
Q29.
65 M
Three groups of children contains 1 girl 3 boys, 2 girls 2 boys and 3 girls one boy. If one
chind is selected at random from each group, find the probability that one is boy.
Q30. Find the probability of drawing one rupee coin from a purse with two compartments one of
10 H
which contains 3 fifty paise coins and 2 one rupee coins and other contains 2 fifty paise
coins and 3 one rupee coins.
98 ES
Q31. There are two bag, one of which contains 3 black and 4 white balls while the other contains
4 black and 3 white balls. A die is cast. If the face 3 of 4 turns up, a ball is taken from the
first bag, and if any other face turns up, a ball is chosen from the second bag. Find the
probability of choosing a black balls.
J
A
1 1
Q32. A problem in mathematics is given to 2 students whose chances of solving it are and .
2 8
R
If they both try to solve the problem simultaneously, find the probability that :
(a) both of them will solve the problem.
(b) Exactly one of them will solve the problem.
(c) None of them will solve the problem.
(d) At least one of them will solve the problem.
(e) At most one of them will solve the problem.
1
Q33. A problem in mathematics was given to two students whose chance of solving it are and
2
1
. If they both try to solve the problem simultaneously, find the probability that the
3
problem will be solved.

1 1
Q34. A problem in mathematics was given to 3 students whose chances of solving it are ,
2 3
1
and . What is the probability that :
4
(a) All of them will solve the problem.
(b) Two of them will solve the problem.
(c) Exactly one of them will solve the problem.
(d) None of them will solve the problem.
36 N
1 2 3
Q35. The probabilities of A, B, C solving a problem are , and respectively. If all the three
3 7 8
A
try to solve the problem simultaneously, find the probability that the problem will be solved.
58 D
7 7
Q36. The probability that Ram will be alive 10 years hence is and Shyam will be alive is .
15 10
A
Find the probability that both Ram and Shyam will be dead 10 years hence.
65 M
Q37. A can solve 90% of the problems given in the book and B can solve 70% of the problem
given in a book. What is the probability that at least one of them will solve a problem
selected at random from the book.
10 H
Q38. A husband and wife appear in an interview for 2 vacancines in the same post. The
98 ES
1 1
probability of husband’s selection is and that of wife’s selection is . Find the
4 5
probability that :
(a) Both of them will be selected
J
(b) Exactly one of them will be selected.

(c) None of them will be selected.
A
(d) At least one of them will be selected.

(e) At most one of them will be selected.
R
Q39. A speaks truth in 75% of the cases and B is 70% of the case. In what percentage of cases are
they likely to contradict each other in stating the same fact (ii) In what percentage of cases
do they agree with each other
1
Q40. A and B apeared for an interview for two vacancies. The probability of A’s selection is
3
1
and that of B’s rejection is . Find the probability that only one of them will be selected.
5
Q41. A and B throw a coin alternately till one of them gets a Head and wins the game. If A starts
the game, find their respective probabilities of winning.
Q42. (a) Ram and Shyam throw a dice in ssuccession till one of them gets a ‘three’ and wins
the game. Find their respective probabilities of winning.
(b) Leena and Meena throw a pair of dice alternately in succession till one of them gets a
doublet and wins the game. Find their respective probabilities of winning.

Q43. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately. A wins the game if he gets a total of 7 and B wins
the game if he gets a total of 10. If A starts the game, then find the probability that B wins.
Q44. Find the probability distribution of the number of sixes in single throw with a dice.
Q45. Find the probability distribution of the number of ones in three tesses of a die.
Q46. Two cards are drawn with replacement from a well shuffled deck of cards. Find the
probability distribution of the number of kings.
36 N
Q47. 3 balls are drawn with replacement from a bag containing 4 white and 3 black balls. Find
the probability distribution of the number of black balls drawn.
A
Q48. 3 cards are drawn with replacement from a deck of cards. Find the probability distribution
58 D
of the number of clubs in the cards drawn.
A
Q49. Three cards are drawn without replacement from a well shuffled deck of cards. Find the
probability distribution of the number of aces.
65 M
Q50. A coin is thrown twice. Find the probability distribution of the number of heads.
Q51. A die is thrown thrice. Getting a number greater than 4 is termed as success. Find the
10 H
probability distribution of the number of successes.

98 ES
Q52. Adie is thrown twice, Getting an odd number is considered a success. Find the probability
distribution of the number of successes.
Q53. Find the probability distribution of the number of aces if two cards are drawn with
replacement from a deck of cards.
J
A
Q54. 3 bad articles are mixed with 7 good ones. Find the probability distribution of the number of
bad articles if 3 are drawn at random without replacement from this lot.
R
3 1
Q55. If P (A) = and P (B) = , find
5 3
(a) P (A or B), if A and B are mutually exclusive events.
(b) P (A and B), if A and B are independent events.
1 1 1
Q56. If A and B are two events such that P (A) = , P (B) = and P (A and B) = , find :
4 2 8
(a) P (A or B) (b) P (not A and not B)
1 7 1
Q57. Events A and B are such that P (A) = , P (B) = and P (not A or not B) = . State
2 12 4
wheather A and B are :
(a) mutually exclusive (b) independent

Q58. Given two independent events A, B such that P (A) = 0.3, P (B) = 0.6. Determine :
(a) P (A and B) (b) P (A and not B)(c) P (not A and B)
(d) P (neither A nor B) (e) P (A or B)
Q59. In a single throw of three dice, determine the probability of getting.

(a) a total of 5. (b) a total of at most 5
(c) a total of at least 5
Q60. One card is drawn at random from a pack of well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. In which of the
36 N
following cases are the events E and F independent.
(a) E : ‘the card drawn is a spade’ F : ‘the card drawn is an ace’
A
(b) E : ‘the card drawn is black’ F : ‘the card drawn is a king’
(c) E : ‘the card drawn is a king or queen’ F : ‘the card drawn is a queen or jack’
58 D
Q61. A coin is tossed thrice. In which of the following cases are the events E and F independent.
(a) E : ‘the first throw resluts in head’
A
F : ‘the last throw results in tail’
65 M
(b) E : ‘the number of heads is two’
F : ‘the last throw results in head’
(c) E : ‘the number of heads is odd’

10 H
F : ‘the number of tail is odd’

98 ES
Q62. (i) A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as a tail. If the coin is
tossed twice, find the probability distribution for the number of tails.
(ii) A random variable X has the following probability distribution :

J
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
bg
A
P X 0 k 2 k 2 k 3k k 2 2k 2 7k 2  k
Determine :
R
(a) k (b) P (X < 3)

(c) P (X > 6) (d) P (0 < X < 3)
Q63. A box contains 12 items of which 3 are defective. A sample of 3 items is selected from the
box. Let X denotes the number of defective items in the sample, find the probability
distribution of X.
Q64. Two cards are drawn simultaneously (or successively without replacement) from a
well-shuffled deck of cards. Find the probability distribution of the number of successes,
when getting a spade is considered as a success.
Q65. In a group of equal men and women, 10% men and 45% women are unemployed. What is
the probability that a person selected at random is employed.
Q66. If P(A) = 7/13, P(B) = 9/13 and P(A  B)  4 /13 , evaluate P(A/B).

Q67. A family has two children. What is the probability that both the children are boys given that at
least one of them is a boy.
Q68. Ten cards numbered 1 to 10 are placed in a box, mixed up thoroughly and then one card is
drawn randomly. If it is known that the number on the drawn card is more than 3, what is the
probability that it is an even number.
Q69. In a school, there are 1000 students, out of which 430 are girls. It is known that out of 430,
10% of the girls study in class XII. What is the probability that a student chosen randomly
36 N
studies in Class XII given that the chosen student in girl.
A
Q70. A die is thrown three times. Events A and B are defined as below :
A : 4 on the third throw.
58 D
B : 6 on the first and 5 on the second throw
Find the probability of A given that B has already occurred.
Q71.
A
A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 6. What is the
65 M
probability that the number 4 has appeared at least once.
Q72. Given that E and F are events such that P(E) = 0.6, P(F) =0.3 and P(E  F)  0.2 , find P(E/
F) and P(F/E).
10 H
Q73. If P(A) = 0.8, P(B) = 0.5 and P(B/A) = 0.4, find (i) P(A  B) (ii) P(A/B) (iii) P(A  B).
98 ES
Q74. Evaluate P(A  B), if 2P(A) = P(B) = 5/13 and P(A/B) = 2/5.
Q75. Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. If a family has two children,
J
what is the conditional probability that both are girls given that (i) the youngest is a girl, (ii) at
least one is a girl.
A
Q76. An instructor has a question bank consisiting of 300 easy True / False questions, 200 difficult
R
True /False questions, 500 easy multiple choice questions and 400 difficullt multiple choice
questions. If a question is selected at random from the question bank, what is the probahbility
that it will be an easy questions given that it is a multiple question.
Q77.(a)Given that the two numbers appearing on throwing two dice are different. Find the probability
of the event 'the sum of numbers on the dice is 4'.
Q77.(b)A black and a red die are rolled together. Find the conditioanl probability of obtaining the sum
8, given that the red die resulted in a number less than 4. [C.B.S.E. 2018]
Q78. A box of oranges is inspected by examining three randomly selected oranges drawn without
replacement. If all the three oranges are good, the box is approved for sale, otherwise, it is
rejected. Find the probability that a box containing 15 oranges out of which 12 are good and
3 are bad ones willbe approved for sale.

Q79. Bag I caontains 3 red and 4 black balls while another Bag II contains 5 red and 6 black balls.
One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and it is found to be red. Find the probabil-
ity that it was drawn from Bag II.
Q80. Given three identical boxes I, II and III each, each containing two coins. In box I, both coins
are gold coins, in box II, both are silver coins and in the box III, there is one gold and one
silver coin. A person chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the coin is of gold, what
is the probability that other coin in the box is also gold.
36 N
Q81. In a factory which manufacturers bolts, machines A, B and C manufacture respectively 25%,
35% and 40% of the bolts. Of their outputs, 5, 4 and 2 percent are respectively defective
A
bolts. A bolt is dranw at random from the product and is found to be defective. What is the
probability that it is manufactured by the machine B.
58 D
Q82. A doctor is to visit a patient. From the past experience, it is knwon that the probabilities that he
will come by train, bus, scooter or by other means of transport are respectively 3/10, 1/5,
A
1/10 and 2/5. The probabilities that he will be late are 1/4, 1/3 and 1/12, if he comes by train,
bus and scooter respectively, but if he comes by other means of transport, then he will not be
65 M
late. When he arrives, he is late. What is the probability that he comes by train.
Q83. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is a six. Find
the probability that it is actually a six.
10 H
Q84. An urn contains 5 red and 5 black balls.A ball is dranw at random, its colour is noted and is
98 ES
returned to the run. Moreover, 2 additional balls of the colouir drawn are put in the run and
then a ball is drawn at random. What is the probability that the second ball is red.
Q85. Of the students in a college, it is known that 60% reside in hostel and 40% are day scholars
J
(not residing in hostel). Previous year results report that 30% of all students who reside in
hostel attain A grade and 20% of day scholars attain A grade in their annual examination. At the
A
end of the year, one student is chosen at random from the college and he has an A grade, what
is the probability that the student is a hostilier.
R
Q86. In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows the answer or guesses.
Let 3/4 be the probability that he knows the answer and 1/4 be the probability that he guesses.
Assuming that a student who guesses at the answer will be correct with probability 1/4. What
is the probabillity that the student knows the answer given that he answered it correctly.
Q87. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck driv-
ers. The probability of an accidents are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. One of the insured
persons meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a scooter driver.
Q88. A factory has two machines A and B. Past record shows that machine A produced 60% of the
items of output and machine B produced 40% of the items. Further 2% of the items produced
by machine A and 1% produced by machine B were defective. All the items are put into one
stockpile and then one item is chosen at random from this and is found to be defective. What
is the probability that it was produced by machine B.

Q89. (a) Two groups are completing for the position on the Board of Directors of a
corporation. The probabilities that the first and the second groups will win are 0.6 and
0.4 respectively. Further, if the first group wins, the probability of introducing a new
product is 0.7 and the corresponding probability is 0.3if the second group wins. Find
the probability that the new product introduced was by the second group.
(b) Three persons A, B and C apply for a job of Manager in a Private Company. Chances
of their selection (A, B and C) are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 4. The probabilities that A, B and
C can introduce chances to improve profits of the company are 0.8, 0.5 and
0.3 respectively. If the change does not take place, find the probability that it is due to
36 N
the appointment of C.
A
Q90. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three times and notes the
number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3, or 4, she tosses a coin once and notes whether a head or
58 D
tail is obtained. If she obtained exatly one head, what is the probability that she threw 1, 2, 3 or
with the die. [C.B.S.E. 2018]
A
Q91. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards are
drawn and are found to be both diamonds. Find the probability of the lost card being a
65 M
diamond.
Q92. A laboratory blood test is 99% effective in detecting a certain disease when it is in fact, present.
10 H
However, the test also yields a false positive result for 0.5% of the healthy persoin tested (i.e.,
if a healthy person is tested, then, with probability 0.005, the test will imply he has the disease).
If 0.1 percent of the probability 0.005, the test will imply he has the disease). If 0.1 percent of
98 ES
the population actually has the disease, what is the probability that a person has the disease
given that his test result is positive.
Q93. By examining the chest X-ray, the probability that T.B. is detected when a person is actually
J
suffering is 0.99. The probability that doctor diagnosis incorrectly is 0.001. In a certain city 1
in 1000 person suffers from T.B. A person is selected at random and is disagnosed to have
A
T.B., what is the probability that he actually has T.B.

R
Q94. Two cards are drawn simultaneously (or successively without replacement) from a well shuffled
packof cards. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of the number of kings.
Q95. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. If X denotes the number of sixes, find the expectation of
X.
2 1
Q96. If A and B are two independent events such that P A  B    15

and P A  B  then
6

find P(A) and P(B).
Q97. A die is thrown once. Let A be the event that the number obtained is greater than 3. Let B be
the event that the number obtained is less than 5. Then P  A  B is :
2 3
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d) 1
5 5

Q98. Given two independent events A and B such that P  A   0.3 and P  B   0.6 , find
P  A  B  .
Q99. Three rotten apples are mixed with seven rotten apples. Find the probability distribution of the
numberof rotten apples, if three apples are drawn one by one with replacement. Find the mean
of the number of rotten apples.
Q100. In a shop X, 30 tins of ghee of type A and 40 tins of ghee of type B which look alike, are kept
36 N
for sale. While in shop Y, similar 50 tins of ghee of type A and 60 tins of ghee of type B are
there. One tin of ghee is purchased from one of the randomly selected shop and is found to be
A
of type B. Find the probability that it is purchased from shop Y.
58 D
Q101. A card is picked at random, from a pack of 52 playing cards. Given that the picked card is
queen, the probability of this card to be a card of spade is :
A
1 4 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 13 4 2
65 M
Q102. A number is choosen randomly from numbers 1 to 60. The probability that the chosen number
is a multiple of 2 or 5 is :
10 H
2 3 7 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
98 ES
5 5 10 10
J
A
R

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS FROM NECRT

Q1. A machine operates if all of its three components function. The probability that the first
component fails during the year is 0.14, the second component fails is 0.10 and the third
component fails is 0.05. What is the probability that the machine will fail during the year.
Q2. A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. I f getting a doubled is considered a success, find the probabil-
ity distribution of number of successes.
36 N
Q3. A die marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green is tossed. Let A be the event "number is even"
A
and B be the event "number is mared red". Find whether the events A and B are independent
58 D
or not.
A
Q4. A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B and C. The first operator A produces 1% of
defective items, whereas the other two operators B and c produces 5% and 7% defective
65 M
items respectively. A is on the job for 50% of the time, B on the job 30% of the time and C on
the job for 20% of the time. All the items are put into one stockpile and then one item is chosen
at random from this and is found to be defective. What is the probability that it was produced
10 H
by A ?
98 ES
Q5. A person has undertaken a construction job. The probabilities are 0.65 that there will be
strike, 0.80 that the construction job will be completed on time if there is no strike, and 0.32
that the construction job will be completed on time if there is a strike. Determine the probability
that the construction job will be completed on time.
J
A
Q6. One bag contains 4 white and 5 black balls. Another bag contains 6 white and 7 black balls. A
ball is transferred from first bag to the second bag and then a ball is drawn from the second
R
bag. Find the probability that the ball drawn in white.
Q7. If a machine is correctly set up, it produces 90% acceptable items. If is is incorrectly set up, it
produces only 40% acceptable items. Past experience shows that 80% of the set ups are
correctly done. If after a certain set up, the machine produces 2 acceptable items, find the
probability that the machine is correctly set up.
Q8. Suppose that 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair. A gray haried person is selected
at random. What is the probability of this person being male ? Assume that there are equal
number of males and females.
Q9. There are three coins. One is two headed coin, another is a biased coin that comes up heads
75% of the time and third is a unbiased coin. One of the three coins is choosen at random and
tossed, it shows heads, what is the probability that it was the two headed coin ?
Q10. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and bag II contains 4 red and 5 black balls. One ball is
transferred from bag I to bag II and then a ball is drawn from a bag II. The ball so drawn is
found to be red in colour. Find the probability that the transferred ball is black.
Q11. The random variable X has a probability distribution P(X) of the following form, where 'k' is
some number.
 k, if x  0
2k, if x  1
36 N

PX  x  
3k, if x  2
A
 0, otherwise
58 D
(i) Determine the value of k.
(ii) Find P  X  2  , P  X  2  , P  X  2 
Q12.
A
Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first five positive
65 M
integers. Let X denote the larger of two numbers obtained. find the mean and variance
of X. [C.B.S.E. 2018]
10 H
98 ES
J
A
R

ANSWERS
1 1
1. 2 2. (a) (b) 3. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
2 2
1 1 1 1
4. (a) (b) (c) (d) 5. (HH, HT, TH, TT)
6 3 2 2
5 8 8 1 2
6. (a) (b) 7. 9. 10.
13 13 19 36 9
36 N
1 1 1 3 1 2
11. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
2 4 13 13 26 13
A
1 1 1 1 4 7
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
58 D
26 52 2 52 13 13
4 9 6
A
(m) (n) (o)
13 13 13
2 1 3
12.
7
65 M 13.
7
14.
8
9 4 12 21 16
15. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
25 25 25 25 25
10 H
2 1 13 2 3 3
16. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
98 ES
15 3 15 3 5 5
25 1 1 26 13
17. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
102 17 221 51 102
8 4 96 1
J
(f) (g) (h) (i)

663 17 221 663
A
1 1 1 1 1
18. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
4 16 169 2 8
R
2 1 72 1 4
(f) (g) (h) (i) 19.
169 4 169 676 663
2 11 44 10 33 4
20. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
35 21 105 21 35 21
5 25 195
21. 22. 23.
512 91 644
4 13 13 17 10
24. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
27 27 27 27 27
4 4 59 1
25. (a) (b) (c) 26.
27 45 135 2
1 31 11 29 19
27. (a) (b) (c) 28. (a) (b)
4 56 56 54 108

13 1 11
29. 30. 31.
32 2 21
1 1 7 9 15
32. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
16 2 16 16 16
2 1 1 11 1
33. 34. (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 24 4 24 4
59 4 97
35. 36. 37.
36 N
84 25 100
1 7 3 2 19
A
38. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
20 20 5 5 20
58 D
9
39. (a) 40% (b) 60% 40.
15
A
2 1 6 5 6 5
41. , 42. (a) , (b) ,
3 3 65 M 11 11 11 11
x 0 1
5 1
10 H
44. Px
6 6
98 ES
x 0 1 2 3 x 0 1 2
45. 125 75 15 1 46. 144 24 1
Px P  x
216 216 216 216 169 169 169
J
x 0 1 2 3 x 0 1 2 3
A
47. 64 144 108 27 48. 27 27 9 1

Px Px
343 343 343 343 64 64 64 64
R
x 0 1 2 3 x 0 1 2
49. 4324 1128 72 1 50. 1 1 1
P  x P x
5525 5525 5525 5525 4 2 4
x 0 1 2 3 x 0 1 2
51. 8 12 6 1 52. 1 1 1
Px P x
27 27 27 27 4 2 4
x 0 1 2 x 0 1 2 3
53. 144 24 1 54. 7 21 7 1
P  x P  x
169 169 169 24 40 40 120

14 1 5 3
55. (a) (b) 56. (a) (b)
15 5 8 8
58. (a) 0.18 (b) 0.12 (c) 0.42 (d) 0.28 (e) 0.72
1 5 53
59. (a) (b) (c)
36 108 54
x 0 1 2
36 N
60. (a) and (b) 61. (a) 62. (a) 9 3 1
P  x
16 8 16
A
1 3 17 3
62. (b)(a) (b) (c) (d)
58 D
10 10 100 10
x 0 1 2 3 x 0 1 2
A
84 108 27 1 19 13 2
63. Px 64. Px
220 220 220 220 34 34 34
65 M
29 4 1 4
65. 66. 67. 68.
40 9 3 7
10 H
1 2 2 1
69. 0.1 70. 71. 72. ,
6 5 3 3
98 ES
11 1 1
73. (i) 0.32 (ii) 0.64 (iii) (0.98 74. 75. (i) (ii)
26 2 3
5 1 44 35
76. 77. 78. 79.
J
9 15 91 68
2 28 1 3
A
80. 81. 82. 83.

3 69 2 8
R
1 9 12 1
84. 85. 86. 87.
2 13 13 52
1 2 8 11
88. 89. 90. 91.
4 9 11 50
198 110
92. 93.
1197 221
ANSWERS TO
MISECLLAENOUS QUESTIONS
1. 0.264

x 0 1 2 3 4
2. 625 500 150 20 1
Px
1296 1296 1296 1296 1296
5. 0.488
29
6.
63
7. 0.95
36 N
20
8.
A
21
4
58 D
9.
9
16
A
10.
31 65 M
10 H
98 ES
J
A
R

— Notes —
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36 N
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A
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58 D
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A
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65 M
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10 H
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98 ES
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J
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A
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R
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PROBABILITY R.M.M.C. – 8.

a. P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)

PbA g  PcA h  1 , A  Not A

PbA  B  Cg  PbA g  Pb Bg  PbCg  PbA  Bg  Pb B  Cg  PbC  A g  PbA  B  Cg

If A and B are mutually exclusive events PbA  Bg  0

If A and B are independent events PbA  Bg  PbA g. Pb Bg

g. If A and B are mutually exhaustive event P(A) + P(B) = 1

P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1

ii. PcA  Bh  PbA g  PbA  Bg

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

 The possible values of x are 0, 1, 2.

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

Calculation of mean and variance

 The possible values of x are 0, 1, 2, 3.

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

Calculation of mean and variance

 x can take values 0, 1, 2, 3.

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

 P (event of buying both shirt and trouser) = 0.12

b g PbPTbSgSg  00.12.2  0.6

Sol. Let S be the sample space of the experiment.

Let A = event of getting sum 6 and B = event of getting 4 at least once.

 b g 365 and PbBg  11

Remark 1 : In practical problems, it would be easier to use the formulae.

b. Let B = event that one of the children is a girl.

c. Let B = event that the older child is a boy.

d. Let B = event that the older child is a girl.

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

P (defective bolt is produced by machine B)

b g PbE g PbD / E g  PPbbEE gg PPbbDD // EE gg  PbE g PbD / E g

(Using 1000 + 2000 + 3000 = 6000)

Using Bayes’ theorem

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

b0.001gb0.99g 0.00099 0.00099 990 110

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

b g PbE g PbAPb/EEggPbPAbE/ Eg gPbA / E g

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

Q2. Find the probability of getting :

number greater than 5 is on the second dice.

Q14. If a coin is tossed thrice, find the probability of getting 2 heads.

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

(a) No black ball (b) All are blackballs

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

(b) Exactly one of them will be selected.

(d) At least one of them will be selected.

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

probability distribution of the number of successes.

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

Q59. In a single throw of three dice, determine the probability of getting.

(c) E : ‘the number of heads is odd’

F : ‘the number of tail is odd’

(ii) A random variable X has the following probability distribution :

(a) k (b) P (X < 3)

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

T.B., what is the probability that he actually has T.B.

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836

RAJESH MADAN'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES, Ph. : 9810655836