VIRGINIA CENTURIONE BRACELLI SCHOOL

Daughters of Our Lady on Mount Calvary

Poctoy, Odiongan, Romblon
S.Y. 2021-2022 QUARTER 4
GENERAL PHYSICS 2 – GRADE 12 MODULE 2
WEEK 3
Name:____________________________________

Chapter Lesson: IMAGE FORMATION BY Spherical Terminologies

MIRROR AND LENSES

Objectives:
1. Determine the focal length of a mirror or a lens
2. Use ray tracing to construct the image formed by a mirror or
lens
3. Determine the nature, size, and location of the image formed by
a mirror or lens
4. Explain some vision defects and the ways on how to correct
them 1. The center of curvature C is the center of the sphere where the
5. Compare and contrast the eye and the camera mirror was taken,
6. Explain how different optical instruments work 2. The vertex V is the center of the mirror.
7. Solve problem on vision defects and optical instruments 3. The radius of curvature R is the radius of the sphere. It is the
8. Describe Young’s experiment distance between C and V.
4. The principal axis or optical axis is a straight line joining C and
V.
LESSON 1: IMAGE FORMATION BY MIRROR 5. The aperture AB refers to the width of the mirror.
A mirror is any smooth reflecting surface which is capable of 6. Spherical mirrors maybe a concave or convex. Concave mirrors are
producing images by specular reflection of light. converging mirrors. Convex mirrors are diverging mirrors. A
Plane mirrors have flat surfaces. mirror is converging of the reflected rays meet at a point. A
Spherical mirrors, is a portion of a reflecting sphere. diverging mirror spreads out light rays after reflection. However
A mirror is concave if the these rays seem to come from a common point behind the mirror
reflecting surface is the when they are extended. The point where the reflected rays meet or
inner portion of the sphere where they seem to come from is called the principal focus or
and it is a convex if the focal point F.
reflecting surface is the 7. The focal length f is the distance from VB to F. Since F is
outer portion of the sphere. halfway between C and V,
F = R/2
Plane Mirror Images

a. Reflection of rays parallel to the principal axis of a concave mirror

Characteristics of the Image by a plane Mirror converge to the focal point.
1. virtual and upright relative to the object b. Parallel rays reflected from a convex mirror appear to be coming
2. same size as the object, that is the height of the object h o is equal to from the focal point.
the height of the image hi Convex Mirror Images
3. same distance as the object from the mirror but behind it, that is the
distance of the object do from the mirror is equal to the distance of the
image di from the mirror
4. laterally reversed. Meaning, the right becomes the left and the left
becomes the right.

The three specific rays for tracing the image formed by a

convex mirror.
1. A ray parallel to the principal axis is reflected as if it comes from
the focal point.
2. A ray directed toward the focal point is reflected parallel to the
Sample Problem 1
principal axis.
1. A boy is standing 1.2 m in front of the plane mirror. His dog is 0.5
3. A ray passing through the center of curvature is reflected along
m directly in front of him.
itself.
a) How far is the boy from his image?
 Images formed by a convex mirrors are always virtual,
b) How far is the image of the dog from the boy?
upright, and smaller than the object. The images is
determined by extending the reflected rays at the back of
Given: distance of the boy from the mirror = 1.2
the mirror.
distance of the dog from the mirror = 1.2 m – 0.5 m = 0.7 m
 Because of its shape of convex mirrors give a wider range
Solution: of view than the other types of mirror. Thus, they are used
a. The boy is 2.4 m from his image in super markets for monitoring and security purposes and
b. The image of the dog is 0.7 m behind the mirror. Thus, its distance in cars as side view mirrors. The distance of an object is
associated with its size.
from the boy is 0.7 m + 1.2 m = 1.9 m

Concave Mirror Images
 The image formed by a concave mirror depends on the
object’s distance from the mirror. It may be virtual or real;
upright or inverted; bigger or smaller; or same size than the
object.
 Anything on the real side is real and positive, while
anything on the virtual side is virtual and negative.
The magnification m is the ratio of the image distance and object
distance to the ratio of the image height hi and the object height
ho . In equation;

hi di
m= =-
ho do
A positive m means that the image is upright; a negative m
means that the image is inverted.

Ray tracing for an image

formed by a concave mirror.
1. A ray parallel to the principal axis is reflected through the focal
point.
2. A ray passing through the focal point is reflected parallel to the
principal axis.
3. A ray passing through the center of curvature is reflected along
itself. Sample Problem 2
 Concave mirrors are used as reflectors in flashlights, in car 1. What is the (a) radius and (b) magnification of a plane mirror?
headlights, and in astronomical telescope. Given: a plane mirror of radius R
Solution:
a) di = -do because the image is at the same distance as the object
bur behind the mirror. It is negative because the image is virtual.
2 1 1
= + =0
R d o (−d o)
The only way for 2/R to be zero is that R must be very big or it
approaches an infinite value. Thus, we say that the radius of
curvature of a plane mirror is infinity.

(d o )
b) m = - =1
do
This means that the image is the same size as the object and is
upright.

2. A 14.5 cm high object is placed 50.0 cm in front of a concave

mirror with radius of curvature equal to 30.0 cm. Determine the
distance, height, and image formed by the mirror.

Given: R = + 30.0 cm ( + because it is concave)

d o = + 50.0 cm ( + because it is on the real side of the
mirror)
ho = 1 4.5 cm
Solution:
2 1 1
= +
R do di
2 1 1
= +
30.0 cm 50.0 cm d i
150 cm
d i= = 21.429 cm ≈ 21.4 cm
7
Since the image distance is positive, the image is real.
Mirror Equation and Magnification di 21.429 cm
The mirror equation relates the object distance. Image distance m=- =- = -0.429
do 50.0 cm
and focal length.
1 1 1
= + The negative sign for magnification means that the image is inverted.
f do di To determine the height of the image;
hi
Where do is the object distance from the mirror, d i is the image m=
distance from the mirror, and f is the focal length. In terms of ho
the radius curvature R, hi
-0.429 =
2 1 1 14.5 cm
= + hi = -6.21 cm
R do di This confirms that the image is inverted.
In using the equation, consider the following: Taking the absolute value of h 1, the size of the image is 6.21 cm,
which is less than h o. Thus, the image is real, inverted and
 The side of the mirror at which light is incident is the real smaller than the object.
side, and the back of the mirror is the virtual side.
LESSON 2: LENS AND THE EYE
A spherical lens is a piece of a glass or transparent material having at
least one spherical surface. Spherical lens are basically divided into
convex l and concave lens. Lens that are thicker at the middle than at
the edges are called convex lens. Convex lens are converging lenses.
Lenses that are thicker at the edges than at the middle are called
concave lenses. Concave lenses are diverging.

Thin Lens Equation and Magnification

The thin lens equation is the same as the mirror equation, that is,
1 1 1
= +
f do di
There are also real and virtual sides for lenses.
Spherical Terminologies The real side is behind the lens and the virtual side is in front of the
Just like mirror, lenses have principal focus or focal point. However, lens.
since light can pass through a lens from either side, lens has two foci- The magnification for the image may also be determined from the
one on each side of the lens. same formula for mirrors.
The principal focus is the point where the beam of parallel rays hi di
falling on convex lens converges. m= =¿ -
The principal and secondary foci are represented as F and F’, ho do
respectively. f
If two thin lenses of focal lengths 1∧f are put in contact with each
The optical center P of the lens is the point where all light rays pass 2

other, the resulting focal length is given by

through without being bent. For a double concave of double convex
lens, the optical center is the geometric center. The principal axis is 1 1 1
= +
the line joining the optical center and the principal focus. The focal f f1 f 2
length f is the distance from the optical center of the lens to the
Another term to be defined is the power P of a lens (sometimes called
principal focus.
optical power). The power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal
length. It is expressed in diopters symbolized by letter D.
1
P=
f
When light passes through series of lenses, the image formed will
become the object for the second lens, and so on. The total
magnification is the product of the magnification produced by each
Ray Diagram for Spherical Lenses lens.
1. A ray parallel to the principal axis passes or appears to pass (when
extended) through the principal focus. Sample Problem 3
2. A ray parallel through the optical center of the lens is not deviated. 1. How far from a convex lens of focal length 25.0 cm must an object
3. A ray passing through or appears to pass (when extended) through be placed to produced san image that is inverted and magnified
the secondary focus is refracted parallel to the principal axis. twice?
Given: f =25.0 cm
Image Formation by Spherical lenses
m=−2 (The sig n is negative because the image must be
inverted.)

Solution:
−d i
m= Substituting this in the lens
do
Basic rays for tracing the image formed by (a) converging lens and equation
(b) diverging lens −d i 1 1 1
Image formed by a concave lens. −2= = +
do f do di

1 1 1
d i=2 d o = +
25.0 cm d o 2d o

do = 37.5 cm

2. what is the resulting focal length and power if two thin lenses, each
of focal length +25 cm, are in contact?
Given: f 1=f 2=¿+25 cm¿
Solution:
1 1 1
= +
f f1 f 2
1 1 1
= +
f 25 cm 25 cm
f =12.5 cm=0.125 m
Using the equation,
1 1
P= = = 8.0 D
f 0.125 m

3. Two convex lenses A and B, each of focal length 25.0 cm, are
placed 80.0 cm apart on the same axis. A 12.0 cm high object is
placed 50.0 cm in front of lens A. Find the position, nature, and size
of the final image.
 LESSON 3: THE HUMAN EYE
The Eye is the Rogan of seeing. It is an opaque ball averaging to 2.3
cm in diameter

Given:
f A=f B=25.0 cm d o A
= 50.0 cm
h o=12.0 cm
distance between two lenses = 80.0 cm
Solution:
Using the thin lens equation for lens A,
1 1 1
= +
f A do di The cornea is the outer thin transparent membrane of the eyeball. It
A A
serves to protect the eye and refract most of the incident light.
1 1 1 The pupil is the black circle in the middle of the eye. It is an
= + adjustable opening at the center of the iris through which
25.0 cm 50.0 cm d i light enters in the eye. The pupil changes its size to regulate the
amount of light entering the eye. In bright light, it contrast to reduce
di A
= 50.0 cm the amount of light reaching the retina; in faint light, it opens wide.
The pupil is black because it absorbs all the light entering through it.
Since d i A is positive, the image is rea and must therefore be located at The iris is the colored circle of the eye. It may have different colors
the back of lens A. To determine the size of this image, depending on one’s genetic makeup. Its main tasks is to regulate the
di size of the pupil by contracting or relaxing its muscles.
50.0 cm
mA = - A
=- = -1 The crystalline lens is the clear convex structure a the black pupil. It
do A
50.0 cm can focus on objects at different distances by changing its shape.
Accommodation is the ability of the eye to focus on objects at
Therefore, the size of the first image is also 12.0 cm nut inverted. The
different distances.
distance of the first uii9mage from lens B is 80.0 cm – 50.0 cm =
The retina is the light-sensitive layer of the tissue lining at the back
30.0 cm. This image will now be the object for lens B, that is, d o B = of the eye. For normal vision, the image of an object seen by the eye
30.0 cm. is formed exactly at the retina. The retina consists of light sensitive
rods and cones. The cones distinguishes colors and are the one
Using the thin lens equation, responsible for daytime vision. The rods are mostly found in the
1 1 1 peripheral regions of the retina, enabling one to see in the dark.
= + The macula is the oval-shaped, pigmented area near the center of the
f A do di A A retina. Situated near the center of the macula is the fovea. This is the
region of most distinct vision. Blind spot is the point in the retina
1 1 1 where the optic nerves exist. Optic nerve carry images from the
= +
25.0 cm 30.0 cm d i retina to the brain.
B
The choroid is the thin layer of tissue that is part of the middle layer
di of the eye wall, between the sclera and the retina.
= 150.0 cm.
B Between the cornea and the lens is the aqueous humor. On the other
This also means that the image is real (positive). side of the lens is the vitreous humor. Both humors are responsible
for giving the eye its nearly perfect, spherical shape.
To determine the size off the image,
Normal Vision
−d i 150.0 cm The average range of vision of a healthy human eye is 25 cm up to
mB = B
=- =−3.
do 30.0 cm infinity. The near point of the ye is 25 cm. The near point is the
B
closest distance which an object can be clearly seen by the eye. The
The negative sign means that the image is inverted relative to the far point of the eye is the farthest distance at which an object can be
object, which is the first image. Since the first image is inverted, the clearly seen. The far point of the normal eye is at infinity.
final image is upright relative to the original object. Using m B , the
Vision Defects
size of the final image is 3(12.0 cm) = 36.0 cm.
Myopia is the medical term from nearsightedness. Popole suffering
from this visual problem can clearly see close objects, but sees distant
Lensmaker’s Equation
ones as blurred. A myopic eye forms the image of a distant object in
1 1 1 front of the retina because the eyeball is longer or too curved than the
= ( n – 1) ( + )
f R 1 R2 normal. This can be corrected by using a diverging lens.

The radius of curvature and focal length are both positive for convex A person suffering from hypermetropia or farsightedness can
lenses and both negative for concave lenses. clearly see distant objects, but cannot clearly focus on nearby objects.
Sample Problem 4 In this case, the eyeball is too short, and the image is of the object is
A plano-convex lens is made up of a glass with an index of formed behind the retina. A converging lens can correct this problem.
refraction equal to 1.5. Its curved surface has a radius of 20 cm. what
is the focal length of the lens? Sample Problem 5.
Given: n = 1.5 1. What is the focal length and power of the eyeglasses that must be
R1 = infinity = ∞ (since the other side is plane) prescribed to a near-sighted ness person whose far point is 1.50 m
R2 = + 20.0 cm rather than infinity? Neglect the distance between the eyeglass and
Solution: the eyes.

( )
Given: far point = 1.50 m
1
f
= (n – 1)
1 1
+
R1 R2
= (1.5 – 1)
1
+
1
∞ 20.0 cm ( ) Solution:
The purpose of the eyeglasses is to form a virtual image of an object
at infinity at the far point of the persons’ eyes.
1
Note that = 0. Therefore, 1 1 1
∞ = +
f ∞ (−1.50 m)
1 0.5 f = -1.50 m
=
f 20.0 cm 1 1
P= = = -0.67 D.
f =40.0 cm f −1.50 cm
2. An old grandmother is unable to focus on objects closer than 0.75
m. (a) What is the far point? (b) What is her uncorrected near point?
(c) What refractive power should her corrective lens have? Neglect
the distance between the glasses and the eyes. Destructive interference results when the waves arrive together at a
Given: near point = 0.75 m point 180° out of phase, that is, crest to trough. The resultant wave
Solution: has lesser amplitude equal to the difference of the amplitudes of the
a. her far point is at infinity. individual waves.
b. her uncorrected near point is 0.75 m
c. At her uncorrected near point, her lenses will produce a virtual
image of an object at the normal near point of 25 cm/ using the thin
lens equation and the substituting values:
1 1 1 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
P= = + =2.67 D .
f 0.25 m (−0 , .75 m) In 1801, Thomas Young, an English physician and physicist who
performed his famous double-slit experiment based on the premise
Presbyopia is sometimes called the “aging eyes” or old eyes” that if light is a wave, it should behave like water in a pond.
because it is considered a normal consequence of growing old thus,
cannot be prevented.

Astigmatism is a condition in which the light entering the eye is not

refracted equally in all directions. Thus condition is due to the
differences in the curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye. This is
usually accompanied by myopia or hyperopia. TI may be corrected
by eyeglasses or by a special type of soft contact lens called toric.
Laser surgery is also an option.
a. General setup
Optical Instruments b. Diffraction pattern showing the bright (B) and dark
Four of the most important optical devices that compensate the
limitation of the human eyes are the following: camera, magnifying c.
glass, telescope and microscope. d. (D) fringes

Comparison between the parts of camera and human eye.

Formation of (a) central bright fringe, (b) bright fringe, (c) dark
fringe.

Diffraction
Diffraction is the bending of light around an obstacle and the
A simple magnifier is a converging lens that produces virtual, subsequent spreading of light waves into the region behind the
upright and enlarged image of an object placed at a distance less than obstacle. The obstacle may be slit, wire, hole, strands of hair,
its focal length. feathers, strings, straightedge, or razor blade.
A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small The amount of diffraction depends on the width of the slit compared
to be seen by the naked eye. to the wavelength of light.
A compound microscope is a type of microscope that has a simple
magnifier acting as the eyepiece and lens called the objective.
The objective lens is used to produce an inverted, real, and enlarged Sample Problem 6
image. A screen is located 1.0 m from a slit of which 0.6 mm. (a) Find the
width of the central maximum produced when illuminated with light
A telescope is a device used to see distant objects. There are two wavelength 480 nm and (b) the angular width of the central
types of telescope: refracting and reflecting. maximum.
A refracting telescope makes use of lenses as its objective and Given: L = 1.0 m ω = 0.6 mm = 0.6 x 10-3m
eyepiece lenses.
A reflecting telescope works in the same way a compound
λ = 480 nm = 4.80 x 10-9 m
microscope works with a concave mirror, instead of a converging Solution:
lens used as the objective. Lλ
a. y2 = n
ω
CHAPTER LESSON: DIFFRACTION OF y1 = ( 1 ) ( 1 ) . o m ¿ ¿ = 8 x 10-4 m
The width of the central band is the distance between the bounding
LIGHT minima on each side Therefore, width of central maximum = 2(8 x
10-4 m) = 1..6 x 10-3 m.
Objectives:
b. The angularity width β of thje central maximu mis 2θ .
1. Define diffraction and give examples
2. Use the principle of superposition to interpret constructive and nλ
sinθ =
destructive interference ω
3. Differentiate interference patterns produced by a single-slit, = 1¿¿
double-slit, and diffraction grating
4. Solve problems on diffraction θ=sinθ ( 8 x 10¿¿−4 m) ¿
= 8 x 10−4 radians
LESSON 1: Interference Therefore,
When a light wave meets another light wave, interference happens.
The interference obeys the principle of superposition, that is when
β=2 θ=2 ( 8 x 10−4 radians ) =1.6 x 10−3 radians
tow or more waves interfere, the resultant wave is the sum of the
individual waves, Diffraction Grating
Constructive interference results when the wave s arrive together at A diffraction grating is a piece of glass or plastic over which
a point in one phase, that is crest to crest or trough to trough. thousands of fine parallel lines, equally spaced and very close to one
another, had been scratched, usually with a diamond point. The clear
spaces between the scratches are the slits.
Grating constant is the distance from the middle of one
slit to the middle of the next slit. b. Constructive interference results when the waves arrive
together at a point in a phase.
Sample Problem 7 c. Destructive interference results when the wave arrive together
A blue light wavelength 470 nm is diffracted by a grating ruled 5000 at a point 900 out of phase.
lines//cm. (a) What is the angular deviation of the third order bright d. The amount of diffraction depends on the width of the slit
fringe? (b) Is a fifth order maximum possible with this wavelength compared to the wavelength of light.
and grafting? Why? Why not?
Given: λ=470 nm=4.70 x 10−9 m

1 cm Activity 2
d=
5000 lines Solve the following problems.
= 2 x 10-4 cm 1. A ball is held 50 cm in front of a plane mirror. What is the distance
between the ball and its image?
= 2 x 10-6 m 2. A 12.5 cm high object is placed 55.0 cm in front of a concave
Solution: mirror with radius of curvature equal to 25.0 cm. Determine the
distance, height, and image formed by the mirror.
λ λ 3. What is the focal length and power of the eyeglasses that must be
a. sinθ=n b. sinθ=n
d d prescribed to a near-sightedness person whose far point is 1.20 m
rather than infinity? Neglect the distance between the eyeglass and
470 x 10−9 m the eyes.
=3( ) sinθ = 3( 4. A high student is unable to focus on objects closer than 0.50 m. (a)
2 x 10−6 m What is the far point? (b) What is her uncorrected near point? (c)
What refractive power should her corrective lens have? Neglect
470 x 10−9 m the distance between the glasses and the eyes.
2 x 10−6 m
θ=sin−1 (0.075) = 1.175
Performance Task 1
θ=44.8 ° ≈ 48 ° 1. Do a research on how do we see with our eyes. Take a video of
In trigonometry, the sine of an angle cannot be greater than 1. thus, it your explanation.
is not possible to have a fifth order bright fringe using this diffraction
grating.

Performance Task 2
Activity 1 Solve.

A. Write the letter oft eh correct answer. 1. A 3.25 cm high object is placed 28 cm in front of a convex mirror.
____1. Which of the following refers to the center of a error? Its image was formed 14 cm NE hind the mirror. Find the (a)
a. aperture c. radius of curvature magnification of the image, (b) height of the image, (c) focal length
b. center of curvature d. vertex of the mirror, and (d) radius of curvature of the mirror.
____2. Which is not true about plane mirrors?
a. virtual and upright relative to the object
b. same size as the object
c. laterally reversed
d. the distance is farther than its original distance
____3. Which is an example of convex mirror?
a. flashlight c. car’s side mirrors
b. car headlights d. dental mirror
____4. Which is an example of concave mirror?
a. mirrors used in an astronomical telescopes
b. car’s side mirror
c. mirrors used in supermarkets
d. satellite dish
____5. For a normal vision, it is where the image of an object seen by
the eye is formed.
a. iris c. cornea
b. retina d. pupil
____6. What is the near point of the eye?
a. 30 cm b. 20 cm c. 25 cm d. 15 cm
____7. what kind of lens is used to correct myopia?
a. converging lens c. bifocal lens
b. diverging lens d. trifocal lens
____8. For a myopic eye, the image is formed _________.
a. at the lens c. in front of the retina
b. at the retina d. at the back of the retina
____9. It is the ability of the eye to focus at different distance.
a. accommodation c. reflection
b. image formation d. refractive reflection
____10. It is the loss of the ability to focus nearby objects due to
aging.
a. astigmatism c. myopia
b. hyperopia d. presbyopia
____11. It is the spreading of waves into the region behind an
obstacle
a. dispersion c. reflection
b. diffraction d. refraction
____12. Which statement is not true?
a. Interference occurs when light waves combine.