DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION

Natural frequency
- Also known as eigenfrequency, is the frequency at which a system tends to oscillate in
the absence of any driving or damping force. The motion pattern of a system oscillating at its
natural frequency is called the normal mode.

ω=
√ k 
m

Structural Vibrations
- Most buildings are mounted on top of special rubber pads, which are intended to isolate
the building from ground vibrations.  The figure below shows vibration isolators being installed
under the floor of a building during construction

Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge

- This bridge, constructed in the 1940s, was at the time the longest suspension bridge in the
world.  Because it was a new design, it suffered from an unforeseen source of vibrations.  In high wind,
the roadway would exhibit violent torsional vibrations, as shown in the picture below.
Force vibration of SDOF system:

Mass (m)

- is a fundamental property of matter and is present in all physical systems.

Stiffness (k)

- it makes the structure more rigid, lessens the dynamic effects and makes it more dependent on
static forces and displacements.

Damping (c)

- is usually determined from experimental results or values assumed from experience.

mẍ - or Inertial resistance
- Force required to accelerate a mass.
- F = ma
cẋ - or Damping resistance
- Force required to move a body to a viscous fluid or overcome frictional resistance.
- F = cv
kx - or Spring resistance
- Static force required to displace a structure by x
- F = kx

mẍ(t)+cẋ(t)+kx(t) = F(t)
Wind Turbine Example
Displacement Speed Acceleration

Natural frequency:

Natural Frequency in rad/sec

Natural Frequency in Hz

Natural period in seconds

Resonant frequency (ω )
- Resonant frequency is the forcing frequency at which deformation magnification factor
( Rd ) is maximum.

Resonant frequency ratio (r ) or turning factor:

Resonant frequency ( ω ) 
r=
Natural Frequency ( ω )   

where:
2 πN
ω= rad/sec
60

N = RPM

ω=
√ k
m

Magnification Factor ( Rd ) or Deformation response factor:

- It is the maximum value of dynamic load factor

Maximum Dynamic Displacement
Magnification factor =
Static Displacement

Where:
The value of Magnification Factor is of the interest of the designer.
- A Magnification Factor of 3 means that all maximum displacement, forces and stresses
due to dynamic load will be thrice the value obtained from static analysis.

ω 
If is small
ω   
Rd is slightly greater than 1, and amplitude is same as static deformation, then response is
controlled by stiffness of the system.
ω 
If > √2
ω   
Rd > 1 and dynamic deformation is less than static deformation, then response is
controlled by mass of the system.
ω 
If is close to 1
ω   
Rd is many times larger than 1 and dynamic deformation is much larger than static
deformation. Then response is controlled by damping of the system.

For Force undamped vibration:

For Force damped vibration:

Transmissibility (T ¿¿ r)¿
- Structures are often connected to the foundation by springs ang dampers, the main purpose
behind it is to reduce the transmission of force to the foundation.

FT 0
The ratio of the transmitted force is defined as the transmissibility (T ¿¿ r)¿
F0

Alternatively:
Max mass displacement
Transmissibility (T ¿¿ r )= ¿
Max support displacement

Phase angle: