Principles of Integrated Pest and Disease Management

(PTH223)

Dr. Shivam Singh

Department of Plant Pathology, LPU
 Unit II
Economic importance of insect pests and diseases
 Importance of insect pests and plant diseases
 Methods of detection and diagnosis of insect pests
 Detection and diagnostic techniques of plant diseases
Detection and diagnosis of insect pests
 Damage caused by insect pests having different types of
mouth parts

Biting and Chewing type

They are adapted for biting and chewing of the plant materials (leaves,
buds, bracts, slender twigs etc.).
Based on the nature of damage, these insects can be classified into
different groups:
1. Stem borers: Eg: stem borers of paddy, millets, sugarcane and
brinjal etc.
2. Shoot borers: Eg: shoot borers of brinjal, bhendi, cotton and castor.
3. Defoliators/Skeletonizers: Eg: castor semilooper, ash weevils, tobacco
caterpillar, epilachna beetle on brinjal.
4. Leaf miners: Eg: leaf miners of citrus, cashew and rice hispa.
5. Leaf Webbers: Eg: leaf webbers on groundnut, sapota and mango
6. Leaf folders: Eg: rice leaf folder and cotton leaf roller
7. Gall makers: Eg: sunhemp stem borer, tobacco stem borer, cotton stem
weevil and amaranthus stem weevil.
8. Pod/capsule borers/boll worms: Eg: spotted pod borer, tobacco
caterpillar, gram caterpillar and pink bollworm.
9. Fruit borers: Eg: fruit borer of brinjal, okra and tomato, mango stone
weevil, cashew apple and nut borer.
10. Bark borers: Eg: Bark eating caterpillars of citrus, mango, guava,
casuarina, jack etc.
11. Tree borers: Eg: Tree borers of mango, cashew, coconut red palm
weevil etc.
12. Root feeders: Eg: rice root weevil, white grubs, banana rhizome weevil,
termites
13. Seed feeders (Stored grain pests): Eg: Rice weevil, red flour beetle,
rice moth etc.
 The symptoms of damage caused by biting & chewing insects
1. Defoliation/Skeletonization/ Scraping of leaves
2. Uneven cuts on leaf margins
3. Uneven scraping of leaf surface (lace like)
4. Small white streaks parallel to midrib on rice leaves
5. Tubular cases attached to leaf/ floating in water in rice fields
6. Shot holes on leaves
7. Scraping and gnawing of base of stem
 Piercing and Sucking Type
These insects cause different types of symptoms on different crops
based on their site and extent of feeding.
Examples: Plant hoppers, leaf hoppers, thrips, paddy gundhy bug, red
cotton bug, sorghum ear head bug, aphids, mealy bugs, scales and
whiteflies.
These insects exhibit different symptoms:
1. Hopper burn
2. Curling of leaf margins
3. Uniform yellowing of leaves from mid half
4. Reduced vigour/sooty mold, squaer/bolldrop
5. Yellowing /reduced/stunted growth/sooty mould
6. Shriveled/chaffy and discolored grains/sooty mould on grain
7. Mottled appearance with yellow patches on infested leaves/sooty
mould/undevelopedgrains on infested ear heads
8. Gradual wilting and drying of ragi plants in patches
Rasping and Sucking / Lacerating and Sucking Type
Thrips are characterized by this type of mouth parts.

Siphoning/simple sucking Type

Adults of Citrus fruit sucking moths and Castor semi-looper
 Degenerate type of mouth parts
Maggots of Diptera possess above mentioned type of mouth parts
1. Gall formers
2. Shoot borers
3. Pod Borers
4. Fruit feeders
5. Rhizome borers
 Sponging and sucking or Lapping and sucking type
Dipterans (Houseflies) possess above mentioned type of mouth parts.

Chewing and Lapping Type

Hymenopterans (Honey bees) possess above mentioned type of
mouth parts.