COMMUNICATION PROCESS AND
ITS COMPONENTS
COMMUNICATION
The word communication has its
origin in the Latin word ‘communis’
that means ‘to make common’.
Communication facilitates sharing of
common experiences with others. It
involves sharing of an idea, thought,
feeling, or information with others,
which includes thinking, dreaming,
speaking, arguing and so on.
PROCESS AND ITS COMPONENTS
For the message implied to be
understood, communication must
undergo a systematic process.
However, beyond the different steps
in communication, it is the elements
in the process that makes
communication more effective.
Communication is process. This
process includes context,
participants, messages, presence or
absence of noise and feedback.
CONTEXT
Setting in which communication
occurs.
• Physical Context
where communication takes place.
• Social Context
relationship that exists between and
among participants.
• Historical Context
background provided by the previous
communication between the
participants that influences
understanding of the current
encounter.
• Psychological Context
- moods and feelings each person
brings to the communication.
• Cultural Context
beliefs, values and norms shared by a
large group of people.
BARRIERS / NOISE IN
COMMUNICATION
• Environmental Noise
• Physiological- Impairment Noise
• Semantic Noise
• Syntactical Noise
• Organizational Noise
• Cultural Noise
• Psychological Noise
LEVEL OF COMMUNICATION
• Non – verbal Communication
•Verbal Communication
Intrapersonal Communication
Interpersonal Communication
Small – Group Communication
Public Communication
Mediated Communication
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
• We communicate to meet needs.
• We communicate to enhance or
maintain our sense of self.
• We communicate to fulfill social
obligations.
• We communicate to develop
relationships.
• We communicate to exchange
information.
• We communicate to influence
others.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
• Communication is purposive.
• Communication is continuous.
• Communication messages vary in
conscious encoding.
• Communication is relational.
• Communication has ethical
implications.
• Communication is learned.
COMMUNICATION ETHICS
In all communication situations, there
are ethical considerations. This relate
to considerations of what is fair and
unfair , right and wrong ; it means
communicating in a way that
conforms to moral standards.
We all acknowledge that “ a speaker
who uses language that degrades or
injures human personalities by
exaggeration, pseudo truths, twisting
of words and name calling is clearly
acting unethically.” (Berko, 1995)
• Speaks with sincerity.
• Does not knowingly expose an
audience to falsehood or half-truths
that can cause significant harm.
• Does not premeditatedly alter the
truth.
• Presents the truth as she or he
understands it.
• Raises the listeners’ level of
expertise by supplying the necessary
facts.
• Employs message that is free from
mental as well as physical coercion.
• Does not invent or fabricate
information.
• Gives credit to the source of
information.
INTERCULTURAL AND GLOBAL
COMMUNICATION
CULTURE
Other people say that culture reflects
one’s identity. It embraces the way
you speak, the way you act, the way * POWER DISTANCE
you think and the way you connect
Power Distance refers to the degree
with people. In support, Keesing R.M.
of inequality that exists and is
(1981) asserts that culture refers to
accepted between people with and
those socially transmitted patterns
without power in a culture.
for behavior characteristic of a
particular social group. In fact, culture
is learned and an accumulated
• Family: Children to (obey) their
experience of people.
parents.
Culture does not create different • Education: Students are expected to
communication, but different (give respect) their teachers.
communication creates culture. It • Community: People to (obey) rules
creates culture in a way that it is the and regulations of local and national
government.
means of human interaction through
which cultural dimensions and
characteristics namely customs, rules,
roles, laws and other patterns are
created and shared. This implies that
culture is passed through * INDIVIDUALISM VS COLLECTIVISM
communication and communication Individualism vs Collectivism
reflects one’s culture. encompasses individualist side which
refers in seeing the people in society
free and striving for their OWN
DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE growth and survival. On the other
hand, collectivist side refers to the
Hofstede (1994) elaborates
idea seeing people well-integrated
dimensions of culture as the totality
with one another. It is more in the
of that group’s thought, experiences
perspective of ”we” rather than "I".
and patterns of behavior and its
concepts, values and assumptions
about life that guide behavior and
how those evolve with contact with
other cultures.
* MASCULINITY VS FEMININITY
explains the basic attitude towards
the community life and its desirable
goals.
• Men are expected to be strong and
efficiency-oriented.
• Women are expected to be more
modest and sensitive.
* UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE
Uncertainty Avoidance deals with a
society’s tolerance for uncertainty
and ambiguity. This implies that
inside the society, unexpected
scenarios will surely happen. It can be
new, unknown or surprising.
Nevertheless, cultures with high
uncertainty avoidance try to reduce
the occurrence of unexpected
situations by strict rules, laws, safety
and security measures.
* LONG VS SHORT-TERM
ORIENTATION
Long vs Short-Term Orientation
elaborates the connection between
past, current and future country’s
activity and how it affect these
periods of time to people, society and
even government. Moreover, culture
with higher ratings in this index tend
to encourage innovation and
adaptation with the changes
happening in each season.
* INDULGENCE VS RESTRAINT
the focus of this dimension is on
personal happiness. It embraces the
idea of having an optimistic attitude
towards life. In fact, in cultures with a
lower rating in this dimension follows
a stricter social norms and regulation
about people’s conduct and behavior.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
ETHICS AND COMPETENCE
• Demonstrate your willingness to
meet others at least halfway by
learning a few phrases in their
language.
• Talk to people who know the
culture about common traps and
problems.
• Adapt your behavior, and don’t
always expect others to adapt to you.
• Check your understanding and that
of others.
• Don’t be afraid to apologize.
• Reflect on your experience.
BARRIERS TO INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
The following are barriers in
intercultural communication that
might affect people’s relationship
towards the people in the specific
society.
• Anxiety. When you are anxious
because of not knowing what you are
expected to do, it is only natural to
focus on that feeling and not to
totally present in the communication
transaction.
• Assuming similarity instead of
differences. If you assume that
display of emotions is similar to your
culture, you might see people of
different cultures in certain
circumstances as lacking emotions
inappropriately.
BARRIERS TO INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
• Ethnocentrism. To be ethnocentric
is to believe in the superiority of
one’s culture.
• Stereotypes and prejudice.
Stereotyping is to describe
judgements made about others on
the basis of their ethnic group
membership. (Lippmann, 1992)
Prejudice refers to the irrational
dislike, suspicion or hatred of a
particular group, race, religion, or
sexual orientation.
CONFLICT
Cultures can also be distinguished
according to their understanding and
approach to conflict, which involves
real or perceived incompatibilities of
processes, understandings and
viewpoints between people.
CULTURAL APPROACHES TO
CONFLICT
• Conflict as Opportunity
-This culture tends to be individualist.
Members of this culture view conflict
as a normal and useful process, and
inherent part of everyday life.
• Conflict as Destructive
- Members of this culture do not view
individual needs and desires as more
important than group needs and
established norms.
STYLES OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
• Dominating Styles
– involve forcing one’s will on another
to satisfy individual desires regardless
of negative rational consequences.
• Integrating Styles
– necessitate a great deal of open
discussion about the conflict at hand
to reach a solution that completely
satisfies everyone involve.
• Compromising Style
– this demands that everyone must
give something up to reach a solution,
and as a result, people never feel fully
satisfied.
• Obliging Styles of Conflict
Management
– involve giving up one’s position to
satisfy another’s.
• Avoiding styles of Conflict
– people avoid the conflict by entirely
either by failing to acknowledge its
existence or by withdrawing from a
situation when it arises.