Steam Turbine

STEAM TURBINE AND AUX.
2. STEAM TURBINE AND

AUXILIARIES
1 Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator 　 TOSHIBA

STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. CONTENTS
CONTENTS
2.1 GENERAL
2.2 MAJOR PARTS OF THE STEAM TURBINE
2.3 TURBINE FRONT STANDARD
2.4 MAJOR STEAM VALVES
2.5 TSI (TURBINE SUPERVISORY INSTRUMENT)

STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. GENERAL
2.1 GENERAL



HP/ IP outer casing

HP/ IP outer casing
HP inner casing

Cross over pipe

LP outer casing

LP outer casing
LP inner casing

Nozzle Diaphragms
Nozzle Diaphragms

Nozzle Diaphragms
Nozzle Diaphragms
HIP Rotor

Nozzle Diaphragms
LP Rotor
Nozzle Diaphragms
HIP Rotor

Bearing standard
Bearing standard

Turning device
Bearing standard
Bearing standard

STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS FOR STEAM TURBINE
2.2 MAJOR PARTS OF THE

STEAM TURBINE
- TURBINE NOZZLE
- TURBINE BLADES
- TURBINE CASING
- TURBINE ROTOR
- BEARINGS
- TURNING GEAR
- ATMOSPHERIC RELIEF DIAPHRAGM
- SHAFT GROUNDING DEVICES

STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / NOZZLE
STEAM PATH OF “HIGH-EFFICIENCY IMPULSE DESIGN”
P3 V3
V2
P2
P1 V1
Steam Steam
Pressure Velocity
Change Change
Impulse-Type Steam Path - Rugged Blade Design

NOZZLE BOX CONSTRUCTION
Nozzle Box & Casing Assembly Upper Half of Nozzle Box

RUGGED NOZZLE DIAPHRAGMS
Wheel and Diaphragm Construction

STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / BLADE
RECESSED TENON TYPE BLADE with MULTIPLE TIP FINS and

SNUBBER TYPE BLADE with Hi-Lo TYPE TIP FINS
Blade / Type
Integral Cover and Shroud
Recessed Tenon with Multiple Fins
Snubber Type with Hi-Lo Fins
Recessed Tenon with Multiple Fins
Conventional Tenon and Shroud Type
Cover Segment / Lng and Sleeve
FOR EXAMPLE
CONTINUOUSLY COUPLED
SNUBBER TYPE BLADE
(IP Stages)
RECESSED TENONS and

STAGE EFFICIENCY
COMPARISON OF TIP FINS STEPPED SHROUDS

FIRST STAGE BLADE

INTERMEDIATE STAGE BLADES

SNUBBER TYPE BLADE

LONGER BLADES IN THE LOW PRESSURE SECTION

LAST STAGE BLADE

Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator 　 TOSHIBA


IP Inner Casing Detail
• There is no inner casing on the

Intermediate Turbine.
• Disregard what the narrator says in the
next slide about the inner casing.
• Only the HP Turbine has an inner casing.

STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / CASING
HP & IP CASING
- Opposed Flow Configuration : Both the high pressure and the intermediate
pressure section enclosed in one cylinder
Less thermal stress and steam leakage High Performance and

High Reliability
Compact design Easy Operation, Installation and Maintenance
Minimal possibility of steam leakage

- Double Shell Construction
Lower stress and temperature gradient
- Centerline Support Easy Operation, Installation and Maintenance

HP AND IP CASING
SIMPLIFIED OPPOSED FLOW & DOUBLE SHELL
Double Shell Construction

CENTERLINE SUPPORT AND EXPANSION CONTROL
True Centerline Support

DISASSEMBLY OF HP & IP CASING

HIP CASING DURING MANUFACTURING



HP DIAPHRAGM IP DIAPHRAGM

LP CASING

Low Pressure Turbine Atmospheric

Relief Valves
• There is only one (1) atmospheric relief
valve on the turbine.
• There are not 3 as shown in next slide.

LP CASING
Axial Key

LP CASING
Atmospheric relief
diaphragms
Rupture Pressure is
34.5 kPag.
Axial Key

LP CASING
Atmospheric relief
diaphragms
Hand holes
Axial Key

LP CASING DURING MANUFACTURING

LP CASING DURING MANUFACTURING

STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / ROTOR
ROTOR
HP-IP Rotor and LP Rotor

MULTI-SPAN CRITICAL SPEED MODE DIAGRAM
FOR EXAMPLE

TURBINE ROTOR DURING MANUFACTURING

STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / BEARING
BEARINGS
- Arrangement of Bearings and Design Specifications
HP･IP LP
GEN#5 GEN#6
ST#1 ST#2 ST#3 ST#4
Type DTP DTP EL EL EL EL
Mounted Front Middle LP CSG LP CSG BRG BRG

on Stand Stand Cone Cone Pedestal Pedestal
- DTP: Double Tilting Pad EL: Elliptical Type

- Bearing Pressure = Bearing Load / (Diam.×Length) for Journal Bearings

TILTING PAD BEARING

ELLIPTICAL BEARING

ELLIPTICAL BEARING

ELLIPTICAL BEARING

BEARING SYSTEM WITH ENSURED STABILITY
Tapered-land Thrust Bearing

STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / TURNING GEAR
TURNING GEAR
Speed for Turning Gear is 5.1 rpm at this project!
(1) Location of Turning Device
The cap - mount - type turning device is located on the LP turbine

generator end pedestal.
- The required driving force has been minimized due to the maximum spacer
gear diameter at the ST&G coupling.
- The space around the ST&G coupling is more stable as a turning gear
location because it will be the coldest, and the rotor alignment change
is relatively smaller than other spaces.

TURNING GEAR

TURNING GEAR

TURNING GEAR

TURNING GEAR

Turning Gear Operations
• It Can Be Engaged 3 Ways:

– Manually by means of a hand lever
– Remotely by use of a pushbutton at DCS
– Automatically by engaging mechanism driven by
an air operated solenoid valve.
• A zero speed indicator will actuate the device and engage
the turning gear when the rotor is completely stopped.

STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / OTHERS
ATMOSPHERIC RELIEF DIAPHRAGM Cutting Knife
A A
Diaphragm
(Copper Plate)
Rupture Pressure is 34.5 kPag. Detail of B

(Copper Plate)
View A-A

GROUNDING DEVICE ASSEMBLY
Bracket
Copper
Braid
Spring
Rotation



STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TURBINE FRONT STANDARD
2.3 TURBINE FRONT STANDARD

LOCATION OF FRONT STANDARD
CROSS OVER PIPNG
FRONT STANDARD
HP / IP TURBINE LP TURBINE GENERATOR

FRONT STANDARD (SIDE VIEW)

No Speed Indicator in Front Standard
Eccentricity Vibration Oil
Detector Detector Deflector
#1 Bearing oil Differential
Pressure Expansion Detector
Indicator
#1 Bearing Returned
oil Temperature
Indicator
Sole Plate #1 Bearing

Supplied oil
Temperature Oil Drain Pipe #1 Bearing
Indicator

FRONT STANDARD (TOP VIEW)

No Speed Indicator in Front Standard HIP Rotor
#1 Bearing
Speed
Detector
for TSI
Speed Detector
for EHC
Shell
Expansion
Detector
Bearing Oil Feed Pipe
No Shell Expansion Detector in Front Standard

STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES
2.4 MAJOR STEAM VALVES

LOCATION OF MAJOR STEAM VALVES

Only One (MSV) Main Stop Valve
MSV CV
HP Turbine
LP Turbine Generator
IP
Turbine
Two CV’s/Upper and Lower/Shell Mounted
CRV Type

MSV (Side view)

Valve
Bypass Valve
Steam Inlet
Steam Outlet
HYD Cylinder

MSV (Top view)
Steam Outlet Steam Outlet
Steam Inlet

SHELL MOUNT TYPE CV
CV
CV CRV
HIP Turbine
CV CV
CRV
Side View Front View

CONTROL VALVE (CV) ASSEMBLY

HYD Cylinder
Valve stem
Valve

COMBINED REHEAT VALVE (CRV) ASSEMBLY

COMBINED REHEAT VALVE

(OUT LINE) IV Hydraulic
Actuator
IV Yoke
Steam Outlet
RSV Yoke
RSV Hydraulic
Steam Inlet Actuator

COMBINED REHEAT VALVE IV Actuator

(ASSEMBLY)
IV Yoke
Cover
No IV Bypass Valve on This Project! IV Stem

Intercept
Valve
Strainer
Reheat
Stop Valve
RSV bypass valve
RSV Stem
RSV Yoke
Steam
Inlet RSV
Hydraulic
Actuator

STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI
2.5 TSI
TURBINE SUPERVISORY INSTRUMENT

CONTENTS
2.5.1. Outline of the TSI
2.5.2. System Description
2.5.3. Principles
2.5.4. TSI Sensor Outline Drawings

2.5.1.OUTLINE OF THE TSI
The function of the turbine Supervisory Instrument System is to

monitor and control turbine condition including factors such as speed,
vibration, differential expansion, expansion, eccentricity, etc.
Recently Eddy Current type sensors (in accordance with API st’d670)
have benn developed and are being used widely.
These sensors have high accuracy and wide range frequency
characteristics, and anti-noise characteristics.

VIBRATION
Shaft vibration is one of the most important factors to monitor for safe
operation of a rotating machine. In general, increased shaft vibration
will result from factors such as rotor imbalance, friction, and instability
of lubricating oil, etc…
These problems can be detected and remedied at an early stage by
supervising shaft vibration. In the case of steam turbines, absolute
shaft vibration is monitored.The vibration of each bearing in vertical
and horizontal directions to the shaft is monitored.
High vibration levels will trigger an alarm signal.
Should the vibration exceed the high trip level, a turbine trip-signal will
be initiated.

SHELL EXPANSION
The relative positions between the foundation of the turbine and the
shell are monitored and shell elongation in the direction of the shaft is
measured using a Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT).
Excessive shell expansion will trigger an alarm signal.

DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION
The relative differential expansion between the casing and the rotor is
measured.
Pickups are installed in the HP/IP turbine and the LP turbine to

facilitate this.
Excessive differential expansion will activate the alarm.

ECCENTRICITY
The eccentricity of the turbine rotor is measured and is important for

monitoring rotor bow, particularly during the turning operation.

THRUST POSITION
The mobility in the axial direction of the rotor is measured.

An alarm and trip signal will be given, if the mobility exceeds preset values.
This monitoring system is a duplicate system in the sence that it comprises 3

sets of detectors, drivers and monitors.

ZERO SPEED
Turbine speed is monitored, turning interlocks will be initiated if the

speed drops below the preset value.

INSTRUMENT LIST FOR MAIN TURBINE/GENERATOR

M.T Vibration Detector / 12sets(6sets of X/Y)
Vibration Detector
Extension Cable
Vibration Driver
Vibration Monitor
Shaft Eccentricity / 1set
Eccentricity Detector
Extension Cable
Shaft Eccentricity Driver
Shaft Eccentricity Monitor
Main turbine Zero Speed / 1set
Main turbine Zero Speed Detector
Extension Cable
Main turbine Zero Driver
Main turbine Zero Monitor
Shell Expansion / 1set
Shell Expansion Detector
Shell Expansion Monitor

HP (HIP)Turbine Differential Expansion / 1 set

HP (HIP)Turbine Differential Expansion Detector
Extension Cable
HP (HIP)Turbine Differential Expansion Driver
HP (HIP)Turbine Differential Expansion Monitor
LP Turbine Differential Expansion / 1 set
LP Turbine Differential Expansion Detector
Extension Cable
LP Turbine Differential Expansion Driver
LP Turbine Differential Expansion Monitor
Thrust Position / 3 sets
Thrust Position Detector
Extension Cable
Thrust Position Driver
Thrust Position Monitor
Keyphasor /1 set
Keyphasor Detector
Extension Cable
Keyphasor Driver
System Monitor

GENERAL LOCATION OF TSI SENSORS

VE VIBRATION DETECTOR
SE
ZERO SPEED DETECTOR
ZE1 ECCENTRICITY DETECTOR
ZE2 HIP DIFF. EXPANSION DETECTOR
ZE3 SHELL EXPANSION DETECTOR
ZE4 KEYPHASOR DETECTOR
ZE5 THRUST POSITION DETECTOR
ZE6 LP DIFF. EXPANSION DETECTOR
ZE5
SE ZE5 VE VE ZE6
#1 VE VE Y Y
Y Y
ZE1 ZE2 Ｚ E3 Ｚ E4 ZE5 VE VE ZE6
VE VE
DIFF. EXPAN.
X X
X X
KEYPHASOR
SPEED POSTION
DIFF.EXP
VIB.
#1
VIB.
ECC
X+Y
AN
X+Y X+Y X+Y

HP IP LP LP
BRG.#1 BRG.#2 BRG.#3 BRG.#4
FRONT STANDERD
THRUST BEARING
CASING ANCHOR POINT
SHELL EXPANTION

LOCATION OF VIBRATION DETECTORS

VE VIBRATION DETECTOR
VE VE
Y Y
VE VE
VIB. X X
VIB.
X+Y X+Y
GENERATOR
BRG.#5 BRG.6 STEADY
SUPPORT

2.5.2.Schematic Diagram of TSI - 1

・ ZERO SPEED
・ ECCENTRICITY
ZERO SPEED ECCENTRICITY KEYPHASOR

DETECTOR DETECTOR DETECTOR
FIELD
ZERO SPEED ECCENTRICITY KEYPHASOR
DRIVER DRIVER DRIVER
TSI ZERO SPEED

MONITOR
MONITOR
EHC Cabinet
EHC
EHC EHC

Schematic Diagram of TSI - 2

・ TURBINE VIBRATION DETECTOR
VIBRATION VIBRATION VIBRATION VIBRATION

DETECTOR DETECTOR DETECTOR DETECTOR
(BRG.#1-X) (BRG.#1-Y) (BRG.#2-X) (BRG.#2-Y)
FIELD
VIBRATION VIBRATION VIBRATION VIBRATION
DRIVER DRIVER DRIVER DRIVER
TSI TRIP(BRG.#2,3,4,5,6) VIBRATION VIBRATION

MONITOR-1 MONITOR-2
TRIP
EHC Cabinet
TRIP
EHC
EHC EHC


・ SHELL EXPANSION
・ TURBINE DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION
SHELL EXPANSION HIP DIFFERENTIAL LP DIFFERENTIAL LP DIFFERENTIAL

DETECTOR EXPANSION DETECTOR EXPANSION DETECTOR(A) EXPANSION DETECTOR(B)
FIELD
HIP DIFFERENTIAL LP DIFFERENTIAL LP DIFFERENTIAL
EXPANSION DRIVER EXPANSION DRIVER(A) EXPANSION DRIVER(B)
HIP LP
SHELL EXPANSION DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
TSI EXPANSION
MONITOR EXPANSION
MONITOR MONITOR
EHC Cabinet
EHC
EHC EHC EHC


・ THRUST POSITION
THRUST POSITION THRUST POSITION THRUST POSITION

DETECTOR (A) DETECTOR (B) DETECTOR (C)
FIELD
DRIVER (A) DRIVER (B) DRIVER (C)

TSI TRIP(B)/(C)
MONITOR (A) MONITOR (B) MONITOR (C)
TRIP TRIP
TRIP
EHC EHC Cabinet
EHC EHC EHC

2.5.4.PRINCIPLE
VIBRATION DETECTOR
DETECTOR SLEEVE
DISPLACEMENT
DETECTOR
SHAFT
Advantages: NO contact with the shaft surface
NO moving parts
NO wear
Easy calibration
Good frequency response
Disadvantages: External power supply required
Sensitive to material properties and imperfections

Sensor signal output
Toward/Away
DC COMPONENT
AVERAGE GAP
AC COMPONENT
DYNAMIC MOTION

Sensor system response

OUTPUT SIGNAL(Vdc)
-25
LINEAR
RANGE (2.2mm)
-20
-15
INITIAL OUTPUT
-10 NEW OUTPUT
-5
NEW GAP INITIAL GAP
0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.6
GAP (mm)

2.5.4. TSI SENSOR SYSTEM OUTLINE
REFERENCE DRAWINGS OF THE

INSTRUMENTS

Detector
Connection
Sensor Side
Side

Extension Cable
Sensor Side Driver Side

Driver

Connection Diagram
Terminal Block
Vibration
Detector
Extension
Cable
Driver
Shield
Cable
CAUTION
To avoid electrical shock, do not apply
power source to the monitor when
wiring.

CAUTIONARY NOTE:
Instruction manuals are provided for installation, maintenance and
troubleshooting of the TSI.
The person responsible for the TSI should review these manuals
carefully before commencing any of these activities.

END STEAM TURBINE AND AUX.


Steam Turbine

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX.

2. STEAM TURBINE AND

1 Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

2.2 MAJOR PARTS OF THE STEAM TURBINE

2.3 TURBINE FRONT STANDARD

2.4 MAJOR STEAM VALVES

2.5 TSI (TURBINE SUPERVISORY INSTRUMENT)

2 Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

3 Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

4 Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

5 Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

HP/ IP outer casing

6 Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

HP/ IP outer casing

7 Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

Cross over pipe

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2.2 MAJOR PARTS OF THE

17 Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

STEAM PATH OF “HIGH-EFFICIENCY IMPULSE DESIGN”

Impulse-Type Steam Path - Rugged Blade Design

18 Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

NOZZLE BOX CONSTRUCTION

Nozzle Box & Casing Assembly Upper Half of Nozzle Box

RUGGED NOZZLE DIAPHRAGMS

Wheel and Diaphragm Construction

20 Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

RECESSED TENON TYPE BLADE with MULTIPLE TIP FINS and

RECESSED TENONS and

21 Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

FIRST STAGE BLADE

22 Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

INTERMEDIATE STAGE BLADES

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SNUBBER TYPE BLADE

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LONGER BLADES IN THE LOW PRESSURE SECTION

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LAST STAGE BLADE

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Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

IP Inner Casing Detail

• There is no inner casing on the

Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

Less thermal stress and steam leakage High Performance and

Minimal possibility of steam leakage

- Centerline Support Easy Operation, Installation and Maintenance

27 Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

Double Shell Construction

28 Classroom Lecture Series for Steam Turbine Generator TOSHIBA

CENTERLINE SUPPORT AND EXPANSION CONTROL

True Centerline Support

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DISASSEMBLY OF HP & IP CASING

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