Senior High School

Physical Science

Quarter 3, Week 3-Module 3:

Intermolecular Force of Attraction

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Physical Science – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 3 Intermolecular Force of Attraction
Second Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cebu City Schools
Division Superintendent:

Development Team of the Module

Compiler/Writer: Jocelyn C. Butanas, MT 1, Talamban National High School

Content Editors/: Miss Celia C. Gepitulan, Principal I, Tejero National High School
Reviewers Mr. Bonnie James Saclolo, Teacher III Cebu City National Science HS

Language Editor: Roquesa B. Sabejon, PSDS-ND7

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Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, EPS-Science

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 What I Need to Know

Hola, everyone! We have seen the beauty of nature from the atoms to
molecules, i.e. from elements to compounds. These pure substances make the world
a beautiful place to live in most especially when pure substances interact with one
another. In this module you are to demonstrate an understanding on how the uses
of different materials are related to their properties and structures.

Each task in this module is directed to:

1. describe the general types of intermolecular forces (S11/12PS-IIIc-d-17);
2. identify the intermolecular forces in a substance; and
3. explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of
substances (S11/12PS-IIIe-19).

Please be ready with the periodic table for you may use this as you go along the
way.

What I Know

Directions: Write the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Who first proposed the existence of intermolecular force?
A. Fritz London C. John Tyndall
B. Robert Brown D. Johannes van der Waals
2. Which of the following intermolecular forces exist between polar molecules?
A. dispersion forces C. ion-dipole interaction
B. hydrogen bonding D. dipole-dipole interaction
3. Which of the following force of interaction exist between H with other
molecules having F, O and N?
A. dispersion forces C. ion-dipole interaction
B. hydrogen bonding D. dipole-dipole interaction
4. What substance is considered as the universal solvent?
A. alcohol B. iodine C. oil D. water
5. Which of the following intermolecular forces is the weakest?
A. dispersion forces C. ion-dipole interaction
B. hydrogen bonding D. dipole-dipole interaction
6. Why are some insects able to walk on water? Some insects can walk on water
because of ___________________.
a. the intermolecular forces in water molecules
b. surface tension brought by H-bonding of water molecules
c. the cohesive force between the molecules of water and the insects’ legs
d. the adhesive force between the molecules of water and the insects’ legs
7. What intermolecular force of attraction is present in a sample of pure
hydrochloric acid?
A. dispersion forces C. ion-dipole interaction
B. hydrogen bonding D. dipole-dipole interaction
8. Which of the following is NOT an intermolecular force of attraction?
A. covalent bond C. hydrogen bonding
B. dispersion forces D. dipole-dipole interaction

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 9. Which of these molecules exhibits dispersion forces as its major
intermolecular force?
A. CH4 B. HCl C. H2S D. HNO3
10. Which of the following compounds can form a H-bond with water?
A. CaCl2 B. CH4 C. HCl D. NH3
11. Which of the following substances will have a dipole-dipole interaction?
A. CH4 B. CO2 C. CFC D. NH3
12. What intermolecular force of attraction exists between water and salt in a
salt solution?
A. hydrogen bonding C. ion-dipole interaction
B. dipole-dipole interaction D. dipole induced dipole interaction
13. Paraffin wax is a white or colorless soft, solid used in cosmetic products,
lubricating agents, candles, and crayons. What intermolecular force is
broken when candle is melted?
A. H-bond C. ion-dipole interaction
B. dispersion forces D. dipole-dipole interaction
14. Which substance will have the highest boiling point?
A. CO2 B. NH3 C. BaCl2 D. NaCl
15. Which shows the correct arrangement from strongest to weakest force of
interaction?
A. HF, NH3, CO, CH4 C. CO, HF, CH4, NH3
B. HF, CH4, NH3, CO, D. CH4, CO, NH3, HF

What’s In
IONIC? NONPOLAR? POLAR?

Directions: Below are pictures of different pure substances. On a separate sheet

of paper classify the substances whether each substance is Ionic or Nonpolar or
Polar.

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 What’s New
There are lot of things and phenomena around us that we do not give much
importance. We find them trivial and ordinary. Nowadays people are keen on
sanitizing themselves by applying alcohol before and after touching objects. This
habit of applying alcohol to our body becomes ordinary.
Recently, there were posts on Facebook about people who before starting to
cook had applied alcohol in their hands got burns. Have you ever wondered why this
took place? To help us understand ordinary things in life let us do this activity first.
Ready? Let us start.

MOLECULAR ATTRACTION

Advisory: Perform with strict parental supervision.

Objective: To demonstrate the attraction between particles of matter.
Materials:
Part A: transparent container, medicine dropper (clean stick), water
Part B: small basin (bowl), paper clip (or needle or razor blade), water,
soap water solution
Part C: water, alcohol, tissue paper, timer
Procedures:
1. Be careful with sharp and pointed objects.
2. Make it sure to use clean materials. Clean up after using all
the materials and return where you got them.
3. Dispose garbage properly. Practice proper segregation of
wastes.
A. 1. Fill a glass with water in half. Observe the shape of the water surface.
Draw what you see.
2. Then fill the glass to the brim. Using a medicine dropper (use a clean
stick if you do not have a medicine dropper), continue adding a few more
drops until it is full. Be careful not to spill the water. Observe the shape
of the water surface. Draw what you see.
B. 1. Fill a small basin with water in half.
2. Carefully lay horizontally the paper clip (or needle or blade) on the
surface of the water in the basin (bowl) and let it float.
3. Dry the object and try to make them float on soap water solution.
C. 1. Wet 1 sheet of tissue paper with at least 2 drops of alcohol and another
tissue with 2 drops of water.
2. Air dry both sheets.
3. Measure and record the time for each piece of tissue paper to dry out.
Observation & Discussion:
A. 1. Draw the shape of the water surface in procedure A1 and A2.
A1. A2.

2. Describe the shapes formed in procedure A1 and A2. ___________

3. Explain the why the shape formed in convex or concave for each
procedure. _________________________
B. 1. In which liquid did the paper clip (or needle or blade) float? Explain
your observation. __________________________

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 C. 5. Write down the time it took for each substance to dry out? _________
6. Which dries out the fastest? Explain why? ____________________

What Is It
Intermolecular Forces

We had investigated different physical properties of substances like adhesion,

cohesion, surface tension and volatility. These properties are related to the strength
of attractive forces that exists between molecules which is called intermolecular
forces (IMF). Intermolecular forces also known as van der Waals hold molecules
together. The term van der Waals force is in honor of Johannes van der Waals who
first proposed the existence of these forces within molecules of pure substances.
These are the general types of IMF: dipole-dipole interaction, ion-dipole interaction,
dispersion forces and hydrogen bonding.

Dipole-dipole interaction
Polar molecules are also
known as “dipoles”. The word
“dipole” is made up of the prefix “di”
meaning two and “pole” meaning
sides. Dipoles are molecules having
a partial positive end and a partial
negative end in the molecule.
Dipole-dipole interaction exist
between polar molecules. As shown Figure 1 Dipole-dipole interaction in HCl.
(https://www.khanacademy.org/science/class-11-
in Figure 1, Cl which is the partial
chemistry-india/xfbb6cb8fc2bd00c8:in-in-states-of-
negative in one polar molecule of matter/ xfbb6cb8fc2bd00c8:in-in-intermolecular-
HCl forms an attractive force with H, forces/a/intramolecular-and-intermolecular-forces)

the partial positive end, in another

HCl molecule.
Ion-dipole interaction

Ion-dipole interaction exists in the

Figure 2. Ion-dipole interaction.
(https://chemistrybytes.com/
intermolecular-forces-of-attraction/)
attraction of an ion in an ionic compound and
a polar compound. This can be seen during
the dissolution process of salt (NaCl), an ionic
substance, in water, a polar substance. When
salt is added to water, it will dissociate into
Na+ ion and Cl- ion. Chlorine anion forms an
attractive force with H (having a partial
positive charge) in water and sodium cation
forms an attractive force with O (having
partial negative charge) in water.

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Hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bonding is often called a
special type of dipole-dipole interaction
between the hydrogen atom in a polar
molecule and to any of these highly
electronegative elements fluorine, oxygen,
and nitrogen. You can see this in the
phenomenon surface tension in water. The
hydrogen bond formed between the H of
one water molecule forms an attractive
force with O in another water molecule. Figure 3 Hydrogen bonding.
(https://www.khanacademy.org/science/cl
This allows the formation of a thin film
ass-11-chemistry-
which explains why the paper clip or the india/xfbb6cb8fc2bd00c8:in-in-states-of-
needle floats on water when placed matter/ xfbb6cb8fc2bd00c8:in-in-
intermolecular-forces/a/intramolecular-
horizontally. Moreover, this explains why
and-intermolecular-forces)
there are insects which walks on water.
Dispersion Forces

This intermolecular force exists

Figure 4. Dispersion Forces in Carbon
Tetrachloride.
(https://chemistrybytes.com/
intermolecular-forces-of-attraction/)
between nonpolar molecules. Dispersion
forces is also known as London forces in
honor of Fritz London who conducted a
study on this phenomenon. In figure 4, we
can see that chlorine in a carbon
tetrachloride molecule forms an attractive
force with chlorine in another carbon
tetrachloride molecule.

Dispersion forces can also be called

induced dipole interaction since another particle is needed to induce temporary poles
in a molecule. Temporary dipoles are created since the electrons constantly move
around a nucleus and at times an uneven distribution of electrons around the
nucleus takes place resulting into the formation of a temporary dipole. Induced
dipole interaction could be a dipole-induced-dipole interaction or an ion-induced-
dipole interaction. The carbon tetrachloride interaction as shown figure 4 is an
example of a dipole-induced-dipole interaction since CCl4 is a nonpolar compound.
When an ion induces a dipole in a nonpolar substance it is called an ion-induced-
dipole interaction.

Strength of Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces are weaker force of attraction between particles
compared with chemical bonds. The weakest among the IMFs is the dispersion forces
while the strongest is the ion-dipole interaction.

Ion-dipole interaction>H-bonding>dipole-dipole interaction>dispersion forces

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Intermolecular Forces and Properties of Matter
The physical properties that you have investigated in the activity “Molecular
Attraction” is best explained by the presence of intermolecular forces.
Meniscus formation occurs due to cohesion and adhesion. A meniscus is an
upward or downward curve seen at the top of the liquid in a container. A concave
meniscus is observed in the container half-filled with water (procedure A.1) because
the adhesive force between the water and the container is stronger than the adhesive
force in the water molecules. A convex meniscus is formed due to a stronger cohesive
force between the water molecules than the adhesive force of the water and the
container.
Surface tension is a phenomenon where liquids create a thin film on its
surface. Surface tension allows for the paper clip or the needle (if you used a needle)
to float on water. The strength of the H-bond allows this to take place.
Vaporization, commonly known as evaporation, is the process where a liquid
becomes a gas. In part C of the activity earlier, it took a long time for water to dry
out compared to alcohol. This is due to the difference in the strengths of the IMF
present in each substance. H-bond is the main IMF present in water while dipole-
dipole interaction is the main IMF present in alcohol. H-bond is stronger that dipole-
dipole interaction. Thus, this makes alcohol more volatile compared with water.
Solubility is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent. Generally, we say
“like dissolves like”. Ionic and polar substances dissolves easily in an ionic or polar
solvent while nonpolar solute dissolves in a nonpolar solvent.
The boiling point and melting point of substances depend on the strength
of the IMF since these result from the progressive weakening of the attractive forces
of the molecules. When you boil or melt a substance you must break the
intermolecular forces present in the substance. This explains why water has a high
boiling point and melting point because its dominant IMF present is H-bond which
is a very strong bond. Further, as the mass of the molecules increases, so does the
strength of the IMF acting between the molecules. This implies that more energy is
required to weaken the attraction between the molecules resulting in higher boiling
and melting points.

What’s More

INTERMOLECULAR FORCE OF ATTRACTION

Directions: Write down what is asked in each part on a separate sheet of paper.
A. Determining IMF in Pure Substances
Give the dominant intermolecular force present in each pure substance.
1. Hydrogen gas [H2] _____ 4. Benzene [C6H6] _____
2. Acetone [(CH3)2CO] _____ 5. Ethyl alcohol [C2H4O2] _____
3. Silicon tetrafluoride [SiF4] _____

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B. Identifying the IMF in Substances
Name the possible IMF that would exist in each pair of substances.

C. Strength of Substances
Arrange the substance from weakest to strongest IMF.
1) CO2, CF4, LiCl, SiF4 ______________
2) F2, SO2, HF, PCl3 ______________
D. IMF and Processes
Identify the dominant IMF broken in the following processes.
1) Melting of candle (C10H22) _________
2) Vaporization of acetone _________
3) melting of ice (HCl) _________

What I Have Learned

IMF IN A NUTSHELL

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 What I Can Do

EXTRAORDINARY CHEMISTRY OF THINGS

(Performance Assessment No. 1)

Listed below are things and processes that you are so familiar with. Make a
factsheet or a brochure about any one of the topics that you will choose. Include
here explanation in the light of IMF. Again, you just have to choose one topic.

Topics:
1. Amazing Wonders of Water
2. The LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)
3. Insect Can Walk on Water But I Can’t
4. Staying Away from Trucks Filled with Petroleum Gas
5. Plants Do Drink
6. The Power to Stick by Lizards and Geckoes

A fact sheet is a one sheet document containing key information, facts

and figures on a particular topic. Often visuals are added to make it more
attractive. It is like a brochure.

Rubric for the Factsheet

Rating
Criteria Excellent Very Good Good Needs
Improvement
Content Has all the Has all of the Has most of the Has few
Accuracy required and required required and required basic
(15pts) correct and information and correct information
detailed correct but with information (6 pts)
information. few details only. (9pts)
(15) (12 pts)
Attractiveness Formatting is Formatting has a Formatting Formatting is
& Organization exceptional, variety of needs more ordinary and
(10 pts) attractive and pictures or variety of information is
exceptionally graphics. pictures or less organized.
organized Information is graphics. (4 pts)
information (10 well organized. Information is
pts) (8 pts) more
organized.
(6 pts)
Use of Graphics All the The variety of The graphics The graphics
(10 pts) graphics are graphics go very are few but are irrelevant
exceptionally well with the relevant to the to the text.
relevant and texts. text. (4 pts)
useful to the (8 pts) (6pts)
text. (10 pts)

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 Assessment
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.
1. What is the attractive force that act between polar molecules?
A. dispersion forces C. ion-dipole interaction
B. hydrogen-bonding D. dipole-dipole interaction
2. What kind of molecules will experience dispersion forces between its molecules?
A. ionic B. metallic C. nonpolar D. polar
3. Which is the strongest intermolecular force?
A. dispersion forces C. ion-dipole interaction
B. hydrogen-bonding D. dipole-dipole interaction
4. What kind of substances will dissolve in cooking oil?
A. ionic B. metallic C. nonpolar D. polar
5. What is formed when the adhesive force between water and the container is
stronger than the cohesive force in between the water molecules?
A. convex meniscus C. surface tension
B. concave meniscus D. A&B
6. What interaction is present between the molecules of the sides of a container
and the liquid molecule?
A. adhesion B. capillarity C. cohesion D. solubility
7. Which of the following compounds can form an H-bond with water?
A. CaO B. CH4 C. HCl D. NH3
8. Tincture of iodine, an antiseptic, is made up of iodine, water, and alcohol. What
IMF of attraction exist between iodine and alcohol?
A. dispersion forces C. ion-induced-dipole interaction
B. hydrogen bonding D. dipole-induced-dipole interaction
9. Which of the following substances will NOT have a dipole-dipole interaction?
A. CH4 B. CO C. HF D. NH3
10. Which of the following substances will vaporize easily?
A. oil B. water C. moth balls D. methanol
11. How is a temporary dipole created? A temporary dipole is created when _____.
A. the electrons move around the nucleus
B. electrons move from one atom to another
C. the electrons jump from a lower energy level to a higher energy level
D. there is an uneven distribution of the nucleus as it moves around the
nucleus
12. A meniscus is the curve seen on top of a liquid in a container. When is a
meniscus formed? It is formed when __________.
A. water molecules evaporate
B. there is an occurrence of surface tension
C. cohesive force and adhesive forces are interacting
D. all of the above

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13. Why is it that water has a high boiling and melting point? Water has a
high boiling and melting point because of the ____________ that exist between
its molecules.
A. H-bond C. dispersion forces
B. covalent bond D. surface tension
14. Which has the correct arrangement from weakest to strongest IMF?
A. HF, CH4, NH3, CO C. CH4, CO, NH3, HF
B. HF, NH3, CO, CH4 D. CO, NH3, HF, CH4
15. Why does an alcohol vaporize easily compared to water? Alcohol vaporizes
easily compared to water because ____________.
A. it is colder to touch than water
B. the dispersion forces in alcohol is weak compared to H-bond in water
C. dipole-dipole interaction in alcohol is weak compared to H-bond in water
D. A & B

References

Caintic, Helen E. 2016. Physical Science. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.
Department of Education. n.d. "Module 7 The Chemical Bonds." Project EASE
Chemistry Module 7 The Chemical Bonds. Pasig City: Bureau of Secondary
Education.
Espinosa, Allen A., Mary Grace F Pineda, Evangeline Flor P Manalang, and Marie
Paz E Morales. 2016. Physical Science. Makati City: Diwa Learning Systems
Inc.

Institute for Science and Mathematics Education Development. 1991. Science and
Technology Textbook for Third Year High School. Quezon City: Instructional
Materials Corporation.

2016. Intermolecular Force of Attraction. Accessed July 22, 2020.

https://chemistrybytes.com/intermolecular-forces-of-attraction/.

2020. Intramolecular and intermolecular forces. Accessed July 22, 2020.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/class-11-chemistry-
india/xfbb6cb8fc2bd00c8:in-in-states-of-matter/xfbb6cb8fc2bd00c8:in-in-
intermolecular-forces/a/intramolecular-and-intermolecular-forces.
n.d. "Rubric For Fact Sheet Assignment." Accessed July 22, 2020.
http://lamothel.weebly.com/uploads/3/1/6/2/3162606/rubric_for_fact_sh
eet_clear_copy.pdf.

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What’s In
IONIC NONPOLAR POLAR
Salt Alcohol Cooking oil
Rust Sugar mothballs
Baking soda
Milk of magnesia
What’s More
A. 1 dispersion forces 1. dispersion forces
2. dipole-dipole 5. dipole-dipole interaction
interaction
3. dispersion forces
B. 1. dispersion forces 4. ion-dipole interaction
2. ion-dipole interaction 5. dipole induced dipole
interaction
3. dipole-dipole interaction
C. 1. CO2, CF4, SiF4, LiCl 2. F2, SO2, PCl3, HF
D. 1. dispersion forces 3. H-bond
2. dipole-dipole interaction
Answer Key
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