CE Project

St.
Anthony’s College
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
San Angel, San Jose, dB Antique 5700
“Proposed Construction of Four (4) Storey Commercial and Dormitory

Building”
A Civil Engineering Project
Presented to
The Faculty of the Engineering and Technology Department
St. Anthony’s College
San Jose, dB Antique 5700
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Presented by
Lunop, Hareem S.
Marzoña, Kate Christine I.
Naranjo, Kuayle Jewel N.
Regueta, Pearly S.
December 2021
Table of Contents
PAGE
Title Page i
Table of Contents ii
Methodology iii
CHAPTER
I. Introduction 1
II. Project Profile 3
III. Technical Aspects of the Project
Plans/Drawings 17
Structural System 54
Design and Analysis 58
Specifications 145
ii
Methodology
This study entitled “Four-Storey Commercial and Residential Building” will be located
in Prinsipe St., San Jose, Antique. This area was selected because of its topography particularly
its wide area. It is also accessible to highways and roads so that the delivery of materials will
be made easier. The area was also being visited by the proponent so that the site development
will be very well planned.
Before the start of this study, it is important to gather important data and information,
regarding the demand of the prospective area to be used for commercial businesses. This data
where gathered with the help of the Local Government Unit of San Jose (LGU) and its people.
Historical data was also used in the computation of the load growth that happened every year.
Using this load growth, it will now be easy to compute for the demand in the future projected
year.
Necessary papers and documents will be secured and complied even before the start of
any construction or installation. This clearance includes the Environmental Compliance
Certificate, Environmental Impact Assessment and other clearances required by the Department
of Environmental and Natural Resources. Building permits shall also be complied with the
Department of Public Works and Highways. Other necessary papers required by the local
government shall be secured.
iii
San Angel, San Jose, Antique
Part I
Introduction
The province of Antique is now facing industrialization and is taking a big step towards
this development. Several industries mushroomed in different areas of the province and there are
still more proposed projects which will soon, in the near future be realized.
But since Antique is not yet fully industrialized area, it is not yet experiencing a heavy
pollution. It is still in other cases, a preserved environment. That is why, a construction of a large
scale of building which uses raw materials and produces or emits materials that are harmful to the
environment is fully discouraged by the residents and other cause oriented group. In this case,
alternative projects are proposed by the engineers that is less harmful to the environment and in
the same way, benefits the owner as well as the residence in the surrounding project. That is why,
a Four-Storey Dormitory and Commercial Building is proposed to be constructed in the province
of Antique.
This four-storey building will be located at Prinsipe St., San Jose, Antique. This location
is very suitable for the said project since the area is at the heart of Antique, San Jose, a first-class
municipality and the capital of the Province of Antique, where businesses and schools are present.
This project proposal is the application of all the learning’s that we have gained through
our four years of studying here at St. Anthony’s College, from planning/drawings, computations,
detailed estimates, practical skills, safe construction, structural, program of works, productivity
rates, PERT CPM, S-curve, economics analysis, and code of ethics.
1
This project proposal is the application of all the learning’s that we have gained through
our four years of studying here at St. Anthony’s College, from planning/drawings, National
Building Codes and BP344 provisions, computations, detailed estimates, practical skills, safe
construction, structural, program of works, productivity rates, PERT CPM, S-curve, economics
analysis, and code of ethics.
2
CHAPTER II.
PROJECT PROFILE
CHAPTER II.A.
Proposed Scope of Work
The proposed project is the Construction of Four (4)-Storey Commercial and Residential
building. It is a 16.00 m x 12.00 m commercial bldg. with Ten (10) unit- 3.20 m ×3.85 m
Bedrooms, one (1) unit-5.00 m ×7.00 m kitchen, Fifteen (15)) unit- 2.05 m×1.30 m toilet, 16.00
m x 6.00 m parking area, one (1) unit- 5.00 m ×7.00 m conference room with 5.00 m ×2.50 m
mini kitchen, one (1) unit- 3.15m ×4.55 m office head, one (1) unit- 3.50 m ×3.45 m Stock room
on second floor, two (2) unit-3.10 m ×2.25 m stock room on third floor and fourth floor. It is
located at Prinsipe Street, Barangay 1, San Jose, Antique.
3
Project Location
4
5
6
7
The scope of work is as follows:
II. A Structural Excavation
There will be an excavation for column footing and septic tank only.
II. B Filling and Compaction.
There will be slab on fill in the main floor, CR and ramp.
II. C Concrete Works
Concrete work includes column footing, wall footing, column, beam, slab on fill
and parking area.
II. A. 4. A Column Footing
There are 17 units of column footing and has a dimension of 2.50m
x 2.50m x 0.35 m and 8 units combined footing with dimensions of
1.50m×4.00m×.28m.
II. A. 4. B Column
In the first floor there are 25 columns and has a dimension of
2.50m×2.50m.
II. A. 4. C Beams
Second Floor, Third Floor, Fourth Floor and Roof Deck: B1 (0.20m
x 0.31m), B2 (0.23m x 0.31m), B3 (0.20m x 0.31m), B4 (0.10m x
0.31m), B5 (0.20m x 0.31m) bars, G1 (0.20m x 0.31m), G2 (0.275m
x 0.31m), G3 (0.225m x 0.31m), G4 (0.20m x 0.31m), RB (0.20m x
0.21m).
8
II. A. 4. D Slab on Fill
Slab on fill is composed of the main floor, cr, porch and ramp (1st,
2nd and 3rd th floor). On the first floor, the main floor has a dimension
of (3.87m x 4.0m x 0.1m - 2 units), (4.34m x 4.0m x 0.1m - 2 units),
(3.0m x 4.8m x 0.1m - 1 unit), and (3.0m x 3.6m x 0.1m - 1 unit),
CR (3.6m x 4.5m x 0.1m – 2 units “PWD”) and (2.2m x 1.25m x
0.1m - 1 unit), porch (26.35m x 1.5m x 0.1m), and ramp.
II. A. 4. E Parking area
Parking area has a dimension of 16.00 m x 6.00m
II. A. 4. F Stairs
Stairs has a total width of 2.70 meters. It has 9 steps per floor with
a rise of 0.15 m and 0.30 run.
II. D Rebar Works
In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 20 mm ᴓ and #16
Tie Wire.
II. A. 5. B Wall Footing
In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 12 mm ᴓ
(longitudinal and transversal) and #16 Tie Wire.
II. A. 5. C Column
9
In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 16 mm ᴓ and
10mm ᴓ for the ties and #16 Tie Wire.
II. A. 5. D Beam
In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 20 mm ᴓ and
10mmᴓ for the stirrups and #16 Tie Wire.
II. A. 5. E Slab on Fill
In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 16 mmᴓ and #16
Tie Wire.
II. A. 5. F Parking Area
In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 16 mmᴓ and #16
Tie Wire.
II. A. 5. G. Stairs
In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 16 mmᴓ and 10mm
and #16 Tie Wire.
II. E Forms and Scaffolding
Form is a temporary boarding, sheathing or pan used to produce the desired shape
and size of concrete. Forms must be simple and economically designed in such a
manner that they are easily removed and reassembled without damaging itself or
the concrete.
10
Scaffolding is a temporary structure of wooden poles and planks providing
platform for workers to stand on while erecting or repairing of building. It is
further defined as a temporary framework for other purposes.
The materials to be used are 1/2" X 4' x 8' Ordinary Plywood 2" x 2" x 12" Coco
Lumber, 2" x 3" x 12" Coco Lumber.
II. F Masonry Works
In this item of work, the total area to be used is 192m2.
II. G Cement Plaster
In this item of work, the total area to be plastered is 288m2.
II. H Semi-Gloss Tiles
The total area to be covered is 192 m2 (first, second and third floor). The size of the
semi-gloss tiles is 0.3m x 0.3m.
II. I Septic Tank
For concreting, the bottom slab is 2.0m x 2.0m x0.25m and top slab is 4.0m x 2.0m
x 0.1m. For the masonry works, 2 units of longitudinal 4m in length, 3 units of
transversal 2m in length.
II. J Window
The window to be used is aluminum sliding window (1.2m x 1.60m- 12 unit) and
(0.6m x 0.6m-2 unit) for the first floor. Twelve (12) units of al. sliding window
(1.2m x 1.60m) (0.6m x 0.6m-3 unit) for the second floor. Seven (7) units of al.
11
sliding window (1.2m x 1.6m) (0.6m x 0.6m-4 unit) for the third floor. Seven (7)
units of al. sliding window (1.2m x 1.6m) (0.6m x 0.6m-4 unit) for the will be used.
II. K Doors
Doors to be used are the following; 5 units single swing panel door (0.80m x 2.1m),
2 units single swing PVC door (0.60m x 2.1m) first floor. 7 units single swing panel
door (0.80m x 2.1m), 3 units single swing PVC door (0.60m x 2.1m) second floor.
8 units single swing panel door (0.80m x 2.1m), 5 units single swing PVC door
(0.60m x 2.1m) third floor. 8 units single swing panel door (0.80m x 2.1m), 5 units
single swing PVC door (0.60m x 2.1m) fourth floor.
II. L Long Span High Rib Roofing
In this item of work, the total area to be covered is 28.2 m2. The length of long span
is 3.13m long.
II. M Plumbing Works
The materials to be used are shown in the detailed estimates of this project proposal.
II. N Roof Framing Works
This item of work comprises the girt, bottom chord, rafters, purlins, collar plate,
center post, strut and blocks. They are computed by direct counting method. For
accuracy of estimating these items, a detailed drawing indicating their sizes and
length should be made as basis in finding the unit length of every part.
CHAPTER II.B
12
Benefits
The success of this project will benefit the people of San Jose specifically Barangay 1.
Local residents will be prioritized for the employment before and after the construction of the
said project. The ground floor will serve as a renting commercial property as a restaurant or
fastfood chains that serve foods and beverages. The second floor may use as an office building
for a company or organization with a stock room and conference room available. Third and
fourth will be a rented/transient room for tourists or even a dormitory for students who are
studying near the area and boarding rooms for those working in San Jose.
CHAPTER II.C
13
Constraints
Project Constraints
There are constraints in every working environment. However, there can be
situations that we are unaware of the existence of the constraints, or, we tend to put more
emphasis on the project goals. Constraint is defined as a constraining condition, agency,
or force that limits the systems’ performance in a given context/environment. Constraints
have to be managed. Practically, in all cases the constraints’ limiting impact can be
reduced or eliminated.
Economic constraints
The economic constraints mainly happened with budget limit and allocation of the
money. Due to the budget limit of the owner or the client, the product quality and
performance of the project might get affected. There may be clients who think it is now
possible to construct a quality building at break neck speed and for a knock down price.
Any such unfounded euphoria needs to be dispelled at the outset. The reality is that
although the three most important considerations for any client are usually cost, time and
quality, the business of building
Legal Constraints
The legal constraints exist because there are many regulations that are ruling the
construction project. The legal constraints are mainly related to work law, safety
regulations, and supervision plan. For example, as prohibited by law, certain types of
14
construction work could not be carried out during Sunday and public holidays. In some
other time, when traffic diversion demands immediate decision, the team has to wait to
get procedure approval before proceeding on site. From the other side, it may affect the
planning and progress of the project, such as traffic ordinance and excavation permit,
where approval is required before the work starts.
Environmental Constraints
The public concern and regulations require the environment to be protected such
as air protection, tree preservation, traffic limit, noise control and so on. In the planning
and design stage of the project, the responsible people must apply for the
approval/justification in the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
for the project. This takes time and will affect the project progress. If the approval is not
obtained on time, the whole project will be delayed, or could not be carried out. Traffic
limit is also considered in thus constraint because the project location will be located near
the Municipal Road and a Capital Town as of the noise. During the construction stage,
the probability of having a denser traffic is high.
Technical Constraints
There are quite a few technical constraints arising from restrictive site area and
congested surroundings which are particularly applied to the site environment. The
design and construction of the building works itself can be fairly certain at the outset. On
the other hand, coordination of services works also poses technical constraints in
construction. While having electrical wiring, ventilation ductwork, fire services and
15
plumber works with further complication of broadband alignment, telephoning system
and security system give rise to technical constraints that demand coordination and
collaboration of multiparty in terms of design and construction.
Social Constraints
No construction work could proceed in rural area without people’s involvement.
The social factors constitute constraints in the construction working environment. It is not
surprised to learn that undesirable effects come from a relatively small number of key
persons and the constraints are human constraints. Chinese “Feng shui” is a good
example of social constraints especially to us, Filipinos. Sometimes, the owner believes
that “Feng shui” can affect the progress especially in terms of business so they tend to
spend a lot of money to avoid the bad “Feng shui”. Adjustments to this kind of
constraints during the construction stage might affect the program of work in a way that
the procedures might not be followed accordingly.
We observed that the social constraints usually come from the people. Inadequate
assumptions or bad judgment arising from human constraints can bring disaster.
Frustration, lack of motivation and mistrust will destroy morale and commitments to
work.
16
CHAPTER III
Technical Aspects of the Project
CHAPTER III. A
Plans/Drawings
17
N
W E
TH
IS
SI
TE
Street
San Jose
S
Street
Municipal Hall
Prinsipe
National Road
rt
Villave
ACC
Representative Salazar St
Caltex reet
7/11
Business Park
LOCATION MAP
SCALE N.T.S.
PROJECT TITLE / LOCATION : REG. NO. : CHECKED BY : APPROVED BY : REVISION : SHEET NO.
PROPOSED FOUR STOREY COMMERCIAL AND
T.I.N. :
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING P.T.R. NO. :
DATE : MARZOÑA,LUNOP,NARANJO,REGUETA ENGR. VICENTE M. ABAN
PRINSIPE ST., SAN JOSE, ANTIQUE
PLACE : CIVIL ENGINEER
6.75 5
0.4
W1 W1
UP
W1
5
KITCHEN
D1
W1
W1
D1
W1
W1
COUNTER
D1
UP
16
D1
W1
W1
PARKING AREA
D2
W1
W2
2.05
W2
D1 RAMP
1.5
D2
W1 W1
To 2nd Floor 1.5

LANDING
3
UP
1.3 1.85
1.5 6
GROUND FLOOR PLAN

SCALE 1:100 M.
PROJECT TITLE / LOCATION : CHECKED BY : APPROVED BY : REVISION : SHEET NO.

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
MARZOÑA,LUNOP,NARANJO,REGUETA ENGR. VICENTE M. ABAN
CIVIL ENGINEER
7 5
2.5 4.5
W1 W1
UP
W1
CONFERENCE ROOM
5
MINI KITCHEN
D1
W1
W1
D1
D1
W1
W1
3.14
OFFICE OF HEAD
D1
16
D2
D1
W2
SECOND FLOOR PLAN
SCALE 1:100 M.
3.56
W1
STOCK ROOM
W1
D1
D2
W1
W2
1.9
W2
D1
D2
W1 W1
LANDING
LANDING
To 3rd Floor

CIVIL ENGINEER
10.15
7.3
4 3.15
W1
W2
UP
2.2
D2
DINING AREA
3.35
W1
BEDROOM
D1
W1
MINI KITCHEN
STOCK ROOM
W2
W3
D1
D2
D1
W1
2.35
BEDROOM
D1
16
D1
W2
D1
D2
W3
W1
BEDROOM
THIRD FLOOR PLAN
D1 SCALE 1:100 M.
W2
1.1
D1
W3
D2
BEDROOM
3.8
W3
D2
2.75
BEDROOM
W1 W1
W2
LANDING
LANDING
To 4th Floor
2.05
3.95
3.77

CIVIL ENGINEER
10.15
7.3
4 3.15
W1
W2
UP
2.2
D2
DINING AREA
3.35
W1
BEDROOM
D1
W1
MINI KITCHEN
STOCK ROOM
W2
W3
D1
D2
D1
W1
2.35 BEDROOM
D1
16
D1
W2
D1
D2
FOURTH FLOOR PLAN
W3
W1
SCALE 1:100 M.
BEDROOM D1
W2
1.1
D1
W3
D2
BEDROOM
3.8
W3
D2
2.75
BEDROOM
W1 W1
W2
LANDING
LANDING
To 4th Floor
2.05
3.95
3.77
T.I.N. :
DOWN
D1
ROOF DECK FLOOR PLAN
SCALE 1:100 M.

CIVIL ENGINEER
TOP OF TRUSS
0.9
TOP OF ROOF BEAM
2.7
ROOF DECK LINE
3
FOURTH FLOOR LINE
3
THIRD FLOOR LINE
3
SECOND FLOOR LINE
3
FIRST FLOOR LINE
0.6
GROUND FLOOR LINE
FRONT ELEVATION
SCALE 1:100 M.

CIVIL ENGINEER
TOP OF TRUSS
0.9
TOP OF ROOF BEAM
2.7
ROOF DECK LINE
3
FOURTH FLOOR LINE
3
THIRD FLOOR LINE
3
SECOND FLOOR LINE
3
FIRST FLOOR LINE
0.6
GROUND FLOOR LINE
RIGHT ELEVATION LEFT ELEVATION

SCALE 1:100 M. SCALE 1:100 M.

CIVIL ENGINEER
TOP OF TRUSS
0.9
TOP OF ROOF BEAM
2.7
ROOF DECK LINE
3
FOURTH FLOOR LINE
3
THIRD FLOOR LINE
3
SECOND FLOOR LINE
3
FIRST FLOOR LINE
0.6
GROUND FLOOR LINE
REAR ELEVATION
SCALE 1:100 M.
T.I.N. :
11.6
3.05 3.8 4.75
C2F2 C2F2 C2F2 C2F2
C2F2 C2F2
4.75
4.8
C2F2 C2F2 C2F2 C2F1
1.95
3.05
C1F1
C2F2 C2F2
C2F2
15.6
15.6
2.1
C1F1
13.4
3.65
1.95
C2F1
C2F2 C2F2 C2F2
C2F1
4.8
4.15
1.85
C2F2 C2F1 C2F2 C2F1 C2F1
3.05 3.8 2.75 2
GROUND FLOOR FRAMING PLAN

SCALE 1:100 M. 11.6

CIVIL ENGINEER
B5 B5 B5 B5
S1-e S1-e
S3-d B4 S3-d B4
S2-d G1 S2-d G1
G4 G4
G2 S1-d G2 S1-d
B4 B4 B4 B4 B4 B4
G4 S1-c G4 S1-c
S3-c G3 S2-c G2 S3-c G3 S2-c G2
B3 B3 B3 B3 B3 B3
G1 G1
G4 G2 S1-b G4 G2 S1-b
S3-d S2-b S3-b S2-b
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2
G4 S3-a G3 S2-a G2 S1-a G1 G4 S3-a G3 S2-a G2 S1-a G1
B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1
2ND FLOOR FRAMING PLAN 3RD FLOOR FRAMING PLAN

T.I.N. :
B5 B5 B5 B5
S1-e RD1-e
S3-d B4 RD3-d B4
S2-d G1 RD2-d G1
G4 G4
G2 S1-d G2 RD1-d
B4 B4 B4 B4 B4 B4
G4 S1-c G4 RD1-c
S3-c G3 S2-c G2 RD3-c G3 RD2-c G2
B3 B3 B3 B3 B3 B3
G1 G1
G4 G2 S1-b G4 G2 RD1-b
S3-b S2-b RD3-b RD2-b
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2
G4 S3-a G3 S2-a G2 S1-a G1 G4 RD3-a G3 RD2-a G2 RD1-a G1
B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1
4TH FLOOR FRAMING PLAN ROOF DECK FRAMING PLAN

T.I.N. :
RB
RB
RB
RB
ROOF BEAM PLAN

SCALE 1:100 M.
T.I.N. :
115 mm
89mm
S/4 S/4
12mm Ø MAIN RSB SPACED @

BEAM/ 200MM O.C. BEAM/
GIRDER GIRDER
4.1M
SHORT SPAN
115 mm
89mm
L/4 L/4
BEAM/ 12mm Ø MAIN RSB SPACED @

BEAM/
200mm O.C.
GIRDER GIRDER
5M
LONG SPAN
12 mm Ø MAIN REINFORCEMENT
BARS SPACED @ 160mm O.C.
1.025
2.05
4.1
1.025
1.25 2.5 1.25
5 meters
SLAB 1 DETAILS
N O T D R A W N T O S C A L E
115 mm
89mm
S/4 S/4

GIRDER GIRDER
4M
SHORT SPAN
115 mm
89mm
L/4 L/4

BEAM/
200mm O.C.
GIRDER GIRDER
5M
LONG SPAN
1
2
4
1
1.25 2.5 1.25
5 meters
SLAB 2 DETAILS
12 mm Ø MAIN RSB SPACED
@ 200mm OC
L (LONG SPAN)
12mm Ø MAIN RSB SPACED
@ 200MM OC
5M
0.75 1.5 0.75

3
3M
89mm
115mm
S/4 S/2 S/4
BEAM/ 12 mm Ø MAIN RSB SPACED BEAM/

GIRDER @ 200mm OC
GIRDER
SLAB 3 DETAILS
10 mm Ø STIRRUP, 4 @ 0.05,
5 @ 0.1, & REST b
@ 0.2 M. OC steel covering (2) steel covering (2)
steel covering (1)
t TOP BARS
steel covering (1)

@ SUPPORT @ MIDSPAN / END @ SUPPORT
BOTTOM BARS
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
BASE (b): 200MM
L/4 L/2 L/4 THICKNESS (t): 310MM
4.10M (L) STEEL COVERING (1): 60MM
STEEL COVERING (2): 60MM
Steel Reinforcement
@ SUPPORT @ MIDSPAN / END
4 - 20 mm Ø TOP BARS 2 - 20 mm Ø TOP BARS
2 - 20 mm Ø BOTTOM BARS 4 - 20 mm Ø BOTTOM BARS
BEAM 1 DETAILS
NOT DRAWN TO SCALE
10 mm Ø STIRRUP, 4 @ 0.05,
5 @ 0.1, & REST b
steel covering (1)
t TOP BARS
steel covering (1)

BOTTOM BARS
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
BASE (b): 230MM
5M (L) STEEL COVERING (1): 60MM
Steel Reinforcement
BEAM 2 DETAILS
NOT DRAWN TO SCALE
10 mm Ø STIRRUP, 4 @ 0.05,
5 @ 0.1, & REST b
steel covering (1)
t TOP BARS
steel covering (1)

BOTTOM BARS
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
BASE (b): 200MM
Steel Reinforcement
BEAM 3 DETAILS
NOT DRAWN TO SCALE
10 mm Ø STIRRUP, 4 @ 0.05,
5 @ 0.1, & REST b
steel covering (1)
t TOP BARS
steel covering (1)

BOTTOM BARS
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
BASE (b): 100MM
Steel Reinforcement
BEAM 4 DETAILS
NOT DRAWN TO SCALE
10 mm Ø STIRRUP, 4 @ 0.05,
5 @ 0.1, & REST b
steel covering (1)
t TOP BARS
steel covering (1)

BOTTOM BARS
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
BASE (b): 200MM
Steel Reinforcement
BEAM 5 DETAILS
NOT DRAWN TO SCALE
10 mm Ø STIRRUP, 4 @ 0.05,
5 @ 0.1, & REST b
steel covering (1)
t TOP BARS
steel covering (1)

BOTTOM BARS
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
BASE (b): 200MM
Steel Reinforcement
GIRDER 1 DETAILS
NOT DRAWN TO SCALE
10 mm Ø STIRRUP, 4 @ 0.05,
5 @ 0.1, & REST b
steel covering (1)
t TOP BARS
steel covering (1)

BOTTOM BARS
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
BASE (b): 275MM
Steel Reinforcement
GIRDER 2 DETAILS
NOT DRAWN TO SCALE
10 mm Ø STIRRUP, 4 @ 0.05,
5 @ 0.1, & REST b
steel covering (1)
t TOP BARS
steel covering (1)

BOTTOM BARS
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
BASE (b): 225MM
Steel Reinforcement
GIRDER 3 DETAILS
NOT DRAWN TO SCALE
10 mm Ø STIRRUP, 4 @ 0.05,
5 @ 0.1, & REST b
steel covering (1)
t TOP BARS
steel covering (1)

BOTTOM BARS
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
BASE (b): 200MM
Steel Reinforcement
GIRDER 4 DETAILS
NOT DRAWN TO SCALE
115 mm
89mm
S/4 S/4

GIRDER GIRDER
4M
SHORT SPAN
115 mm
89mm
L/4 L/4

BEAM/
200mm O.C.
GIRDER GIRDER
5M
LONG SPAN
1.025
2.05
4.1
1.025
1.25 2.5 1.25
5 meters
ROOF DECK SLAB 1 DETAILS

115 mm
89mm
S/4 S/4

GIRDER GIRDER
4M
SHORT SPAN
115 mm
89mm
L/4 L/4

BEAM/
200mm O.C.
GIRDER GIRDER
5M
LONG SPAN
1
2
4
1
1.25 2.5 1.25
5 meters

12 mm Ø MAIN RSB SPACED
@ 200mm OC
L (LONG SPAN)
12mm Ø MAIN RSB SPACED
@ 200MM OC
5M
0.75 1.5 0.75

3
3M
89mm
115mm
S/4 S/2 S/4
BEAM/ 12 mm Ø MAIN RSB SPACED BEAM/

GIRDER @ 200mm OC
GIRDER

10 mm Ø STIRRUP, 4 @ 0.05,
5 @ 0.1, & REST b
steel covering (1)
t TOP BARS
steel covering (1)

BOTTOM BARS
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
BASE (b): 200MM
Steel Reinforcement
ROOF BEAM DETAILS

NOT DRAWN TO SCALE
SCHEDULE OF BEAMS
W H SUPPORT REINFORCEMENT MIDSPAN REINFORCEMENT

MARK TOP BOT SECTION TOP BOT SECTION STIRRUPS SPACING
(m) (m)
USE 10 mm Ø STIRRUP 4 @ 0.05 m, 5 @

B-1 .20 .310 4 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 4 - 20 mm Ø 0.10 m REST @ 0.20 m TO CENTER
B-2 .23 .310 4 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 4 - 20 mm Ø USE 10 mm Ø STIRRUP 4 @ 0.05 m, 5 @

0.10 m REST @ 0.20 m TO CENTER

B-3 .20 .310 4 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 4 - 20 mm Ø 0.10 m REST @ 0.20 m TO CENTER
B-4 .10 .310 2 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø

0.10 m REST @ 0.20 m TO END

B-5 .20 .310 2 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 2- 20 mm Ø 0.10 m REST @ 0.20 m TO CENTER
G-1 .20 .310 4 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 4 - 20 mm Ø USE 10 mm Ø STIRRUP 4 @ 0.05 m, 5 @


G-2 .275 .310 6 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 6 - 20 mm Ø 0.10 m REST @ 0.20 m TO CENTER

0.10 m REST @ 0.20 m TO END

RB .20 .21 2 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø 2 - 20 mm Ø USE 10 mm Ø STIRRUP 4 @ 0.05 m, 5 @

Natural Ground Line
10mmØ LATERAL TIES SPACED 3 @ 50mm,

5 @ 100mm & REST @ 150mm O.C.
0.35 m
0.28 m
Reinforcement Along
Short Direction
20- 20mmØ BARS
4.00 m
0.90 m 0.30 m 1.50 m 0.30 m 0.90 m
Reinforcement Along
Midspan of Long Direction
7 - 20mmØ BARS
0.60 m 7 - 20mmØ
VERTICAL BARS
10mmØ
LATERAL TIES 1.50 m 0.30 m
0.60 m
Reinforcement at
Cantilever Portion
10 - 20mmØ BARS
C2-F1 DETAIL
SCALE 1:30 m
Natural Ground Line
10 mmØ LATERAL TIES SPACED 3 @ 50mm,

5 @ 100mm & REST @ 175mm O.C.
0.42 m
0.35m
2.50 m
15 - 20 mmØ
VERTICAL BARS
10 mmØ
2.50 m
LATERAL TIES
C1-F1 DETAIL
SCALE 1:30 m
3" thk. CHB WALL w/ 10mmØ VERT. BARS
SPACED @ 0.150m O.C. w/ 10mmØ HOR. BARS
SPACED @ EVERY 3 LAYERS OF CHB
FIN. FLR. LN.
SLAB SLAB
0.13
ON FILL ON FILL
0.20 m
0.07 m
3-12 mmØ LONGITUDINAL BARS

0.30 m SPACED @ 0.10m O.C.
w/ 10mmØ TRANSVERSE BARS
SPACED @ 0.15m O.C.
WF-1 DETAIL
SCALE 1 : 30m
10MMØ NOSING BAR 16MMØ MAIN BAR @ 0.15M O.C
D1 D2 D3
PANEL PVC PANEL
10MMØ BRACE BARS @ 0.30 M O.C 10MMØ TEMP. BAR @ 0.30M O.C DETAIL OF DOORS
NOT TO SCALE
F.F.L.
10MMØ TEMP. BAR @ 0.20M O.C
16MMØ MAT BAR
W1 W2 W2
W3
DETAIL OF STAIRS ALUM. SLIDING ALUM. SLIDING ALUM. SLIDING
SCALE N.T.S.
DETAIL OF WINDOWS
NOT TO SCALE
STIRRUPS SEE SCHEDULE OF BEAMS MAIN BARS SEE SCHEDULE OF BEAMS

See Schedule of Beams
L/4 L/4
L
TYPICAL DETAIL OF BEAMS
SCALE 1:150 M.

CIVIL ENGINEER
350 2650 350
4th FLOOR LINE
3
1600
4th FLOOR LINE
12
E = 1:
SLOP
LANDING
LANDING
1.5
LANDING
1500
SLOP
E = 1:
12
3rd FLOOR LINE RAMP UP
3rd FLOOR LINE

1600
12
E = 1:
SLOP
LANDING
LANDING
SLOP
E = 1:
12
1500
6
2nd FLOOR LINE RAMP UP
1 1/2"Ø STAINLESS PIPE
GRAB RAIL WELDED TO
1 1/2"Ø STAINLESS PIPE RAILINGS 1 1/2" Ø STAINLESS PIPE 2nd FLOOR LINE
RAILINGS
12
E = 1:
1600
125
SLOP
1 1/2"Ø STAINLESS PIPE SCALE 1:40m
GRAB RAIL
STEEL MAT
TING #6
LANDING
LANDING
SLOP
E = 1:
12
1500
GROUND FLOOR LINE RAMP UP

GROUND FLOOR LINE
1200
1500 1450
LANDING
1.2
2
2nd FLOOR 1.5 6
SECTION OF RAMP
SCALE 1:40m PLAN OF RAMP
SCALE 1:100m

CIVIL ENGINEER
CHAPTER III. B
Structural System
The proposed Four-Storey Building will have a total height of approximately 16.2 m from
ground floor line to top of truss. The proposed building will serve for residential and commercial
use.
The ground floor of the building will be used for restaurant. The second floor of the
building will be used as office buildings, and the third and fourth floor will be used for apartment.
The proposed building is supported by 21 units of column footing and with 25 units of column.
Each floor has five types of beams and four types of girders that supported by a column. The
ground floor has two (2) comfort rooms and a kitchen for restaurant purposes. The second floor
has two comfort rooms, a stock room, mini kitchen, conference room, an office and a storage room
that is for office purposes. The third and fourth floor has 12 comfort room located in each room
and a storage room.
The site is prepared for clearing the area first for the foundation of the building, then
followed by rebar works for column footing, column and ground floor. After rebar works put forms
for the preparation for the pouring of the concrete and after that is the curing. The excavation will
then be filled with soil and compacted. Once the foundation is being completed, the girders and
beams that are connected to the column will now support the slab and installation of beams, stairs
and walls will follow. When this thing is poured by concrete and cured, it will be followed by the
installation of plumbing, sanitary and septic tank. Installation of doors, windows, roof, tiles,
electrical works and painting works will follow.
54
The proposed project is a four-storey commercial and residential building having its
main structures; slabs, beams, girders, columns, footings and other substructures like ramps
and stairs.
Slabs are designed with the adapted length of 5 meters as the longest length. The
designed slabs are S-1, S-2, and S-3 as shown in the detailing plan. The slabs have a width of
4.1 meters, 4 meters, and 3 meters respectively and thickness of 115 millimeters with an
effective depth of 89 millimeters. The reinforcing steel bars are 12 millimeters in diameters at
200 on center spacing.
Beams are classified into B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, and B-5 having a dimension of 0.20 m by
0.310 m, 0.23 m by 0.310 m, 0.20 m by 0.310 m, 0.10 m by 0.310 m, and 0.2 m by 0.310 m
respectively. The reinforcing steel bar use is 20 mm in diameter at midspan and support; B-1,
B-2 and B-3 has 4 pcs. on top and 2 pcs. on bottom reinforcing steel bars and B-4 is reinforced
with 2 pcs. on both top and bottom. The stirrups is designed with a 10 millimeter in diameter
spaced 4 at 50 millimeters, 5 at 100 millimeters and the rest at 200 millimeter on center spacing.
Girders are classified into G-1, G-2, G-3, and G-4. G-1 has a dimension of 0.20 by
0.310 meters and having a 4 pcs. by 2 pcs. of 20 mm diameter reinforcing steel bars on support
and midspan. G-2 has a dimension of 0.275 by 0.310 meters with a 6 pcs. and 2 pcs. of 20 mm
diameter reinforcing steel bars on support and midspan. G-3 having a dimension of 0.225 by
0.310 meters with a reinforcing steel bars of 5 pcs. by 2 pcs of 20 mm diameter reinforcing
steel bars on support and midspan. G-4 having dimension of 0.20 by 0.310 of 20 mm diameter
reinforcing steel bars on support and midspan. G-1, G-2, and G-4 has a designed 10 mm
55
diameter stirrups spaced 4 at 50 mm, 5 at 100 mm and the rest is at 200 mm to center. G-3 has
a designed 10 mm diameter stirrup spaced 4 at 50 mm, 5 at 100 mm and the rest at 200 mm
to end.
Columns are designed as a square column classified as C-1 and C-2 with dimensions
of 0.30 by 0.30 meters. C-1 has a reinforcement of 12 pcs. 16 mm diameter steel bars and has
a designed 10 mm diameter lateral ties spaced 3 at 50 mm, 5 at 100 mm and the rest is at 175
mm. And C-2 is reinforced with 8 pcs. 16 mm diameter bars and has a designed 10 mm
diameter lateral ties spaced 3 at 50 mm,5 at 100 mm and the rest is at 150 mm on center.
Footing is designed classification as F-1 and F-2. F-1 is a square footing and has a
dimension of 2.5 by 2.5 meters with a thickness of 0.42 m and an effective depth of 0.35 m
and is reinforced with 20 mm diameter bars; 15 pcs. along the span. F2 have a designed
dimension of 1.5 by 4 meters and a thickness of 0.42 meters an effective depth of 0.35 m with
a 20 mm diameter reinforcing bar; 7 pcs. along long span and 10 pcs. by 19 pcs. on the inner
and outer strip along long span respectively.
Wall footing classified as WF on the detail supporting a 4 “ thick CHB wall with a
reinforcement of 12 mm diameter vertical bars spaced at 0.15 meters on center and 10 mm
diameter horizontal bars spaced at every 3 layers of CHB. WF has a base of 0.30 meters and a
thickness of 0.20 meters and is reinforced with a 6 pcs. of 12 mm diameter long bar spaced on
center with a 10 mm diameter transverse bars spaced at 0.15 meters on center.
Another structure design is the stair with 1.5-meter elevation and a horizontal length of
2.7 meters with 9 steps, it has a rise of 150 mm and a thread of 250 mm is reinforced with 16
56
mm diameter bars spaced at 0.35 meters on center and has a 10 mm diameter temperature bars
spaced at 0.250 meters on center.
57
CHAPTER III. C
Design and Analysis
SLABS
58
DESIGN OF SLAB 1
1. Check
𝐿 4.1
m = 𝐿𝑎 = 5 = 0.82 > 0.5 Therefore, Two Way Slab (Case 4)
𝑏
2. Thickness of Slab
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 2(4100+5000)
t= = = 101.11 mm say 115 mm
180 180
3. Effective Depth
d =t - 26 = 115 – 26 = 89 mm
4. Loads (Consider 1 m strip)
Floor Finishes and Ceiling Load = 0.75 + 0.24 = 0.99 kN/m2
Weight of Slab = (23.54) (0.1) = 2.354 kN/m2
Dead Load = (0.99 + 2.354) (1) = 3.344 kN/m
Live Load (HALLWAY) = (3.8) (1) = 3.8 kN/m2
5. Factored Load
WDL = 1.2DL = (1.2) (3.344) = 4.013 kN/m
WLL = 1.6LL = (1.6) (3.8) = 6.08 kN/m
Wu = 4.0128 + 6.08 = 10.093 kN/m
6. Coefficients for Negative Moment in Slab
Ca = 0.069
Cb = 0.031
7. Coefficients for Positive Moment in Slab
Dead Load
Ca = 0.0378
Cb = 0.0172
Live Load
Ca = 0.046
Cb = 0.0212
8. Moment at Support
Ma = CaWuLa2 = (0.069) (10.093) (4.1)2 = 11.707 kN.m
59
Mb = CbWuLb2= (0.031) (10.093) (5)2 = 7.822 kN.m
9. Moment at Midspan
Along Short Span
MaDL = CaDLWDLLa2 = (0.0378)(4.013)(4.1)2= 2.5499 kN.m
MaLL = CaLLWLLLa2 = (0.046)(6.08)(4.1)2= 4.7014 kN.m
MaTotal= MAdl + MaLL= 2.5499 kN.m + 4.7014 kN.m= 5.2513 kN.m
Along Long Span
MbDL = CbDLWDLLb2= (0.0172)(4.013)(5)2= 1.7256 kN.m
MbLL = CbLLWLLLb2= (0.0212)(6.08)(5)2= 3.2224 kN.m
MbTotal = MbDL+MbLL= 1.7256 +3.2224 = 4.948 kN.m
10. Area of Reinforcement and Spacing at Support

Use 12 mm Ø of bar
Along Short Span
Ma = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
11.707 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000) (89)2w(1-0.59w)
w=0.0822
wfc′ 0.0822(21)
p= = = 0.0076 (adapt)
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin=𝐹𝑦 = = 0.006167
227
As = pbd= 0.00758 (1000) (89) = 676.4 mm2

1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 167.21 mm say 160 mm
As 676.4
Along Long Span

Mb = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
7.822 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000)(89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.054
wfc′ 0.054(21)
p= = = 0.004996
fy 227
60
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = = 0.006167 (adapt)
227
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm)= 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 548.86
11. Area of Reinforcement and Spacing at Midspan
Use 12 mm Ø of bar
Along Short Span
Ma = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
5.0289 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000)(89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.0343
wfc′ 0.0343(21)
p= = = 0.00317
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = 227 = 0.006167 (ADAPT)
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm) = 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 54.86
Along Long Span
Mb = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
3.093 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000) (89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.0209
wfc′ 0.0209(21)
p= = = 0.001933
fy 227
1.4
1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = 227 = 0.006167 (ADAPT)
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm) = 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 548.86
61
DESIGN OF SLAB 2
1. Check
𝐿 4
m = 𝐿𝑎 =5= 0.8 > 0.5 Therefore, Two Way Slab (Case 8)
𝑏
t= = = 100 mm say 115 mm
180 180
3. Effective Depth
d =t - 26 = 115 – 26 = 89 mm
Dead Load = (0.99 + 2.354) (1) = 3.344 kN/m
Live Load (OFFICE) = (2.4) (1) = 2.4 kN/m2
5. Factored Load
WDL = 1.2DL = (1.2) (3.344) = 4.013 kN/m
WLL = 1.6LL = (1.6) (2.4) = 3.84 kN/m
Wu = 4.013 + 3.84 = 7.853 kN/m
Ca = 0.055
Cb = 0.041
Dead Load
Ca = 0.032
Cb = 0.015
Live Load
Ca = 0.044
Cb = 0.019
Ma = CaWuLa2 = (0.055) (7.853) (4)2 = 6.911 kN.m
62
Mb = CbWuLb2= (0.041) (7.853) (5)2 = 8.049 kN.m

Along Short Span
MaDL = CaDLWDLLa2 = (0.032)(4.013)(4)2= 2.055 kN.m
MaLL = CaLLWLLLa2 = (0.044)(3.84)(5)2= 4.224 kN.m
Along Long Span

Use 12 mm Ø of bar
Along Short Span
Ma = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
6.911 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000) (89)2w(1-0.59w)
w=0.047
wfc′ 0.047(21)
p= = = 0.0043
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin=𝐹𝑦 = = 0.006167 (ADAPT)
227
As= 0.006167(1000) (89)= 548.86 mm2

1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 548.86
Along Long Span

Mb = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
8.049 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000)(89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.056
wfc′ 0.056(21)
p= = = 0.00511
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = = 0.006167 (adapt)
227
63
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm)= 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 548.86
Use 12 mm Ø of bar
Along Short Span
Ma = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
6.279 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000)(89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.043
wfc′ 0.043(21)
p= = = 0.00393
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = 227 = 0.006167 (ADAPT)
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm) = 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 54.86
Along Long Span
Mb = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
2.787 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000) (89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.019
wfc′ 0.019(21)
p= = = 0.00175
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = = 0.006167 (ADAPT)
227
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm) = 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 548.86
64
DESIGN OF SLAB 3
1. Check
𝐿 3
𝑏
t= = = 100 mm say 115 mm
180 180
3. Effective Depth
d =t - 26 = 115 – 26 = 89 mm
Dead Load = (0.99 + 2.354) (1) = 3.344 kN/m
Live Load (OFFICE) = (2.4) (1) = 2.4 kN/m2
5. Factored Load
WDL = 1.2DL = (1.2) (3.344) = 4.013 kN/m
WLL = 1.6LL = (1.6) (2.4) = 3.84 kN/m
Wu = 4.013 + 3.84 = 7.853 kN/m
Ca = 0.089
Cb = 0.011
Dead Load
Ca = 0.053
Cb = 0.007
Live Load
Ca = 0.067
Cb = 0.009
Ma = CaWuLa2 = (0.089) (7.853) (3)2 = 6.29 kN.m
65
Mb = CbWuLb2= (0.011) (7.853) (5)2 = 2.16 kN.m

Along Short Span
Along Long Span

Use 12 mm Ø of bar
Along Short Span
Ma = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
6.29 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000) (89)2w(1-0.59w)
w=0.043
wfc′ 0.043(21)
p= = = 0.00397
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin=𝐹𝑦 = = 0.006167 (ADAPT)
227
As= 0.006167(1000) (89)= 548.86 mm2

1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 548.86
Along Long Span

Mb = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
2.16 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000)(89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.0146
wfc′ 0.0146(21)
p= = = 0.00135
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = = 0.006167 (adapt)
227
66
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm)= 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 548.86
Use 12 mm Ø of bar
Along Short Span
Ma = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
8.346 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000)(89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.058
wfc′ 0.058(21)
p= = = 0.00537
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = 227 = 0.006167 (ADAPT)
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm) = 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 54.86
Along Long Span
Mb = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
1.117 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000) (89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.00749
wfc′ 0.0209(21)
p= = = 0.00069
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = = 0.006167 (ADAPT)
227
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm) = 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 548.86
67
BEAMS AND
GIRDERS
68
Design of Beam 1
fc’ = 21 MPa
Fy for Grade 33 steel = 227 MPa
1. Load Carried By The Beam

Slab 1
La =4.1 m ; Lb= 5 m ; m = 0.82; c = 0.69
Dead Load:
Floor finishes and ceiling = 0.99 kN/m2
Weight slab = 23.54 (0.115) =2.71 kN/m2
Live Load = 3.8 kN/m2
2. Factored Load
WDL = 1.2 (0.99 + 2.71)
WDL = 4.44 kN/m2
WLL = 1.6 (3.8)
WLL = 6.08 kN/m2
Wu = 10.52 kN/m2
3. Transfer Of Live Load From Slab To Beam

𝑐𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.69)(6.08)(4.1)(5)
Wa= = = 10.75 kN/m
2𝐿𝑎 2(4..1)
4. Transfer Of Dead Load From Slab To Beam

𝑐𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.69)(4.44)(4.1)(5)
Wa= = = 7.85 kN/m
2𝐿𝑎 2(4.1)
5. Total Load Transferred To Beam

WT = WbLL+ WbDL
WT = 10.75+ 7.85
69
WT = 18.6 kN/m
6. Total Load Carried By Beam

W = WT + Factored Weight of Partition
W = 18.6 + (0.1) (3) (23.54) (1.2)
W= 27.07 kN/m
7. Bending Moment
𝑤𝐿2 27.07(4.1)2
Msupport = = = 50.56 kN.m (ADAPT)
9 9
𝑤𝐿2 27.07(4.1)2
Mmidspan = = = 32.50 kN.m
14 14
8. Compute Dimension Of Beam

M = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
𝑝𝐹𝑦 0.021 (276)
w= = = 0.276
𝑓𝑐′ 21
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß (0.003) 0.85(21)(0.85)(0.003)

Assume p = = = 0.021
0.008 𝐹𝑦 0.008(276)
Assume b = 200 mm
50.56 x106 = 0.9 (21) (200) (d2) (0.276) (1-(0.59)(0.276))
d = 240.60 mm say 250 mm
H = 250 + 60 = 310 mm
9. Compute Pmax And Pmin

Pmax = 0.75 Pb
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß 600 0.85 (21)(0.85)(600)
Pb = = = 0.0377
𝐹𝑦 (600+𝐹𝑦) 276 (600+276)
Pmax = 0.75 (0.0377) = 0.028

1.4 1.4
Pmin = 𝐹𝑦 = 276 = 0.005
70
50.56 x106 = 0.9 (21) (200) (250)2 (w) (1-0.59w)

w= 0.25
𝑤𝑓𝑐′ 0.25(21)
p= = = 0.019
𝐹𝑦 276
Pmin< P <Pmax Therefore, Singly Reinforced Beam
10. Compute Area Of Reinforcement And Number Of Bars

As = pbd = 0.019 (200) (250) = 950 mm2
Use 20 mm Ø bars
𝐴𝑠 950
N =𝐴𝑜 =314.16= 3.02 pcs. say 4 pcs.
Wu = Transfer Load + Weight of Beam

Wu = 27.07 + 23.54 (0.2) (0.31)
Wu = 28.52 kN/m
11. Investigation
T=C
As Fy = 0.85 fc’ a b
4(314.16) (276) = 0.85 (21) (200) a
a = 97.15
0.85c = a
c = 114.29
0.003 (𝑑−𝑐) 0.003(250−114.29)
Ɛs = = = 0.0036
𝑐 114.29
𝐹𝑦 276
Ɛy = = = 0.0014
𝐸𝑠 200000
Ɛs>Ɛy Therefore, Steel Yields

fs = fy
𝑎
Mcap = Ø As Fy (d - 2)
97.15
Mcap = 0.9 (4)(314.16)(276) (250- ) = 62.87 kN.m
2
Mcap>Msupport
Mcap>Mmidspan Therefore, Safe
71
12. Check Shear Stress

Vu = Vmax –Wd
28.52(4.1)
Vu = – 28.52(0.25)
2
Vu = 51.336 kN
Vc = 0.17√𝑓𝑐′ bd
Vc = 0.17√21 (200)(250)
Vc = 38.95 kN
Ø𝑉𝑐 0.9(38.95)
= = 17.53
2 2
Ø𝑉𝑐
< Vu (Provide Stirrup)
2
𝑉𝑢 50.56
Vs = Ø – Vc = – 38.95 = 17.23 kN
0.9
𝐴𝑣 𝐹𝑦 𝑑 4(78.54)(227)(250)
S= = = 1034.74 mm
𝑉𝑠 17230
𝑑 250
S=2= = 125 mm say 100 mm
2
13. Check Development Length

0.02𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑏 0.02(276)(314.16)
Ldreq = = = 378.43 mm
√𝑓𝑐 ′ √21
Lmin = 0.06dbfy = 0.06(20)(276) = 331.2 mm

1.3𝑚𝑛 1.3(62870)
Ld furnish = La + = 0.9(51.336) = 1768.98 mm
∅𝑉𝑢
1768.98 mm > 378.43 mm Therefore, Safe
72
Design Of Beam 2
fc’ = 21
Fy for Grade 33 steel= 227 MPa

Slab 1-A
La =4.1 m ; Lb= 5 m ; m = 0.82; c = 0.69
Slab 1-B
La=3.7 m; Lb= 5 m; m = 0.74; c =0.376
Dead Load:
Weight slab = 23.54 (0.115) =2.71 kN/m2
2. FACTORED LOAD
WDL = 1.2 (0.99 + 2.354)

WDL = 4.44 kN/m2
WLL = 1.6 (3.8)
WLL = 6.08 kN/m2
Wu = 10.09 kN/m2

Slab 1-A
𝑐𝑊𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.69)6.08)(4.1)(5)
W= = = 8.60 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2(5)
Slab 1-B
73
𝑐𝑊𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.376)(6.08)(3.7)(5)
W= = = 4.23 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2(5)

𝑐𝑊𝐷𝐿 𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.69)(4.44)(4.1)(5)
WbS-6 = = = 6.28 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2(5)
𝑐𝑊𝐷𝐿 𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.376)(4.44)(3.7)(5)
WaS-7 = = = 3.09 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2(5)

WT = WbLL+ WbDL
WT = (8.60 + 4.23) + (6.28+3.09)
WT = 22.2 kN/m

W = WT
W = 22.2 kN/m
7. Bending Moment
Msupport = WL2/9 = 22.2(5)2/9= 61.67 kN.m (ADAPT)
Mmidspan = WL2/14= 22.2(5)2/14= 39.64 kN.m

M = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
𝑝𝐹𝑦 0.021 (276)
w= = = 0.276
𝑓𝑐′ 21
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß (0.003) 0.85 (21)(0.85)(0.003)

Assume p = = = 0.021
0.008 𝐹𝑦 0.008 (276)
Assume b = 230 mm
74
61.67 x106 = 0.9 (21) (230) (d2) (0.276) (1-(0.59)(0.276))

d = 247.79 mm say 250 mm
H = 250+ 60 = 310 mm
Pmax = 0.75 Pb
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß 600 0.85 (21)(0.85)(600)

Pb = = = 0.0377
𝐹𝑦 (600+𝐹𝑦) 276 (600+276)
Pmax = 0.75 (0.0377) = 0.028

1.4 1.4
Pmin = 𝐹𝑦 = 276 = 0.005
61.67 x106 = 0.9 (21) (200) (250)2 (w) (1-0.59w)

w=0.27
𝑤𝑓𝑐′ 0.27(21)
p= = = 0.021
𝐹𝑦 276

As = pbd = 0.021 (230) (250) = 1207.5 mm2
Use 20 mm Ø bars
𝐴𝑠 1207.5
N =𝐴𝑜 = = 3.84 pc. say 4 pcs.
314

Wu = 22.2 + 23.54(0.23) (0.31)
Wu = 23.88 kN/m
11. Investigation
T=C
75
4(314)(276) = 0.85 (21) (230) a

a = 84.44
0.85c = a
c = 99.34
0.003 (𝑑−𝑐) 0.003 (250−99.34)

Ɛs = = = 0.0045
𝑐 99.34
𝐹𝑦 276
Ɛy = = 200000 = 0.0014
𝐸𝑠

Ɛs > 0.005; Ø=0.9
fs = fy
𝑎
84.44
Mcap = 0.9(4)(314)(276) (250 – ) = 64.83 kN.m
2
Mcap>Msupport

Vu = Vmax –Wd
23.88(5)
Vu = – 22.2(0.25)
2
Vu = 54.15 kN
Vc = 0.17√𝑓𝑐′ bd
Vc = 0.17√21 (230) (250)
Vc = 44.79 kN
Ø𝑉𝑐
= 0.9(44.79)/2= 20.16 kN
2
76
Ø𝑉𝑐
< Vu (Provide Stirrups)
2
𝑉𝑢 54.15
Vs = Ø - Vc= – 44.79= 15.38 kN
0.9
𝐴𝑣 𝐹𝑦 𝑑 2(78.54)(227)(250)
S= = = 579.6 mm
𝑉𝑠 15380
𝑑
S = 2 = 250/2= 125 mm say 100 mm

0.02 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑏 0.02 (276)(314)
Ld req = = = 378.23 mm
√𝑓𝑐′ √21
Lmin = 0.06 db fy = 0.06 (20) (276) = 331.2 mm

1.3 𝑀𝑛 1.3(64830)
Ld furnish = La + = = 1729.33 mm > 378.23 mm Therefore, Safe
Ø 𝑉𝑢 0.9(54.15)
77
Design Of Beam 3
fc’ = 21

Slab 1-B
La=3.7 m; Lb= 5 m; m = 0.74; c =0.376
Slab 1-C
La=3 m; Lb= 5 m; m = 0.6; c =0.20
Dead Load:
Weight slab = 23.54 (0.115) =2.71 kN/m2
2. FACTORED LOAD
WDL = 1.2 (0.99 + 2.354)

WDL = 4.44 kN/m2
WLL = 1.6 (3.8)
WLL = 6.08 kN/m2
Wu = 10.09 kN/m2

Slab 1-B
𝑐𝑊𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.376)(6.08)(3.7)(5)
W= = = 4.23 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2(5)
Slab 1-C
78
𝑐𝑊𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.2)(6.08)(3)(5)
W= = = 1.82 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2(5)

Slab 1-B
𝑐𝑊𝐷𝐿 𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.376)(4.44)(3.7)(5)
W= = = 3.09 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2(5)
Slab 1-C
𝑐𝑊𝐷𝐿 𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.2)(4.44)(3)(5)
W= = = 1.33 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2(5)

WT = WbLL+ WbDL
WT = (4.23 + 1.82) + (3.09+1.33)
WT = 10.47 kN/m

W = WT
W = 10.47 kN/m
7. Bending Moment
Mmidspan = WL2/14= 10.47(5)2/14= 18.7 kN.m

M = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
𝑝𝐹𝑦 0.021 (276)
w= = = 0.276
𝑓𝑐′ 21
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß (0.003) 0.85 (21)(0.85)(0.003)

Assume p = = = 0.021
0.008 𝐹𝑦 0.008 (276)
Assume b = 200 mm
79
29.08 x106 = 0.9 (21) (200) (d2) (0.276) (1-(0.59)(0.276))

d = 182.47 mm say 250 mm
H = 250+ 60 = 310 mm
Pmax = 0.75 Pb
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß 600 0.85 (21)(0.85)(600)

Pb = = = 0.0377
𝐹𝑦 (600+𝐹𝑦) 276 (600+276)
Pmax = 0.75 (0.0377) = 0.028

1.4 1.4
Pmin = 𝐹𝑦 = 276 = 0.005
29.08x106 = 0.9 (21) (200) (250)2 (w) (1-0.59w)

w=0.14
𝑤𝑓𝑐′ 0.14(21)
p= = = 0.011
𝐹𝑦 276

As = pbd = 0.021 (200) (250) = 1050 mm2
Use 20 mm Ø bars
𝐴𝑠 1050
N= = = 3.34 pc. say 4 pcs.
𝐴𝑜 314

Wu = 10.47 + 23.54(0.2) (0.31)
Wu = 11.93 kN/m
11. Investigation
T=C
80
4(314)(276) = 0.85 (21) (200) a
a = 97.15
0.85c = a
c = 114.29
0.003 (𝑑−𝑐) 0.003 (250−114.29)

Ɛs = = = 0.0036
𝑐 114.29
𝐹𝑦 276
Ɛy = = 200000 = 0.0014
𝐸𝑠

Ɛs > 0.005; Ø=0.9
fs = fy
𝑎
114.29
Mcap = 0.9(4)(314)(276) (250 – ) = 62.87 kN.m
2
Mcap>Msupport

Vu = Vmax –Wd
11.93(5)
Vu = – 10.47(0.25)
2
Vu = 27.21 kN
Vc = 0.17√𝑓𝑐′ bd
Vc = 0.17√21 (200) (250)
Vc = 39.85 kN
81
Ø𝑉𝑐
= 0.9(39.85)/2= 17.93 kN
2
Ø𝑉𝑐
2
𝑉𝑢 27.21
Vs = Ø - Vc= – 39.85= 9.62 kN
0.9
𝐴𝑣 𝐹𝑦 𝑑 2(78.54)(227)(250)
S= = = 926.64 mm
𝑉𝑠 9620
𝑑
S = 2 = 250/2= 125 mm say 100 mm

0.02 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑏 0.02 (276)(314)
Ld req = = = 378.23 mm
√𝑓𝑐′ √21
Lmin = 0.06 db fy = 0.06 (20) (276) = 331.2 mm

1.3 𝑀𝑛 1.3(62870)
Ø 𝑉𝑢 0.9(27.21)
82
Design Of Beam 4
fc’ = 21

Slab 1-C
La=3 m; Lb= 5 m; m = 0.6; c =0.20
Slab 1-D
La=2.8 m; Lb= 5 m; m = 0.56; c =0.16
Dead Load:
Weight slab = 23.54 (0.115) =2.71 kN/m2
2. FACTORED LOAD
WDL = 1.2 (0.99 + 2.354)

WDL = 4.44 kN/m2
WLL = 1.6 (3.8)
WLL = 6.08 kN/m2
Wu = 10.09 kN/m2

Slab 1-C
𝑐𝑊𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.2)(6.08)(3)(5)
W= = = 1.82 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2(5)
Slab 1-D
83
𝑐𝑊𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.16)(6.08)(2.8)(5)
W= = = 1.36 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2(5)

Slab 1-C
𝑐𝑊𝐷𝐿 𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.2)(4.44)(3)(5)
W= = = 1.33 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2(5)
Slab 1-D
𝑐𝑊𝐷𝐿 𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.16)(4.44)(2.8)(5)
W= = = 0.99 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2(5)

WT = WbLL+ WbDL
WT = (1.82 + 1.36) + (1.33+0.99)
WT = 5.5 kN/m

W = WT
W = 5.5 kN/m
7. Bending Moment
Mmidspan = WL2/14= 5.5(5)2/14= 9.82 kN.m

M = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
𝑝𝐹𝑦 0.021 (276)
w= = = 0.276
𝑓𝑐′ 21
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß (0.003) 0.85 (21)(0.85)(0.003)

Assume p = = = 0.021
0.008 𝐹𝑦 0.008 (276)
Assume b = 100 mm
84
15.28 x106 = 0.9 (21) (200) (d2) (0.276) (1-(0.59)(0.276))

d = 187.05 mm say 250 mm
H = 250+ 60 = 310 mm

Pmax = 0.75 Pb
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß 600 0.85 (21)(0.85)(600)

Pb = = = 0.0377
𝐹𝑦 (600+𝐹𝑦) 276 (600+276)
Pmax = 0.75 (0.0377) = 0.028

1.4 1.4
Pmin = 𝐹𝑦 = 276 = 0.005
15.28x106 = 0.9 (21) (200) (250)2 (w) (1-0.59w)

w=0.14
𝑤𝑓𝑐′ 0.14(21)
p= = = 0.011
𝐹𝑦 276

As = pbd = 0.011 (100) (250) = 275 mm2
Use 20 mm Ø bars
𝐴𝑠 275
N =𝐴𝑜 = 314= 0.88 pc. say 2 pcs.

Wu = 5.5 + 23.54(0.1) (0.31)
Wu = 6.23 kN/m
11. Investigation
85
T=C
2(314)(276) = 0.85 (21) (100) a
a = 97.1
0.85c = a
c = 114.24 mm
0.003 (𝑑−𝑐) 0.003 (250−114.24)

Ɛs = = = 0.0036
𝑐 114.24
𝐹𝑦 276
Ɛy = = 200000 = 0.0014
𝐸𝑠

Ɛs > 0.005; Ø=0.9
fs = fy
𝑎
97.1
Mcap = 0.9(2)(314)(276) (250 – ) = 31.43 kN.m
2
Mcap>Msupport

Vu = Vmax –Wd
6.96(5)
Vu = – 5.5(0.25)
2
Vu = 16.03 kN
Vc = 0.17√𝑓𝑐′ bd
Vc = 0.17√21 (100) (250)
Vc = 19.48 kN
86
Ø𝑉𝑐
= 0.9(19.48)/2= 8.77 kN
2
Ø𝑉𝑐
2
𝑉𝑢 16.03
Vs = Ø - Vc= – 19.48= 1.67 kN
0.9
𝐴𝑣 𝐹𝑦 𝑑 2(78.54)(227)(250)
S= = = 5337.9 mm
𝑉𝑠 1670
𝑑
S = 2 = 250/2= 125 mm say 100 mm

0.02 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑏 0.02 (276)(314)
Ld req = = = 378.23 mm
√𝑓𝑐′ √21
Lmin = 0.06 db fy = 0.06 (20) (276) = 331.2 mm

1.3 𝑀𝑛 1.3(31430)
Ø 𝑉𝑢 0.9(16.03)
87
Design of Beam 5
fc’ = 21 MPa

Slab 2-D
La = 3 m ; Lb= 5 m ; m = 0.6; c = 0.89
Dead Load:
Weight slab = 23.54 (0.115) =2.71 kN/m2
2. Factored Load
WDL = 1.2 (0.99 + 2.71)
WDL = 4.44 kN/m2
WLL = 1.6 (2.9)
WLL = 3.48 kN/m2
Wu = 7.92 kN/m2

𝑐𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.89)(3.48)(3)(5)
Wa= = = 7.74 kN/m
2𝐿𝑎 2(3)

𝑐𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑏 (0.89)(4.44)(4)(5)
Wa= = = 9.88 kN/m
2𝐿𝑎 2(3)

WT = WbLL+ WbDL
WT = 7.74+ 9.88
WT = 17.62 kN/m
88

W = WT + Factored Weight of Partition
W = 17.62 + (0.1) (3) (23.54) (1.2)
W= 26.09 kN/m
7. Bending Moment
𝑤𝐿2 26.09(3)2
Msupport = = = 26.09 kN.m (ADAPT)
9 9
𝑤𝐿2 26.09(3)2
Mmidspan = = = 16.77 kN.m
14 14

M = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
𝑝𝐹𝑦 0.021 (276)
w= = = 0.276
𝑓𝑐′ 21
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß (0.003) 0.85(21)(0.85)(0.003)

Assume p = = = 0.021
0.008 𝐹𝑦 0.008(276)
Assume b = 200 mm
26.09 x106 = 0.9 (21) (200) (d2) (0.276) (1-(0.59)(0.276))
d = 172.83 mm say 250 mm
H = 250 + 60 = 310 mm

Pmax = 0.75 Pb
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß 600 0.85 (21)(0.85)(600)
Pb = = = 0.0377
𝐹𝑦 (600+𝐹𝑦) 276 (600+276)
Pmax = 0.75 (0.0377) = 0.028

1.4 1.4
Pmin = 𝐹𝑦 = 276 = 0.005
26.09 x106 = 0.9 (21) (200) (250)2 (w) (1-0.59w)

w= 0.12
𝑤𝑓𝑐′ 0.12(21)
p= = = 0.009
𝐹𝑦 276
89

As = pbd = 0.009 (200) (250) = 450 mm2
Use 20 mm Ø bars
𝐴𝑠 450
N= = = 1.43 pcs. say 2 pcs.
𝐴𝑜 314.16

Wu = 26.09 + 23.54 (0.2) (0.31)
Wu = 27.27 kN/m
11. Investigation
T=C
2(314)(276) = 0.85 (21) (200) a
a = 48.55
0.85c = a
c = 57.12 mm
0.003 (𝑑−𝑐) 0.003 (250−57.12)
Ɛs = = = 0.01
𝑐 57.12
𝐹𝑦 276
Ɛy = = 200000 = 0.0014
𝐸𝑠

Ɛs > 0.005; Ø=0.9
fs = fy
𝑎
48.55
Mcap = 0.9(2)(314)(276) (250 – ) = 35.21 kN.m
2
Mcap>Msupport
90

Vu = Vmax –Wd
27.27(3)
Vu = – 26.09(0.25)
2
Vu = 34.38 kN
Vc = 0.17√𝑓𝑐′ bd
Vc = 0.17√21 (200)(250)
Vc = 38.95 kN
Ø𝑉𝑐 0.9(38.95)
= = 17.53
2 2
Ø𝑉𝑐
< Vu (Provide Stirrup)
2
𝑉𝑢 34.38
Vs = Ø – Vc = – 38.95 = .75 kN
0.9
𝐴𝑣 𝐹𝑦 𝑑 4(78.54)(227)(250)
S= = = 23774.44 mm
𝑉𝑠 750
𝑑 250
S=2= = 125 mm say 100 mm
2

0.02𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑏 0.02(276)(314.16)
Ldreq = = = 378.43 mm
√𝑓𝑐 ′ √21
Lmin = 0.06dbfy = 0.06(20)(276) = 331.2 mm

1.3𝑚𝑛 1.3(35210)
Ld furnish = La + = = 1479.32 mm
∅𝑉𝑢 0.9(34.38)
1479.32 mm > 378.43 mm Therefore, Safe
91
Design of Girder 1
fc’ = 21
1. Load Carried by the Girder
SLAB 1-A
La = 4.1 m, Lb = 5 m, m = 4.1/5 = 0.82, Ca = 0.69
Dead Load:
Weight slab = 23.54 (0.115) =2.71 kN/m2
Wall – 23.54 * 0.1 * 3 = 7.06 kN/m
Live Load (Hallway) = 3.8 kN/m2
2. Transfer of live load from slab to Girder
𝐶𝑎∗𝑊∗𝐿𝑎𝐿𝑏 0.69∗3.8∗4.1∗5
WLL= = = 6.56 kN/m
2𝐿𝑎 2∗4.1
3. Transfer of Dead load from slab to Girder
𝐶𝑏∗𝑊∗𝐿𝑎𝐿𝑏 0.69∗(0.99+2.71)∗4.1∗5
WDL= = = 6.38 kN/m
2𝐿𝑎 2∗4.1
4. Total factored Load Carried by Girder
W = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
W = 1.2*(6.38 + 7.062) + 1.6*(6.56)
W = 26.62 KN/m
5. Bending Moment
Msupport = WL2/9 = 26.62(4.1)2/9= 49.72 kN.m(ADAPT)
92
Mmidspan = WL2/14= 26.62(4.1)2/14= 31.96 kN.m
6. Compute Dimension of Girder
M = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
𝑝𝐹𝑦 0.021 (276)
w= = = 0.276
𝑓𝑐′ 21
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß (0.003) 0.85 (21)(0.85)(0.003)

Assume p = = = 0.021
0.008 𝐹𝑦 0.008 (276)
Assume b = 200 mm
49.72 x106 = 0.9 (21) (200) (d2) (0.275) (1-(0.59)(0.276))

d = 238.59 mm say 250 mm
H = 250+ 60 = 310 mm
49.72 x106 = 0.9 (21) (200) (3102) (w) (1-0.59w)
W = 0.246
P = wfc’/fy
P = 0.246(21)/276
P = 0.019
7. Compute Pmax and Pmin
Pmax = 0.75 Pb
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß 600 0.85 (21)(0.85)(600)

Pb = = = 0.0377
𝐹𝑦 (600+𝐹𝑦) 276 (600+276)
Pmax = 0.75 (0.0377) = 0.028

1.4 1.4
Pmin = 𝐹𝑦 = 276 = 0.005
Pmin< P <Pmax
8. Compute Area of Reinforcement and Number of Bars
93
As = pbd = 0.019 (200) (310) = 1178 mm2
Use 20 mm Ø bars
𝐴𝑠
N =𝐴𝑜= 1178/314= 3.75 pcs. say 4 pcs.
Wu = Transfer Load + Weight of Girder

Wu = 26.62 + 23.54(0.2) (0.31)
Wu = 28.08kN/m
9. Investigation
T=C
1256 (276) = 0.85 (21) (200) a
a = 97.1 mm
0.85c = a
c = 114.24 mm
0.003 (𝑑−𝑐)
Ɛs = = [0.003(250-114.24)]/114.24 = 0.00357
𝑐
𝐹𝑦 276
Ɛy = = 200000 = 0.00138
𝐸𝑠

fs = fy
250 250
Ø = 0.65 + (Ɛs – 0.002) = 0.65 + (0.00357 – 0.002) = 0.78
3 3
𝑎
Mcap = 0.78 (1256) (276) (250 –(97.1/2)) = 54.47 kN.m
Mcap>Msupport
94
Vu = Vmax –Wd
Vu = 28.08(4.1)/2 – 26.62(0.25)
Vu = 50.91 kN
Vc = 0.17√𝑓𝑐′ bd
Vc = 0.17√21 (200)(250)
Vc = 39 kN
Ø𝑉𝑐
= 0.78(39)/2= 15.21 kN
2
Ø𝑉𝑐
2
Use 10 mm dia. bars

𝑉𝑢
Vs = Ø - Vc= (50.91/0.75) – 37 = 28.88 kN
𝐴𝑣 𝐹𝑦 𝑑
S= = [2(78.54)(227)(250)]/28880= 308.67 mm
𝑉𝑠
𝑑
S = 2 = 250/2= 125 mm
0.02 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑏 0.02 (276)(314)

Ldreq = = = 378.23 mm
√𝑓𝑐′ √21
Lmin = 0.06 dbfy = 0.06 (20) (276) = 331.2 mm

1.3 𝑀𝑛
Ld furnish = La + =(1.3 * 54470)/(0.75* 50.91) = 1854.54 mm > 378.23 mm Therefore,
Ø 𝑉𝑢
Safe
USE 200mm x 310mm
95
Design of Girder 2
fc’ = 21
SLAB 1-A
La = 4.1 m, Lb = 5 m, m = 4.1/5 = 0.82, Ca = 0.69
SLAB 2-A
La = 4 m, Lb = 4.1 m, m = 4/4.1 = 0.98, Cb = 0.65
Dead Load:
Weight slab = 23.54 (0.115) =2.71 kN/m2
Wall – 23.54 * 0.1 * 3 = 7.06 kN/m
Live Load (Hallway) = 3.8 kN/m2
Live Load (office) = 2.4 kN/m2
Slab 1-A
𝐶𝑎∗𝑊∗𝐿𝑎𝐿𝑏 0.69∗3.8∗4.1∗5
WLL= = = 6.56 kN/m
2𝐿𝑎 2∗4.1
Slab 2-A
𝐶𝑏∗𝑊∗𝐿𝑎𝐿𝑏 0.65∗2.4∗4.1∗4
WLL= = = 3.12 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2∗4.1
Slab 1-A
96
𝐶𝑎∗𝑊∗𝐿𝑎𝐿𝑏 0.69∗3.8∗4.1∗5
WDL= = = 6.38 kN/m
2𝐿𝑎 2∗4.1
Slab 2-A
𝐶𝑏∗𝑊∗𝐿𝑎𝐿𝑏 0.65∗3.8∗4.1∗4
WDL= = = 5.06 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2∗4.1
W = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
W = 1.2*(6.38 + 7.062+5.06) + 1.6*(6.56+3.12)
W = 37.69 KN/m
5. Bending Moment
Msupport = WL2/9 = 37.69(4.1)2/9= 70.4 kN.m(ADAPT)
Mmidspan = WL2/14= 37.69(4.1)2/14= 45.25 kN.m
M = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
𝑝𝐹𝑦 0.021 (276)
w= = = 0.276
𝑓𝑐′ 21
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß (0.003) 0.85 (21)(0.85)(0.003)

Assume p = = = 0.021
0.008 𝐹𝑦 0.008 (276)
Assume b = 275 mm
70.4 x106 = 0.9 (21) (250) (d2) (0.276) (1-(0.59)(0.276))

d = 242.12 mm say 250 mm
H = 250+ 60 = 310 mm
70.4 x106 = 0.9 (21) (275) (2502) (w) (1-0.59w)
W = 0.255
P = wfc’/fy
P = 0.255(21)/276
97
P = 0.0194
Pmax = 0.75 Pb
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß 600 0.85 (21)(0.85)(600)

Pb = = = 0.0377
𝐹𝑦 (600+𝐹𝑦) 276 (600+276)
Pmax = 0.75 (0.0377) = 0.028

1.4 1.4
Pmin = 𝐹𝑦 = 276 = 0.005
Pmin< P <Pmax
As = pbd = 0.0194 (275) (310) = 1653.85 mm2
Use 20 mm Ø bars
𝐴𝑠
N =𝐴𝑜= 1653.85/314= 5.27 pcs. say 6 pcs.

Wu = 37.69 + 23.54(0.275) (0.31)
Wu = 39.70 kN/m
9. Investigation
T=C
1884 (276) = 0.85 (21) (275) a
a = 105.93 mm
0.85c = a
c = 124.62 mm
98
0.003 (𝑑−𝑐)
Ɛs = = [0.003(250-124.62)]/124.62 = 0.00302
𝑐
𝐹𝑦 276
Ɛy = = 200000 = 0.00138
𝐸𝑠

fs = fy
250 250
Ø = 0.65 + (Ɛs – 0.002) = 0.65 + (0.00302 – 0.002) = 0.735
3 3
𝑎
Mcap = 0.735 (1884) (276) (250 –(105.93/2)) = 75.3 kN.m
Mcap>Msupport
Vu = Vmax –Wd
Vu = 39.7(4.1)/2 – 26.62(0.25)
Vu = 71.96 kN
Vc = 0.17√𝑓𝑐′ bd
Vc = 0.17√21 (275)(250)
Vc = 53.56 kN
Ø𝑉𝑐
= 0.735(53.56)/2= 19.68 kN
2
Ø𝑉𝑐
2
Use 10 mm dia. bars

𝑉𝑢
Vs = Ø - Vc= (71.96/0.735) – 53.56 = 44.34 kN
S= = [2(78.54)(227)(250)]/44340= 201.04 mm
𝑉𝑠
𝑑
S = 2 = 250/2= 125 mm
99
0.02 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑏 0.02 (276)(314)

Ldreq = = = 378.23 mm
√𝑓𝑐′ √21
Lmin = 0.06 dbfy = 0.06 (20) (276) = 331.2 mm

1.3 𝑀𝑛
Ø 𝑉𝑢
Safe
USE 275 mm x 310mm
100
Design of Girder 3
fc’ = 21
SLAB 2-D
La = 4 m, Lb = 5 m, m = 4/5 = 0.8, Cb = 0.45
SLAB 3-D
La = 3 m, Lb = 5 m, m = 4/4.1 = 0.6, Cb = 0.11
Dead Load:
Weight slab = 23.54 (0.115) =2.71 kN/m2
Wall – 23.54 * 0.1 * 3 = 7.06 kN/m
Slab 2-D
𝐶𝑏∗𝑊∗𝐿𝑎𝐿𝑏 0.45∗2.4∗4∗5
WLL= = = 2.16 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2∗5
Slab 3-D
𝐶𝑏∗𝑊∗𝐿𝑎𝐿𝑏 0.11∗2.4∗3∗5
WLL= = = 0.396 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2∗5
Slab 2-D
𝐶𝑎∗𝑊∗𝐿𝑎𝐿𝑏 0.45∗3.8∗4∗5
WDL= = = 3.42kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2∗5
101
Slab 3-D
𝐶𝑏∗𝑊∗𝐿𝑎𝐿𝑏 0.11∗3.8∗3∗5
WDL= = = 2.57 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2∗5
W = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
W = 1.2*(3.42 + 7.062+2.57) + 1.6*(2.16+0.396)
W = 19.75 KN/m
5. Bending Moment
Msupport = WL2/9 = 19.75(5)2/9= 54.86 kN.m(ADAPT)
Mmidspan = WL2/14= 19.75(5)2/14= 35.27 kN.m
M = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
𝑝𝐹𝑦 0.021 (276)
w= = = 0.276
𝑓𝑐′ 21
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß (0.003) 0.85 (21)(0.85)(0.003)

Assume p = = = 0.021
0.008 𝐹𝑦 0.008 (276)
Assume b = 225 mm
54.86 x106 = 0.9 (21) (225) (d2) (0.276) (1-(0.59)(0.276))

d = 236.29 mm say 250 mm
H = 250+ 60 = 310 mm
54.86 x106 = 0.9 (21) (225) (2502) (w) (1-0.59w)
W = 0.241
P = wfc’/fy
P = 0.255(21)/276
P = 0.0183
102
Pmax = 0.75 Pb
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß 600 0.85 (21)(0.85)(600)

Pb = = = 0.0377
𝐹𝑦 (600+𝐹𝑦) 276 (600+276)
Pmax = 0.75 (0.0377) = 0.028

1.4 1.4
Pmin = 𝐹𝑦 = 276 = 0.005
Pmin< P <Pmax
As = pbd = 0.0183 (225) (310) = 1276.43 mm2
Use 20 mm Ø bars
𝐴𝑠
N =𝐴𝑜= 1276.43/314= 4.06pcs. say 5 pcs.

Wu = 19.75 + 23.54(0.225) (0.31)
Wu = 21.39 kN/m
9. Investigation
T=C
1570 (276) = 0.85 (21) (225) a
a = 107.9 mm
0.85c = a
c = 126.94 mm
0.003 (𝑑−𝑐)
Ɛs = = [0.003(250-126.94)]/126.94 = 0.00291
𝑐
103
𝐹𝑦 276
Ɛy = = 200000 = 0.00138
𝐸𝑠

fs = fy
250 250
Ø = 0.65 + (Ɛs – 0.002) = 0.65 + (0.00291 – 0.002) = 0.726
3 3
𝑎
Mcap = 0.726 (1570) (276) (250 –(107.91/2)) = 61.67 kN.m
Mcap>Msupport
Vu = Vmax –Wd
Vu = 21.39(5)/2 – 19.75(0.25)
Vu = 68.53 kN
Vc = 0.17√𝑓𝑐′ bd
Vc = 0.17√21 (225)(250)
Vc = 43.82 kN
Ø𝑉𝑐
= 0.726(43.82)/2= 15.91 kN
2
Ø𝑉𝑐
2
Use 10 mm dia. bars

𝑉𝑢
Vs = Ø - Vc= (68.53/0.726) – 43.82 = 50.57 kN
S= = [2(78.54)(227)(250)]/50570= 176.28 mm
𝑉𝑠
𝑑
S = = 250/2= 125 mm
2

104
0.02 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑏 0.02 (276)(314)

Ldreq = = = 378.23 mm
√𝑓𝑐′ √21
Lmin = 0.06 dbfy = 0.06 (20) (276) = 331.2 mm

1.3 𝑀𝑛
Ld furnish = La + =(1.3 * 61670)/(0.726* 68.53) = 1611.39 mm > 378.23 mm
Ø 𝑉𝑢
Therefore, Safe
USE 225 mm x 310mm
105
Design of Girder 4
fc’ = 21
SLAB 3-D
La = 3 m, Lb = 5 m, m = 4/4.1 = 0.6, Cb = 0.11
Dead Load:
Weight slab = 23.54 (0.115) =2.71 kN/m2
Wall – 23.54 * 0.1 * 3 = 7.06 kN/m
Slab 3-D
𝐶𝑏∗𝑊∗𝐿𝑎𝐿𝑏 0.11∗2.4∗3∗5
WLL= = = 0.396 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2∗5
Slab 3-D
𝐶𝑏∗𝑊∗𝐿𝑎𝐿𝑏 0.11∗3.8∗3∗5
WDL= = = 2.57 kN/m
2𝐿𝑏 2∗5
W = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
W = 1.2*(7.062+2.57) + 1.6*(0.396)
106
W = 12.19 KN/m
5. Bending Moment
Msupport = WL2/9 = 12.19(5)2/9= 33.86 kN.m(ADAPT)
Mmidspan = WL2/14= 12.19(5)2/14= 21.77 kN.m
M = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
𝑝𝐹𝑦 0.021 (276)
w= = = 0.276
𝑓𝑐′ 21
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß (0.003) 0.85 (21)(0.85)(0.003)

Assume p = = = 0.021
0.008 𝐹𝑦 0.008 (276)
Assume b = 200 mm
33.86 x106 = 0.9 (21) (200) (d2) (0.276) (1-(0.59)(0.276))

d = 196.89 mm say 250 mm
H = 250+ 60 = 310 mm
33.86 x106 = 0.9 (21) (200) (2502) (w) (1-0.59w)
W = 0.16
P = wfc’/fy
P = 0.255(21)/276
P = 0.0122
Pmax = 0.75 Pb
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß 600 0.85 (21)(0.85)(600)

Pb = = = 0.0377
𝐹𝑦 (600+𝐹𝑦) 276 (600+276)
Pmax = 0.75 (0.0377) = 0.028
107
1.4 1.4
Pmin = 𝐹𝑦 = 276 = 0.005
Pmin< P <Pmax
As = pbd = 0.0122 (200) (310) = 756.4 mm2
Use 20 mm Ø bars
𝐴𝑠
N =𝐴𝑜= 756.4/314= 2.41pcs. say 3 pcs.

Wu = 12.19 + 23.54(0.225) (0.31)
Wu = 13.65 kN/m
9. Investigation
T=C
942 (276) = 0.85 (21) (200) a
a = 72.83 mm
0.85c = a
c = 85.68 mm
0.003 (𝑑−𝑐)
Ɛs = = [0.003(250-126.94)]/126.94 = 0.00575
𝑐
𝐹𝑦 276
Ɛy = = 200000 = 0.00138
𝐸𝑠

Ɛs>0.005
Ø = 0.90
fs = fy
108
𝑎
Mcap = 0.9 (942) (276) (250 –(72.83/2)) = 49.98 kN.m
Mcap>Msupport
Vu = Vmax –Wd
Vu = 13.65(5)/2 – 12.19(0.25)
Vu = 31.08 kN
Vc = 0.17√𝑓𝑐′ bd
Vc = 0.17√21 (200)(250)
Vc = 38.95 kN
Ø𝑉𝑐
= 0.9(38.95)/2= 15.53 kN
2
Ø𝑉𝑐
2
Use 10 mm dia. bars

𝑉𝑢
Vs = Ø - Vc= (31.08/0.90) – 38.95 = 4.42 kN
S= = [2(78.54)(227)(250)]/4420= 2016.81 mm
𝑉𝑠
𝑑
S = 2 = 250/2= 125 mm
0.02 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑏 0.02 (276)(314)

Ldreq = = = 378.23 mm
√𝑓𝑐′ √21
Lmin = 0.06 dbfy = 0.06 (20) (276) = 331.2 mm

1.3 𝑀𝑛
Ø 𝑉𝑢
Safe
USE 200 mm x 310mm
109
ROOFDECK
110
DESIGN OF ROOF DECK-1
12. Check
𝐿 4.1
m = 𝐿𝑎 = 5 = 0.82 > 0.5 Therefore, Two Way Slab (Case 4)
𝑏

t= = = 101.11 mm say 115 mm
180 180
14. Effective Depth

d =t - 26 = 115 – 26 = 89 mm
Dead Load = (0.99 + 2.354) (1) = 3.344 kN/m
Live Load (ROOF-DECK) = (4.8) (1) = 4.8 kN/m2
16. Factored Load
WDL = 1.2DL = (1.2) (3.344) = 4.013 kN/m
WLL = 1.6LL = (1.6) (4.8) = 7.63 kN/m
Wu = 4.0128 + 6.08 = 11.693 kN/m
Ca = 0.069
Cb = 0.031
Dead Load
Ca = 0.0378
Cb = 0.0172
Live Load
Ca = 0.046
Cb = 0.0212
Ma = CaWuLa2 = (0.069) (11.693) (4.1)2 = 13.56 kN.m
111
Mb = CbWuLb2= (0.031) (11.693) (5)2 = 9.06 kN.m

Along Short Span
MaDL = CaDLWDLLa2 = (0.0378)(4.013)(4.1)2= 2.55 kN.m
MaLL = CaLLWLLLa2 = (0.046)(7.63)(4.1)2= 5.90 kN.m
Along Long Span
MbTotal = MbDL+MbLL= 1.73+4.04 = 5.77 kN.m

Use 12 mm Ø of bar
Along Short Span
Ma = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
13.56 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000) (89)2w(1-0.59w)
w=0.096
wfc′ 0.096(21)
p= = = 0.0073 (adapt)
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin=𝐹𝑦 = = 0.006167
227
As = pbd= 0.0073 (1000) (89) = 649.7 mm2

1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 174.08 mm say 170 mm
As 649.7
Along Long Span

Mb = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
9.06 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000)(89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.062
wfc′ 0.062(21)
p= = = 0.00574
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = = 0.006167 (adapt)
227
112
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm)= 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 548.86
Use 12 mm Ø of bar
Along Short Span
Ma = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
8.45 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000)(89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.058
wfc′ 0.0343(21)
p= = = 0.0054
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = 227 = 0.006167 (ADAPT)
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm) = 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 54.86
Along Long Span
Mb = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
5.77 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000) (89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.039
wfc′ 0.039(21)
p= = = 0.0036
fy 227
1.4
1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = 227 = 0.006167 (ADAPT)
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm) = 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 548.86
113
DESIGN OF ROOFDECK-2
12. Check
𝐿 4
𝑏

t= = = 100 mm say 115 mm
180 180
14. Effective Depth

d =t - 26 = 115 – 26 = 89 mm
Dead Load = (0.99 + 2.354) (1) = 3.344 kN/m
Live Load (ROOFDECK) = (4.8) (1) = 4.8 kN/m2
16. Factored Load
WDL = 1.2DL = (1.2) (3.344) = 4.013 kN/m
WLL = 1.6LL = (1.6) (4.8) = 7.68 kN/m
Wu = 4.013 + 7.68 = 11.69 kN/m
Ca = 0.055
Cb = 0.041
Dead Load
Ca = 0.032
Cb = 0.015
Live Load
Ca = 0.044
Cb = 0.019
Ma = CaWuLa2 = (0.055) (11.69) (4)2 = 10.29 kN.m
114
Mb = CbWuLb2= (0.041) (11.69) (5)2 = 11.98 kN.m

Along Short Span
Along Long Span
MbTotal = MbDL+MbLL= 0.963 +1.824 = 5..15 kN.m

Use 12 mm Ø of bar
Along Short Span
Ma = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
10.29 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000) (89)2w(1-0.59w)
w=0.072
wfc′ 0.047(21)
p= = = 0.00666 (ADAPT)
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin=𝐹𝑦 = = 0.006167
227
As= 0.00666(1000) (89)= 592.74 mm2

1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 190.80 mm say 190 mm
As 592.74
Along Long Span

Mb = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
11.98 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000)(89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.084
wfc′ 0.056(21)
p= = = 0.007771
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = = 0.006167 (adapt)
227
115
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm)= 691.62 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 163.53 mm say 160 mm
As 691.62
Use 12 mm Ø of bar
Along Short Span
Ma = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
7.47 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000)(89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.051
wfc′ 0.051(21)
p= = = 0.0047
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = 227 = 0.006167 (ADAPT)
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm) = 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 54.86
Along Long Span
Mb = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
5.15 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000) (89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.035
wfc′ 0.035(21)
p= = = 0.0032
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = = 0.006167 (ADAPT)
227
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm) = 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 548.86
116
DESIGN OF ROOFDECK-3
12. Check
𝐿 3
𝑏

t= = = 100 mm say 115 mm
180 180
14. Effective Depth

d =t - 26 = 115 – 26 = 89 mm
Dead Load = (0.99 + 2.354) (1) = 3.344 kN/m
Live Load (ROOFDECK) = (4.8) (1) = 4.8 kN/m2
16. Factored Load
WDL = 1.2DL = (1.2) (3.344) = 4.013 kN/m
WLL = 1.6LL = (1.6) (4.8) = 7.68 kN/m
Wu = 4.013 + 7.68 = 11.69 kN/m
Ca = 0.089
Cb = 0.011
Dead Load
Ca = 0.053
Cb = 0.007
Live Load
Ca = 0.067
Cb = 0.009
Ma = CaWuLa2 = (0.089) (11.69) (3)2 = 9.36 kN.m
117
Mb = CbWuLb2= (0.011) (11.69) (5)2 = 3.21 kN.m

Along Short Span
Along Long Span

Use 12 mm Ø of bar
Along Short Span
Ma = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
9.36 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000) (89)2w(1-0.59w)
w=0.065
wfc′ 0.065(21)
p= = = 0.00601
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin=𝐹𝑦 = = 0.006167 (ADAPT)
227
As= 0.006167(1000) (89)= 548.86 mm2

1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 548.86
Along Long Span

Mb = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
3.21 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000)(89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.022
wfc′ 0.0146(21)
p= = = 0.00204
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = = 0.006167 (adapt)
227
118
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm)= 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 548.86
Use 12 mm Ø of bar
Along Short Span
Ma = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
4.33 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000)(89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.029
wfc′ 0.029(21)
p= = = 0.00268
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = 227 = 0.006167 (ADAPT)
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm) = 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 54.86
Along Long Span
Mb = Ø fc’bd2 w (1-.59w)
2.43 x 106= 0.90(21) (1000) (89)2w(1-0.59w)
w= 0.016
wfc′ 0.016(21)
p= = = 0.00148
fy 227
1.4 1.4
pmin= 𝑓𝑦 = = 0.006167 (ADAPT)
227
As = pbd
As= 0.006167(1000 mm) (89 mm) = 548.86 mm2
1000Ao 1000(113.1)
S= = = 206.06 mm say 200 mm
As 548.86
119
COLUMN
120
Design of Column 1
fc’ = 21
1. Loadings
Beam-2A
Wu = 23.88 kN/m
L = 5m
R= WuL/2
R = 23.88(5)/2 = 59.7 kN
Beam-2B
Wu = 23.88 kN/m
L = 4m
R= WuL/2
R=23.88(4)/2 = 47.76 kN
Girder 2A
Wu = 39.70 kN/m
L = 4.1m
R= WuL/2
R=39.70(4.1)/2 = 81.39 kN
Girder 2B
Wu = 39.70 kN/m
L = 3.7m
R= WuL/2
R=39.70(3.7)/2 = 73.45 kN
Total Load from Roofdeck to 2nd floor = Pu
Pu = (59.7+47.76+81.39+73.45)(4)
Pu = 1049.2 kN
2. Gross Area of Concrete Column
121
Pu = 0.80∅Ag (0.85fc’ (1- pg) + Fypg)

∅ = 0.65
pg ranges to 0.01 to 0.04
Assume pg = 0.02
1049.2 x 103 = 0.80(0.65)Ag (0.85 (21) (1- 0.02) + 276 (0.02))
Ag = 87676.2 mm2
d2 = √87676.2
d = 296.1 mm
Try 350 mm x 350 mm
3. Vertical Reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑡
pg = 𝐴𝑔
Ag = 350 (350) = 122500 mm2

𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.02 = 122500 mm2
Ast = 2450 mm2
Number of Bars
𝐴𝑠𝑡
N= 𝐴0
Use 16 mm ∅ bars
2450
N= = 12.19 say 12 pcs
201
4. Load Capacity
𝐴𝑠𝑡
pg = 𝐴𝑔
12 (201)
pg = = 0.0197
122500
Pu = 0.80∅Ag (0.85fc’ (1- pg) + Fypg)

Pu = 0.80(0.65) (122500) (0.85 (21) (1- 0.0197) + 276 (0.0197))
Pu = 1460.99 kN > 1049.2 kN (ok)
5. Spacing of Ties
S = 16 (Longitudinal bar∅) = 16 (16) = 256 mm
122
S = 48 (Lateral Ties) = 48 (10)

xl= 480 mm
S = least dimension of column
kl= 350 mm
S = 256mm
Use Smax = 175 mm
6. Spacing of Longitudinal Bars
Minimum Clear Cover = 40 mm
300 = 2(40) + 2(10) + 4(16) + 3S
S = 62+ 16= 78 mm (center to center)
Therefore use 300 x 300 mm Concrete Column with 12-16 mm∅ Vertical bar and Ties
as follows: 3 @ 50 mm, 5 @ 100 mm and rest @ 175 mm.
123
Design of Column 2
fc’ = 21
1. Loadings
Beam-2B
Wu = 23.88 kN/m
L = 5m
R= WuL/2
R = 23.88(4)/2 = 47.76 kN
Beam-2C
Wu = 23.88 kN/m
L =3m
R= WuL/2
R=23.88(3)/2 = 35.82 kN
Girder 3A
Wu = 21.39 kN/m
L = 4.1m
R= WuL/2
R=21.39(4.1)/2 = 43.85 kN
Girder 3B
Wu = 21.39 kN/m
L = 3.7m
R= WuL/2
R=21.39(3.7)/2 = 39.57 kN
Total Load from Roofdeck to 2nd floor = Pu
Pu = (47.76+35.82+43.85+39.57)(4)
Pu = 668 kN
124
2. Gross Area of Concrete Column

Pu = 0.80∅Ag (0.85fc’ (1- pg) + Fypg)
∅ = 0.65
pg ranges to 0.01 to 0.04
Assume pg = 0.02
668 x 103 = 0.80(0.65)Ag (0.85 (21) (1- 0.02) + 276 (0.02))
Ag = 55821.29 mm2
d2 = √55821.29
d = 236.27 mm
Try 300 mm x 300 mm
3. Vertical Reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑡
pg = 𝐴𝑔
Ag = 300 (300) = 90000 mm2

𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.02 = 90000 mm2
Ast = 1800 mm2
Number of Bars
𝐴𝑠𝑡
N= 𝐴0
Use 16 mm ∅ bars
1800
N= = 8.95 say 8 pcs
201
4. Load Capacity
𝐴𝑠𝑡
pg = 𝐴𝑔
8 (201)
pg = = 0.0179
90000
Pu = 0.80∅Ag (0.85fc’ (1- pg) + Fypg)

Pu = 0.80(0.65) (90000) (0.85 (21) (1- 0.0179) + 276 (0.0179))
Pu = 1051.64 kN > 668 kN (ok)
5. Spacing of Ties
125
S = 16 (Longitudinal bar∅) = 16 (16) = 256 mm

S = 48 (Lateral Ties) = 48 (10)
xl= 480 mm
S = least dimension of column
kl= 300 mm
S = 256mm
Use Smax = 150 mm
6. Spacing of Longitudinal Bars
Minimum Clear Cover = 40 mm
300 = 2(40) + 2(10) + 3(16) + 2S
S = 76+ 16= 92 mm (center to center)
Therefore use 300 x 300 mm Concrete Column with 8-16 mm∅ Vertical bar and
Ties as follows: 3 @ 50 mm, 5 @ 100 mm and rest @ 150 mm
126
WALL FOOTING
127
WALL FOOTING 1
1. Loadings
fc’ = 21 MPa
Fy = 276 MPa
Assume Unit Weight of Soil = 16 kN/𝑚3
Unit Weight of Concrete = 23.54 kN/𝑚3
Thickness of wall = 0.10 m
Height of wall = 4 m
Height of footing = 0.70 m
P = 23.54 (height of wall) (thickness)

P = 23.54 x 3.6 x 0.10 = 8.47 kN/m
Factored Load = 1.2DL
Factored Load = 1.2 (23.54 x 8.47 x 0.10) = 10.17 kN/m
Pu = 10.17 kN/m
2. Thickness and Depth of Footing

Compute thickness of footing assuming to be 1.5 times wall thickness:
𝑡 = 1.50 (0.10)
𝑡 = 0.15 𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦
d = 200 mm – 70 mm
d = 130 mm
3. Effective Soil Pressure

𝑞𝑒 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑡) − 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙(ℎ)
𝑞𝑒 = 100 − 23.54 (0.2) − 16 (0.5)
𝒌𝑵
𝒒𝒆 = 𝟖𝟕. 𝟐𝟗 𝒎𝟐
128
4. Dimension of footing
Consider 1-meter strip of wall:
𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿
𝐿 (1) =
𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓
8.47
𝐿=
87.29
𝑳 = 97.03 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝒂𝒚 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
5. Reinforcements
𝑞𝑢𝐻𝑥 2
Mu = 2
𝑃𝑢 10.17
qu = = = 33.9 KPa
𝐿 0.3
Length of Wall Footing−thickness of wall 0.3−0.10
x= = = 0.1 m
2 2
Consider 1 meter strip

33.9 (1) (0.10)2
Mu = = 169500 N.mm
2
Mu = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
169500 = 0.90 (21) (1000) (1302) w (1-(0.59) (w))
w = 0.0005
𝑤𝑓𝑐′ 0.0005(21)
p= = = 0.00004
𝐹𝑦 276
1.4 1.4
Pmin = 𝐹𝑦 = 276 = 0.0051 (Adopt)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑝𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0051 (1000)(130)
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟔𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Spacing of Main Bars using 12 mm ø
129
1000𝐴𝑜 1000 (113)

𝑆= = = 170.44 𝑚𝑚 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒐. 𝒄.
𝐴𝑠 663
Spacing of Temperature Bars using 10mm ø:

𝐴𝑠 = 0.002𝑏𝑡
𝐴𝑠 = 0.002 (1000)(200)
𝐴𝑠 = 400 𝑚𝑚2
1000𝐴𝑜 1000 (78.54)

𝑆= = = 196.35 𝑚𝑚 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒐. 𝒄.
𝐴𝑠 400
6. Investigation
Check Shearing Stress
Vall = 0.17λ√𝑓𝑐′ = 0.17 (1) √21 = 0.78 MPa
𝑉
Vact =
∅𝑏𝑑
V = quHx
0.3−0.10
x= – 0.13 = - 0.03
2
V = 33.9 (1) (-0.03) = -1.02 kN

−1.02 𝑥 103
Vact = 0.75 (1000)(130) = -0.01 MPa
Vact < Vall (Safe)
Check Development Length
𝐿−𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐿𝑑 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑) = – covering of footing
𝟐
300−100
𝐿𝑑 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑) = – 70
𝟐
𝑳𝒅 (𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅) = 𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒎
130
𝑓𝑦 ψ𝑡 ψ𝑒 ψ𝑠
𝐿𝑑 (𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑) = 𝑑𝑏 ( 𝑐𝑏+ 𝐾 )
𝑡𝑟 )
1.1ƛ√𝑓𝑐′ (
𝑑𝑏
No stirrups the Ktr is 0
𝑐+ 𝐾𝑡𝑟 70+ 0
= = 4.375 > 2.50
𝑑𝑏 16
Use 2.50 (Transverse Reinforcement Index)
276 (1)(1)(1)
𝐿𝑑 (𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑) = 12 ( 1.1 (1)√21 (2.5))
𝑳𝒅 (𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅) = 262.81 mm
𝑳𝒅 (𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅) > 𝑳𝒅 (𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅), 𝑯𝒐𝒐𝒌 𝑵𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒆𝒅
131
Column Footing
132
DESIGN OF COLUMN FOOTING – 1
1. PROPERTIES
SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE Fc’ = 21MPa

SPECIFIED YIELD STRENGTH OF CONCRETE Fy = 276 MPa
ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE = 200 kPa
UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL = 16 kN/m3
2. LOADS:
Column-1
PU = 1049.2 kN
Wt. of Column= 1.2(23.54) (.35) (.35) (12) = 41.52 kN
PT = Wt. of Column + PuColumn = 41.52 + 1049.2 = 1090.52 kN
3. REQUIRED DIMENSION
𝑃𝑇+%𝑃𝑇
qall = 𝐴
Assume weight of footing to be 10%

1090.52+(1090.52)(0.10)
200 = 𝐿2
L = 2.44 m say 2.5 m

qa=P/A=1090.52/(2.5)(2.5) = 174.48 kPa < 200 kPa (ok)
4. Depth of Footing
𝑃𝑢 1049.2
𝑞𝑢 = = 2.5 𝑥 2.5 = 167.87 kPa
𝐴
𝐿−𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 2.5−0.35
x= = = 1.075 m
2 2
𝑞𝑢𝐻𝑥 2 (167.87) (2.5) (1.075)2
Mu = = = 242.49 kN.m
2 2
Mu = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
133
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß (0.003) 0.85 (21)(0.85)(0.003)

p= = = 0.0206
0.008 𝐹𝑦 0.008 (276)
𝑝𝐹𝑦 0.0206 (276)
w= = = 0.2707
𝑓𝑐′ 21
242.49 x 106 = 0.90 (21) (2500) (d2) (0.2707) (1-(0.59) (0.2707))

d = 150.21 say 350 mm
t = d + covering = 350 +70 = 420 mm
5. Reinforcements
Mu = 242.49 kN.m
Mu = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
242.49 x 106 = 0.90 (21) (2600) (3502) w (1- 0.59w)
w = 0.043
𝑤𝑓𝑐′ 0.043(21)
p= = = 0.0033
𝐹𝑦 276
1.4 1.4
Pmin = 𝐹𝑦 = 276 = 0.0051 (Adapt)
As = pminbd = 0.0051 (2500) (350) = 4462.5 mm2
Using 20 mm Ø bar
𝐴𝑠 4462.5
N =𝐴𝑜 = = 14.21 pcs. say 15 pcs.
314
Use 15-20 mm Ø bar
6. Investigation
Vall = 0.17λ√𝑓𝑐′ = 0.17 (1) √21 = 0.78 MPa
𝑉
Vact = ∅𝑏𝑑
𝐿−𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 2.5−0.35
x= – depth of footing = – 0.35 = 0.725 m
2 2
V = 𝑞𝑢𝐻𝑥 = 167.87(2.5)(0.725) = 304.26 kN

∅ = 0.75
134
304.26𝑥 103
Vact = 0.75 𝑥 2500 𝑥 350 = 0.464 MPa
Vact < Vall (Safe)
Check Punching Shear

Vpall = 0.33λ√𝑓𝑐′ = 0.33 (1) √21 = 1.51 MPa
𝑉𝑢𝑝
Vpact = ∅𝐴𝑝
Vup = 𝑞𝑢((𝐿 𝑥 𝑊) − (𝑐 + 𝑑)2 )

Vup = 167.87(2.5 𝑥 2.5) − (0.35 + 0.35)2 ) = 1048.7 kN
Ap = (c + d) x d x 4
Ap = (350 + 350) x 350 x 4 = 980000 mm2
∅ = 0.75
1048.7𝑥 103
Vpact = 0.75 𝑥 980000 = 1.43 MPa
Vpact < Vpall (Safe)
L−dimension of column
Ld (provided) = – covering of footing
𝟐
2500−350
Ld (provided) = – 70
𝟐
𝐋𝐝 (𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝) = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦
fy ψt ψe ψs
Ld (required) = db ( cb+ K )
tr )
1.1ƛ√fc′ (
db
c+ Ktr 70+ 0
= = 3.5 > 2.50
db 20
135
276 (1)(1)(1)
Ld (required) = 20 ( 1.1 (1)√21 (2.5))
𝐋𝐝 (𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝) = 438.02 mm
𝐋𝐝 (𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝) < 𝐋𝐝 (𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝) (𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞)
136
DESIGN OF COLUMN FOOTING-2
1. PROPERTIES
SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE Fc’ = 21MPa

SPECIFIED YIELD STRENGTH OF CONCRETE Fy = 276 MPa
ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE = 200 kPa
UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL = 16 kN/m3
2. Loadings
Column-1
Pu = 262.3 kN
Column-2
Pu = 668 kN
PT = 262.3+ 668 = 930.3 kN
3. Dimension of Footing
𝑃𝑇 + %𝑃𝑇
𝐴= 𝑞𝑎
Assume weight of footing to be 10%

𝑞𝑎 = allowable bearing capacity of soil
𝑞𝑎 = 200 kPa
930.3 + 0.10(930.3)
𝐴= = 5.11 m2
200
A = L x W, assume W = 1.5
9.44 = L x 1.5
L = 3.41 say 4 m
Aactual = 4 x 1.5 = 6 > 5.11 (ok)
P 980.3
Actual q a = A = = 163.38 kPa < 200 kPa (ok)
4 x 1.5
Dimension of Footing is 4 m x 1.5 m

4. Depth of Footing
137
Pu 1717.2
qu = = 4 x 1.5 = 163.38 kPa
A
W = 163.38 (1.5)= 245.08 kN/m
Pu = 980.3 kN
Shear
SF at Left of B
VB-A = 245.08(1.25) = 306.34 kN
SF at Right of B
VB-C = 306.34– 980.3 = -673.95 kN
SF at Right of C
VC-D = -245.08(1.25) = -306.34 kN
SF at Left of C
VC-B = -306.34+ 1717.2 = 673.95 kN
Moment
1
MB = (306.34) (1.25) = 191.46 kN.m
2
1 1
MB-C = 2 (306.34) (1.25)+ 2 (-673.95) (1) = 145.51 kN.m
1
MB = 2 (306.34) (1.25) = 191.46 kN.m
Mu = 191.46kN.m
Mu = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ß (0.003) 0.85 (21)(0.85)(0.003)
p= = = 0.0206
0.008 𝐹𝑦 0.008 (276)
𝑝𝐹𝑦 0.0206 (276)
w= = = 0.2707
𝑓𝑐′ 21
191.46 x 106 = 0.90 (21) (1500) (d2) (0.2707) (1-(0.59) (0.2707))

d = 172.31 say 280 mm
t = d + covering = 280 +70 = 350 mm
5. Reinforcements
Reinforcement along the Midspan of Long Direction
Mu = 145.51 kN.m
138
Mu = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
145.51 x 106 = 0.90 (21) (1500) (2802) w (1- 0.59w)
w = 0.068
𝑤𝑓𝑐′ 0.068(21)
p= = = 0.00517 (Adopt)
𝐹𝑦 276
1.4 1.4
Pmin = 𝐹𝑦 = 276 = 0.00507 (Adopt)
As = pbd = 0.00517 (1500) (280) = 2171.4 mm2
Using 20 mm Ø bar
𝐴𝑠 2171.4
N =𝐴𝑜 = = 6.91 pcs. say 7 pcs.
314
Use 7-20 mm Ø bar
Reinforcement at Cantilever Portion

Mu = 191.46 kN.m
Mu = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
191.46 x 106 = 0.90 (21) (1500) (2802) w (1- 0.59w)
w = 0.091
𝑤𝑓𝑐′ 0.0685(21)
p= = = 0.00692 (Adopt)
𝐹𝑦 276
1.4 1.4
Pmin = 𝐹𝑦 = 276 = 0.0051
As = pbd = 0.00692 (1500) (280) = 2906.4 mm2
Using 20 mm Ø bar
𝐴𝑠1 2906.4
N = 𝐴𝑜 = = 9.23 pcs. Say 10 pcs
314
Use 10-20 mm Ø bar
Reinforcement along Short Direction

𝑊−𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 1.5−0.30
x= = = 0.6 m
2 2
𝑞𝑢𝐻𝑥 2 (163.38 ) (4) (0.6)2
Mu = = = 117.63 kN.m
2 2
139
Mu = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
117.63 x 106 = 0.90 (21) (4000) (2802) w (1- 0.59w)
w = 0.02
𝑤𝑓𝑐′ 0.02(21)
p= = = 0.00152
𝐹𝑦 276
1.4 1.4
Pmin = 𝐹𝑦 = 276 = 0.0051 (Adopt)
As = pbd = 0.0051 (4000) (280) = 5712 mm2
Using 20 mm Ø bar
𝐴𝑠1 5712
N = 𝐴𝑜 = = 18.19 pcs. Say 19 pcs
314
Use 19-20 mm Ø bar
6. Investigation
Vall = 0.17λ√𝑓𝑐′ = 0.17 (1) √21 = 0.78 MPa
𝑉
Vact = ∅𝑏𝑑
V = 145.51(1.25 − 0.27) = 142.6 kN

∅ = 0.75
142.6 𝑥 103
Vact = 0.75 𝑥 1500 𝑥 280 = 0.45 MPa
Vact < Vall (Safe)
Check Punching Shear

Vpall = 0.33λ√𝑓𝑐′ = 0.33 (1) √21 = 1.51 MPa
𝑉𝑢𝑝
Vpact = ∅𝐴𝑝
Vup =𝑃𝑢 − 𝑞𝑢(𝑐 + 𝑑)2

Vup = 680.3 − 163.38(0.30 + 0.28)2 = 625.47 kN
Ap = (c + d) x d x 4
Ap = (300 + 280) x 280 x 4 = 649600 mm2
140
∅ = 0.75
625.47𝑥 103
Vpact = 0.75 𝑥 615600 = 1.28 MPa
Vpact < Vpall (Safe)
L−dimension of column
Ld (provided) = – covering of footing
𝟐
4000−300
Ld (provided) = – 70
𝟐
𝐋𝐝 (𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝) = 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟎 𝐦𝐦
fy ψt ψe ψs
Ld (required) = db ( cb+ K )
tr )
1.1ƛ√fc′ (
db
c+ Ktr 70+ 0
= = 3.5 > 2.50
db 20
276 (1)(1)(1)
Ld (required) = 20 ( 1.1 (1)√21 (2.5))
𝐋𝐝 (𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝) = 438.02 mm
𝐋𝐝 (𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝) < 𝐋𝐝 (𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝) (𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞)
141
STAIRS
142
Riser (r) = 0.15 m
Thread (t) = 0.25 m
H = 1.5 m
H 1.5
No. of Riser = = 𝟏𝟎 𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐬
𝑟 0.15
No. of Thread = No. of Riser − 1 = 10 − 1 = 𝟗 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐩𝐬
Span = No. of Thread x t = 9 (0.3) = 2.7 m
1. Required effective depth of slab

L 2700
S = 20 = = 135 mm
20
d = S – 25 mm = 135 – 25 = 110 mm
2. Consider 1 meter width of slab perpendicular to the paper weight of slab along a
horizontal surface0
WcS√r2 + t2 (23.54) (0.135) √0.152 + 0.32
Ws1 = = = 3.55 kN/m
t 0.3
Weight of steps ( Ws2 )

rWc 0.15 (23.54)
Ws2 = = = 1.77kN/m
2 2
Live Load = 4.8 (1) = 4.8 kN/m

Total Load = 3.55 + 1.77 + 4.8 = 10.12 kN/m
3. Spacing of main bars and temperature bars

𝑤𝐿2 (10.12)2.72
M= = = 9.22 kN.m
8 8
M = Ø fc’ b d2 w (1-0.59w)
9.22 x 106 = 0.90 (21) (1000) (1102) (w) (1-(0.59)w)
w = 0.0413
143
𝑤𝑓𝑐′ 0.0413(21)
p= = = 0.0031
𝐹𝑦 276
1.4 1.4
Pmin = 𝐹𝑦 = 276 = 0.0051 (Adopt)
As = pminbd = 0.0051 (1000) (110) = 561 mm2
Use 16 mm Ø bars
1000Ao 1000 (201.06)
S= = = 358.4 mm say 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦
As 561
Spacing of 10 mm Ø temperature bars

As = 0.002bt = 0.002 (1000) (135) = 270 mm2
1000Ao 1000 (78.54)
S= = = 290.89 mm say 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦
As 270
144
CHAPTER III. D
SPECIFICATIONS
Project Name : CONSTRUCTION OF FOUR (4) STOREY COMMERCIAL
AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
Location : MUNICIPAL ROAD (Prinsipe Street, Brgy. l), SAN JOSE,

ANTIQUE
I. SITE WORKS
I. A. SCOPE AND APPLICATION
The work shall include the furnishing of all labor, materials, equipment, and
other required services necessary for the satisfactory completion of all site work
as shown and indicated in the plan or as specified herein.
I. B. EXCAVATION AND FILLS
(1) Excavation or fills for buildings or structures shall be so constructed or protected
that they do not endanger life or property.
(2) Whenever the depth of excavation for any construction is such that the lateral and
subjacent support of the adjoining property or existing structure thereon would be
affected in a manner that the stability or safety of the same is endangered, the person
undertaking or causing the excavation to be undertaken shall be responsible for the
expense of underpinning or extending the foundation or footings of the
aforementioned property or structure.
145
(3) Excavation and other similar disturbances made on public property shall, unless
otherwise excluded by the Building Official, be restored immediately to its former
condition within 48 hours from the start of such excavation and disturbances by
whosoever caused such excavation or disturbance.
I. C. SITE CLEARING
Protection and/or removal of existing structures with the approval from the
Procuring Entity and or lessor.
II. CONCRETE WORKS
II. A SCOPE
The work to be done under this section shall include the furnishing of all
labor, materials, equipment, tools and other incidentals required to
complete all concreting works in accordance with the plan or as specified
herein.
II. B MATERIALS
II. B. 1. CEMENT
Portland cement shall conform to the standard
specifications for Portland cement (ASTM C- 150) for
type 1 Portland cement.
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II. B. 2. FINE AGGREGATES
Shall consist of coarse sand, screened stones or other inert
materials with similar characteristics, or a combination
thereof having clean, hard, strong, sound, durable, uncoated
grains, free from injurious amount of dust, clay, soft or
flaky particles, or other deleterious substances.
II. B. 3. COARSE AGGREGATES
Shall be gravel or crushed rock or combination thereof,
having clean, hard, strong, sound, durable, uncoated particles
free from injurious amount of soft, friable, this elongated or
other deleterious substances.
Maximum size of aggregates shall be larger than 1/5 of the
narrowest dimension between sides of forms or larger than ¾
of the maximum spacing between reinforcing bars, 1/3 the
depth of slabs.
II. B. 4. REINFORCING STEEL
All reinforcing steel bars shall be new and free from rust, oil,
defects, grease and shall conform to the latest edition of
ASTM A-615 Grade 40. Unless otherwise specified, all bars
shall be deformed.
147
II. B. 5. WATER
Use water that is clean and free from injurious amount of oil,
acids, alkalis, organic materials or other deleterious substances
that may cause the impair strength of concrete.
II. B. 6. FORMS
Plywood, surface lumber, or other specified materials shall be
used so as to be substantially tight to prevent leakage of
mortar and shall be properly braced or tied together so as to
maintain correct position and shape.
II. C PROPORTION AND CONSISTENCY OF CONCRETE:
Proportions shall be such to produce a concrete mixture, which will work
readily into corners and angles of forms and around reinforcements.
For concrete columns, it is shall have an allowable compressive stress of
3000 PSI.
II. D CONCRETE MIX
No manual mixing shall allow except in cases of emergency such as mixer
breakdown during pouring operations and shall stop at the first allowable
construction joints. All concrete works shall be machined mixed for at
least 2 minutes after all materials including water are in the mixing drum.
148
II. E DEPOSITING CONCRETE:
Concrete shall be deposited in its final position without segregation, re-
handling or flowing. If possible, do concreting continuously until section is
thoroughly completed. When stoppage of concreting operations occurs,
construction joints shall be placed either horizontally or vertically as
indicated, approved by the Engineer and provided with sheer keys or
dowels to develop bonding.
II. F FORMS AND SHORING REMOVAL
Forms and shoring shall be not being removed until concrete has
adequately set and strong enough to withstand anticipated loading. This
activity shall require a concurrence of the supervising engineer following
the minimum time schedule specified below:
ELEMENT TIME PERIOD
Column 3 days
Beam Side 3 days
Beam, Girder & Slab 14 days
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II. G CURING
Keep concrete continuously wet or moist for at least a week after placing.
Curing shall start as soon as concrete has attained initial setting.
II. H CONCRETE PARTITION WALLS
EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR WALLS: Exterior and interior walls shall
be 0.15M CHB respectively: thoroughly cemented and reinforced with
plaster finished of 20mm min. thickness.
All concrete hollow block standards shall be approved by the engineer
before setting to ensure desired strength and durability.
III. MASONRY
III. A SCOPE
The works shall include all masonry works, tile works and other items
required for the completion of all masonry and tile works as shown in the
plan or as specified herein. All materials shall be delivered in original
boxes and containers with labels intact and sealed.
150
III. B CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
III. B. 1. MASONRY UNITS (CHB)
100mm thick for all interior walls unless otherwise indicated. Use 400 psi
for non-load bearing blocks and 700 psi for load bearing blocks where
required.
III. B. 2. MORTAR
One part “Portland” cement and two parts sand and water but
not more than three parts sand and water.
III. B. 3. SAND
S-1, washed, clean and greenish in color.
III. B. 4. PLASTER BOND
N and H Plaster bond - Apply to all wall areas prior to plastering.
III. C FLOOR AND WALL TILES
MATERIALS: 0.20x0.20 vitrified tiles for all toilet floors and walls as
shown in the plan.
151
IV. ROOF AND ROOF FRAMING
IV. A. SCOPE
The work consists of furnishing all materials, labor, equipment and
necessary services for roofing and roof framing and other related works in
accordance with the drawing standard methods and workmanship.
IV. B. MATERIALS
IV. B. 1. ROOFING AND ACCESSORIES
Pre-painted long span roofing shall be 0.40mm thick.
Sheets shall be laid with the end lap as indicated; the
minimum end laps shall be 25 cm. And the minimum side
lap shall be 2 ½ of the corrugation. Steel Techs crews shall
be used to fasten the long span roofing to C Purlins with
silicon sealant. Pre-painted ridge roll shall be 0.40mm.
IV. B. 2. STRUCTURAL STEEL
Materials and workmanship shall conform to the
requirement of the AISC “Specification Design,
Fabrications and Erection of Structural Steel for
Buildings”. Structural steel plates and shape shall conform
to ASTM Designation A36. Use E60xx series of ASTM
152
Specifications A223 welding electrodes for manual
shielded metal welding.
Welding shall be in accordance with the current code A18
and GAS WELDING in Building Construction of the
American Welding Society. Use approved brand of red lead
paint for all shop paintings for structural steel.
IV. B. 3. CEILING AND CEILING BOARDS
Ceiling boards shall be 3.5mm thick hardi flex on 2x2
ceiling hoists spaced at 16” on center both ways.
V. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND ACCESSORIES
V.A. All fixtures shall be installed complete with accessories, such as fittings, angle
valve, shut-off valve and supply pipe assembly, p-traps flange and others to make
it functional. Submit model and color samples for Procuring Entity’s approval of
all fixtures and accessories.
1. Water closet: Siphon Vortex bottom inlet top flush. WC Supplier: Kuysen,
Mcbuild Hardware, Mc Home Depot, Ortigas Home Depot or Wilcon Builders.
2. Urinal: Wall-hung type, wash-out urinal to match water closet color.
153
3. Lavatory:
3.a) Under the counter type lavatory with single faucet hole on center w/ front
overflow hole, to match water closet color.
3.b) Wall hung type
3.c) Wall hung with full pedestal type
4. Lavatory Faucets: self-closing press-action tap model with timed flow and anti-
blocking system.
5. Floor Drains: Stainless steel 4”x4” Supplier: Asian hardware
6. Slop Sink Bibb: wall-mounted long gooseneck faucet
V. B. TESTING
All pipes and fittings, P – traps, fixtures for plumbing and water supply system
shall be inspected and approved by the engineer.
VI. DOORS, WINDOWS AND FLOOR FINISHES
VI. A. WINDOWS
Composed of 2.50m x 2.50m Roll-up.
154
VI. B. DOORS
All interior doors shall be flush type with corresponding design and dimension to
be referred to the drawing. All doors shall be Panel Door w/2” x 5” Jamb. Toilet
door shall be Solid Wood Louver.
VI. C. FLOOR FINISHES
Red cement/oxide finish at the Ground Floor and Second Floor and Third Floor.
VII. ELECTRICAL
VII. A. SCOPE
VII. A. 1. Work Included
The work to be done under this DIVISION shall include the
furnishing of all tools, labor, equipment, fixtures and materials, each
complete and in proper working condition unless one or other is
specifically excluded or stated otherwise in these Specifications but
not limited to the following principal items of work:
2.1.1 Furnish and install a complete wiring and raceway system for
the underground power and telephone distribution system including
concrete pedestals, concrete hand holes and necessary wiring gutters
and boxes.
2.1.2 Furnish and install a complete grounding system.
2.1.3 Perform terminations for all electrical system.
2.1.4 Complete testing of all electrical systems.
155
2.1.5 Preparation of “As-built” drawings.
2.1.6 If any item of works or material has been omitted which are
necessary for the completion of the Electrical Work as outlined
herein before, then such items shall be and hereby included in this
section of work.
VII. B. CODES AND REGULATIONS
The work under this DIVISION shall be executed in accordance with the
latest requirements of the following:
● Building Code of the Philippines
● Philippine Electrical Code
● Laws, ordinances, and regulations of the locality having jurisdiction
over the project.
● Power and telephone utility companies
● UAP Doc. 301
The requirements of the above-mentioned governing laws/codes and the
requirements of the companies having involvement/participation are
hereby made part of this Specifications and the ELECTRICAL
CONTRACTOR is required to comply with the same.
156
This does not relieve the ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR from
complying with requirements of specifications or drawings in excess of
above laws and ordinances, codes and requirements which are not
prohibited by the same.
VII. C. DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATION
VII. C. 1. The electrical plans, which constitute an integral part of these
Specifications, shall serve as the working drawings. The plans indicate
the general layout and arrangement of the complete electrical system and
other works.
VII. C. 2. The drawings and specifications are meant specifically to be
complementary to each other and where it is called for by one shall be
binding as if called for by both. Anything which is basically required to
complete the installation for proper operation but not expressly
mentioned on the drawings and/or specifications shall be furnished and
installed by the ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR at no extra cost to the
PROCURING ENTITY as though specifically stipulated or shown in
both.
157
VII. C. 3. Procuring Entity shall have the final decision on any apparent
conflict between the drawings and specifications or on any under and
controversial point in either or both.
VII. C. 4. All dimensions and locations shown on the plans are approximate
and shall be verified in the field, as actual locations, distances, and levels
are governed by actual conditions.
VII. D. PROCEDURE
VII. D. 1. MATERIALS
All materials to be installed shall be brand new except as otherwise
noted on the plans or specifications. The materials shall be as
specified. No substitution of materials is allowed. Should the
ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR finds it necessary to use another
type/brand of materials instead of the specified item, he shall first
obtain approval from the PROCURING ENTITY prior to
installation. Any substituted material installed without the approval
of the PROCURING ENTITY shall be subject to replacement.
158
VII. D. 2. WORKMANSHIP
The ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR shall execute the work in the
most thorough, prompt and workmanlike manner and in
accordance with the plans and specifications. The installations
shall be done thru standard methods and good engineering
practices.
VII. D. 3. COORDINATION
It is the sole responsibility of the ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR
to conduct coordination of his activities with the following:
3.3.1 Other trades and suppliers
3.3.2 Procuring Entity/Engineer
3.3.3 EPPI
3.3.4 Local Government Authority
VII. D. 4. DEVIATION FROM THE PLANS
No deviation from the plans is to be made unless given notice or
approval by the PROCURING ENTITY.
VII. D. 5. RECORD DRAWINGS AND “AS-BUILD” PLAN
The ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR is required to keep an active
record of the actual installation during the progress of the job. This
shall be the reference in the preparation of the „As-Built‟ plans
which shall include all pertinent information, complete in all aspect
of the actual installation, and all new information not originally
159
shown in the contract drawings. The „As-Built‟ plans shall be
prepared by the ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR at his expense
and shall be submitted to the Procuring Entity for approval upon
the completion of the work. The approval of the „As-Built‟
drawings shall be a pre-requisite for the final acceptance of the
electrical works.
Submit two (2) copies of the “As-Built” drawings signed and dry
sealed by the ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS.
Registered Professional Electrical Engineer. Original
tracing/reproducible copy shall also be submitted to the
PROCURING ENTITY.
VII. D. 6. ELECTRIC POWER
The ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for his
own electric power needed for the execution of the job.
VII. D. 7. TEST
Conduit tests on all electrical conductors installed in the presence
of the PROCURING ENTITY‟s representative.
3.8.1 Check for grounds
3.8.2 Insulation resistance test
3.8.3 Continuity test for all outlets
3.8.4 Voltage level test
3.8.5 Phase relationship
160
3.8.6 Check circuit connections at panel boards, all single-phase
circuit shall be connected to phase as shown in the load schedule.
VII. D. 8. SUBMIT REPORTS ON TEST
All reports must be formal, typewritten and properly identified.
VII. D. 9. All defects found during the test shall be repaired immediately by
the ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR.
VII. D. 10. All tools, equipment and instruments needed to conduct
tests shall be on the account of the CONTRACTOR.
VII. E. PANEL BOARDS AND CIRCUIT BREAKER
VII. E. 1. NEMA type/enclosure unless noted, PEC rules and regulations,
circuit breaker type shall be 230V, number of poles as required.
VII. E. 2. Panel boards shall contain a single brand of circuit breakers
and as manufactured by “Schneider Electric”, “Cutler
Hammer” or “GE”.
VII. E. 3. All circuit breakers used as main shall be “Bolt on” type
molded case, thermal magnetic protective, quick make, quick
break, trip free from handle, trip indicating, number and size as
shown in the schedule. Internal common trip for 2 and 3 pole
breakers.
161
VII. E. 4. Breaker minimum interrupting capacities shall be based on
NEMA and UL test procedures.
a. 230 volt breakers - 10,000 rms. Symmetrical amperes at 240V
A/C (minimum)
VII. E. 5. All circuit breakers used as branches rated at below 100 AT and
specifically installed in lighting panel boards shall be “bolt-on‟
VII. F. OUTLETS AND SWITCH BOXES
VII. G. 1. All utility boxes shall be not dipped galvanized, approved
products of reputable manufacturers and shall be 50mm x
100mm x 50mm. Enamel coating shall be used in lieu of zinc
coating.
VII. G. 2. All ceiling outlet boxes intended for lighting outlets shall be
hot dipped galvanized octagonal box.
VII. G. 3. All junction boxes, pull boxes shall be fitted with standard flat
metal box covers.
VII. G. 4. Care should be taken to mount all boxes level.
VII. G. 5. All outlets of whatever kind, for all systems shall be provided
with suitable fitting, which shall consist of a box for device
specifically designed to receive the type of fitting to be
mounted thereon. Conduit shall be fastened to the outlet boxes
with locknuts and brushing.
162
VII. G. WALL SWITCHES AND RECEPTACLES
VII. H. 1. Suitable single pole and three-way switches of the flush
tumbler type with appropriate bakelite white cover plates shall
be furnished and installed at least 100mm on center away from
door jambs or where practical.
VII. H. 2. Wall switches intended to control 11 or more shall be rated no
less than 5 amp. 250 volts.
VII. H. 3. All duplex receptacles shall be rated no less than 10 amps, 250
volts AC, and shall be for flush mounting and shall be installed
0.35m AFFL, 0.15M on center above counters.
VII. H. 4. All switches and outlets shall be as manufactured by National
or approved equal or shall conform to the brand indicated in
the plan
163
VII. H. LIGHTING OUTLETS AND FIXTURES
VII. I. 1. Lighting outlets unless otherwise specified shall be furnished
and installed by the contractor.
VII. I. 2. Lighting fixtures shall be furnished and installed as indicated
in the drawing by the community or unless otherwise specified.
VII. I. 3. Wiring from the ceiling light outlet to fixtures shall be tw/thw
wires copper in flexible non-metallic conduits. Type AC cables
shall not be allowed. Proper fittings shall be provided for the said
installation such as connectors, bushing and locknuts.
VII. I. WIRES
VII. J. 1. Wires shall be annealed copper, 98% or better conductivity,
insulated, single, except as noted in the drawings.
VII. J. 2. 600 volt class type as indicated in the plans.
VII. J. 3. Wires greater than no. 8 mm2 shall be stranded.
VII. J. 4. Minimum size shall be #3.5 TW for power and lighting
circuits.
VII. J. 5. Telephone wires shall be no. 22 AWG jacketed type, 4
wires.
VII. J. 6. Use standard methods in pulling wires.
VII. J. 7. Splices of wires/cables shall be done inside junction boxes
or auxiliary gutters using standard connectors. No wires
shall be spliced inside conduits.
164
VII. J. 8. All wires and cables shall be color coded as follows:
Phase A Red
Phase B Yellow
Phase C Black
Ground Green
Neutral White
VII. J. MISCELLANEOUS
VII. K. 1. Although the location of the panel boards, safety switches, wall
switches, lighting outlets, receptacles, telephone outlets,
terminal boxes, etc., are indicated in the plans, the Professional
Electrical Engineer shall be consulted for confirmation of such
location for the exact points as to where they shall be installed.
VIII. PAINTING AND VARNISHING
VIII. A. SCOPE OF WORK:
The work covered by this section of the Specifications consists in the proper
preparation of surfaces, the furnishing of all paint, labor materials, tools,
appliances, scaffolding and other necessary equipment and in performing all
operations in connection with painting and varnishing work, complete in
accordance with color scheme and as specified herein and subject to the terms
and conditions of the contract. This section of the specifications covers the
165
complete painting and finishing of all wood surfaces, the painting of plasters,
concrete, unfinished metal and other surfaces throughout the interior and exterior
of the building and other surfaces indicated on the color scheme and schedule,
except where otherwise specified.
VIII. B. STORAGE:
All materials used in the job shall be stored in a single place designated by the
community. Such storage place shall be kept clean and neat and all damage
thereto or to its surroundings shall be made good. Any oily rags, waste, etc. must
be removed from the building every night, and every precaution taken to avoid
the danger of fire.
VIII. C. WORKMANSHIP:
The workmanship shall be of the very best. All materials shall be applied under
adequate illumination, evenly spread and smoothly flowed on without runs or
sags.
All knots, pitch streaks and soppy spots shall first be touched up shellace where
the finish calls for interior paint or enamel for exterior surfaces, use first quality
sealer.
All metal surfaces shall first be washed with mineral spirits to remove any dirt or
grease before applying materials. Where rust is present, it shall be wire brushed or
sand papered clean before painting. Shop coats of paint that becomes marred shall
be cleaned and touched up or refinished before the finish coats are applied.
166
All galvanized metal surfaces shall be properly prepared, cleaned, or chemically
treated before applying the first coat of paint in one of the following ways.
a. All exposed surfaces shall be cleaned with diluted acetic acid to removed
grease or oil and slight indications of oxidation and rust here and there over
the surface, and then rinse with clean water. The surface must be thoroughly
dry before the paint is applied.
b. Galvanized metal (also zinc and lead in this case) shall be thoroughly cleaned
with gasoline and coated with a solution consisting of 4 ounces of copper
sulphate in one gallon of water. This coating shall remain on surfaces not less
than 12 hours and then dusted off with stiff fiber bristle brush.
If woodwork, metal or any other surface to be finished cannot be put in proper
condition for finishing by customary cleaning, sanding and putting operation, the
contractor shall immediately for, and rectify any unsatisfactory finish by cleaning
and recoating same.
All exposed work shall be protected while building is being painted or varnished.
The floors, steps, top of window sills and other surfaces not be painted shall be
well protected during painting by covering them with sisal Kraft paper, or
approved paper to insure clean surface. Any dirt, smears, etc., shall be removed
by the contractor to the satisfaction of Engineer.
167
Color scheme for the painting and varnishing of the whole building complete,
both inside and outside shall be furnished later to the contractor upon request.
Color scheme and varnished samples required by this satisfaction and by the
Engineer, shall be submitted by the Contractor for approval.
Paint shall be thoroughly and uniformly rolled on so as to form a film of even
thickness. Paint shall be thoroughly stirred so as to keep the pigment evenly in
suspension while paint is being supplied to rollers.
Each coat of paint shall be allowed to dry thoroughly and inspected for approval
before the succeeding coat is applied. No oil paint shall be done in damp weather.
All surfaces shall be thoroughly clean and dry before any paint is applied.
All painting and varnishing work shall be done in workmanship manner by skilled
house painters and varnishes only.
In general, and unless otherwise specified and (or) instructed by the owner due to
actual conditions on the job, not less than 48-hour time shall elapse between
application of succeeding coats. Except where otherwise noted or specified, all
paints shall be applied in two (2) coats (priming, body and finish)
The use of roller for paint application is required, except on inaccessible surfaces
in which case the painter’s brush shall be used.
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Surfaces which cannot be satisfactorily finished in the manner of coats specified
shall have such additional coats, or such preparatory coats and subsequent coats
as may be required to produce satisfactorily finished work.
VIII. D. PIGMENTS FOR TINTING
Tinting colors for oil paint shall be colors-in-oil, ground in pure linsed oil, and of
the highest grade obtainable.
Colors shall be non-fading.
Color pigments shall be used to produce the exact shades of paints which shall
conform to the approved color scheme of the building.
Except as otherwise noted, color or priming coat shall be lighter than the finish
coat. The first coat shall be white.
VIII. E. WOOD WORK
Wood surfaces shall be thoroughly cleaned, smoothly hand dressed and well
sandpapered before any paint or oil finished is applied.
At least ten (10) hours before any paint is applied to wood work, all sap, knots
and other similar defects shall be given a coat of shellac.
All frames (embedded or in contact with concrete or plaster) before being set in
place, shall be given a priming coat or oil and in addition there to, all surfaces in
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actual contact with concrete or plaster shall be given a second coat of the best
grade asphalt applied hot.
Only first-class paint and materials shall be used under this item and said paints
and materials must be approved by the Engineer before the painting begins.
After the first coat of paint or first coat of oil has been applied is thoroughly dry,
and before the second coat is applied, all nail holes, cracks and defects shall be
putted up smoothly. Putty for oil finished woodwork shall be stained to match
the woodwork.
The first and priming coat shall be composed of white lead and approved zinc
oxide in proportion of 35 to 65 respectively, and the desired colored pigments
and approved lumbang oil, or first quality pure linseed oil. Turpentine drier not
to exceed 5% in amount may be added
VIII. F. VARNISHING
Preparations: All woodworks to be varnished shall be thoroughly sandpapered
and all cracks, holes and other defects shall be carefully filled with first quality
colored or white putty tinsel to match the desired colored finish.
Staining: If the desired color and shade can be obtained with the filler alone,
omit stain.
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Surfaces, however, that required staining shall be done with “Johnson” stain, or
its approved equivalent, to the desired color finish, tone or shade and when dry
shall be wiped thoroughly.
Utmost care shall be exercised in the use of the stain not to mark, but bring out
and develop to the fullest extent the natural color, grain and figure of those
woods did not warrant the use of stain, and then it shall be omitted.
Finishing: For the work and wood surfaces described in the preceding
paragraph, only the pure white or colorless shellac (not the orange shellac) and
the clear lacquer finishes shall be used, all hand-rubbed and polished.
Stains and varnish shall be allowed to dry at least forty-eight (48) hours between
coats and shall be sanded lightly between coats with No. 00 or finer sandpaper
and dusted before succeeding coat is applied hand-rubbed and polished.
For the surface expose to the weather and (or) direct sunlight, two coats of
“VALSPAR” of “SPAR” varnish shall be applied over the stained shellac
varnish.
VIII. G. CONCRETE AND CEMENT PLASTER
Before applying paint to concrete, cement plaster, finishes etc., those surfaces
shall be allowed to dry thoroughly. Clean surfaces, removing all dirt, alkali and
grease. These surfaces shall be washed with solution of three (3) pounds of
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zinc sulphate to one (1) gallon of water and all salts or efflorescence on said
surfaces to be carefully and thoroughly remove. Allow the surfaces to dry.
Apply paint generously and uniformly as it come from the original can
container.
If possible, no thinning shall be allowed. This paint is heavy bodied, however,
if thinning is absolutely necessary, a vinyl reducer sparingly, up to one paint
but not more to the gallon.
Color scheme shall be furnished later to the community upon request.
Wipe up spatters before they dry with cloth dampened in water. This paint is
not water soluble when dry.
Color shall be as directed by the Engineer and as shown in the approved color
schemes.
VIII. H. CLEANING – UP
The Community shall upon completion of work, remove all paint and varnish
spots (or where same have been spilled, splashed, or splattered) from the
floors, glass and other surfaces. He shall remove from the premises all
surplus materials, scaffolds, all rubbish and accumulated materials, of
whatever nature not caused by other trades and shall leave the work in a
clean, orderly and acceptable condition.
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VIII. I. FINAL INSPECTION
Finished surfaces shall be solid, even color, and finished texture, free from
drops, runs, lumps, brush marks, discoloration or other defects.
Before final inspection, any work which has become damaged or discolored
shall be retouched or refinished in a satisfactory manner.
VIII. J. SCHEDULE OF PAINTING AND VARNISHING WORK
a. Exposed Masonry Works – Latex paint, versatex except those with special
masonry finishing.
b. Partitions – (wooden) – versatex/ semi – gloss enamel
c. Wooden doors and shelves – lacquer auto finish
d. Metal doors and windows – quick drying enamel, semi-gloss.
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NATIONAL BULIDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPNES PROVISIONS
I. PERMIT AND INSPECTION
SECTION 301. Building Permits
No person, firm or corporation, including any agency or instrumentality of the
government shall erect, construct, alter, repair, move, convert or demolish any building or
structure or cause the same to be done without first obtaining a building permit therefor
from the Building Official assigned in the place where the subject building is located or
the building work is to be done.
SECTION 302. Application for Permits
The applicant shall file an application therefor in writing and on prescribed form
with the Office of the Building Official. Every application shall provide at least the
following information:
(a) A description of work to be covered by the permit applied for;
(b) Description and ownership of the lot on which the proposed work is to be done
as evidenced by TCT and/or copy of the contract of lease over the lot if applicant
is not registered owner;
(c) The use or occupancy for which the proposed work is intended;
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(d) Estimated cost of the proposed work.
To be submitted together with such application are at least five sets of
corresponding plans and specifications prepared, signed and sealed by a duly licensed
architect or civil engineer in case of architectural and structural plans, by a registered
mechanical engineer in case of architectural and structural plans, by a registered
mechanical engineer in case of mechanical plans, by a registered electrical engineer in case
of electrical plans and by a licensed sanitary engineer or master plumber in case of
plumbing or sanitary installation plans except those cases exempted or not required by the
Building Official under this Code.
SECTION 303. Processing of Building Permits
The processing of building permits shall be under the overall administrative control
and supervision of the Building Official and his technical staff or qualified professionals.
In processing an application for a building permit, the Building Official shall see to
it that the applicant satisfies and conforms with approved standard requirements on zoning
and land use, lines and grades, structural design, sanitary and sewerage, environmental
health, electrical and mechanical safety as well as with other rules and regulations
promulgated in accordance with the provisions of the Code.
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SECTION 304. Issuance of Building Permits
When the satisfied that the work described in an application for building permit and
the plans and specifications submitted therewith, conform to the requirements of this Code
and other pertinent rules and regulations, the Building Official shall, within fifteen days
from payment of the required fees by the applicant, issue the building permit applied for.
SECTION 308. INSPECTION AND SUPERVISION OF WORK
The owner of the building who is issued or granted a building permit under this
Code shall engage the services of a duly licensed architect or civil engineer to undertake
the full-time inspection and supervision of the construction work.
Upon completion of the construction, the said licensed architect or civil engineer
shall submit the logbook, duly signed and sealed, to the Building Official. He/she shall also
prepare and submit a Certificate of Completion of the project stating that the construction
of building conforms to the provisions of this Code as well as with the approved plans and
specifications.
SECTION 309. CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY
No building or structure shall be used or occupied and no change in the existing use
or occupancy classification of a building or structure or portion therefor as provided in this
Code.
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A Certificate of Occupancy shall be issued by the Building Official within 30 days
if after final inspection and submittal of a Certificate of Completion referred to in the
preceding section, it is found that the building or structure complies with the provisions of
this Code.
II. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
SECTION 401. Types of Construction
Type III – buildings shall be of masonry and wood construction. Structural elements
may be any of the materials permitted by this Code: Provided, that the building shall be
one-hour fire-resistive throughout. Exterior walls shall be of incombustible fire-resistive
construction.
SECTION 402. Changes in Types
No change shall be made in then type of construction of any building which would
place the building in a different sub-type or type of construction unless such building is
made to comply with the requirements for such sub-type of construction: Except, when the
changes is approved by the Building Official upon showing that the new or proposed
construction is less hazardous, based on life and fire risk, than the existing construction.
SECTION 403. Requirements on Type of Construction
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Subject to the provisions of this chapter, the secretary shall prescribe standards for
each type of construction, and promulgate rules and regulations therefor, relating to
structural framework, exterior walls and openings, interior walls and enclosures, floors,
exits and stairs construction, and roofs.
III. CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENT OF ALL BUILDINGS BY USE
OR OCCUPANCY
SECTION 701. Occupancy Classified
Group B – Residential, Hotels and Apartments
Group B Occupancies shall be multiple dwelling units including boarding
or lodging houses, hotels, apartment buildings, row houses, convents, monasteries and
other similar building each of which accommodates more than 10 persons.
Group E – Business and Mercantile
Wholesale and retail stores, office buildings, drinking and dining
establishments having an occupant load of less than one hundred persons, printing plants,
police and fire stations, factories and workshops using not highly flammable or
combustible materials and paint stores without bulk handlings.
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SECTION 707. Maximum Height of Buildings
The maximum height and number of storey of every building shall be
dependent upon the character of occupancy and the type of construction as determined by
the Secretary considering population density, building bulk, widths of streets and car
parking requirements. The height shall be measured from the highest adjoining sidewalk
or ground surface.
IV. LIGHT AND VENTILATION
SECTION 801. General Requirements of Light and Ventilation
(a) Subject to the provisions of the Civil Code of the Philippines on Easements of
Light and View, and to provisions of this part of the Code, every building shall be
designed, constructed and equipped to provide adequate light and ventilation.
(b) All buildings shall face a street or public alley or a private street which has been
duly approved.
(c) No building shall be altered nor arranged so as to reduce the size of any room
or the relative area of windows to less than that provided for buildings under this
Code, or to create an additional room, unless such additional room conforms to the
requirements of this Code.
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SECTION 805. Ceiling Heights
(a) Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation shall have ceiling heights
not less than 2.40 meters measured from the floor to the ceiling; Provided that for
building of more than one-storey, the minimum ceiling height of the first storey
shall be 2.70 meters and that for the second storey 2.40 meters and succeeding
storey shall have an unobstructed typical head-room clearance of not less than 2.10
meters above the finished floor. Above stated rooms with a natural ventilation shall
have ceiling heights not less than 2.70 meters.
SECTION 808. Window Openings
Every room intended for any use, not provided with artificial ventilation system as
herein specified in this Code, shall be provided with a window or windows with a total free
area of openings equal to at least ten percent of the floor area of room, ands such window
shall open directly to court, yard, public street or alley, or open water courses.
V. SANITATION
SECTION 901. General Requirements
Subject to the provisions of Book II of the Civil Code of the Philippines on
Property, Ownership, and its Modification, all buildings hereafter erected, altered,
remodeled, relocated or repaired for human habitation shall be provided with adequate and
potable water supply, plumbing installation, and suitable wastewater treatment or disposal
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system, storm water drainage, pest and vermin control, noise abatement device, and such
other measures required for the protection and promotion of health of persons occupying
the premises and others living nearby.
SECTION 902. Water Supply System
(a) Whenever available, the potable water requirements for a building used for
human habitation shall be supplied from existing municipal or city waterworks
system.
(b) The quality of drinking water from meteoric, surface or underground sources
shall conform to the criteria set in the latest approved National Standards for
Drinking Water.
(c) The water piping installations inside buildings and premises shall conform to
the provisions of the National Plumping Code of the Philippines.
SECTION 903. Wastewater Disposal System
(a) Sanitary sewage from buildings and neutralized or pre-treated industrial
wastewater shall be discharged directly into the nearest street sanitary sewer main
of existing municipal or city sanitary sewerage system in accordance with the
criteria set by the Code on Sanitation and the National Pollution Control
Commission.
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(b) All buildings located in areas where there is no available sanitary sewerage
system shall dispose their sewerage “Imhoff” or septic tank and subsurface
absorption field.
(c) Sanitary and industrial plumbing installations inside buildings and premises
shall conform to the provisions of the National Plumbing Code.
SECTION 904. Storm Drainage System
(a) Rainwater drainage shall not discharge to the sanitary sewer system.
(b) Adequate provisions shall be made to drain low areas in buildings and their
premises.
VI. GENERAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Section 1201. General Requirements
Buildings proposed for construction shall comply with all the regulations and
specifications herein set forth governing quality, characteristics and properties of materials,
methods of design and construction, type of occupancy and classification.
All other matters relative to the structural design of all buildings and other
structures not provided for in this Chapter shall conform with the provisions of the National
Structural Code of Buildings, as adopted and promulgated by the Board of Civil
Engineering pursuant to Republic Act Number 544, as amended, otherwise known as the
“Civil Engineering Law”.
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SECTION 1202. Excavation, Foundation and Retaining Walls
(a) Subject to the provisions of Articles 684 to 686 of the Civil Code of the
Philippines on lateral and subjacent support, the design and quality of materials
used structurally in excavation, footings, and in foundations shall conform to
accepted engineering practice.
(b) Excavation and Fills
b. 1. Excavation or fills for building or structures shall be so constructed or
protected that they do not endanger life or property.
b. 2. Whenever the depth of excavation for any construction is such that the lateral
and subjacent support of the adjoining property or existing structure thereon would
be affected in a manner that the stability or safety of the same is endangered, the
person undertaking or causing the excavation to be undertaken shall be responsible
for the expense of underpinning or extending the foundation or footings of the
aforementioned property or structure.
(c) Footings, Foundations and Retaining Walls
c. 1. Footings and foundations shall be of the appropriate type, of adequate size,
and capacity in order to safely sustain the superimposed loads under seismic or any
condition of external forces that may affect the safety or stability of the structure.
It shall be the responsibility of the architect and/or engineer to adopt the type and
design of the same in accordance with the standards set forth by the Secretary.
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SECTION 1205. Floor Construction
(a) All floors shall be so framed and secured into the framework and supporting
walls as to form an integral part of the whole building.
(b) The types of floor construction used shall provide means to keep the beam and
girders from lateral buckling.
SECTION 1207. Stairs, Exits and Occupant Loads
(a) Exits
a. 1. Number of Exits
Every building or usable portion thereof shall have at least one exit. In all
occupancies, floors above the first storey having an occupant load of more than 10
shall not have less than two exits.
a. 2. Arrangement of Exits
If only two exits are required, they shall be placed a distance apart to not
less than one fifth of the perimeter of the area served measured in a straight line
between exits. Where three or more exits are required, they shall be arranged a
reasonable distance apart so that if so, becomes blocked, the others will be
available.
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(b) Doors
The provisions herein shall apply to every exit door serving an area having
an occupant load of more than 10.
b. 1. Swing – Exit door shall swing in the direction of exit travel.
b. 2. Type of Lock or Latch – Exit door shall be openable from the inside without
the use of key or any special knowledge or effort: Except, that this requirement
shall not apply to exterior exit doors in a Group E or F Occupancy if there is a
conspicuous, readily visible and durable sign on or adjacent to the door, stating that
the door is to remain unblocked during business hours. The locking device must be
of a type that will readily be distinguished as locked. Flush bolts are prohibited.
b. 3. Width and height – every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit
the installation of a door not less than 900 millimeters in width and not less than 2
meters in height. When installed in exit doorways, exit doors shall be capable of
opening at least 90 degrees and shall be so mounted that the clear width of the exit
way is not less than 700 millimeters.
(c) Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies
c. 1. Width – Every corridor or exit balcony shall not be less than 1.10 meters in
width.
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c. 2. Projections – The required width of corridors and exterior exit balconies shall
be unobstructed: Except, that trim handrails, and doors when fully opened shall not
reduce the required width by more than 200 millimeters. Doors in any position shall
not reduce the required width of the corridor by more than one half.
c. 3. Openings – Where corridor wall are required to be 1-hour fire-resistive
construction, every interior door opening shall be protected as set forth in generally
recognized and accepted requirements for dual purpose exit doors. The total area
of all openings other than doors, in any portion of an interior corridor wall shall not
exceed 25% of the area of the corridor wall of the room being separated from the
corridor.
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THE LAW TO ENHANCE MOBILITY OF DISABLED PERSONS
BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 344
1. ENTRANCES
1.1. Entrances should be accessible from arrival and departure points to the interior
lobby.
1.2. In case entrances are not on the same level of the site arrival grade, ramps should be
provided as access to the entrance level.
1.3. Entrances with vestibules shall be provided a level area with at least a 1.80m depth
and a 1.50m width.
2. PARKING AREAS
2.1. Parking spaces for the disabled should allow enough space for a person to transfer to
a wheelchair from a vehicle.
2.2. Accessible parking spaces should be located as close as possible to building entrances
or to accessible entrances.
2.3. Whenever and wherever possible, accessible parking spaces should be perpendicular
or to an angle to the road or circulation aisles.
2.4. Accessible parking slot should have a minimum width of 3.70 meters.
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2.5. A walkway from accessible spaces of 1.20 meters clear width shall be provided
between the front ends of parked cars.
2.6. Provide dropped curbs or curb cut-outs to the parking level where access walkways
are raised.
2.7. Pavement markings, signs or other means shall be provided to delineate parking spaces
for the handicapped.
2.8. Parking spaces for the disabled should never be located at ramped or sloping areas.
3. RAMPS
3.1. Ramps shall have a minimum clear width of 1.20 meters.
3.2. The maximum gradient shall be 1:12.
3.3. The length of a ramp should not exceed 6m if the gradient 1:12; longer ramps whose
gradient is 1:12 shall be provided with landings not less than 1.50 meters.
3.4. A level area not less than 1.80m should be provided at the top and bottom of any ramp.
3.5. Handrails will be provided on both sides of the ramp at 0.70m and 0.90m from the
ramp level.
3.6. Ramps shall be equipped with curbs on both sides with a minimum height of 0.10m.
4. STAIRS
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4.1. Tread surfaces should be a slip-resistant material; nosing’s may be provided with slip
resistant strips to further minimize slipping.
4.2. Slanted nosing’s are preferred to projecting nosing’s so as not to pose difficulty for
people using crutches or braces whose feet have a tendency to get caught in the recessed
space or projecting nosing’s. For the same reason, open stringers should be avoided.
4.3. The leading edge of each step on both runner and riser should be marked with paint or
non-skid material that has a color and gray value of the rest the stairs; markings of this sort
would be helpful to the visually impaired as well as to the fully sighted person.
4.4. A tactile strip 0.30m wide shall be installed before hazardous areas such as sudden
changes in floor levels and at the top and bottom of stairs; special care must be taken to
ensure the proper mounting or adhesion of tactile strips so as not to cause accidents.
5. DOORS
5.1. All doors shall have a minimum clear width of 0.80m
5.2. Clear openings shall be measured between the surface of the fully open door at the
hinge and the door jamb at the stop.
5.3. A minimum clear level space of 1.50m x 1.50m shall be provided before and extending
beyond a door.
EXCEPTION: Where a door shall open onto but not into a corridor, the required clear,
level space on the corridor side of the door may be a minimum of 1.20m corridor width.
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5.4. Doorknobs and other hardware should be located between 0.82m and 1.06m above the
floor; 0.90m is preferred.
The scope of work is as follows:
1. Structural Excavation
There will be an excavation for column footing and septic tank only.
2. Filling and Compaction
There will be slab on fill in the main floor, comfort room and ramp.
3. Concrete Works
This includes column footing, wall footing, column, beam, girder, slab, parking
area, ramp and stairs.
There are 22 column footings, 4-3.3 x 1.6 m, 8-3.3 x 2.6 m, 4-5 x 2.8 m, 2-
4.5 x 1.6 m and 4-2.5 x 2.6 m.
II. A. 5. B Wall Footing
The wall footing has a dimension of 1 x 0.3 x 0.2 m.
II. A. 5. C Column
There are 28 columns which extend up to the third floor, 24- 300 x 300 mm
and 4- 400 x 400 mm.
II. A. 5. D Beams
For roof deck, the beam dimensions are 200 x 260 mm and 150 x 260 mm.
For the third and second floors, the beam dimensions are 200 x 300 mm and
150 x 260 mm.
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II. A. 5. E Girders
The roof deck has three kinds of girders, 2- 200 x 340 mm, 4-200 x 460 mm
and 2- 300 x 600 mm.
The third and second floors also has three kinds of girders, 2- 200 x 380
mm, 4-200 x 430 mm and 2- 300 x 660 mm.
II. A. 5. F Slab on Fill
Slab on fill is in the ground floor which is 25 x 10 m.
II. A. 5. G Parking Area
Parking area has a dimension of 25 x 5 m.
II. A. 5. H Ramp
The ramp has a dimension of 1.2 x 16.5 m.
II. A. 5. I Stairs
The stair has length of 3.12 m that has 13 risers and 12 steps with a rise of
0.15 m and 0.26 m thread.
4. Rebar Works
III. B. A Column Footing
In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 25 mm Ø for column footing
3 and 20 mm Ø for the rest.
III. B. B Wall Footing
In this item of work. The main bar to be used is 12 mm Ø and 10 mm Ø for
the temperature bars.
III. B. C Column
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In this item of work, the main bar to be used 20 mm Ø for column 3 and 16
mm Ø for the rest. 10mm Ø is used for the ties.
III. B. D Beam
In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 20 mm Ø and 10mm Ø for
the stirrups.
III. B. E Girders
In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 25 mm Ø for girder 3 while
20 mm Ø for remaining girders and 10mm Ø is used for the stirrups.
III. B. F Slabs
In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 12 mm Ø and 10 mm Ø for
III. B. G Parking area
In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 10 mm Ø.
III. B. H Stairs
In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 16 mm Ø and 10 mm Ø for
III. B. I Ramp
In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 12 mm Ø and also for the
temperature bars.
5. Forms and Scaffolding
Form is a temporary boarding, sheathing or pan used to produce the desired
shape and size of concrete. Forms must be simple and economically designed
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in such a manner that they are easily removed and reassembled without
damaging itself or the concrete.
Scaffolding is a temporary structure of wooden poles and planks providing
platform for workers to stand on while erecting or repairing of building. It is
further defined as a temporary framework for other purposes.
The materials to be used are ½” x 4” x 8’ Ordinary Plywood, 2” x 2” x 12’ &
2” x 3” x 12’ Coco Lumber, Common Nails (3”), Assorted CW Nails, and Tying
Wire #16.
6. Masonry Works
In this item of work, the total area to be used is 2,926.52 m2.
7. Septic Tank
The dimension of the septic tank is 6 m x 1.5 m x 2 m.
8. Tile Works
The total area to be covered is 2,163.39 m2.
9. Window
The window to be used is 0.80 m x 1.20 m (2 sets), 1.60 m x 1.20 m (31 sets)
and 2.40 m x 1.20 m (5 sets) sliding window.
10. Doors
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Doors to be used are 1.20 m x 2.10 m double swing type panel door (8 sets),
0.90 m x 2.10 m swing type panel door (41 sets) and 0.90 m x 2.10 m PVC door
with louver (24 sets).
11. Plumbing Works
The materials to be used are shown in the detailed estimates of the project
proposal.
12. Painting Works
The total area to be painted is 2,321 m2.
13. Electrical Works
In this item of work, the materials used are lighting fixtures and devices, wires-
cables and panel boards.
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NSCP SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION 103.1 Nature of Occupancy
Buildings and other structures shall be classified, based on the nature of occupancy, according to
Table 103-1 for purpose of applying wind and earthquake.
Category IV. Standard Occupancy Structures. All structures housing occupancies or having
functions not listed on Category I, II, or III or Category V.
SECTION 104.1 Strength Requirement
Buildings, towers, and other vertical structures and all portions thereof shall be designed and
constructed to sustain, within the limitations specified in this code, all loads set forth in chapter 2 and
elsewhere in this code, combined in accordance with section 203.
Design shall be in accordance with Strength Design Load and Resistance Factor Design and
Allowable Stress Design methods, as permitted by the applicable material chapters.
IDENTIFIED CODES ON LOADINGS
I. Loadings
a. Dead Load (Section 204. 1) Dead load consist of the weight of all materials of construction incorporation
into the building or other structure, including incorporated into building or other structure, including but
not limited to walls, floor, roofs, ceiling, stairways, built-in partitions, finishes, cladding and other similarly
incorporated architectural and structural items, and fixed service equipment, including the weight of cranes.
b. Live Loads (Section 205.3 Floor Live loads) Floor shall be designed for the unit live loads as set forth
in the Table 205-1. These loads shall be taken as the minimum live loads of horizontal projection to be used
in the design of buildings for the occupancies listed, and loads at least equal shall be assumed for uses not
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listed in this section but that creates or accommodates similar loadings. Where it can be determined in
designing floors that the actual live load will be greater than the value shown in Table 205.-1 the actual live
load shall be used in the design of such buildings or portions thereof. Special provisions shall be made for
machine and apparatus loads.
II. Specified Strength
a. Compressive Strength of concrete fc’ (Section 405. 1.2)
405.1 Notations
f'c = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
f'cr = required average compressive strength of concrete used as the basis for selection of concrete
proportions, MPa
fct = average splitting tensile strength of lightweight aggregate concrete, MPa
s = standard deviation, MPa
ss = sample standard deviation, MPa
21 ≤ f’c ≤ Mpa
c. Modulus of Elasticity for nonprestressed reinforcement (Section 408.6.2)
Modulus of elasticity Es for non-prestressed reinforcement shall be permitted to be taken as 200,000 MPa.
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d. Strength Reduction Factor (Section 409.4.2)
For Class C and Class T flexural members, as defined in Section 418.4.3, deflection calculations shall be
based on a cracked transformed section analysis. It shall be permitted to base computations on a bilinear
moment deflection relationship, or an effective moment of inertia, Ie, as defined by Eq. 409-8.
Tension Controlled - 0.9
Transition Controlled - 0.65 + (Ɛƭ – 0.002) (250/3)
Compression Controlled -0.65
IDENTIFIED CODES ON THE DESIGN OF SLABS
I. Area of Shrinkage and Temperature Bars
Section 407.13.2.1
Area of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall provide at least the following ratios of reinforcement
area to gross concrete area, but not less than 0.0014:
1. Slabs where Grade 280 and Grade 530 deformed bars are used - 0.0020
2. Slabs where Grade 415 deformed bars or welded wire fabric (smooth or deformed)
are used - 0.0018
3. Slabs where reinforcement with yield stress exceeding 415 MPa measured at a yield
strain of 0.35 percent is used - 0.0018 𝑥 415�fy�
II. Slab Thickness Section 408.14.6.1
Slab thickness shall not be less than one twelfth the clear distance between ribs, or less than 50 mm.
197
III. Minimum Thickness (One Way Slab)
Section 409.6.2 One-Way Construction (Nonprestressed)
Minimum thickness stipulated in Table 409-1 shall apply for one-way construction not supporting or
attached to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections, unless computation
of deflection indicates a lesser thickness may be used without adverse effects.
Table 409-1 - Minimum Thickness of Nonprestressed Beams or One-Way Slabs Unless Deflections
are Compute
Minimum Thickness, h
Member Simply Supported One end continuous Both ends continuous Cantilever
Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other constructionlikely to be damaged by large deflections
Solid one-way slab
Beams or ribbed one way slabs
Values given shall be used directly for members with normal weight concrete (wc= 2400 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚³ ) and
Grade 415 reinforcement. For other conditions, the values shall be modified as follows:
a) For structural lightweight concrete having unit weight in the range 1,500-2,000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚³,
the values shall be multiplied by (1.65 - 0.0003 wc )but not less than 1.09, where wc
is the unit weight in 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚³.
b) For fy other than 415 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + 𝑓𝑦�700�)
198
IV. Minimum Thickness of Two-Way Slab
Section 409.6.3 Two-Way Construction (Nonprestressed)
This section shall govern the minimum thickness of slabs or other two-way construction designed in
accordance with the provisions of Section 413 and conforming with the requirements of Section 413.7.1.2.
The thickness of slabs without interior beams spanning between the supports on all sides shall satisfy the
requirements of Section 409.6.3.2 or 409.6.3.4. Thickness of slabs with beams spanning between the
supports on all sides shall satisfy the requirements of Section 409.6.3.3 or 409.6.3.4.
Section 409.6.3.2 For slabs without interior beams spanning between the supports and having a ratio of
long to short span not greater than 2, the minimum thickness shall be in accordance with the provisions of
Table 409-3 and shall not be less than the following values:
1. Slabs without drop panels as defined in Sections 413.3.5 ....................................... 125 mm
2. Slabs with drop panels as defined in Sections 413.3.5. .......................................... 100 mm
Section 409.6.3.3 For slabs with beams spanning between the supports on all sides, the minimum thickness
shall be as follows:
1. For ∝ fm equal to or less than 0.2, the provisions of Section 409.6.3.2 shall apply.
2. For ∝ fm greater than 0.2 but not greater than 2.0, the thickness shall not be less than:
ℎ = �𝑛��36 + 5 𝛽 ( �𝑓𝑚� − 0.2)� (0.8 + 𝑓�𝑦��1400�) and not less than 125 mm.
3. For ∝ �𝑓𝑚� greater than 2.0, the thickness shall not be less than: ℎ = �𝑛�(0.8 + 𝑓�𝑦��1400��36
+ 9 𝛽�and not less than 90 mm.
199
4. At discontinuous edges, an edge beam shall be provided with a stiffness ratio fm not less than 0.80; or
the minimum thickness required by Eq. 409-12 or 409-13 shall be increased by at least 10 percent in the
panel with a discontinuous edge.
V.DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
Section 407.6 Placing Reinforcement
407.6.1 Reinforcement, prestressing tendons and ducts shall be accurately placed and adequately supported
before concrete is placed, and shall be secured against displacement within tolerances of this section.
407.6.2 Unless otherwise specified by the engineer-of record, reinforcement, prestressing tendons and
prestressing ducts shall be placed within the following tolerances:
407.6.2.1 Tolerance for depth d, and minimum concrete cover in flexural members, walls and compression
members shall be as follows:
Effective Depth, d Tolerance on d Tolerance on Minimum Concrete Cover
200 mm 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
except that tolerance for the clear distance to formed soffits shall be minus 6 mm and tolerance for cover
shall not exceed minus one-third the minimum concrete cover required by the approved plans or
specifications.
200
Section 407.8 Concrete Protection for Reinforcement
Cast-in-Place Concrete (Nonprestressed) Unless a greater cover is required by Section 407.8.6 or 407.8.8,
specified cover for reinforcement shall not less than the following:
Minimum Cover
Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth ......................................... 75 mm
2. Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
ɸ20 mm bar through ɸ36 mm bar ... ......................................................... 50 mm
ɸ16 mm bar, MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller .................................. 40 mm
3. Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
a. Slabs, walls, joists:
ɸ42 mm and ɸ58 mm bars ........................................................................ 40 mm
ɸ36 mm bars and smaller ........................................................................ 20 mm
b. Beams, columns:
Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals .......................................... 40 mm
c. Shells, folded plate members:
ɸ20 mm bar and larger .............................................................................. 20 mm
ɸ16 mm bar, MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller .................................. 12 mm
201
VI.SECTION 709: SEISMIC DESIGN Section 709.6.2
Minimum Reinforcement Requirements for Masonry Walls Masonry walls other than those covered by
Section 709.5.1.3 shall be reinforced in both the vertical and horizontal direction. The sum of the cross-
sectional area of horizontal and vertical reinforcement shall be at least 0.002 times the gross cross-sectional
area of the wall, and the minimum cross-sectional area in each direction shall be not less than 0.0007 times
the gross cross-sectional area of the wall. Reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed. The maximum
spacing of reinforcement shall be 1.2 m provided that the walls are solid grouted and constructed of hollow
open-end units, hollow units laid with full head joints or two way of solid units. The maximum spacing of
reinforcement shall be 600 mm for all other masonry.
Section 709.6.3 Minimum Reinforcement for Masonry Columns
Lateral ties in masonry columns shall be spaced not more than 200 mm on center and shall be at least 10
mm diameter. Lateral ties shall be embedded in grout.
IDENTIFIED CODES ON THE DESIGN OF BEAM
Factored load
Minimum thickness and width of beam
408.13.2 Width of slab effective as a T-beam flange shall not exceed one-fourth the span length of the
beam, and the effective overhanging slab width on each side of the web shall not exceed:
1. Eight times the slab thickness; or
2. One-half the clear distance to the next web.
202
408.13.3 For beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange width shall not exceed:
1. One-twelfth the span length of the beam;
2. Six times the slab thickness; or
3. One-half the clear distance to the next web.
Effective depth
Details of Reinforcement Section
407 - Details of Reinforcement: To avoid the misconception that there is no minus tolerance on cover values
given in the code, “minimum cover” is replaced with “specified cover” throughout Section 407; Class B
lap splices are now required for structural integrity reinforcement; continuous top and bottom structural
integrity reinforcement are required to pass through the column core; and requirements for transverse
reinforcement confining structural integrity reinforcement in perimeter beams are clarified;
Spacing of reinforcement etc.-
407.7 Spacing Limits for Reinforcement 407.7.1 The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a
layer shall be db but not less than 25 mm. 407.7.5 In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction,
primary flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than three times the wall or slab thickness,
nor farther than 450 mm.
Minimum diameter of reinforcements Stirrups (Section 407.8.3) Cast-In-Place Concrete
(Prestressed)
407.8.3.1 Unless a greater cover is required by Sections 407.8.6 and 407.8.8, specified cover for prestressed
and non-prestressed reinforcement, ducts and end fittings, shall not less than the following:
203
Beams, columns: Primary reinforcement ..................................... 40 mm
Ties, stirrups, spirals ...................................................................... 25 mm
(Section 407.11.5.5) Where beams or brackets frame from four directions into a column, termination of ties
not more than 75 mm below reinforcement in shallowest of such beams or brackets shall be permitted.
Strength design in flexure (strain)410.3 Design Assumptions410.3.1 Strength design of members for
flexure and axial loads shall be based on assumptions given in Sections 410.3.2 through 410.3.7 and on
satisfaction of applicable conditions of equilibrium and compatibility of strains.
410.3.2 Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportional to the distance from
the neutral axis, except that, for deep flexural beams as defined in Section 410.8.1, an analysis that considers
a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be used. Alternatively, it shall be permitted to use a strut-and-tie
model.
410.3.3 Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed equal to 0.003.
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS CEMENT
(a) Physical Properties of Cement
1. Fineness of Cement - Fineness of cement is a measure of the size of particles of cement. Fineness is
measured by doing sieve analysis or air permeability method or by sedimentation method. In sieve analysis,
the sizes of cement particles are measured and in air permeability test, fineness of cement is mostly
measured by specific surface area. For the particular weight of cement, higher the fineness of cement, higher
the specific surface area of the cement. When water is added to the finer cement, higher specific surface
area helps to increase the rate of hydration which ultimately results into the early and better development
204
of strength.2. Soundness of Cement - Soundness is the ability of cement to retain its volume while
hardening. Cement is tested for its soundness by Le Chatelier Test and Autoclave Test. To know more, read
Soundness of cement. This is important, because if the volume increase or decrease after hardening, it will
become difficult to use it.
3. Consistency of Cement - Consistency of cement is the ability of cement paste (cement + water) to flow
under normal condition. Dry Mortar (mix of cement and sand) or Dry concrete (mix of cement, sand and
aggregates) needs optimum water to comes into workable condition. Thus, optimum water-cement ratio
should be maintained to get the workable cement paste.4. Strength of Cement - Cement hydrates, archives
cohesion and gets strength after solidifying when mixed with water. Basically, it is cement, which makes
mortar/concrete strong and durable. Hence in mortar/concrete, cement is the material which provides
strength to them and make the structure durable and strong. Hence, It is advisable to check the strength of
cement before it is being used for construction. To check the strength, read how to test the compressive
strength of cement.
5. Setting Time of Cement - It is a time, in which water and cement react with each other and finally, the
paste hardens. In other word, it is the time in which mortar or concrete should be prepared, transported,
placed and hardened. At the time of preparation of mortar or concrete, when the water reacts with cement,
the mix attains plasticity within the first 30 minutes. This time is known as initial setting time of cement.
Cement paste in the form of mortar or concrete completely lose its plasticity generally after 10 hours (600
minutes) which is known as final setting time of cement. Hence initial and final setting time of cement
should be checked to get the best quality of mortar or concrete work on site. To know in detail, read Setting
Time of Cement.
6. Heat of Hydration - To use cement in any construction work, it is necessary to mix the cement with water.
When water is mixed with cement, the reaction between the water and cement cause the generation of the
205
heat. This process of heat generation is known as heat of hydration. It is very critical in mass concrete work
or in work in hot climate.
7. Loss of Ignition (LOI) - Cement losses its weight when it is being heated at 900 to 1000 0C. This loss of
weight upon heating is calculated as loss of ignition. Loss on ignition shows the pre-hydration or
carbonation of cement due to prolonged or improper storage (exposure to atmosphere). Pre-hydration of
cement reduce the strength of cement and influences the setting time of cement. Carbonation of cement
causes a change in strength, porosity, pore size distribution, and chemistry in cement
paste/concrete/mortar.8. Bulk Density of Cement is the volume taken up by the cement plus any air trapped
between the particles. Generally, cement has 1000 to 1300 Kg/Cum of bulk density.9. Specific Gravity of
Cement - Normally specific gravity is defined as the ratio between the weight of a given volume of material
(cement) and weight of an equal volume of water. Generally, Portland cement have a specific gravity of
value around 3.15. The value of specific gravity is change with change in type of cement. (b) Chemical
Properties of Cement
Cement contains multiple ingredients as its raw material like lime, silica, alumina, iron oxide etc. These
ingredients interact with one another in the kiln during the manufacturing process and make a complex
compound (Cement). The concrete or mortar should be recognized as best, if the chemical composition of
the cement is well proportioned. Sometimes structures may fail to perform well during their service life.
This happens due to the use of bad quality of cement during the construction.
AGGREGATES
Aggregates used in concrete may be fine aggregates (usually sand) and coarse aggregates (usually gravel
or crushed stone). Fine aggregates are those that passes through a No. 4 sieve (about 6 mm in size). Materials
retained are coarse aggregates. The nominal maximum sizes of coarse aggregate are specified in Section
206
5.3.3 of NSCP. These are follows: 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms, 1/3 the depth of
slabs, or 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars, or
prestressing tendons or ducts. These limitations may not be applied if, in the judgment the Engineer,
workability and methods of consolidation are such that concrete can be placed without honeycomb or voids.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MOLDING SANDS
1. Green strength - The green sand, after water has been mixed into it, must have adequate strength and
plasticity for making and handling of the mold.2. Dry strength - As a casting is poured, sand adjacent to the
hot metal quickly loses its water a
steam. The dry sand must have strength to resist erosion, and also the metallostatic pressure of the molten
metal, or else the mold may enlarge.3. Hot strength - After the moisture has evaporated, the sand may be
required to possess strength at some elevated temperature, above 100°C. Metallostatic pressure of the liquid
‐metal bearing against the mold walls may cause mold enlargement, or if the metal is still flowing, erosion,
cracks, or breakage may occur unless the sand possesses adequate hot strength.4. Permeability - Heat from
the casting causes a green ‐sand mold to evolve a great deal of steam and other gases. The mold must be
permeable, i.e. porous, to permit the gases to pass off, or the casting will contain gas holes.5. Thermal
stability - Heat from the casting causes rapid expansion of the sand surface at the mold‐ metal interface.
The mold surface may then crack, buckle, or flake off (scab) unless the molding sand is relatively stable
dimensionally under rapid heating.
6. Refractoriness - Higher pouring temperatures, such as those for ferrous alloys at 2400 to 3200 F, require
greater refractoriness of the sand. Low‐ pouring‐temperature metals, for example, aluminum, poured at
1300 F, do not require a high degree of refractoriness from the sand.7. Flowability - The sand should
respond to molding processes.
207
8. Produces good casting finish.9. Collapsibility - Heated sand which becomes hard and rocklike is difficult
to remove from the casting and may cause the contracting metal to tear or crack.
10. Is reusable11. Offers ease of sand preparation and control12. Removes heat from the cooling casting
Properties of Hollow Concrete Blocks01. Moisture Movement: Not more than 0.09%
02. Water Absorption: Not more than 10%
03. Drying Shrinkage: Not more than 0.06%
04. Compressive Strength:
•For Grade A: 3.5 to 15.0 N/mm2
•For Grade B: 3.5 and 5.0 N/mm205. Density: •For Grade A: 1500 kg/m3
•For Grade-B: 1100 kg/m3 to 1500 kg/m3
STEEL ROOF DECK
Deck units are to be fabricated from sheet steel conforming to ASTM A653 SS Grade 40 with a galvanized
coating.
DESIGN CRITERIA TO BE USED IN THE DESIGN OF MEMBERS
LOADINGS: Uniform Load
a. Dead Load (Section 204.1)
Concrete = 23.56 kN/cu.m
Steel = 76.93
150 mm CHB Wall = 2.73 kPa
208
100 mm CHB Wall = 2.11 kPa
Ceiling (Plaster on Tile or concrete) = 0.24 kPa
Floor finishing = 0.75 kPa
b. Live Loads (Section 205.3 Floor Live loads)
Toilets= 1.9 kPa
Corridors on ground= 4.8 kPa
Corridors above ground= 3.8 kPa
Storage (Light Wt)= 6 kPa
Stair= 4.8 kPa
DESIGN STRESSES:
a. Concrete for beams, slab on fill
Compressive Strength @ 28 days fc’ = 21 MPa
b. Reinforcing Steel Bars; Bars less than 16 mm Ø (Grade 33.) fy = 227 MPa
Bars more than 16 mm Ø (Grade 40) fy = 275 MPa
209

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St.

“Proposed Construction of Four (4) Storey Commercial and Dormitory

A Civil Engineering Project

The Faculty of the Engineering and Technology Department

St. Anthony’s College

San Jose, dB Antique 5700

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

II. Project Profile 3

III. Technical Aspects of the Project

Design and Analysis 58

will be very well planned.

any construction or installation. This clearance includes the Environmental Compliance

government shall be secured.

a Four-Storey Dormitory and Commercial Building is proposed to be constructed in the province

rates, PERT CPM, S-curve, economics analysis, and code of ethics.

analysis, and code of ethics.

Proposed Scope of Work

located at Prinsipe Street, Barangay 1, San Jose, Antique.

The scope of work is as follows:

II. A Structural Excavation

II. B Filling and Compaction.

There will be slab on fill in the main floor, CR and ramp.

II. C Concrete Works

and parking area.

II. A. 4. A Column Footing

There are 17 units of column footing and has a dimension of 2.50m

x 2.50m x 0.35 m and 8 units combined footing with dimensions of

In the first floor there are 25 columns and has a dimension of

x 0.31m), B2 (0.23m x 0.31m), B3 (0.20m x 0.31m), B4 (0.10m x

0.31m), B5 (0.20m x 0.31m) bars, G1 (0.20m x 0.31m), G2 (0.275m

x 0.31m), G3 (0.225m x 0.31m), G4 (0.20m x 0.31m), RB (0.20m x

II. A. 4. D Slab on Fill

of (3.87m x 4.0m x 0.1m - 2 units), (4.34m x 4.0m x 0.1m - 2 units),

(3.0m x 4.8m x 0.1m - 1 unit), and (3.0m x 3.6m x 0.1m - 1 unit),

CR (3.6m x 4.5m x 0.1m – 2 units “PWD”) and (2.2m x 1.25m x

0.1m - 1 unit), porch (26.35m x 1.5m x 0.1m), and ramp.

II. A. 4. E Parking area

Parking area has a dimension of 16.00 m x 6.00m

a rise of 0.15 m and 0.30 run.

II. D Rebar Works

II. A. 5. A Column Footing

In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 20 mm ᴓ and #16

II. A. 5. B Wall Footing

In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 12 mm ᴓ

(longitudinal and transversal) and #16 Tie Wire.

In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 16 mm ᴓ and

10mm ᴓ for the ties and #16 Tie Wire.

In this item of work, the main bar to be used is 20 mm ᴓ and

10mmᴓ for the stirrups and #16 Tie Wire.

II. A. 5. E Slab on Fill

II. A. 5. F Parking Area

II. E Forms and Scaffolding

Scaffolding is a temporary structure of wooden poles and planks providing

platform for workers to stand on while erecting or repairing of building. It is

further defined as a temporary framework for other purposes.

Lumber, 2" x 3" x 12" Coco Lumber.

II. F Masonry Works

In this item of work, the total area to be used is 192m2.

II. G Cement Plaster

In this item of work, the total area to be plastered is 288m2.

II. H Semi-Gloss Tiles

semi-gloss tiles is 0.3m x 0.3m.

II. I Septic Tank