e

z
(,
JOINTS m
lffil n"oa the text.

fd Listening 20 - foints Look at the picture.s of joints

below and,Listen carefulty to the recording to describe each one.

? What is it?
Medical name of joint
ww (a) (b)

Type of joint
Classification
Type of mouemerlt
IJJ
CO
Further classifications of
F Freely Moveable (Synovial) Joints or Diarthroses
Z Z Write an example of each on the line.
)

BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS: These give a lot of freedom and allow rnovement on 2
planes.

HINGE JOINTS: This type of joint restricts movement to 1 plane.

ioint allows the bones to rotate on one another. |

-
PIVOT JOINTS: This type of

Sd Listen again and check your dnswers.

FRACTURES
 CAUSE AND EFFECT e
z
lffi] Uao, happens in the lwmanbody whten abone is fractured?
(,
m
CAUSE SIGN OR SYMPTOM

An increase redness, a sensation of heat

Fluid and
the swelling
also be b-

pain

The body loss of mobility (function)

Z Look at the following example and make sentences fo onsquer the questions.
When a bone is fractured, why do you notice redness around the area?

Because redness is caused by an increase in circulation.

or Becau.se an increase in circulation results inlcausesllead.s to redness.

1. !7hy does the injured parr srarr swelling?

2. Why do you feel pain when a bone is fractured?
3. Why is there a sensation of heat when a bone is fractured?
4. Why is there loss of function when a bone is fractured?
5. What does a deficiencv in calcium cause?
6. Why are the bones of old people more likely to break?
7. lUhy is exercise important for the body, the skeietal system in particularl

e Ask your paftner these

questions. 1. What are the 3 main classilications of joints?
2. What is the name of the connective tissue that joins one
bone to anotherl
3. What is the name of the strong, connective tissue that
surrounds all bones?
4. What are the 4 rnain classifications of fractures?
5. What has happened to a bone if it is classified as a
'comminuted [kominju:tid] fracture'?
 F
Z
)
MOVEMENT, POSTURE AND LIFTING

POSTURE 1pos,t1al
The way we stand, sit and move is important to
our general good health. For the skeletal muscles
to strengthen and support-the body and its intemal
have to fu;;;.orr"",ry. !7hen
the axis of the body and the axial ,k.l.ro, are "rg."r,-rf.y
almost the same, good posture is achieved.
label the figures.
r.1
? \:*at"S
the abdomen pushed
straight with the shou%ers pushedback and
forwmd
This causes the abdominal muscles to become
weak
and may result in digestive, respiratory and/or
back
problems including an abnormal.u-utur.
of the spine
with an excessiqte hnnbar curue, called lordosis.
/A
C) 2 with his lwad. puslwd forward to balance his body
He has to tilt his pelvis or hip girdle forward.
This
results in rounded shouldersani slrained back muscles
which prevenr correct breathing. This posture
can
lead to lcyphosis (sometimes called tumchLack)
which
is an exagerated crnvature of the thoracic curue of the
spirwl colu;rnn.
/A
V) 3 stonding with good postltre
He is standing comfortably with his ear, hand
and foot
on the same axis.
 Z Look at the pictures below and C
conplete this sentence. z
jerky
-i
When exercising or lifting heavy items or even 'tlse w
bending to pick something up off the floor, t(the TI
vertebral
your
r
r what you
r,
with a hand
necessary

yes

e With a pdr17,er, discuss good posture when moving, sitting and.lifting.

If unnatural movements are avoided - sudden twisting and turning - we avoid damaging the delicate
alignment of our bodies that keeps it functioning well'