COSH41

READINGS IN
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
M5 - M7
 CIVIL GOV’T ESTABLISHMENT
M5 UNDER AMERICAN RULE JULY 1901 - under William Howard Taft
- 1st civil governor (PH domestic
affairs)
NOTES SUPREME GOV’T OF THE TAGALOG
- resources ARCHIPELAGO
- strategic location; expand business in the Orient - resurgence of the Katipunan
- trade channel between countries - Macario Sakay (huling katipunero)
- utilized territories for their naval and military
interests PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902 (7/1)
- “An Act temporarily to provide for
the administration of the affairs of
Year Events 1902 - 1906 civil gov’t in the PH islands and for
other purposes”
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
- fighting over Cuba
COOPER ACT
APR-MAY - Dewey was sent to Manila to
- provided a Bill of Rights to the filos
1898 destroy the Spanish Navy
- protected their rights;
- Battle of Manila Bay
- called for creation of a lower
legislative branch with elected
- Aguinaldo called a truce with the Filo representatives
MAY 1898 Americans
ELECTION (7/30)
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE - on 10/16 at Manila Grand Opera
- raised the PH flag at Kawit, Cavite JULY - OCT House
JUNE 1898 - SPN and US had a secret 1907 - Nacionalista Party
agreement - immediate and complete
- 23 - Revolutionary Gov’t independence - Sergio Osmena
PROTOCOL OF PEACE JONES ACT (8/29)
- between SPN and US - US allowed Filos to elect,
- PH Autonomy Act
JUNE - Token Battle / Mock War AUG 1916 - withdrawal of sovereignty over PH
AUG 1898 - 3 military governors were sent: once a stable gov’t is established
a. Arthur McArthur - gov-general has the power to veto
b. Wesley Meritt anything by the PH legislature
c. Elwell Otis PH Commonwealth & Independence
- took over from 1898 - 1901 Act (3/24)
TREATY OF PARIS MAR 1934 - Tydings-McDuffie Act signed by
- PH was sold to US for $20M US Pres Franklin Roosevelt
DEC - 10yr transitional period (7/4/1946)
1898 BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION - puppet gov’t
PROCLAMATION MAR 1935 - signed the Tydings McDuffie Act
- McArthur initiated - delegates were elected (3/23)
FIRST PH REPUBLIC
- Aguinaldo was recognized as the COMMONWEALTH PH’s PRESIDENT
first president NOV 1935 - Manuel L. Quezon; 1st president
- republic collapsed after 2 weeks - exiled to US upon JPN invasion;
- resistance against US = showed died on 8/1/1944
JAN 23 their true colours - PH remained under US territory
1899 1935-1944 - internal matters = PH; social affairs
GUERILLA WARFARE - foreign, defense, monetary, and
- start attacking corners and faraway economic affairs + US hands
areas
- elite abandoned the revolution;
pledged allegiance to US for
protection
- Aguinaldo was captured on the NOTES
MAR 1899 23rd in Palanan, Isabela - US established control over PH by altering all
- April 1 = took oath of allegiance to aspects of society (economy, culture, and
US education).

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 US COLONIZATION M6 JAPANESE RULE

1. TENANCY SYSTEM
- US owned plantations were forestalled JAPANESE COLONIZATION
- % of farmers under shared tenancy doubled
(1900-1935)
- caused 3 small rebellions in central Luzon - JPN began a campaign of imperial expansion in
(20’s-30s) the W Pacific
- wanted to oust US/EUR influences
- PH could provide a JPN base for attacks, secure
line of supply and communication
2. US TRADE POLICY - happened in the middle of the 10yr transitional
period
PAYNE-ALDRICH TARIFF ACT
- allowed free entry of PH products to US
Year Events
- exempted from tariff in th PH
- powerful deterrent to PH industrial growth JPN ATTACKED PH (12/8)
- export agriculture prospered - Clark and Iba Air Base Pampanga
- mills and large plantations = greatest profit = - Lingayen Gulf (12/22); then went to
MNL
reinforced political dominance of the landed elite
DEC - rapid advancement
1941
3. WESTERNIZATION MANILA = OPEN CITY
- declared by Gen. Douglas
- western media, food clothing, education, McArthur before XMas
literature, etc. - advised by Quezon to avoid
- use of ENG as a medium of instruction destruction
MILITARY ADMINISTRATION
- JPN occupied MNL (1/2)
4. INSTITUTIONALIZED EDUCATION - McArthur retreated to Bataan
- public school system in 1901 - Quezon & Osmena evacuated to
- >600 American teachers / Thomasites McArthur’s headquarters at
Corregidor Islands; flew to the US
- PNU (1901), and UP (1908)
in March

5. MISEDUCATION OF FILOS PH EXECUTIVE COMMISSION

JAN 1942 - >30 old Filo political elite members
- history is taught based on American colonial - transitional governing party
perspective - cooperated w/ JPN military
- no stress on discriminatory and exploitative authorities
practices against Filos; still viewed as liberators / - prior to establishment of
JPN-sponsored republic by
allies.
Chairman Jose Vargas

NOTES KAPISANAN NG PAGLILINGKOD SA

- WWII messed with the transition period BAGONG PILIPINAS / KALIBAPI
- US regained control over PH - sole + exclusive PH political
organization
- US introduced democracy to the
PH
- JPN wanted to dissolve democratic
parties
- Pampanga farmers created local
brigades for their protection.
FEB 1942 - Luis Taruc, Juan Feleo, Castro
Alejandrino, etc. held a meeting in
Cabiao, Nueva Ecija
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 HUKBO NG BAYAN LABAN SA MGA - Field Marshal Douglas McArthur =
HAPON / HUKBALAHAP military commander; issued a
MAR 1942 - reps joined from Tarlac + Nueva proclamation nullifying all acts of
Ecija the PH Executive Commission
- establishment of HUKBALAHAP and the 2nd Republic
MAR 1942 - agreed to fight JPN as a unifies - officials that served in the
guerilla army aforementioned were charged w/
- Taruc = leader of Huks OCT 1944 treason; received an amnesty from
Pres. Roxas (1948)
FILO+AM SOLDIERS SURRENDERED
- surrendered in Bataan (4/9) - Pres. Laurel & his cabinet moved to
- McArthur escaped to Corregidor; DEC 1944 Baguio upon orders of Lt. Gen.
went to AUS Tomoyuki Yamashita (12/8)
JAPAN SURRENDERED
APR 1942 DEATH MARCH
- US docked at Lingayen Gulf (1/9);
- 76k captured soldiers embarked
went to MNL = surrender of JPN
on the march to a prison camp
(2/23)
>100km N.
- Emperor Hirohito announced the
- est 10k died due to fatigue, thirst,
JAN - AUG surrender (8/15)
and hunger
1945 - Laurel formally dissolved the 2nd
PREPARATORY COMMITTEE ON PH PH Republic
INDEPENDENCE (PCPI) - Manuel Roxas inaugurated as last
JUN 1943 - formed by the KALIBAPI chief executive of the
- Prime Minister Hideki Tojo Commonwealth
promised independence to the PH - beginning of American
(6/16) imperialism in the PH
- a new constitution was drafted
NEW CONSTITUTION
- ratified by KALIBAPI on 9/7
SEPT 1943 - lacked BOR
- had 12 articles lifted from the 1935
constitution that fitted the wishes
of JPN
SECOND PH REPUBLIC
- puppet gov’t
- KALIBAPPI elected; Nat’l Assembly
OCT 1943 - Jose Laurel; president chosen by
JPN (former associate justice of the
Comm Supreme Court + only Filo
w/ honorary degree from Tokyo
Imperial University)
LAUREL PROCLAIMED MARTIAL LAW
- (9/21) JPN was disappointed w/
SEPT 1944 Laurel = republic superseded by
Makapili (Dec)
- MAKAPILI = militantly opposes
returning USforces + Filo guerrillas
US BOMBED JPN IN PH
SEPT - OCT - US regained control of JPN
1944 strongholds from AUS
- began on 9/21
- US landed in Leyte on 10/20
BATTLE OF LEYTE GULF
- 10/23 - 10/26 | US vs. JPN
- destroyed JPN; start of PH
liberation from them

OCT 1944 RESTORATION OF COMM GOV’T

- restored on 10/23

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 M7 PH SINCE 1946
THE RETURN OF AMERICANS
THIRD PH REPUBLIC (7/4/76)
- PH as an independent state
- gained independence in the “ashes of victory”
JAPANESE RETREAT
- MNL was destroyed
- rehabilitation was needed
- US needed to use a new strategy to exploit the PH
in an indirect way
- strategic bombing = destroy JPN bases + PH will
ask for assistancce
ROXAS
- last president of the Comm
- willing to accept conditions placed
by US
AGREEMENT
- 99 year lease on a number of PH
military and naval bases; US had
territorial rights
BELL TRADE ACT
5.28.46 - - PH Trade Act 1946
4.15.48 - economic conditions governing
the emergence of PH from US rule
- provisions that tied PH to US
- Peso exchange rate was subject to
US approval
- free trade for 8 years
PARITY AMENDMENT
- US war-damage payments =
$520M
- PH had to amend its constitution
to give US equal rights in the
exploitation of natural resources +
public utility operations
QUIRINO
- Elpidio Quirino
BELL MISSION
- economic survey and make
recommendations to the Quirino
regime
- paved the way for imposition of
4.17.1948 - Economic and Technical
12.30.1953 Assistance Agreement of 1951;
- replacement of US advisers in
strategic offices in PH gov’t
MUTUAL DEFENSE TREATY
- ratification
- US is allowed to intervene in PH
affairs under the pretext of mutual
protection
- false protection; PH is used as a
naval base
TRADE LIBERALIZATION
- US traders + investors signed the
entry of US to the PH
- exploitation of cheap labour
MAGSAYSAY
- man of the masses
PRESIDENTIAL COMPLAINT AND
ACTION COMMISSION
- first executive order
- investigated various citizen
complaints
- remedial actions through different
gov’t agencies
12.30.1953 -
3.17.1957 SOCIAL SECURITY LAW / RA 1161
- solve insurgency
- achieved victory over insurgents;
surrender of Huk leader Luis
Taruc (1954)
LAUREL LANGLEY AGREEMENT
- preferential trade system
- right to impose quotas on
non-quota articles
- right to impose export taxes
- US scceded to removal of the PHP
being subject to US approval
- US did not yield its position on
parity rights
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GARCIA
- Filipino-first policy
- regain economic independence;
national effort
- obtain major and dominant
participation in the economy
12.30.1953 - ECONOMY
3.17.1957 - patronizing Filo products and
services
- implemented import currency
controls that favours the PH
industry
- regime did not take any decisive
step to break US influence
MACAPAGAL
- followed Garcia’s steps but also
failed to cut the link between US
and PH
PROCLAMATION 28 (1962)
- June 12 as the independence day
12.30.1961 - AGRICULTURAL LAND REFORM CODE
12.30.1965 - aimed to abolish the tenancy
system
- make farmers self-reliant
- there can be any expropriation of
land from landlords
- tenant masses should become
leaseholders first + pay a fixed land
rent (25% of ave annual net crop
based on 3 normal crop years
preceding the landlord-tenant
leasehold agreement).
● resolve income inequality in the agricultural
sector
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THEM
ECONOMIC REFORMS
- not pro-Filipino
- exploited the PH
- hindered progress of the PH
MARCOS
- last president of the 3rd PH repub
- preposition grew due to corruption
in the admin
- communists count 3k → 22k
DEMONSTRATION JAN30 - 1970
- @ Malacanang
- 2 killed, 106 injured
- First Quarter Storm
- incidents and rallies in a period of
unrest against the admin
12.30.1965 -
9.22.1972 MARCOS DICTATORSHIP
- staged bombing at a Miting de
Avance of the Liberal Party at Plaza
Miranda (8.21.71)
- staged ambush on the convoy of
Sec. of Defense Juan Ponce Enrile
(9.22.1972)
- declared martial law to extend his
presidency; staged bombings to
justify proclamation of martial law
MARTIAL LAW | Proc 1081
- 1935 Constitution Art. 7, Sec 11
- increasing strength of communist
party of the PH + staged bombings
= martial law declaration (9.23.1971)
- opponents were incarcerated
- decree-making powers were
asserted by the president
- massacres, mass arrests,
kidnappings, assassinations, rape,
arson, etc.
CRONY CAPITALISM
- took over businesses of political
rivals forcibly
- appointed key cronies to
monopolize key industries
- bananas - Antonio Floirendo
- sugar - Roberto Benedicto
- coconuts - Eduardo “Danding”
Cojuangco
- made sure that his foes are the one
leading thes + he gets some %
COCO LEVY
- special levies in lieu of regular
taxes
- most famous; imposed on the
coconut industry by presidential
decree
- amounted to P93 B
- meant to improve the welfare of
coconut farmers but did not
happen
BANKRUPTCY
- plundered public coffers
5
 - Central Bank went bankrupt CORAZON AQUINO
- infamous for behest loans
- 2.25.1986 - oath of office as pres
- SSS + GSIS (gov’t banks and social
- courtesy resignation, starting from
security institutions_ lent huge
Supreme Court
money to cronies’ projects
- old Central Bank garnered around
P300B in losses
CONSTITUTIONS
- abolished the 1973 constitution
- began ruling by decree
ILL-GOTTEN WEALTH
- new constitution Feb 1987 in a
- even in the last 2yrs in the middle
general referendum
of an economic crisis, the Marcoses
- legislative elections in May 1987 +
spent $68M;
1986 - 1992 covening of a new bicameral
a. $11M on clothes, paintings,
congress in July marked the
antiques, and handicrafts
return of democracy
b. $2.4M on food, hotel
accommodations, and
7 MAJOR COUPS
transport
- between July 1986 - Dec 1989
c. $1.6M on flowers
against Aquino’s admin
- 1998 Imelda: we own everything;
- led by the Reform the Armed
electricity, telecommunications,
Forces MOvement (RAM) and
airlines, banking, beer, tobacco,
high ranking military that are still
newspaper publishing, TV stations,
loyal to Marocs
shipping, oil, mining, hotels &
- GSIS was the only gov’t financial
beach resorts, coconut milling,
institution whose rehab was not
small farms, real estate, and
funded by the gov’t
insurance
- > doubled its assets + surplus of
P100M to turn over to the National
DOWNFALL; OUSTED
Treasury
- late 1958 - called a snap
presidential election for Feb 1986
CRITICISMS AGAINST LEADERSHIP
- Corazon Aquino - candidae of a
- early 1990s; weak leadership,
coalition of opp parties
corruption, and human rights
- Marcos officially won, but strong
abuses
public outcry precipitated a revolt
- to be eligible for rehab aid from
(People Power Revolution)
the International Monetary Fund
- Marcos was ousted; Aquino took
(IMF), she instigated reforms
over
towards a freer economy
● Juan Ponce Enrilo was used to justify martial a. reduced tariffs + lifted
law; enjoyed several concessions is the logging import controls
industry b. debt grew from $26B
● total ill-gotten wealth P328B; P200B unpaid (1986) to $30B (1992)
taxes
● Filos fought for their freedom COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN
REFORM PROGRAM
- one of the most controversial laws
NOTES passed by Aquino admin
- PH was hailed around the world for a bloodless - aimed to redistribute 7.8M
hectares of land to millions of
revolution that toppled a dictator
peasants; exemptions granted
- downfall of Marcos = return of democracy - Cojuangco-owned Hacienda
- euphoria was short lived; new gov’t had inherited Luisita (6,435 hectares) was
an enormous external debt, a severely depleted exempted
economy - by the end of the term, CARP only
achieved 22% of its goals

MENDIOLA MASSACRE
- marines and police forces opened
fire on a protest-rally of 10K farmers
demanding genuine land reform
- 13 killed, 39 GSW, 20 minor injuries

6
 - refusal of senatorial allies to open
FIDEL RAMOS an envelope that held evidence
against him during the
- 7 way race; received <24% of the
impeachment trial triggered a
overall vote
revolt in Jan 17-20 2001
- former army chief of staff and
- led to Estrada’s outer and arrest
defense minister under Aquino
- remedied the energy crisis that
produced daily electricity
outages
- peace was negotiated with the ARROYO (GMA)
military rebels and the MNLF
- former VP; 14th president
- implicated in corruption; stirred
disillusioned soldiers to attempt a
1992-1998 ECONOMIC NORMALCY
coup in 2003 but failed
- by executive order, Ramos passed
- was reelected in 2004
laws like the Oil Deregulation Act
- allegations of election fixing +
= aimed to deregulate several
increasingly repressive approach to
industries to liberalize the
gov’t = call for impeachment +
economy
another coup plot in 2006 but
- GDP increased
failed again
- economic policies perpetuated the
- declared a state of emergency
industrial backwardness of PH
2001-2010 and banned all public
demonstrations

CHARTER CHANGE
- change the pres gov’t with a
JOSEPH EREJCITO ESTRADA bicameral congress to a
parliamentary gov’t (unicameral)
- won by wide margins of votes
- attempt to remain in power w/o
- gained support from promise to
being elected
begin a pro-poor admin that
others failed to promote
AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE (WTO)
- Jueteng
- implementation brought criticism
- pulled out all subsidies in local
VISITING FORCES AGREEMENT 1999
agricultural products
- initially signed by Rramos
- removed tariffs from imported
- came under fire after ratifying it
ones
- laid out rules on travel privileges
accorded to US personnel
MUTUAL LOGISTICS SUPPORT
1998-2001 a. import and export of US
AGREEMENT (MLSA)
materials, supplies, and
- signed at the end of term
equipment
- foreign debt reached P3 Trillion
b. movement of US aircrafts,
- allowed the US military to access
vessels, and vehicles
PH facilities + services (transpo,
- defines rights of both gov’ts on
refueling, and billeting of troops)
jurisdiction over US forces who
commit criminal acts while in the
PH

PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION II

- corruption and cronyism
- Ilocos Sur Gov Luis Chavit Singson BENIGNO AQUINO III
accused Estrada of receiving
- Jun 30 - Noynoy / Benigno
P400M from him as payoff from
Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III =
illegal gambling profits
15th president
- he was impeached in Nov 2000;
2010 - 2016
charged with bribery, graft and
PEACE DEAL
corruption, betrayal of public
- achievement ; w/ Moro Islamic
trust, and culpable violation of
Liberation Front (MILF)
the constitution

7
 - Oct 2012 = conclusion of the peace
deal that would grant a degree of
autonomy to a Muslim-majority
region in Mindanao
- 4 decade conflict had claimed
120K lives and displaced 2M
RESPONSE AID
- less controversial but still criticized
for Typhoon Haiyan response
2010 - 2016 - KIDAPAWAN MASSACRE; farmers
experienced hunger because of
the drought (2 dead, others
wounded)
INCURSION OF WEST PH SEA
- inaction = urged to defend
sovereign territory and rights
- controversial relationship with
China for the spread of COVID in
PH
- Jan 2020, he refused to ban
travels from and to China;
a. no mass testing
b. insufficient funding for
healthcare and financial
assistance
c. militaristic approach
d. slow vaccine appropriation

ENHANCED DEFENSE COOPERATION

AGREEMENT (EDCA)
- US forces are allowed to use and
access “agreed locations” in the
country for security cooperation
exercises
- preposition and store materials
and equipment for the same
purposes

DUTERTE
- May 9; incendiary populst rhetoric
- broad anti corruption platform
- campaigned on promise to
execute 100K criminals
- dramatic spike in EJK of drug
dealers upon inauguration

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT

(ICC)
- human rights groups protested
draconian methods (12K deaths)
- 2018, investigation opened on
WOD but Du30 withdrew the PH
from the ICC

FASCISM
2016 - 2022 - instructed police to shoot activists
if seen obstructing justice and
incarcerate journalists and
political rivals
- Jul 3 2020, ANTI TERRORISM ACT;
a. expanded powers available
to law enforcement agents
to go after “terrorists”
b. provide longer surveillance
period
c. allow council to bypass
court authorization for
arrests and designation of
terrorists
d. raise of concern can cause
subjection to warrantless
arrests and imprisonment