FIELD STUDY 1 LEARNING EPISODE

On Teacher’s
FS 1 16 Philosophy of Education

SPARK Your Interest

One thing asked of teacher applicants in the Department of Education is to write their philosophy
of education. This means that they have to write their concept of the nature Of the learner' how
that learner learns and how that learner ought to live in order to live life meaningfully• Based on
these philosophical concepts, the teacher applicants describe how they ought to relate to the
learner, what to teach and how to teach so that the learner learns and lives life happily and
meaningfully.

TARGET Your Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this Episode, I must be able to:
 determine prevailing philosophies of education based on DepEd Vision and Mission
statements, core values and mandate, the K to 12 Curriculum Framework and Guide and
RA 10533;
 cite teacher's teaching behaviors and the philosophies of education on which these
behaviors are founded; and
 articulate my philosophy of teaching.

REVISIT the Learning Essentials

We are beneficiaries of a rich philosophical heritage passed on to us by great thinkers of the past
and of the present. The way teachers relate to learners and the way they teach are anchored on
philosophies of education.
Basic documents such as the vision and mission statements, core values and mandate Of
theDepartment of Education and the features of the K to 12 Curriculum as contained in Section 3
Of RA 10533 and the K to 12 Curriculum Guide are manifestations or expressions of the
philosophies of education of the country. They state the standards and the outcomes of education
towards which all curricular activities and teaching-learning should be directed.
 OBSERVE, ANALYZE, REFLECT
Activity 16.1 Analyzing DepEd’s Philosophy of Education

Name: _____________________________________
OBSERVE
 Determine prevailing philosophies of education based on DepEd Vision and Mission
statements, core values and mandate and on the K to 12 Curriculum Framework andGuide.
 Study the DepEd Vision and Mission statements, Core values and Mandate.
 Read the features of the K to 12 Curriculum based on the Kt012 Curriculum Framework and
Guide and Sec 5 of RA 10533.
 Accomplish the Table below by answering this question: Which philosophies are expressed?
 Cite relevant statements to back up an identified philosophy of education. You are given an
example.
Philosophies of Education Which philosophies ate expressed in Which philosophies are
the DepEd Vision, Mission expressed in the K to 12
Statements, Core Values, and Curriculum Framework and
Mandate? Give proof, Guide and sec 5 of RA 10533?
Give proof,
1. Essentialism – teach Essentialism The core values of maka- Essentialism - List of standards
mastery of the basics; Diyos, maka-tao, maka-kalikasan and and competencies that learners
curriculum is prescribed: maka-bansa show that DepEd is are expected to attain is to
subject matter -centered there essentialist. DepEd believes in subject matter that students are
are universal, objective unchanging values that need to be expected to learn.
values; inculcate values in inculcated -Essentialist
subject matter

2. Perennialism -- teach those
that last. the classics; there
are universal values:
inculcate these universal,
objective values
The Deped Mission, in which students
learn in a child-friendly, gender-
sensitive, safe, and motivating
environment, demonstrates that DepEd
applied Perennialism to their DepEd
Mission because they believe that if
learners engage in this type of
environment, they may become friendly
and good citizens of our country in the
future as they bring good values that
they learned in school.
Making the curriculum relevant
to learners is emphasized in the
K-12 Curriculum Framework.
Students required to gain in-
depth information, abilities,
values, and attitudes via
continuity and consistency
across all levels and disciplines
in order to convey positive
values and characteristics from
what they learnt in school to
their future.
3. Progressivism - very child-
centered; teach those that
interest the child; one leans
by experience: learners learn
by doing so teacher teacher’s
teaching is experiential;
values are subjective: no
inculcation of values since
they are subjective; instead
teachers help students clarify
their values
4. Reconstructionism -
school is agent of change,
schooling is preparing
students for the social
changes: teaching is
involving the students in
discussions of moral
dilemmas
5. Existentialism - Teachers
teach learners to make a
choice, to make decisions
and not merely to follow the
crowd; one who does not
make a choice and so Simply
follow others do not leave
meaningful life
The DepEd vision, in which the DepEd, In RA No. 10533 Sec. 5 which is
as a learner-centered organization, Curriculum Development, The
constantly develops itself to better serve curriculum shall be learner-
its stakeholders, demonstrates DepEd is centered, inclusive and
progressivism. DepEd believes that developmentally appropriate;
learners learn by doing as well as by which it show that Progressivism
teaching about topics in which they are is applied in this law.
interested.
DepEd strives to improve an K-12 aims emphasize social
individual's awareness of social events, transformation. from a ten-year
concerns, and difficulties that they face. basic education plan to a twelve-
This philosophy offers a vision of a year plan. The K-12 curriculum
better society through seeking answers exposes students to real-world
to societal challenges and issues. It challenges and allows them to
promotes the notion that instructors take social action in response to
should be used to motivate and guide them. Strategies include
students toward societal improvements. community-based learning and
integrating the outside world into
the classroom.
Existentialism is a philosophy that gives The fundamental goal of the K-
students a lot of flexibility to learn. It 12 curriculum is to assist
lends credence to the notion that to exist students in developing their own
is to discover the essence of life. DepEd values and understanding of
necessitates a student-centered teaching themselves within their cultural
method in which students are given the context: An existential
freedom of choice that they understand curriculum, as opposed to being
would unleash their potential and packed with information to study,
creativity. Educators under this concept contains activities that allow
act as facilitators, supporting pupils in students to discover and express
defining their own essence by guiding their own beliefs and identities..
them through many options.

6. Pragmatism - That which
is useful, that which is
practical and that which
works is what is good; that
which is efficient and
effective is that which is
Pragmatism is centered on the
psychology of individual differences.
The Department of Education prefers to
educate students based on their
aptitudes and talents. Every individual
must be respected, and education
The k-12 program views
education as a process that
introduces children to their
cultural heritage. The k-12
approach to curriculum that is
relevant to the learners appears
good. e.g. showing a video
clip on mitosis is more
efficient and more effective
and therefore more practical
than teacher coming up with
a visual aid by drawing
mistosis on a cartolina or
illustration board
7. Rationalism - emphasizes
the development of the
learners' reasoning powers; k
knowledge comes though
reason; teacher must develop
the reasoning power of the
learner
8. Utilitarianism - what is
good is that which is most
useful (that which brings
happiness) to the greatest
number of peoples;
9. Empiricism - source of
knowledge is through the
senses; teacher must involve
the senses in teaching-
learning
should be tailored to his or her interests
and abilities. They think that students
should not be asked to strive toward
predetermined goals. They should
instead set goals based on their needs
and interests.
Rationalism, in essence, considers
reason as the primary source and test of
knowledge or what is true. Truth, in the
case of rationalism, is intellectual
rather than sensory, which is why
DepEd believes that knowledge can be
learned solely by reason. As a result,
rationalism is a priori, which means
that we learn knowledge without
experience by using reason. Rationalism
is most commonly associated with logic
and mathematics, implying that there is
a deliberate and reasoned way to
reaching conclusions or discovering the
truth.
According to the Department of
Education, the curriculum should
emphasize practical, utilitarian, and
scientific disciplines that have assisted
humanity in mastering the environment.
Was not a fan of rote learning;
schooling had to be relevant to life and
the tasks required to make a livelihood.
•The curriculum should be organized in
accordance with how they contribute to
human survival and progress.
DepEd agrees that we acquire
knowledge about the world through
senses learning by doing and
interacting with the environment.
Simple ideas become complex through
complex comparison, reflection and
generalization—the inductive method.
to be totally realistic.
K-12 educators attempting to
pull knowledge out of students
are viewed as rationalists. Their
belief is that knowledge is innate
and needs to be drawn out of a
child via reasoning, thinking,
and experience. Some knowledge
is innate for Rationalists.
The K-12 curriculum believes
that it is performing a noble
service by assisting pupils in
achieving their own personal
quest of happiness. At the same
hand, the utilitarian approach
provides no notion of what
constitutes a higher education
and makes no assertions about
what constitutes a decent human
existence deserving of enjoyment.
It is up to the pupils to answer
these questions.
K-12 curriculum thinks that
empiricism has been extremely
important to the history of
science, as various thinkers over
the centuries have proposed that
all knowledge should be tested
empirically rather than just
through thought-experiments or

10. Behaviorism - behavior is
shaped deliberately by forces
in the environment and that
the type of person and
actions desired can be the
product of design; behavior
is determined by others,
rather than by person's own
free will; teacher must
carefully shape desirable
behavior; drills are
commonly used to enhance
learning, rewards reinforce
learning.
11. Constructivism —
Learners are capable of
constructing knowledge and
meaning; teaching —learning
therefore is constructing
knowledge and meaning;
teacher does not just "tell" or
dictate but asks learners for
knowledge they construct
and meaning of lesson
OBSERVE, ANALYZE, REFLECT
When applied to a classroom context,
behaviorism is a school of psychology
that focuses on molding student
behavior through various sorts of
behavior rewards and consequences
known as operant conditioning. DepEd
aspires to predict and manage student
behavior.
According to DepEd, learners produce
knowledge rather than passively
absorbing information. People develop
their own representations of the world
and incorporate new information into
their pre-existing knowledge as they
encounter it and reflect on it (schemas).
rational calculation.
Behaviorism is a school of
thought in psychology that holds
that all human behaviors and
reactions can be described in
terms of reflexes conditioned by
reward and punishment. In the
K-12 curriculum, behaviorists
view learning as a component of
conditioning and will argue for a
reward and target system in
education.
The spiral process is used in
Constructivism K-12. The
principles are introduced early
and then re-taught with
increasing intricacy and
complexity in subsequent years.
Learners constantly reflect on
their experiences while gaining
the necessary talents and skills
for this type of learning.
 Activity 16.2 Articulating My Personal Philosophy of Teaching
Name: _____________________________________

OBSERVE
 Observe how a teacher relates to every learner and how he/she proceeds with her teaching.
 Accomplish this Observation Sheet.

Here are philosophies of education. Find out which philosophies were manifested in class by
observing what how teacher teaches relates to learners.

Philosophies of Education Teaching Behavior (State what the teacher said,

1. Essentialism – teach mastery of the basics;
curriculum is prescribed: subject matter -centered
there are universal, objective values; inculcate values
in subject matter
2. Perennialism -- teach those that last. the classics;
there are universal values: inculcate these universal,
objective values
3. Progressivism - very child-centered; teach those
that interest the child; one leans by experience:
learners learn by doing so teacher teacher’s teaching
is experiential; values are subjective: no inculcation
of values since they are subjective; instead teachers
help students clarify their values
taught or did).
Essentialism aims to impart the most fundamental
information, talents, and character development in
all pupils. Students should be trained to be model
citizens, according to essentialist teachers.
Perennialists think that the focus of education
should be on ideas that have stood the test of time.
They feel the concepts are as relevant and
significant now as they were when they were
penned. They urge that students learn through
reading and evaluating the works of history's
greatest philosophers and authors.
Progressivist teachers strive to make school
enjoyable and beneficial by designing classes that
pique students' attention. Students actively learn in
a progressivist school. Students engage with one
another and learn social skills such as
collaboration and tolerance for opposing
viewpoints.

4. Reconstructionism - school is agent of change, A reconstructionist classroom has a teacher that

schooling is preparing students for the social
changes: teaching is involving the students in
discussions of moral dilemmas
engages pupils in discussions on moral dilemmas in
order for them to grasp the consequences of their
actions. Students choose their own aims and
societal priorities, and then, with instructor help,
devise a plan of action to bring about the desired
change.

5. Existentialism - Teachers teach learners to make a The purpose of an existentialist teacher is to help
choice, to make decisions and not merely to follow pupils realize who they are as people. This also
the crowd; one who does not make a choice and so
Simply follow others do not leave meaningful life
6. Pragmatism - That which is useful, that which is
practical and that which works is what is good; that
which is efficient and effective is that which is good.
e.g. showing a video clip on mitosis is more efficient
and more effective and therefore more practical than
teacher coming up with a visual aid by drawing
mistosis on a cartolina or illustration board
7. Rationalism - emphasizes the development of the
learners' reasoning powers; knowledge comes though
reason; teacher must develop the reasoning power of
the learner
8. Utilitarianism - what is good is that which is most
useful (that which brings happiness) to the greatest
number of peoples;
9. Empiricism - source of knowledge is through the
senses; teacher must involve the senses in teaching-
learning
10. Behaviorism - behavior is shaped deliberately by
forces in the environment and that the type of person
and actions desired can be the product of design;
behavior is determined by others, rather than by
person's own free will; teacher must carefully shape
desirable behavior; drills are commonly used to
enhance learning, rewards reinforce learning.
11. Constructivism —Learners are capable of
constructing knowledge and meaning; teaching —
learning therefore is constructing knowledge and
implies that the learner should have some say over
what they study and that the curriculum should be
somewhat adaptable.
Pragmatic teacher is to suggest problems to his
pupils and to stimulate them to find by themselves,
the solutions, which will work. The teacher and
pupils attack a problem jointly.
A rationalist teacher ensures that pupils have
sufficient information to provide justifications for
any challenges that a teacher may pose.
The teacher could add more creative activities to
her curriculum to engage students. Instead of
memorizing what a list of vocabulary words are,
students could be asked to create a story using
those words. They would be assessed based on the
content and whether or not they understand how to
use the words would be evident when put to
practice.
According to empiricists, all knowledge may be
obtained from experience. Furthermore, empiricism
gives an account of the mind, language, and
learning. It also states that information may be
discovered through our senses.
Teachers utilize behaviorism to teach pupils how to
behave and respond to various stimuli. This must be
done on a frequent basis to remind pupils of the
behavior that a teacher is looking for. The
importance of positive reinforcement in behavioral
learning theory cannot be overstated.
Teachers put pupils in situations where they must
challenge their own and each other's
preconceptions. Similarly, a constructivist teacher
meaning; teacher does not just "tell" or dictate but creates scenarios in which he or she may challenge
asks learners for knowledge they construct and the assumptions that underpin traditional teaching
meaning of lesson and learning.

ANALYZE
1. Based on your findings and observations in Activity 16.1 and Activity 16.2, which
philosophies of education are dominant in Philippine basic schools? Why do you say so?

I think it is essentialism, since I believe there is a universal pool of information that all pupils
require. The curriculum is built on the essentials of teaching: arithmetic, science, history, and
English. Classrooms are structured, teacher-centered environments in which pupils are passive
learners. There are few, if any, projects or portfolios, and evaluations are mostly done through
testing. Because test results are the primary source of evaluation, many teachers readily
embrace the No Child Left Behind Act.

2. If there is one philosophy that schools and teachers should give more attention to, what
should that be and why?

I believe it should be constructivism. Teachers should prioritize developing pupils' autonomous

study habits. Even when students are actively participating in a session, I find that they
frequently forget important elements because they haven't learned how to properly study content
on their own. I feel that teaching middle school pupils how to study independently now would
better prepare them for the challenges of high school and college courses in the future.

R REFLECT
What is your philosophy of teaching? This describes what you believed you should teach, how
you should teach and how you should relate to others in school - with the learners, your
colleagues, your superiors and all other stakeholders. Write them down. This is your title, "My
Philosophy of Teaching”.

My Philosophy of Teaching
My teaching philosophy is to make the material I teach more accessible to the students.
When a learner cannot identify with the content, it is sometimes more difficult for them to grasp
the meaning. My objective as a future teacher is to assist pupils connect with persons, locations,
and concepts that are distinct from their own life experiences.
As a student, I found stories more remembered when my teachers assisted me in drawing
connections. As a student teacher, I enjoy drawing parallels between classic literature such as
Shakespeare and current events. For example, I find that linking events in the plays to
occurrences in pop culture not only helps students grasp the narrative but also allows them to
form their own conclusions.

SHOW Your Learning Artifacts

Accomplished Observation Sheets
My Philosophy of Teaching

My teaching philosophy is to make the material I teach more accessible to the students.
When a learner cannot identify with the content, it is sometimes more difficult for them to grasp
the meaning. My objective as a future teacher is to assist pupils connect with persons, locations,
and concepts that are distinct from their own life experiences.
EVALUATE Performance Task
Name of FS Student:_____________________________Date Submitted:
_______________________
Year & Set: IV-Set-A-MT (8:30AM-11:30AM)___________ Course: Bachelor of Elementary
Education__
Learning Episode Excellent Very Satisfactory Needs
4 Satisfactory 2 Improvement
3 1
Accomplished
Observation Sheet

Analysis

Reflection

Learning Artifacts

Submission

COMMENT/S Rating
(Based on
Overall Score Transmutation)

TRANSMUTATION OF SCORE TO GRADE/RATING

Score 20 19- 17 16 15 14 13- 11 10 9-8 7-below
18 12
Grade 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.0 3.5 5.0
99 96 93 90 87 84 81 78 75 72 71-below

_____________________________________ ________________________
Signature of FS Teacher above Printed Name Date