CBSE Examination Paper 2017 (All India)

(Detailed Solutions)

Physics
Class 12th
SET-I
1. For same length and same radius, resistance of wire Difference between diffraction and interference
patterns are
R µr (r : resistivity)
(i) In interference pattern, all maximas and all
As rnichrome > rcopper minimas are of same width but in diffraction
Hence, resistance of nichrome section is more. pattern, width of central maxima is
In series, same current flows through both sections and maximum and for successive maximas, it
goes on decreasing.
heat produced = I 2Rt .
(ii) In interference pattern, each maxima have
So, more heat is produced in nichrome section of wire. same intensity while in diffraction pattern,
2. Yes, electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum. intensity of central maxima is highest and it
h 1 decreases rapidly for successive maximas.
Momentum, p = and energy density = e 0E 2 Or
l 2
The figure when unpolarised light beam is
3. Wavelength of violet light is smaller than that of red light. passed through polaroid light is shown below.
Also, angle of minimum deviation,
Unpolarised light P1
dm = (m - 1)A Þ dm µ m
As, m R < m V Þ (dm )R < (dm )V Polarised light
P2
As, deviation is less for red light, hence angle of I0
deviation decreases. 2
I0
4. Photoelectric effect is the phenomemon which shows θ I′= cos2 θ
2
quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation.
By law of Malus,
5. The polarity of the capacitor shown below. I0
intensity received after P2 = I ¢ = cos 2 q.
2
Variation of intensity with angle q is shown
+A below.
S N –B
S N
Intensity

I0
2
From Lenz's law, induced current produces same polarity
as that of approaching pole. So, plate A will have + ve
polarity and plate B will have -ve polarity.
π Angle
π
O θ=0º θ= 2 θ=π θ= 3 θ=2π (θ)
6. Intensity pattern for single slit diffraction is shown below 2
Intensity
7. (i) 10 -12m - 10 -8m = .01Å-100Å (X-ray).
Imax
It is used in crystallography.
(ii) 10 -3m - 10 -1m = 0 .1 cm - 10 cm (Radio
waves).
θ It is used in radio communication.
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–λ O λ Angular
a a
position 8. A diagram in which particle moves in magnetic
and electric field is shown below
Intensity pattern for double slit interference pattern is shown.
Intensity B
+ + + +
Im E v> E
B E
v=
V B
E
v<
– – – – B
Path
–3Dλ –λ –Dλ O Dλ λ 3Dλ difference
2d 2d 2d 2d Forces on a charged particle are
 Fe = electric force = qE As USB = fc + fm = 660 kHz
Fm = magnetic force = Bqv and LSB = fc - fm = 640 kHz
For a particle to go straight without any deflection;
\ 2 fc = 660 + 640 = 1300
E
Fe = Fm Þ qE = Bqv Þ v = So, carrier frequency
B
fc = 650 kHz and 2 fm = 20 kHz
E
In this way, particles having speed, v = are Message frequency is, fm = 10 kHz
B
separated. Bandwidth of frequencies required
9. Given, energy of electron beam, E = 12.5 eV = USB - LSB = 660 - 640 = 20 kHz
hc
Comparing with E = , we get 13. (i) The given diagram shown below.
l
(1240 eV-nm)
Þ E= = 12.5 eV
l +5 V
[Q hc = 1240 eV nm]
1240
\Wavelength, l = nm = 992. nm = 992Å The circuit above can be redrawn as follows
12.5
This wavelength corresponds to “Lyman series” of
hydrogen atom.
R
10. (i) For making permanent magnets, we need high
coercivity and high retentivity in material.
(ii) For electromagnet, we need a ferromagnetic
As the p-section is connected to negative terminal
substance of low retentivity and low coercivity.
of the battery, the diode shown is reverse biased.
V2
11. (i) Heat produced per second = I 2R = (ii) During the first half of input cycle, the upper end of
R the coil is at positive potential and lower end at
So, when voltage is made three times, heat negative potential. The function diode D1 is
produced increase nine times for same R. forward biased and D2 in reverse biased. Current
E 12 flows in output load in the direction shown in
(ii) Current in the circuit is, I = = = 2A
R + r 4+ 2 figure due to diode D1 only. During the second half
Also, terminal voltage across the cell, of input cycle, D2 is forward biased. In this way,
V = E - Ir = 12 - 2 ´ 2 = 8 V current flows in the load in the single direction as
So, ammeter reading = 2A shown in figure due to diode D2 only.
and voltmeter reading = 8 V D1

12. (i) For amplitude modulation, a message signal is

used to modulate amplitude of a high frequency
wave in input transistor of ‘E’ amplifier. ~
m (t)
Output

t
Circuit diagram of full wave rectifier

14. To explain photoelectric effect, Einstein postulated

c(t) that emission of photoelectron was the result of the
t
interaction of a single photon with an electron, in
Message signal is superimposed over
which the photon is completely absorbed by the
carrier in form of amplitude variation electron. The minimum amount of energy required to
eject an electron out of the metal surface is called
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c[m(t)] work function of the metal (W ).

t
Hence, when photon of energy hn is absorbed by an
electron, the amount of energy W is used up in
In this way, a modulated wave is obtained
liberating the electron and the difference hv - W
The output voltage is carrier signal varying in becomes available to the electron in the form of
amplitude in accordance with biasing modulation æ1 ö
voltage. kinetic energy ç mv 2 ÷ .
è2 ø
(ii) Given, USB frequency = 660 kHz
1 1
and LSB frequency = 640 kHz Hence, mv 2 = hn - W Þ hn = W + mv 2
2 2
 Features not explained by wave theory. N2f B1
= constant = M
I. The intensity of incident radiation does not I1
change the kinetic energy of the ejected electron. = mutual inductance of IInd coil w.r.t I st.
II. The ejection of electron is instantaneous when a
So, we have
radiation of frequency above threshold is used.
N2B1 A2 n2 I (m 0n1 I1 )A2
M = M21 = = = m 0 n1 n2 A2I
15. (i) In refraction, frequency remains same so, I1 I1
frefracted beam = fincident beam Also, A2 = A1 = A (they are wound over same core).
v fl l
Also, m 21 = 1 = 1 = 1 [Q v = f l ] Hence, M = m 0 n1 n2 Al (Henry)
v2 f l 2 l 2
We can re-write the above eq. as,
v1 3 ´ 10 8 m N NA
Þ v2 = = = 2 .25 ´ 10 8 ms-1 M= 0 1 2
m 21 .
133 l
l 589 Or
\ l2 = 1 =
m 21 133. Self inductance is the property of a coil by virtue of
= 442.85 » 443 nm which coil opposes any change in the strength of
So, wavelength of reflected beam » 443 nm and the current flowing through it by inducing an emf in
its speed = 2. 25 ´ 10 8 ms-1 itself. It is defined as for a solenoid or coil as the
number of flux linkages per unit current.
(ii) For a biconvex lens, using lens maker’s formula,
Nf B
1 æ 1 1ö \ Self inductance, L =
= (m - 1) ç - ÷ I
f è R1 R2 ø
Energy stored in a solenoid or inductor
Here, f = 20 cm, m = 155. Nf B
As L= Þ Nf B = L I ...(i)
R1 = + R and R2 = - R I
\ We have, and rate of change of flux = induced emf
1 2 d d
= (m - 1) So, E = induced emf = Nf B = LI
f R dt dt
. - 1) ´ 20 = 22 cm
Þ R = 2(m - 1)f = 2 ´ (155 [from Eq. (i)]
\ Radius of 22 cm is required. For a charge dq flowing through inductor,
16. Mutual Inductance When two coils (or solenoids) are d
work done, dW = E dq = L I × dq
mutually coupled, then change in current of first coil dt
causes a change in flux of second coil and as a result, dq
Þ dW = LdI
an emf is induced in second coil. This process is called dt
mutual induction. dq æ dq ö
Þ W = ò dW = ò L (dI ) = Lò IdI ç\ = I÷
Mutual inductance is the number of flux linkages of dt è dt ø
second coil per unit current in first coil. 1 2
LI
=
(N f ) 2
M = M12 = M21 = 2 B II
(I )I 1
So, energy stored = L I 2
Its unit is Henry. 2
For 2 long solenoids, assuming perfect coupling, 17. (i) A metre bridge is based upon principle of wheat
S1 stone’s bridge.

P Q

G
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l R S

S2

Two long co-axial solenoids

of same length l P R
Under balance (Ig = 0 ) condition, =
As, flux linked with II solenoid µ current in I
nd st Q S
solenoid. In case of a meter bridge, R is unknown resistance
\ N2f B1 µ I1 of wire and S is known resistance respectively.
 and send them to collector. It also regulates the flow
of majority carriers in the circuit.
(ii) Output of an AND gate is at high potential when both
inputs A and B are supplied with high potential. So,
wave form is
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8

(Input) A
R S
In balance condition, =
l1 100 - l1
(ii) In given metre bridge, initially (Input) B
R S
= …(i)
l1 100 - l1
When a resistance X is placed in parallel with S, (Output)
SX
then net resistance in gap =
S + X
So, in balance (with S and X are in parallel), Truth table for above logic gate.
æ SX ö
ç ÷ Time Input Output
R èS + X ø
= …(ii)
l2 100 - l2 interval A B Y
Substitute the value of R from eq. (i) to eq. (ii), t1 - t 2 0 0 0
we get
t2 - t3 1 0 0
l1 X
=
l2(100 - l1 ) (S + X )(100 - l2 ) t3 - t4 1 1 1
ì l (100 - l1 )ü t4 - t5 0 1 0
Þ S + X = Xí 2 ý
î l1(100 - l2 )þ t5 - t6 0 0 0
S l (100 - l1 )
Þ + 1= 2 t6 - t7 1 0 0
X l1(100 - l2 )
S l2(100 - l1 ) - l1(100 - l2 ) t7 - t8 0 1 0
Þ =
X l1(100 - l2 ) 20. (i) An astronomical telescope is an optical instrument
Sl1(100 - l2 ) which is used for observing distinct images of
Þ X= W
100(l2 - l1 ) heavenly bodies like planets, stars, etc. It has two
convex lens (objective and eye lens) placed
18. Block diagram for a generalised communication coaxially and separated by some distance in normal
system is shown below adjustment. Final image is formed at infinity as
Message
Noise singal
depicted below.
Transmitter Receiver Objective lens
Intelligent Output fo fe
Channel Parall
information from oel rays Eye lens
infinity bject at
(i) Transmitter Amplifies, converts intelligent
information into suitable form (electrical) and α B fo, fe
C1 α I β C2 Eye
modulates it, so that it is suitable to transmit
through channel of propagation. a ge
im
al inity
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(ii) Channel Medium by which the signal to pass in

F inf
through it with least possible attenuation. at

(iii) Receiver Amplifies, demodulates and
converts information into a form which is
suitable for receiver (user).
19. The functions of all these segments of transistor
are given below.
(i) The emitter supplies the majority carriers for
current flow. The collector collects them. The
base acts as an accelerator for charge carriers
The final image is magnified and inverted
(ii) In the astronomical telescope, aperture of objective
must be greater than eyepeice. Therefore, possible
combinations are (L1 and L 3) or (L1 and L 2). Also,
focal length of the objective (fo ) must be greater than
that of eyepeice (fe ).
1 1
\ fo > fe Þ < Þ Po < Pe
fo fe
 \ Power of objective (Po ) must be less than m 0 2 p I1
BP = ´ (along vertically upwards)
power of eyepiece (Pe ). 4p R
Now, for (L1 and L 3) combination, m I
= 01
æ fo ö P 10 2R
ç ÷ = e =
è fe ø 1 Po 3 Magnetic field due to circular wire Q,
m 2 pI 2
For (L1 and L 2) combination, BQ = 0 ´ (along horizontal towards left)
4p R
æ fo ö P m I
ç ÷ = e = 0 2
è fe ø 2 Po 2R
6 æf ö Net magnetic field at the common centre of the two
= =2 < ç o÷
3 è fe ø 1 coils,
2 2
Thus, the best combination of the lenses æm I ö æm I ö
B = BP2 + BQ2 Þ B = ç 0 1 ÷ + ç 0 2 ÷
is (L1 and L 3). è 2R ø è 2R ø
2
21. (i) Biot-Savart’s Law This law deals with the æm ö
B = ç 0 ÷ (I12 + I 22 )
magnetic field induction at a point due to a small è 2R ø
current element (a part of any conductor carrying m0
current). Þ B= I12 + I 22
2R
Y Current
4p ´ 10 -7
element B= (1)2 + ( 3 )2
θ
2´R
Idl 4p ´ 10 -7
r B= Tesla
R
P dB
Resultant magnetic field makes angle q with
direction of BQ , which is given by
BP 1
tan q = = Þ q = 30°
X BQ 3
According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnitude of
22. The given figure is shown below.
magnetic field intensity (dB) at a point P due to a
S
current element is given by,
idl sin q
dB µ
r2 E A B
This relation is called Biot-Savart’s law.
If conductor is placed in air or vacuum, then
m idl sin q When switch S is closed, the potential difference
dB = 0 across capacitors A and B are same
4p r2
m0 Q Q
where, is a proportionality constant, m 0 is the i.e. V= A = B
4p C C
permeability of free space. Initial charges on capacitors
m 0 = 4p ´ 10 -7 Tm/A or weber/ ampere-metre. QA = QB = CV
Thus, in vector notation When the dielectric is introduced, the new
idl ´ r m idl ´ r capacitance of either capacitor
dB µ 3 = 0 . 3
r 4p r C ¢ = KC
The above expression holds when the medium is As switch S is opened, the potential difference
vacuum. The magnitude of this field is across capacitor A remains same (V volts).
m Idl sin q Let potential difference across capacitor B be V ¢.
|dB| = 0 .
4p r2 When dielectric is introduced with switch S open (i.e.
(ii) battery disconnected), the charges on capacitor B
Q remains unchanged, so
Bnet
BP QB = CV = C ¢ V ¢
BQ P C V
Þ V ¢ = V = volt
I C¢ K
Initial energy of both capacitors
1 1
Magnetic field due to circular wire P, U i = CV 2 + CV 2 = CV 2
2 2
 Final energy of both capacitors 1
(ii) E µ . As r will increase, E will sharply
1 1 r3
U f = C ¢ V 2 + C ¢ V ¢2 decreases. The shape of the graph will be as
2 2
2 given in the figure.
1 1 æV ö
= (KC ) V 2 + (KC ) ç ÷
2 2 èKø
1 2 é 1 ù 1 2 æ K 2 + 1ö
= CV êë K + = CV ç ÷ E
2 K úû 2 è K ø
Ui CV 2 2K
= = 2 O r
Uf æ
1 2 K +1 2
ö K +1
CV ç ÷ (iii) When the dipole were kept in a uniform electric
2 è K ø field E0. The torque acting on dipole, t = p ´ E
23. (i) Installation at chernobyl is a pressurised fusion +q
reactor. Possible cause of disaster is melt down of
core due to excessive heat development, which
E
occurs when k (multiplication factor) become
more than 1. θ
–q
(ii) In a fusion reaction,
energy released = (mass defect) ´ c 2.
I. If q = 0°, then t = 0, p || E
(iii) According to Asha—subject knowledge and
knowledge sharing.
According to Asha’s Mother—awareness and E

inquisition.
–q +q
24. (i) Electric field due to dipole at axial point
We have to calculate the field intensity E at a The dipole is in stable equilibrium.
point P on the axial line of the dipole at distance II. If q = 180°, then t = 0, p || -E
OP = x from the centre O of the dipole.
A O B EA EB
–q +q E
P
2l
r–l +q –q
r
r+l The dipole is in unstable equilibrium.
Resultant electric field intensity at the point P is Or
EP = EA + EB (i) According to the question, s is the surface charge
The vectors EA and EB are collinear and opposite. density of the sheet. From symmetry, E on either side
\ EP = EB - EA of the sheet must be perpendicular to the plane of the
1 q sheet, having same magnitude at all points equidistant
Here, EA = × ; from the sheet. We take a cylinder of cross-sectional
4pe 0 (r + l )2 area A and length 2r as the Gaussian surface. On the
1 q curved surface of the cylinder, E and n$ are
EB = ×
4pe 0 (r - l )2 perpendicular to each other. Therefore, the flux through
the curved surface of the cylinder = 0.
1é q q ù
\ EP = ê 2
- ú
4pe 0
ë ( r - l ) ( r + l )2 û ++
^
n + ^
n
+ ++
1 4q r l +
= × E
+ ++
E
4pe 0 (r 2 - l 2 )2 +
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^
n + ++ ^
n
+
1 2 p× r + ++
\ EP = × [\ p = 2ql ] n + n
4pe 0 (r 2 - l 2 )2 r + ++ r

If the length of dipole is short i.e. 2 l << r, then Flux through the flat surfaces = EA + EA = 2 EA
2p
EP = The total electric flux over the entire surface of cylinder
4pe 0 × r 3
f E = 2 EA
The direction of EP is along BP produced. So, Total charge enclosed by the cylinder, q = sA
1
EP µ 3 According to Gauss’ law, ò E × dA
r
 q Phasor diagram
Þ fE =
e0
E E0
sA
Þ 2 AE = I
e0 π/2
s ωt
or E= X′ X
2e 0 Current leads emf by π/2 radians
E is independent of r, the distance of the point from Or
the plane charged sheet. E at any point is directed (i) The labelled diagram of AC generator is shown
away from the sheet for positive charge and directed below.
towards the sheet in case of negative charge. Refer to Delhi set Q. 24.
(ii) Surface charge density of the uniform plane sheet Let at any moment t, the perpendicular vector to
which is infinitely large = + s. The electric potential (V ) the plane of coil makes angle q with the direction
due to infinite sheet of uniform charge density + s of magnetic flux.
- sr So, for the coil, instantaneous flux is,
V=
2e0 f B = N B × A = NBAcos q
The amount of work done in bringing a point charge q = BNA cos wt
from infinite to point, at distance r in front of the [Q q = wt , w is angular frequency]
charged plane sheet. d d
Induced emf, e = - fB = - (NBA cos wt)
- sr s r ×q¢ dt dt
W = q ¢ ´ V = q ¢× =- Joule
2e0 2e0 = - (- NBA w sin wt )
25. (i) Device X is a capacitor. or e = NBA w sin wt volt
p Maximum value of the e is attained when,
As, the current is leading voltage by radians.
2 sin wt = ±1
(ii) Curve A represents power. So, emax = NBAw
Curve B represents voltage. So, e = emax sin wt
Curve C represents current; (ii) Instantaneous emf induced in conducting rod
As, E (t ) = E0 sin wt e = Blv volt
Current, I (t ) = I 0 cos wt (As rod is falling perpendicularly to B)
As, in the case of capacitor, Here, B = BH = 0 .3 ´ 10 -4 T
æ pö
= I 0 sin ç wt + ÷ (current is leading voltage) l = 10 m
è 2ø
v = 5 ms -1
Average power, P = E (t ) I (t ) = E0I 0 cos f / 2
So, induced emf,
where, f = phase difference
e = 0 .3 ´ 10 -4 ´ 10 ´ 5 = 1 .5 ´ 10 -3 V = 15
. mV
1
(iii) As, Xc = capacitive reactance =
Cw 26. (i) Wavefront A wavefront is the locus of all
where, w is angular frequency. particles oscillating in same phase (a surface of
So, reactance or impedance decreases with constant phase) of oscillations. A line
increase in frequency. perpendicular to a wavefront is called a ray.
Graph of XC versus w is shown below, Laws of refraction (Snell’s Law) at a plane
surface by Huygens’ principle.
XC
Let 1, 2, 3 be the incident rays and 1¢ , 2 ¢ , 3¢ be the
corresponding refracted rays.
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N 3 N′

ω 2 incident
wave B
1 front
E Rarer medium
(iv) For a capacitor fed with an AC supply Medium 1
i
v1 , µ 1
i F C
q X
Medium 2 r Y
V= or q = CV A Denser medium
v2 , µ 2
C G r
dq Eo æ pö Refracted
\ I= = sin ç wt + ÷ D wavefront
dt Xc è 2ø 2′
3′
1′
 If v1, v2 are the speed of light in the two mediums Or
and t is the time taken by light to go from B to C to (i) Combination of thin lenses in contact Consider
D or E to G through F, then two lens A and B of focal length f1 and f2 placed in
EF FG contact with each other. An object is placed at a
t = +
v1 v2 point O beyond the focus of the first lens A. The
EF first lens produces an image at l1 (virtual image),
In D AFE , sin i = which serves as a virtual object for the second
AF
lens B, producing the final image at l.
FG
In D FGC, sin r = A B
FC
AF sin i FC sin r
or t = + P
v1 v2 O l1
l
v
AC sin r æ sin i sin r ö u v1
or t = + AF ç - ÷
v2 è v1 v2 ø Since, the lenses are thin, we assume the optical
For rays of light from different parts on the incident centres (P ) of the lenses to be co-incident.
wavefront, the values of AF are different. But light For the image formed by the first lens A, we obtain
from different points of the incident wavefront 1 1 1
- = ...(i)
should take the same time to reach the v1 u f1
corresponding points on the refracted wavefront. For the image formed by the second lens B, we
So, t should not depend upon AF. obtain
This is possible only, if 1 1 1
- = …(ii)
sin i sin r sin i v1 v v1 f2
- =0; = =m
v1 v2 sin r v2 Adding eqs. (i) and (ii), we obtain
Now, if c represents the speed of light in vacuum, 1 1 1 1
- = + …(iii)
c c v u f1 f2
then m1 = and m 2 = are known as the
v1 v2 If the two lens system is regarded as equivalent to
refractive indices of medium 1 and medium 2, a single lens of focal length f.
respectively. 1 1 1
We have, - = …(iv)
sin i v u f
Then, m1 sin i = m 2 sin r Þ m =
sin r From eqs. (iii) and (iv), we obtain
1 1 1
This is known as Snell’s law of refraction. = + ...(v)
f f1 f2
(ii) Polarisation also occurs when light is scattered
while travelling through a medium. When light In terms of power, eq. (v) can be written as
strikes the atoms of a material, it will often set the P = P1 + P2
electrons of those atoms into vibration. The (ii) According to the question
vibrating electrons then produce its own 3
electromagnetic wave that is radiated outward in A = 60°; i = ´ 60° = 45°;
4
all directions. This newly generated wave strikes
neighbour atoms, forcing their electrons into At minimum deviation, angle of incidence = angle
vibrations at the same original frequency. of emergent i.e., Þ i = e
These vibrating electrons produce another electro- A + dm = i + e = 45° + 45°; 60° + dm = 90°
magnetic wave that is once again radiated outward Þ dm = 30°
in all directions. This absorption and re-emission of Using prism formula,
light wave causes the light to be scattered about the æ A + dm ö æ 60° + 30° ö
medium. The scattered light is partially polarised. sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
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m= =
From Brewster’s law, sin A / 2 sin 60° /2
m = tan i p sin 45° 1 2
= = ´ = 2 = 141 .
where, i p = Brewster’s angle sin 30° 2 1
Given, m = 15. c
Also, m =
15
. = tan i p v
æ 3ö c 3 ´ 10 8
i p = tan -1 ç ÷ v= = = 2.12 ´ 10 8 m/s
è2ø m .
141
 SET-II
1. By applying Lenz's law, we can find out direction of II. It has large resolving power to see even the
current in the coil. On the right hand side coil, South fine details of distant stars due to large
pole is approaching towards the coil, so at end C, aperture of mirror.
South pole will be produced and on the left hand 15. (i) When we increase the intensity of incident
side, North pole is moving away, so at end Q coil, radiation in a photocell, there is increase in
South pole will be produced. number of photons. Each photon creates a pair of
electron hole which is responsible for current in
\ In CD coil, current produced will be clockwise.
photo cell. Therefore, increase in number of
In PQ coil, current produced will be photon results in increase in current in photo cell.
anti-clockwise.
(ii) Einstein equation for photoelectric effect is
2. Relation between the speed of electromagnetic hf f 0
waves in terms of amplitudes of electric and magnetic eV0 = hf - f 0Þ V0 = -
e e
fields is given below. In this equation, f and V0 are variables.
Speed of electromagnetic waves Comparing it with the equation of a straight
Amplitude of electric field line
= f
Amplitude of magnetic field y = mx + c Þ m = h / e and c = 0
E e
i.e. v= 0 So, graph between f and V0 will be a straight
B0 h
line with slope equal to , which is constant
9. Lyman series, n = 2, 3, 4… to n = 1 e
and it does not depend on nature of surface.
For short wavelength, n = ¥ to n = 1
(iii) When we increase the intensity of incident
12375 radiation, only the number of photon gets
Energy, E =
l( Å) increased. There is no change in the energy of
12375 individual photon. Therefore, kinetic energy of
= eV = 13 . 54 eV
913.4 photoelectrons remain unchanged.
13 . 54 16. (i) D1 diode is forward biased, hence current will flow
Also, energy of nth orbit, E =
n2 in B1 bulb and D2 is reverse biased, so there will be
So, energy of n = 1, energy level = 13 . 54 eV no current in B2. Hence, B will glow.
13 . 54 (ii) The diagram of illuminated p-n junction solar cell
Energy of n = 2, energy level = = 3.387 eV is given below.
22
12375
So, short wavelength of Balmer series =
3.387 R
hν
= 3653 Å
Depletion
12. (i) Ray diagram showing the formation of image by layer
reflecting telescope is shown below.

Eyepiece p n
M1 = Parabolic mirror
(iii) I. When light photon reach the junction, the
excited electrons from the valence band to
conduction band creating equal number of
Rays arrive
parallel from holes and electrons.
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very distant II. These electron hole pair move in opposite

object direction due to junction field. Their
movement in opposite direction creates
M2 = Plane mirror
potential difference (photo-voltage).
III. When load is connected in the external circuit,
(ii) Advantage current starts flowing through it due to
I. Due to availability of paraboidal mirror, image photo-voltage.
formed is free from chromatic aberration.
17. (i) Image formation in a compound microscope is IB = constant
shown below
Eyepiece
IC
(mA)
L
fo fe
VCE(v)
Object fo

(ii) t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8
Objective

Final image at infinity

A
(ii) As magnification of a compound microscope is
LD (Input)
m= = LD × Po × Pe (\ P = 1 / f )
fo fe
B
Þ m µ P0 and m µ Pe
(Output)
So, we use eyepiece and objective of largest
possible power but eyepiece must have diameter
more than objective.
So, for objective, we use (L3 ) lens and for
eyepiece, we use (L1 ) lens.
1 2 n sin b Output of an OR gate is a high potential when
(iii) R.P of microscope = =
dmin l either of the input A and B are supplied with
So, R.P µ diameter of objective lens. high potential. So, the waveform is,
1 1
and R.P µ µ Input A Input B
Output
l wavelength of light used (OR gate)
19. (i) The circuit diagram for studying the t1 - t 2 0 0 0
characteristics of a transistor in common emitter
configuration is given below. t2 - t3 1 0 1
IC
t3 - t4 1 1 1
C
– +
mA t4 - t5 0 1 1
IB
B +
+ µA – t5 - t6 0 0 0
VCE –
+ E
VBE VCC t6 - t7 1 0 1
VBB – IE
IB IC
t7 - t8 0 1 1
Logic symbol for OR gate is
Common emitter configuration
A
Input characteristics It is the graph between B
Y
base current IB and base-emitter voltage VBE at
constant collector-emitter voltage VCE . 20. Magnetic field due to circular loop P,
m i
VCE =10 V BP = 0 p
2r
Magnetic field due to circular loop Q,
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IB
(µA) Q

BP Bnet
VBE ( V )

Output characteristics It is the graph BQ P

between collector current Ic and collector
emitter voltage VCE at constant base current I B .

m 0iQ
BQ =
2r
 So, net magnetic field at the common centre of the Resultant magnetic field makes an angle q with BQ
loop is, which is given by,
2 2 B i 3
æm i ö æm i ö tan f = P = P = .
Bnet = BP2 + BQ2 = ç 0 p ÷ + ç 0 Q ÷ BQ iQ 4
è 2r ø è 2r ø
æ 3ö
m0 4p ´ 10 -7 f = tan -1 ç ÷
= i 2Q + i 2Q = ´ 5 = 2 p ´ 10 -5 T è 4ø
2r 2 ´ 5 ´ 10 -2

SET-III
3. 14. (i) n-p-n CE transistor amplifier
Induced current VCE
C
S is clockwise
IB
Ro Vo
I (increasing) B
Vin Ri E
N
Induced current is IE IC
anticlockwise
+ –
4. E and B are perpendicular to direction of propogation VBB
–
VCC
+
of light. Also, direction of propagation is parallel to
(ii) Output voltage without any input is
E ´ B.
Vo = VCC - Ic Ro
Hence, E is along j or + Y axis and B is along k or
+ Z-axis. where, Ic is saturation collector current.
When an alternating input is made at input (base)
8. In steady state, electric flux between plates of a side, during first half of input cycle base is more
capacitor is constant. positive, hence base current increases as a result
So, displacement current is, collector current also increases. So, output
df df voltage decreases.
id = e 0 E and E = 0
dt dt Vi

Þ id = 0 +

phase with input

Output is out of
– t

3
So, there is no current between plates when
Vo
steady state is reached.

2
+
During charging, flux is increasing. t
– 1
df E
\ ¹0
dt
Hence, a displacement current exists in the In next half of input cycle when base bias
df E decreases, IB and Ic also decreases. So, output
capacitor which is id = e 0 . voltage increases.
dt
Voltage gain,
9. Energy levels of H-atom are as shown below
V DI R æ DI ö R R
AV = o = c o = ç c ÷ o = b ac o
–1.51 eV Vi DIB Ri è DIB ø Ri Ri
n=3
λ
–3.4 eV
n=2 18. (i) Variable X is anode potential of photocell.
(ii) Point A represents stopping potential.
–13.6 eV
n=1 (iii) For different frequencies, graph is
Wavelength of spectral line emitted Photocurrent
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hc
Þ l=
DE Intensity is
ν1 same for all
Taking, hc = 1240 eV-nm,
ν2 frequencies
We have, DE = - 1.51 - (- 3.4) ν3
= 1.89 eV
1240 Stopping V01 V02 V03 Anode
\ l= » 656 nm potential potential
189
.
This belongs to ‘Balmer’ spectral series.
 (iv) For different intensities, graph is Working of Photodiode
Photocurrent Photodiode is an opto-electronic device in which
current carriers are generated by photons through
I1 photo excitation, i.e. photo conduction by light. A
I2 photodiode is a special type of p-n juncton diode made
I3
of photosensitive semiconductor material. In such a
frequency is same diode, a provision i.e. transparent window is made to
Stopping
V
Anode allow the light of suitable frequency to fall on it.
potential V0 potential
Suppose, the wavelength is such that the energy of a
photon, hc / l is sufficient to break valence bond.When
21. (i) When S is heated, more electrons and holes are such light falls on the junction, new hole-electron pairs
generated in the semiconductor and its are created. The number of charge carriers increases
resistance decreases, so we have to increase so, the conductivity of p-n junction photodiode
the value of R to keep ammeter reading
increases with the increase in intensity of light falling
constant.
on it.
(ii) Symbolically, a photodiode is shown in the
I-V Characteristics It is the curve drawn between
figure.
reverse voltage and currents.
hν
mA

Reverse bias
µA
p-side n-side volt
I1

Reverse
current
I2
R I3
I4
A photodiode is a p-n junction of suitable I4 > I3 > I2 > I1 µA
semiconductor (Eg » hf ) in reverse bias.

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