Cl

ass11Chemi
str
yChapt
er11I
mpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsThep-
BlockEl
ement
s

Thep-
BlockEl
ement
sImpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsVer
yShor
tAnswerTy
pe

Quest
ion1.

dobor
onhal
i
desf
orm addi
ti
onal
compoundswi
thami
nes?

Answer
:

Boronhali
desar
eLewisaci
dsandhenceacceptapai
rofel
ect
ronsf
rom ami
nest
ofor
m
addit
ional
compounds.

Quest
ion2.

Howdoesbor
oni
nter
actwi
thNaOH?

Answer
:

2B+6NaOH→ 2Na3BO3+3H2.

Quest
ion3.

Whati
stheoxi
dat
ionst
ateofCi
n

(
a)CO

Answer
:

+2

(
b)HCN

Answer
:

+2
(
c)H2CO3

Answer
:

+4

(
d)CaC2.

Answer
:

-
1.

Quest
ion4.

Whati
sthest
ateofhy
bri
dizat
ionofCi
n

(
a)CO32-

Answer
:

sp2

(
b)CCl
4

Answer
:

sp3

(
c)di
amond

Answer
:

sp3

(
d)gr
aphi
te?

Answer
:

sp2
Quest
ion5.

Gi
vet
woexampl
esofel
ect
ron-
def
ici
entcompounds.

Answer
:

BF3andB2H6.

Quest
ion6.

Ar
ranget
hef
oll
owi
nghal
i
desofbor
oni
nthei
ncr
easi
ngor
derofaci
dicchar
act
er.

BF3,
BCl
3,BBr
3,BI
3.

Answer
:

BF3<BCl
3<BBr
3<BI
3.

Quest
ion7.

Whati
sdr
yice?Whyi
sitso-
cal
l
ed?

Answer
:

Sol
i
dCO2i sknownasdryi
ce.I
tdoesnotwetapi
eceofpaper
/cl
othandsubl
i
meswi
thout
mel
ting.Ther
efore,
iti
scal
l
eddryi
ce.

Quest
ion8.

Wr
it
ebal
ancedequat
ionst
oshowhy
drol
ysi
sreact
ionsofCO32-andHCO3–.

Answer
:

CO32-+H2O⇌ OH–+HCO3–

HCO3–+H2O⇌ OH–+H2CO3.

Quest
ion9.
Whybor
ondoesnotf
orm B3+i
on?

Answer
:

Boronhasaver
yhighsum oft
hef
ir
stt
hreei
oni
sat
ionent
hal
pies.Hencei
tcannotl
oset
hree
el
ectr
onstof
orm aB3+ion.

Quest
ion10.

Whi
choxi
deofcar
boni
sananhy
dri
deofcar
boni
caci
d?

Answer
:

CO2,
becauseH2CO3aci
ddecomposest
ogi
veH2OandCO2.

Quest
ion11.

Whathappenswhenabor
axsol
uti
oni
saci
dif
ied?Wr
it
eabal
ancedequat
ionf
ort
her
eact
ion.

Answer
:

Bor
icaci
disf
ormed.

Na2B4O7+2HCl
+5H2O→ 2NaCl
+4H3BO3(
bor
icaci
d)

Quest
ion12.

Bymeansofabal
ancedequat
ionshowhowB(
OH)
3behav
esasanaci
dinwat
er.

Answer
:

B(
OH)
3+2HOH→ [
B(OH)
–+H3O+.

Quest
ion13.

Whathappenswhenbor
icaci
disheat
ed?

Answer
:

Thep-
BlockEl
ement
sCl
ass11I
mpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsChemi
str
y1

Quest
ion14.

Whatar
ebor
anes?

Answer
:

Stabl
ecov al
enthy
dri
desofbor
onl
i
keB2H6,
B4H10,
B5H9onanal
ogywi
thal
kanesar
ecal
l
ed
boranes.
Quest
ion15.

Wr
it
eabal
ancedequat
ionf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onofbor
onbyr
educt
ionofBBr
3.

Answer
:

2BBr
3(g)+3H2(
g)→ 2B(
s)+6HBr
(g)

Quest
ion16.

Whati
scar
bor
undum?Whati
sit
scommonuse?

Answer
:

Si
l
iconcar
bide(
SiC)
.Iti
susedasanabr
asi
ve.

Quest
ion17.

Whati
sFr
eongas?Towhatusei
sitput
?

Answer
:

Freongasisdi
chl
orodi
fl
uor
omet
haneCCl
2F2.I
tisusedasacool
anti
nref
ri
ger
ator
sandi
nai
r-
condit
ioner
s.

Quest
ion18.

Gi
vet
henameoft
hecompoundusedasaf
ir
eext
ingui
sherundert
henamepy
rone.

Answer
:

Car
bont
etr
achl
ori
de(
CCl
4).

Quest
ion19.

Whathappenswhenal
umi
nium met
ali
sdi
ppedi
ncone,
nit
ri
caci
d?

Answer
:

Onemolecul
ethi
ckl
ayerofoxi
dei
sfor
medont
hesur
faceofA1andf
urt
herr
eact
iondoesnot
pr
oceed.Ali
ssai
dtobecomepassi
ve.

Quest
ion20.

WhathappenswhenCOi
spassedov
erheat
edni
ckel
?

Answer
:

Ni
+4CO→ Ni
(CO)
4.Tet
racar
bony
lni
ckel
(O)i
sfor
med.
Quest
ion21.

Howdoesbor
onr
eactwi
thdi
nit
rogen?

Answer
:

2B+N2→ 2BN(
bor
onni
tr
ide)

Quest
ion22.

Whati
sthechemi
cal
for
mul
aofBor
azol
eorbor
azi
ne?Whyi
sitcal
l
edi
nor
gani
cbenzene?

Answer
:

Bor
azol
eisB3N3H6.Becauseofi
tssi
mil
ari
tyt
obenzene,
iti
scal
l
edi
nor
gani
cbenzene.

Quest
ion23.

Wr
it
edownt
hest
ruct
ureofBor
azol
e.

Answer
:

B3N3H6.

Thep-
BlockEl
ement
sCl
ass11I
mpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsChemi
str
y2

Quest
ion24.

Whyt
hal
l
ium pr
efer
stoshowanoxi
dat
ionst
ateof+1r
athert
han+3?

Answer
:

Duet
othei
ner
t-
pai
ref
fect
.

Quest
ion25.

Howdoy
ouexpl
aint
hatanhy
drousAl
Cl3i
scov
alent
,buthy
drat
edAl
Cl3i
sel
ect
rov
alent
?

Answer
:

I
nthepresenceofH2O,Al
2Cl
6di
ssoci
atesi
ntohy
drat
edAl
3+andCl
–ionsduet
othehi
ghheat
ofhy
drati
onofthesei
ons.

Quest
ion26.

WhyBBr
3isast
rongerLewi
saci
dthanBF3?

Answer
:

Thi
sisbecauset
hebackdonat
ionofel
ect
ronsi
ntoempt
y2por
bit
alofbor
onat
om f
rom f
il
ledp
or
bit
alofBrat
om i
smuchl
esst
hant
hatbyFat
om duet
olar
gersi
zeofBrat
om t
hanFat
om.

Quest
ion27.

Whyt
ri
hal
i
desofgr
oup13el
ement
sfumei
nthemoi
stai
r?

Answer
:

Theyar
ehy
drol
ysedbywat
erf
ormi
nghy
drogenhal
i
des.

MX3+3H2O→ M(
OH)
3+3HX.

Quest
ion28.

Al
umi
nium f
orms[
AlF6]
3-,
butbor
ondoesnotf
orm[
BF6]
3-why
?

Answer
:

Bor
ondoesnothav
evacantd-
orbi
tal
s.Ther
efor
e,i
tcannotexpandi
tscoor
dinat
ionnumber
bey
ondfour
.

Quest
ion29.

Whybor
onhal
i
desdonotexi
stasdi
mer
swher
easAl
Cl3exi
stsasAl
2Cl
6?

Answer
:

Bor
onat
om bei
ngsmal
li
ffsi
zei
sunabl
etoaccommodat
elar
ge-
sizedhal
ogensar
oundi
t.

Quest
ion30.

Gol
dhasmuchhi gherf
ir
sti
oni
sat
ionener
gyt
hanbor
on,
yetgol
dismet
alwhi
l
ebor
oni
snon-
met
al.Expl
ain.

Answer
:

Thi
sisbasedont
hei
rcr
yst
alst
ruct
ure.Gol
dhasacoor
dinat
ionnumberof12whi
l
ebor
onhas6
orl
essthan6.

Quest
ion31.

WhyCO2i
sagaswher
easSi
O2i
ssol
i
d.Expl
ainwhy
?

Answer
:

CO2for
msmonomer i
cli
nearmol
ecul
es,
whi
l
eSi
O2exi
stsasagi
ant
-si
zed3-
dimensi
onal
net
workst
ruct
ure.

Quest
ion32.
CandSi
areal
mostt
etr
aval
ent
,butGe,
Sn,
Pbshowdi
val
ency
.Why
?

Answer
:

Thei
ner
tpai
ref
fecti
sshownbyGe,
Sn,
Pb.

Quest
ion33.

Accountf
ort
hef
actt
hatPbX2i
smor
est
abl
ethanPbX4.[
X=Cl
,Br
]

Answer
:

Duet
othei
ner
tpai
ref
fect
,Pbshowsanoxi
dat
ionst
ateof+2.

Quest
ion34.

PbCl
4isl
essst
abl
ethanSnCl
4,butPbCl
2ismor
est
abl
ethanSnCl
2.Why
?

Answer
:

St
abili
tyof+4oxi
dat
ionst
atedecreasesdownt
hegr
oupwhi
l
ethatof+2oxi
dat
ionst
ate
i
ncreasesduet
oiner
tpai
reff
ect.

Quest
ion35.

Whycar
bonshowsmaxi
mum cat
enat
ioni
ngr
oup14el
ement
s?

Answer
:

Duet
othest
rongC-
Cbond,
itsbonddi
ssoci
ati
onener
gyi
sthehi
ghestamonggr
oup14
member
s,

Quest
ion36.

Py
rosi
l
icat
escont
ainwhi
chani
on?

Answer
:

Si
2O76-
.

Quest
ion37.

Ment
iononei
ndust
ri
alappl
i
cat
ionofsi
l
icones.

Answer
:

Si
l
iconesar
eusedf
ormaki
ngwat
er-
proofpaper
sbycoat
ingt
hem wi
that
hinl
ayerofsi
l
icones.
Quest
ion38.

Whati
sthebasi
cbui
l
dinguni
tofsi
l
icat
es?

Answer
:

Si
O44-t
etr
ahedr
a.

Quest
ion39.

Whi
chel
ementofgr
oup13f
ormsamphot
eri
chy
droxi
de?

Answer
:

Al
umi
nium.

Quest
ion40.

Whi
chel
ementofgr
oup13f
ormst
hemostst
abl
eoxi
dat
ionst
ateof+1?

Answer
:

Thal
l
ium.

Quest
ion41.

Expl
ainwhysi
l
iconshowsahi
ghercov
alencyt
hancar
bon?

Answer
:

Duet
othepr
esenceofd-
orbi
tal
s,si
l
iconshowsahi
ghercov
alencyof6.

Quest
ion42.

Whatar
esi
l
icones?

Answer
:

Si
l
iconesaresynthet
icor
ganosi
l
iconcompoundscont
aini
ngr
epeat
edR2Si
Ouni
tshel
dby
Si
—O—Si l
inkages.

Quest
ion43.

Whatar
ethe2mai
nusesofzeol
i
tes?

Answer
:

Sof
teni
ngofhar
dwat
er.

Cat
aly
stsi
npet
rochemi
cal
indust
ri
es.
Quest
ion44.

Whyi
sbor
icaci
dconsi
der
edaweakaci
d?

Answer
:

Becauseitisnotabl
etorel
easeH+i
onsoni t
sown.I
trecei
vesOH–i
onsf
rom t
hewat
er
molecul
et ocomplet
eit
soctet&int
urnr
eleasesH+i
ons.

Quest
ion45.

[
SiF6]
-2i
sknownwher
eas[
SiCl
6]2-not
.Why
?

Answer
:

Ther
easonsar
e:

Si
xlar
gechlor
ineat
omscannotbeaccommodat
edar
oundt
heSi
l
iconat
om duet
othel
i
mit
ati
on
ofi
tssi
ze.

I
nter
act
ionbet
weenl
onepai
rofchl
ori
neat
om &si
l
iconat
om i
snotv
eryst
rong.

Quest
ion46.

Di
amondi
sco-
val
ent
,yeti
thasahi
ghM.
P.Why
?

Answer
:

Diamondhasat hree-
dimensi
onalnet
workedst
ruct
ureinvol
vi
ngast
rongC—Cbond,
whi
char
e
verydi
ff
icul
ttobreak&inturnithasahi
ghmelti
ngpoint.

Quest
ion47.

Whati
sthecommonnameoft
her
ecent
lydev
elopedal
l
otr
opeofcar
boni
.e.C60mol
ecul
e?

Answer
:

Ful
l
erene.

Quest
ion48.

TheM.
P.&B.
P.ofCar
bon&Si
l
iconi
sver
yhi
gh.Why
?

Answer
:

Thi
sisduet
othet
endencyoft
heseel
ement
stof
orm gi
antmol
ecul
es.

Quest
ion49.

Whyi
sbor
onmet
all
oid?
Answer
:

Bor
onr
esembl
esbot
hmet
als&non-
met
alst
her
efor
eiti
smet
all
oid.

Quest
ion50.

Whydoesbor
onr
esembl
eSi
?

Answer
:

Bot
hhav
easi
mil
archar
get
oradi
usr
ati
o,i
.e.si
mil
arpol
ari
zi
ngpower
.

Thep-
BlockEl
ement
sImpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsShor
tAnswerTy
pe

Quest
ion1.

Alt
houghbor
icaci
dB(
OH)
3cont
ainst
hreehy
droxy
lgr
oups,
yeti
tbehav
esasamonobasi
caci
d.
Expl
ain.

Answer
:

Thep-
BlockEl
ement
sCl
ass11I
mpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsChemi
str
y3

Hy
drat
edspeci
es

B(
OH)
3isnotapr
otoni
caci
d.

I
tbehav
esasaLewi
saci
dbecausei
tabst
ract
sapai
rofel
ect
ronsf
rom hy
droxy
lion.

Quest
ion2.

Si
Cl4f
orms[
SiCl
6]2-whi
l
eCCl
4doesnotf
orm[
CCl
6]2-Expl
ain.

Answer
:

Carbondoesnothav ed-or
bit
alsandhenceC. Cl4doesnotcombinewithCl–i
onstogi
ve[CCl
6]2
-,
Ont heotherhand,si
l
iconhasv acant3d-
orbit
alsandthuscanexpandit
scoval
encyf
rom 4t
o
6.Theref
oreSiCl4combineswithCLi onst
of orm[SiCl
6]2-

Si
Cl4+2Cl
–→ [
SiCl
6]2-

Quest
ion3.

Whydoesnotsi
l
iconf
orm ananal
ogueofgr
aphi
te?

Or

Whydoesel
ement
alsi
l
iconnotf
orm agr
aphi
te-
li
kest
ruct
ureascar
bondoes?Expl
ain.
Answer
:

I
ngr aphi
te,
Cissp2hy br
idi
sedandeachCisli
nkedtothreeot
herCat
omsf
ormi
nghexagonal
r
ings.Thusgraphi
tehasatwo-di
mensional
sheet-
li
kestr
uctur
e.

Si
l
icon,
ont
heot
herhand,
doesnotf
orm ananal
ogueofCbecauseoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
wor
easons:

Si
l
iconhasamuchl
essert
endencyf
orcat
enat
iont
hanCasSi
-Si
bondsar
emuchweakert
han
C-
Cbonds.

Si
l
iconbecauseofi
tsl
argersi
zet
hanCunder
goessp3hy
bri
disat
ion.

Quest
ion4.

Whycar
bonf
ormscov
alentcompoundswher
easl
eadf
ormsi
oni
ccompounds?

Answer
:

Carboncannotloseelect
ronst ofor
m C4becausethesum offourioni
sati
onent halpi
esi
sv er
y
high.I
tcannotgainfourel
ectronstofor
m C4becauseenerget
icall
yiti
snotf av
our abl
e.HenceC
formsonlycovalentcompounds.Downt hegroup14,i
oni
sati
onent hal
piesdecrease,Pbbeing
thelastel
ementhassol owI.E.thati
tcanloseel
ectr
onstofor
mi oniccompounds.

Quest
ion5.

Howi
sbor
axpr
epar
edf
rom

(
i)Col
emani
teor
e

Answer
:

Boraxi
sal
socal
l
edsodi
um t
etr
abor
atedecahy
drat
e(Na2B4O7.
10H2O)
.Itcanbepr
epar
edas
fol
l
ows:

From col
emanit
e:Powderedmineral
isboi
l
edwi
thsodi
um carbonat
esol
uti
onandf
il
ter
ed.The
fi
l
trat
eisconcentr
atedandthencool
edwhencr
yst
alsofbor
ax.

Ca2B6O11+2Na2CO3→ Na2B4O7+2NaBO2+2CaCO3.

Themother-
li
quorwhi
chcontai
nssodium met
a-bor
atei
str
eat
edwi
thacur
rentofC02,
to
conv
erti
tint
oboraxwhichsepar
atesout.
4NaBO2+CO2→ Na2B4O7+Na2CO3

(
ii
)Ti
ncal
.

Answer
:

From Ti
ncal:
Tincalobt
ainedfrom dr
ieduplakesisboi
ledwit
hwater.Thesol
uti
onisfi
l
teredto
getri
dofinsolubl
eimpurit
iesofcl
ay,sandetc.Thefi
lt
rat
eisconcentr
atedt
ogetthecryst
alsof
borax.

(
ii
i)Bor
icaci
d?

Answer
:

From bor
icaci
d:Bori
caci
disneut
ral
i
sedwi t
hsodium car
bonat
eandther
esul
ti
ngsol
uti
oni
s
concentr
atedandcool
edtogett
hecryst
alsofbor
axNa2B4O7.10H2O.

4H3BO3+Na2CO3→ Na2B4O7+6H2O+CO2↑

Quest
ion6.

Ment
iont
hreei
mpor
tantusesofbor
ax

Answer
:

I
tisused:

Asaf
luxsol
der
ingandwel
dingi
nindust
ry.

I
nthemanuf
act
ureofbor
osi
l
icat
egl
ass(
orpy
rexgl
ass)
.

I
nmaki
ngenamel
sandgl
azes.

I
nst
if
feni
ngofcandl
ewi
cks.

I
nsof
teni
ngofwat
er.

I
naqual
i
tat
iveanal
ysi
sforbor
axbeadt
esti
nthel
abor
ator
y.

Quest
ion7.

Whathappenswhenabor
axsol
uti
oni
saci
dif
ied?Wr
it
eabal
ancedequat
ionf
ort
her
eact
ion.
Answer
:

Whenaci
dif
iedaqueoussol
uti
onofbor
ax(
Na2B4O7)i
sheat
ed,
bor
icaci
disf
ormed.

Thep-
BlockEl
ement
sCl
ass11I
mpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsChemi
str
y4

Quest
ion8.

Ment
ioni
mpor
tantusesofbor
icaci
d.

Answer
:

Bor
icaci
disused:

I
nthemanuf
act
ureofenamel
sandgl
azesf
orpot
ter
y.

I
nmaki
ngheat
-r
esi
sti
ngandshockr
esi
sti
nggl
asscal
l
edbor
ogl
ass(
orpy
rexgl
ass)
.

Asami
l
dant
isept
icf
orwashi
ngey
es

Quest
ion9.

Ment
ionsomei
mpor
tantpr
oper
ti
esofcar
bonmonoxi
de.

Answer
:

I
tisacol
our
less,
odour
lessgas,
sli
ght
lysol
ubl
einwat
er.

I
tishi
ghl
ypoisonous.I
tcombineswi
thhaemogl
obinint
heredbl
oodcel
lstofor
m car
boxy-
haemogl
obi
nwhi chcannotabsor
boxygenandt
husthesuppl
yofoxy
gentothebodyi
sreduced.

I
tbur
nswi
thapal
ebl
uef
lamef
ormi
ngCO2.

2CO+O2→ 2CO2.

I
tisar
educi
ngagent
.Itr
educessomemet
aloxi
desi
ntomet
als.

Fe2O3+3CO→ 2Fe+3CO2.

I
tcombi
nesWi
tht
ransi
ti
onmet
alsl
i
kei
ron,
cobal
t,ni
ckel
tof
ormt
hei
rcar
bony
lcompounds.

Thep-
BlockEl
ement
sCl
ass11I
mpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsChemi
str
y5

Quest
ion10.

Whatar
ehal
i
desofcar
bon?Gi
vef
ewexampl
es.
Answer
:

Carboncombi neswithhal
ogenstoform bothsi
mpleandmixedtetr
ahali
des.I
nthecaseof
si
mpl ehal
i
des, al
lthefourexpect
edtetr
ahali
des(e.
g.CF4,
CCl4,
CBr 4andCl4)areknownt
o
exi
st.Thestabil
it
yofthesimpletetr
ahal
idesdecr
easeswit
htheincreasi
ngatomicmassofthe
hal
ogen.

(
CF4>CCl
4>CBr
4>Cl
4)

Amongstt
hemi
xedhal
i
dest
hebet
ter
-knowncompoundsar
e(CFCl
3,CF2Cl
2andCCl
3Br
).

Quest
ion11.

Whati
sal
l
otr
opy
?Gi
veexampl
esofal
l
otr
opes.

Answer
:

Twoormor efor
msoft hesameelementi
nthesamephy
sical
statewhi
chdi
fferi
ntheirphysi
cal
proper
ti
esbuthavethesamechemicalpr
oper
ti
esar
ecal
ledall
otr
opicf
ormsor(al
lot
ropes)and
thephenomenoniscal
ledal
lot
ropy.

Car
bon,
phosphor
usandsul
phurar
esomeel
ement
sthatexhi
bital
l
otr
opy
.

Di
amondandgr
aphi
tear
eal
l
otr
opi
cfor
msofcar
bon.

Redphosphor
usandwhi
te.
phosphor
usar
eal
l
otr
opesofphosphor
us.

Rhombi
csul
phur
,monocl
i
nicsul
phurandpl
ast
icsul
phurar
eal
l
otr
opi
cfor
msofsul
phur
.

Quest
ion12.

Gi
vet
heusesofdi
ff
erental
l
otr
opi
cfor
msofcar
bon.

Answer
:

For
msofcar
bon Uses

Di
amond Gemst
one,
cut
ti
ng,
dri
l
li
ng,
gri
ndi
ng,
pol
i
shi
ng,
indust
ry.

Gr
aphi
te Reducingagent
,ref
ract
ori
es,penci
l
s,high-
temper
atur
ecr
uci
bles,el
ect
rode
maki
ng,t
hemoder
atorinnucl
earr
eactor
s,highst
rengthcomposi
temat
eri
als/

Act
ivat
edcar
bon Rubberi
ndust
ry,
pigment
sini
nk,
pai
ntsandpl
ast
ics.

Coke Fuel
,st
rutmanuf
act
ure.

Char
coal Fuel
,reduci
ngagent
.

Quest
ion13.
Giv
ereasons:
(
i)Gr
aphi
tei
susedasal
ubr
icant
.

Answer
:

Graphi
tehassp3hybr
idi
zedcarbonwit
halay
erstr
uct
ure.Duetowidesepar
ati
on&weak
i
nterl
ayerbonds,
thet
woadjacentl
ayer
scaneasi
l
ysli
deov ereachot
her
.Thismakesgr
aphi
te
actasalubri
cant
.

(
ii
)Cone.HN03canbet
ranspor
tedi
nanal
umi
nium cont
ainer
.

Answer
:

Al
umi
nium oncomi
ngi
ncontactwit
hthecone;
HNO3becomespassiv
eduet othecoat
ingof
al
umi
nium oxi
de&t
husthecone.HNO3canbetranspor
tedi
nanal
umini
um contai
ner
.

(
ii
i)Al
umi
nium ut
ensi
l
sshoul
dnotbekepti
nwat
erov
erni
ght
.

Answer
:

Al
uminium ut
ensi
l
sshoul
dnotbekepti
nwat
erov
erni
ghtbecauseal
umi
nium i
sreadi
l
ycor
roded
bywater.

Quest
ion14.

Wri
tebal
ancedequati
onsforther
eact
ionofel
ement
albor
onwi
thel
ement
alchl
ori
ne,
oxy
gen&
ni
tr
ogenatahightemperat
ure.

Answer
:

Thep-
BlockEl
ement
sCl
ass11I
mpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsChemi
str
y6

Quest
ion15.

Whyar
ebor
onhal
i
des&di
bor
aner
efer
redt
oas“
Elect
rondef
ici
entcompounds”
?

Answer
:

Boroni
nitshal
ideshasonl ysi xel
ectr
onsinitsvalenceshell
,therefor
eitisshortbytwo
el
ectr
onstocompl et
ei t
soct et.Asaresul
t,amol eculeofboronhal i
decanacceptapai rof
el
ectr
onsfrom anyelectr
on-richcompoundt hati
swhybor onhalidesarecall
edel ect
ron-
def
ici
entcompounds.I ndiborane,t
hetotalno.ofv al
enceelectr
onsi snotsuff
icientt
o
compl
etel
yfi
l
lthe.av
ail
abl
eor
bit
als.Thi
sgi
vesanel
ect
ron-
def
ici
entchar
act
ert
odi
bor
ane.

Quest
ion16.

Gi
ver
easons:

(
i)Ami
x.ofdi
l
.NaOH&al
umi
nium pi
ecesar
eusedt
oopendr
ains.

Answer
:

Al
umi
nium di
ssol
vesi
ndi
l
.NaOHwi
tht
heev
olut
ionofH2.Thi
sH2hel
pst
oopent
hedr
ain.

(
ii
)Di
amondi
susedasanabr
asi
ve.

Answer
:

Di
amondi
sthehar
destsubst
anceknown&t
hususedasabr
asi
ve&f
orcut
ti
nggl
ass.

(
ii
i)Al
umi
nium wi
resar
eusedt
omaket
ransmi
ssi
oncabl
es.

Answer
:

Alumi
nium i
scheapl
yavail
abl
eonawei ghtt
oweightbasi
s,t
heelect
ri
cal
conduct
ivi
tyof
al
umini
um istwi
cethatofcopper
.HenceAlumi
nium wi
resareusedtomaketr
ansmissi
on
cabl
es.

Quest
ion17.

Wr
it
ebal
ancedequat
ions:

(
i)B2H6+NH3→?

Answer
:

Thep-
BlockEl
ement
sCl
ass11I
mpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsChemi
str
y7

(
ii
)NaH+B2H6→?

Answer
:

Thep-
BlockEl
ement
sCl
ass11I
mpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsChemi
str
y8
(
ii
i)BF3+Li
H→?

Answer
:

Thep-
BlockEl
ement
sCl
ass11I
mpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsChemi
str
y9

Quest
ion18.

Descr
ibebr
ief
lyt
hreedi
ff
erentmet
hodsofobt
aini
ngel
ement
albor
on.

Answer
:

Byr
educt
ionofoxi
des:
Ther
educt
ionofoxi
desi
scar
ri
edoutbyel
ect
roposi
ti
vemet
alsl
i
keMg.

B2O3(
s)+3Mg(
s)→ 2B(
s)+3MgO(
s)

Byreducti
onofhal
ides:
Ther
educt
ionoft
hev
olat
il
ebor
onhal
i
desi
scar
ri
edbutbydi
hydr
ogen
athi
ght emper
atur
es

Thep-
BlockEl
ement
sCl
ass11I
mpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsChemi
str
y10

Byt
het
her
mal
decomposi
ti
onofbor
onhy
dri
de

Thep-
BlockEl
ement
sCl
ass11I
mpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsChemi
str
y11

Quest
ion19.

All
theelementsofgr
oup13exceptt
hal
l
ium showa+3oxi
dat
ionst
atewhi
l
eitshowsa+1
oxi
dati
onstate.Gi
ver
easons.

Answer
:

Thevalenceshel lofgr oup13-el

ementshavetwoelect
ronsi
ns-subshell&1-el
ectroninp-
subshellTherefore,theyareexpect
edt oshowa+3oxidati
onstate.I
nthall
ium,theelect
ronsof
thes-subshelldonott akeparti
nbondformati
onduetotheiner
tpaireff
ect&onl yoneelect
ron
ofthep-orbit
al part
icipateinbondfor
mat i
on,
thusi
tshows+1oxi dat
ionstateonly.

Quest
ion20.

Whycar
bondoesnotf
ormi
oni
ccompounds?

Answer
:

Theel
ectroni
cconfi
gurat
ionofcarbonatom is1s2,2s2,2px’,2py’&hasfourvalenceel
ectr
ons.
I
nordertoformioni
ccompounds, i
thastoei t
herlosefourelectr
onsorgainfourelect
rons.
Si
nceveryhighenergi
esarei
nvolv
edi ndoingso.Thuscar bondoesnotf or
mi oniccompounds.
I
tcompletesit
soctetasaresul
tofelectr
onsharing&f ormscov alentcompounds.
Quest
ion21.

Gal
l
ium hashi
gheri
oni
zat
ionent
hal
pyt
hanAl
umi
nium.Expl
ain.

Answer
:

Gall
i
um hashigherioni
zat
ionenergythanAl umini
um becauseofthehi
ghereff
ecti
venuclear
charge.Thi
sisduetoaddit
ional
3del ectronswhichdonotscreenthenucl
earchar
geeffecti
vel
y
sothattheouterel
ectr
onsaremor estronglyhel
d.

Quest
ion22.

Boronformsnocompoundsi
nauni
posi
ti
vest
atebutt
hal
l
ium i
nauni
posi
ti
vest
atei
squi
te
unstabl
e.Why?

Answer
:

Boronhasel ectr
onicconfi
gurat
ion2s22p1&therefor
eformscompoundsi nat ri
valentstat
e.
Howev er
,thall
ium pref
erstofor
m compoundsint he+1oxidat
ionstater
atherthanint he+3
oxi
dati
onst ateassuggestedbyi t
sgroupnumber.Thisi
sduet otheiner
tpaireffect.Accor
ding
tothi
seffect,the6s2elect
ronsinthecaseofheav ymet
alsprefer
ablydonottakepar tin
bondi
ng.

Quest
ion23.

Whatar
esi
l
icones?Howar
etheymanuf
act
ured?

Answer
:

Si
l
iconesarerubber
-l
ikepoly
mershavi
ngSi –O-Si
li
nkage&gener
alf
ormul
aR2Si
O.Theyar
e
manufact
uredbyhydroly
sisofChl
orosi
li
cones,

Thep-
BlockEl
ement
sCl
ass11I
mpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsChemi
str
y12

Wher
eRi
sMe/
Phgr
oups

Quest
ion24.

Ment
ionanyt
wodi
ssi
mil
ari
ti
esofbor
onwi
thot
herel
ement
sofgr
oup-
13.

Answer
:

Al
lthecompoundsofbor
onarecoval
enti
nnat
urebecauseoft
henon-
exi
stenceoft
heB3+i
on.
I
tisbecauseofi
tshi
ghchar
gedensit
y.

Themaxi
mum cov
alenceshownbyBor
oni
s4whi
l
eot
hermember
soft
hisgr
oupshowa
cov
alenceofsi
xormor
e.

Quest
ion25.

Whybor
ont
ri
hal
i
desf
ormt
etr
ahedr
alcompl
exes?

Answer
:

ABor ontri
hal
idei
sanel ect
ron-
defici
entcompoundhav i
ngsixel
ectr
onsinit
soutermostshell
.
Therefor
eithasatendencytoform aBX3Lt ypeofcomplexaft
eraccepti
nganelect
ronpairi
n
theun-hybr
idi
zedvacantp-orbi
tal
from ali
gand(L)molecul
e.Becauseofthi
sreasontheshape
ofBX3changesf r
om planarTri
angulartotet
rahedr
ali
ntheBX3Lcompl ex.

Quest
ion26.

Di
scusst
hepat
ter
nofv
ari
ati
oni
ntheoxi
dat
ionst
atesofAl
&Tl
.

Answer
:

Aluminium showsa+3oxi
dati
onstat
eonlywhi
l
et hal
li
um,thel
astel
ementofgr
oup3shows+3
oxidat
ionstate&+1oxi
dat
ionstat
es.Tl
+1ismorestabl
ethanTl3+asi
sevi
dentbyr
edox
potenti
aldata

Tl
3+(
aq)+2e–→ Tl
+(aq)E°=+1.
25V

I
thappensbecauseoft hedecreasei
nbondenergywithsi
zedownthegroup(i.
e.f
rom Al→ Tl
).
Thustheenergyrequir
edtobreakthepai
rofns2elect
ronsi
snotcompensatedbytheenergy
rel
easedduri
ngthef or
mati
onoft woaddi
tional
bonds.Thus+1oxi
dat
ionstateismorest
ablein
thal
li
um.

Quest
ion27.

C—Cbondl
engt
hisshor
teri
ngr
aphi
tet
hant
heC-
Cbondl
engt
hofdi
amond.Expl
ain.

Answer
:

Graphi
tehassp2hy bri
dizati
on&theC-Cbondi nvol
vessp2—sp2hy bri
dizedcarbon.Diamond
hassp3hy bri
dizat
ion&t heC—Cbondi nv olv
essp3-sp3hybri
dizati
on.Further
mor e,themoret
he
Scharacterinahybridi
zedat om,thesmalleristhesi
zeofthehy br
idi
zedor bi
tal
,result
ingi
n
moreov erl
appi
ngwhi chl eadstobondlength.

Quest
ion28.
[
SiF6]
2-i
sknownwher
eas[
SiCl
6]2-not
.Gi
ver
easons.

Answer
:

Sixl
argechlor
ineat
omscannotbeaccommodat
edar
oundsi
l
iconat
om duet
othel
i
mit
ati
onof
thei
rsize.

I
nter
act
ionbet
weenl
onepai
rofchl
ori
neat
oms.
&si
l
iconat
om i
snotv
eryst
rong.

Quest
ion29.

Si
Cl.f
orms[
SiCl
]2-whi
l
eCCl
Ldoesnotf
orm[
CCl
]2-
.Expl
ain

Answer
:

Carbondoesnothaved-
orbi
tal
s,henceCCl4doesnotcombinewit
hCli
onst
oform[CCl
6]2-
.On
theotherhand,
sil
i
conhasvacant3-
dorbi
tals&thusSi
Cl4combineswi
thCl
–ionst
ofor
m

[
Sicy
2-

Si
Cl4+2Cl
–→ [
SiCl
6]2-

I
notherwor
ds,
car
bonshowsaf
ixedcov
alencyof4butsi
l
iconexhi
bit
svar
yingcov
alencyf
rom
4to6.

Quest
ion30.

Bor
azi
nei
smor
ereact
ivet
hanbenzene.Why
?

Answer
:

BothBorazi
ne&Benzenear eisoelect
roni
c.InbenzeneC=Cbondsar enon-pol
arwhi
leN=B
bondsinborazinearepolarinnatureduetothepresenceofaco-ordinatebondbetweenN&B
atoms.Asar esult
,addi
ctionisquitefr
equenti
nbor azi
newhil
eitislessinbenzenebecauseof
delocal
i
sati
onofπ- el
ectr
onchar ge.

Thep-
BlockEl
ement
sImpor
tantExt
raQuest
ionsLongAnswerTy
pe

Quest
ion1.

(i
)Whatar ethedi
ff
erentoxi
dationst
atesexhi
bit
edbyt
hegr
oup14el
ement
s?Di
scusst
he
stabi
l
ityofthei
roxi
dati
onstates.

Answer
:

Thegr oup14elementshavefourel
ectr
onsint
heouter
mostshell
.Thecommonoxi dati
on
statesexhi
bit
edbytheseelementsare+4and+2.Si
ncethesum oft
hefir
stf
ourionisat
ion
enthalpi
esisveryhi
gh,compoundsinthe+4oxi
dati
onstat
earegener
all
ycoval
entinnature.I
n
heav
iermember
ssuchasGe,SnandPb,thet
endencyt
oshow+2oxi dat
ionst
ateincr
eases.I
t
i
sduet ot
hei
nabil
i
tyofns2el
ect
ronsoft
heval
enceshel
ltopar
ti
cipatei
nbonding.

Therel
ati
vestabi
li
ti
esoftheset
wooxidat
ionst
atesvarydownthegr
oup.CandSi most
lyshow
a+4oxidati
onstat
e.Geformsstabl
ecompoundsint
he+4st at
eandonlyafewcompoundsi n
the+2stat
e.Snformscompoundsinbothoxi
dati
onstates(
Snin+2stat
eisareduci
ngagent).

Leadcompoundsi nthe+2st at
earestabl
eandint
he+4st at
earestrongoxi
disi
ngagents.I
n
thetet
raval
entst
ate,thenumberofelectr
onsar
oundthecentr
alatom inamolecul
e(e.
g.,
carboninCCl4)i
seight.Bei
ngelect
ronpreci
semolecul
es,
theyarenormall
ynotexpect
edt oact
asanelectr
onacceptororelectr
ondonor.

Alt
houghcar boncannotexceedi tscovalenceofmor ethan4,otherelementsoft hegroupcan
doso.I ti
sbecauseofthepr esenceofd- orbi
talinthem.Duet othis,t
heirhal
idesunder go
hydrolysi
sandhaveat endencyt oform compl exesbyacceptingelectronpair
sf r
om donor
species.Forexampl
e,thespeci esli
keSiF5–, SiF6–,[GeCl6]
2-,[
Sn(OH) 6]
2-existwheret he
hybri
disati
onofthecentralatom issp3d2.

(i
i
)Whatt
ypeofoxi
desar
efor
medbygr
oup14el
ement
s?Whi
choft
hem ar
eaci
dic,
neut
ral
or
basi
c?

Answer
:

All
member swhenheat edinoxygenform oxi
des.Thereare-mainlytwot y
pesofoxides,
i.e.
,
monoxideanddioxi
deoff ormulaMOandMO2r espect
ivel
y.SiOonlyexistsathi
ghtemperat
ure.
Oxidesi
nthehigheroxidati
onstat
eofelementsar egenerall
ymor eaci
dicthanthoseint
he
l
oweroxidati
onstate.Thedioxi
des-
CO2, SiO2andGeO2ar eaci
dic,whereasSnO2andPbO2ar e
amphoteri
cinnatur
e.Amongmonox ides,COisneutral
,GeOi sdi
stinct
lyacidi
cwhereasSnO
andPbOar eamphot er
ic.

Quest
ion2.

(
a)[
SiF6]
2-i
sknownwher
eas[
SiCl
6]2-i
snotknown.Gi
ver
easons

Answer
:

(
i)[
SiF6]
2-i
sknownwher
eas[
SiCl
6]2-doesnotexi
st.
Themainr
easonsar
e(i
)si
xlargechlor
ineat
omscannotbeaccommodat
edar
oundsi
l
icon
at
om duet
otheli
mit
ati
onofthei
rsize.

(
ii
)Int
eract
ionsbet
weenl
onepai
rsofachl
ori
neat
om andsi
l
iconat
om ar
enotv
eryst
rong.

(
b)Sel
ectt
hemember(
s)ofgr
oup14t
hat

(
i)f
ormst
hemostaci
dicoxi
de

Answer
:

Themostaci
dicdi
oxi
dei
sfor
medbycar
bon(
CO2)
.

(
ii
)iscommonl
yfoundi
nthe+2oxi
dat
ionst
ate

Answer
:

Leadi
smost
lyf
oundi
nthe+2oxi
dat
ionst
atei
nit
scompounds.

(
ii
i)usedasasemi
-conduct
or.

Answer
:

Si
l
iconandger
mani
um ar
eusedassemi
conduct
ors.

(
c)Expl
ainwhyadi
amondt
hati
scov
alenthasahi
ghmel
ti
ngpoi
nt?

Answer
:

Thoughdi
amondhascoval
entbondingi
nit,
yeti
thasahi
ghmel
ti
ngpoi
nt,
becauseadiamond
hasa3-di
mensi
onal
networ
ki nvol
vi
ngstr
ongC—Cbond,whi
char
ever
ydif
ficul
ttobr
eakandi
n
tur
n,i
thasahi
ghmelti
ngpoint.

(
d)Di
scusst
her
eact
ionofsi
l
icawi
th

(
i)NaOH

Answer
:

Si
O2r
eact
swi
thHFasf
oll
ows:
Si
O2+2NaOH→ Na2Si
O3+H2O

(
ii
)HE

Answer
:

Si
O2r
eact
swi
thHFasf
oll
ows:

Si
O2+4HF→ Si
F4+2H2O.

Quest
ion3.

(
a)Car
bonexhi
bit
scat
enat
ion,
wher
eassi
l
icondoesnot
.Expl
ain.

Answer
:

Carbonshowscat enat i
onbecauseofit
ssmal l
ersi
ze,
highbondenergyofC–Cbond, t
he
possibi
l
ityofsp,
sp2, sp3hybr
idi
sati
onandformati
onofmul t
ipl
ebondsC- C(1σ)
,C=C( 1σ+
1π),
-C=C( 1σ+2π) .Ont heot
herhand,si
l
iconshowsonlyli
mi t
edcatenati
onbecauseofi
ts
l
argeatomicradi
us, lowbondener gyofSi
-Sibondandabsenceofmul t
ipl
ebondsbetweenSi
atoms.

(
b)Howdoesbor
ondi
ff
erf
rom al
umi
nium.

Answer
:

Di
ff
erencebet
weenbor
onandal
umi
nium:

Bor
oni
sanon-
met
albutal
umi
nium i
samet
al.

Bor
oni
sasemi
-conduct
orwhi
l
eal
umi
nium i
sagoodconduct
orofel
ect
ri
cit
y.

Bor
onf
ormsanumberofhy
dri
descal
l
edbor
anes,
butAl
for
msapol
ymer
ichy
dri
de.

Hal
idesofboron(exceptBF3)ar
ereadi
l
yhy
drol
ysedbywat
erwher
eashal
i
desofA1ar
eonl
y
par
ti
all
yhydrol
ysedbywat er
.

B2O3i
saci
dic,
butAl
2O3i
samphot
eri
c.

Bor
onhy
droxi
deB(
OH)
3isaci
dic,
butAl
(OH)
3isamphot
eri
c.
(
c)Wr
it
ethesi
mil
ari
ti
esbet
weenbor
onandsi
l
icon.

Answer
:

Si
mil
ari
ti
esbet
weenbor
onandsi
l
icon:

Bot
har
enon-
met
als.

Bot
har
esemi
-conduct
ors

Boronandsil
iconf
orm anumberofcoval
enthydri
deswhichhav
esimil
arpr
opert
ies.For
example,
theyspont
aneousl
ycatchf
ireonexposuret
oairandarer
eadi
lyhydr
oly
sedbywater
.

Thehal
i
desofbor
onandsi
l
iconar
ereadi
l
yhy
drol
ysedbywat
er.

Bor
ont r
ioxi
de(B2O3)andsi
li
condi
oxi
de(
SiO2)ar
eaci
dici
nnat
ure.Thesedi
ssol
vei
nal
kal
i
sol
uti
onf or
mingborat
esandsil
i
cat
es.