ST.

ANTHONY'
SBOYS'
SECSCHOOL
CLASS10
SCI
ENCE
Chapt
er6-Li
fePr
ocesses

→ Al
lli
vingt
hingsper
form cer
tai
nli
feprocessesl
i
ke
gr
owth,excr
eti
on,r
espir
ati
on,cir
cul
ati
onetc.
→ Al
lthepr
ocessesliker
espir
ati
on,
digest
ion,whi
ch
t
oget
herkeeptheli
vingorgani
smsli
veandperformthe
j
obofbodymaintenancearecall
edl
if
eprocesses.

ModesofNut
ri
ti
on
•Nut
ri
ti
oni
nPl
ant
s

(
i)Pl
ant
sar
eaut
otr
ophs.
(
ii
)Maket
hei
rownf
ood.
(
ii
i)Eatani
mal
sfort
hei
rfood.
•Nut
ri
ti
oni
nAni
mal
s
(
i)Ani
mal
sar
ehet
erot
rophs.
(
ii
)Dependsonpl
ant
sorot
her

Aut
otr
ophi
cNut
ri
ti
on
→Itisakindofnutr
it
ioninwhichinor
gani
cmat er
ial
sli
ke
CO2,wat
eretc.ar
eutili
zedtoprepar
eorgani
cfoodbythe
pr
ocessofphotosynthesi
s.
E.
g:Gr
eenpl
ant
s.
→ Theor
ganismswhichcarryoutaut
otr
ophi
cnut
ri
ti
onar
e
cal
l
edautot
rophs(
greenplants)
.
→ Autot
rophsusesimplei
nor
gani
cmateri
alandconver
tit
i
ntocomplexhighener
gymolecul
es(
Carbohydr
ates)
→ Aut
otrophicnutri
ti
onisfulf
il
ledbyt
hepr ocessbywhich
aut
otr
ophst akeinCO2andH2Oandconv ertt
heseint
o
car
bohydratesinthepresenceofchl
orophyll
,sunl
i
ghtis
cal
l
edPhot osynthesi
s.
•Equat
ionf
orPhot
osy
nthesi
s:

•Rawmat
eri
alsf
orphot
osy
nthesi
s
→ Sunl
i
ght
:Iti
sinor
gani
cmat
eri
al.
→ Chl
orophy
ll
:Sunl
i
ghtabsor
bedbychl
orophy
ll
.
→ CO2: Ent
ersthroughst
omataandoxygen(O2)is
r
eleasedasby -
productt
hroughst
omataonleaf.
→ Water:
Water+dissol
vedmineral
sli
kenit
rogen,
phosphor
usetc.ar
etakenupbytherootsofthesoi
l.

•Si
teofPhot
osy
nthesi
s
Somecel l
scont
aingreenpigment
swhicharecell
organel
l
escall
edchloropl
astswhi
chcontai
nchlor
ophy
ll
.
Mai
nEv
ent
sofPhot
osy
nthesi
s
→ Absor
pti
onofl
i
ghtener
gybychl
orophy
ll
.
→ Conver
sionofli
ghtenergyintochemicalener
gy+
spl
i
tti
ng(breaki
ng)ofwaterintohydrogenandoxygen.
→ Reduct
ionofCO2t
ocar
bohy
drat
es.
St
omat
a
St
omataar
ethet
inypor
espr
esentont
hesur
faceoft
he
l
eaves.

Funct
ionsofst
omat
a
→ ExchangeofgasesO2/
CO2.
→ Losesl
argeamountofwat
er(
wat
erv
apour
)dur
ing
t
ranspi
rat
ion.

Het
erot
rophi
cNut
ri
ti
on
→ Kindofnutr
it
ioninwhichor
ganismsdonotpossesst
he
abi
li
tytosynt
hesizethei
rownfood.Theydependon
aut
otr
ophsf
ort
hei
rfoodsuppl
ydi
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
ly.
Exampl
e:Ani
mal
s,f
ungi
.

→ Holozoi
cNutr
it
ion:
Animalst
akei
nsol
i
dfoodand
br
eakdowninsi
dethebody.
Exampl
e:Amoeba,
ani
mal
s.

→ Saprophy
ticNutr
it
ion:
Organi
smsf
eedondead,
decay
ingmat t
er.
Exampl
e:Fungi
.

→ Par
asi
ti
cNutr
it
ion:
Parasi
tesl
ivei
nsi
deorout
sideot
her
or
gani
sm (
host
)andderi
venutri
ti
onfr
om i
t.
Exampl
e:Cuscut
a(pl
antpar
asi
tes)
,Ti
ckset
c.

•Howor
gani
smsobt
aint
hei
rfood
→ Unicel
l
ular/
Singl
ecell
edor
gani
sms:
Foodi
stakenup
t
hroughentir
esurface.
Exampl
e:Amoeba,
Par
amaeci
um
Pr
ocessofi
ntakeoff
oodbyAmoeba
→ Par
amaeci
um:Cil
ia(Pr
esental
lov
ert
hebody
)→ Take
i
nfood→ Ataspeci
fi
cspot

Nut
ri
ti
on
Diff
erentorgani
smsuti
l
izedif
fer
entnut
ri
ti
onalprocesses
asitdependsuponthesourceofcar
bonfrom wherethe
foodistaken.

Nut
ri
ti
oni
nHumanBei
ngs
→ Thealiment
arycanali
sbasicall
yalongtubeext
endi
ng
fr
om themouthtotheanus.Variousr
egionsare
speci
ali
sedtoperf
orm di
ff
erentfunct
ions.

•HumanDi
gest
iveSy
stem
(
i)Mout
h:I
ntakeofwhol
efood.
(
ii
)Teet
h:Chewi
ng/
gri
ndi
ngoff
ood.
(i
i
i)Tongue:
Roll
ingoffood+Tast
ingoff
ood+
Swall
owing/
Pushingdownofthef
ood.
(i
v)Sali
var
yGlands:Secretesal
iva+Mucus( I
tisasti
cky
,
gel
ati
nousmat er
ialt
hatlinesyourl
ungs,t
hroat,mout
h,
nose,andsi
nuses.)+Starchisconver
tedint
oglucoseby
sal
i
va(
Sal
i
var
yamy
lase)
(v
)Oesophagus:
Takingfoodfrom mout
htostomachby
Peri
stal
ti
cmovements(Contr
acti
onandexpansi
onof
musclesoft
heoesophagus).
(v
i)St
omach:Gast
ri
cgl
andspr
esenti
nst
omachsecr
ete
gast
ri
cjui
ce.

(vi
i
)Small
Intest
ine:
Thesmalli
ntesti
neisthesit
eofthe
compl
etedigest
ionofcar
bohy
drates,pr
oteinsandf
ats.
(a)Wall
sofsmal l
int
estinesecretei
ntest
inalenzyme
whichconvertCar
bohydratesintogl
ucose, f
atsinfat
ty
acid+glycer
olandProteinsi
ntoaminoaci ds.
(b)I
thasVill
i(f
ingerl
i
kepr
oject
ion)whi
chhel
pint
he
absorpt
ionoffoodint
obl
ood.
(
c)I
trecei
vest
hesecr
eti
onsoft
hel
i
verandpancr
eas.
→ Thefoodi
sacidi
cwhichismadeal
kal
ineforthe
pancr
eati
cenzy
mest oact
.Thepancr
eassecret
es
pancreat
icj
uicewhichcontai
nsenzymesl
iket
rypsi
nf or
digest
ingpr
oteinsandl
ipaseforbr
eaki
ngdownemul sif
ied
fats.
→ Fatsarepresentint
hei nt
esti
nei nthef
orm ofl
arge
globul
eswhichmakesi tdiff
icul
tforenzymestoacton
them.Bil
esaltsbreakt
hem downi ntosmal
lergl
obules
whichincr
easestheeffi
ciencyofenzy meacti
on.

(
vii
i
)Lar
geI
ntest
ine:
(
a)Absor
bexcessofwat
er.
(
b)Therestoft
hemat
eri
ali
sremov
edf
rom t
hebodyv
ia
t
heanus.

Respi
rat
ioni
nHumanBei
ngs
→ Respi
rat
ioni
nvol
ves:
(
i)Gaseousexchange(Breat
hing):
Int
akeofoxy
genf
rom
t
heatmosphereandr el
easeofCO2.
(
ii
)Cel
lul
arr
espi
rati
on:Br
eakdownofsi
mpl
efoodi
nor
der
t
orel
easeener
gyinsidet
hecell
.

•Br
eakdownofGl
ucosebyVar
iousPat
hway
s
→ Thefi
rststepisthebreak-downofgl ucose(asi
x-
car
bonmol ecul
e)intoathree-carbonmol ecul
ecal
l
ed
pyr
uvat
ewhi chtakesplaceint hecytopl
asm.
→ Thepy ruvatemaybeconv ertedintoet hanolandcarbon
dioxi
dewhi chtakesplaceiny eastduringf ermentat
ion.
Sincethi
spr ocesstakesplaceint heabsenceofai r
(oxygen)
,itiscall
edanaerobicr espi
ration.
→ Thepy ruv
ateisbrokendowni nt
othree-carbonpy r
uvat
e
mol eculeinthepresenceofoxy gentogivet hree
mol eculesofcarbondioxi
deandwat er.Thispr ocess
takespl acei
nmi tochondr
ia.Sincethi
spr ocesst akes
placei nthepresenceofai
r( oxygen),
itiscalledaer obi
c
respirati
on.
→ Thepyruvateisconver
tedintol
acticacidwhenther
ei s
alackofoxygeni nourmusclecel
l
s, whichisal
soathree-
carbonmolecule.Thi
sbuil
d-upoflacti
cacidinour
musclesduri
ngsuddenact i
vit
ycausescr amps.

Thewhol
epr
ocessofbr
eakdownofgl
ucosei
sshown
bel
ow:
→ Theener gyrel
easeddur i
ngcellularrespir
ati
onis
i
mmedi at
elyusedtosy nthesiseamol eculecal
ledATP
whichisusedt ofuelallotheracti
vitiesinthecell
.Inthese
processes,ATPisbr okendowngi vi
ngr isetoaf i
xed
amountofener gywhi chcandr iv
et heendot her
mi c
reacti
onstakingplaceinthecel l
.

→ Therat
eofbr eat
hingi
naquat i
cor ganismsi
smuch
fast
ert
hanthatseeninterr
estr
ialorganismsbecausethe
amountofdi
ssolvedoxygenisfair
lylowcompar edt
othe
amountofoxygenintheair
.
•Ty
pesofRespi
rat
ion

•HumanRespi
rat
orySy
stem
Passageofai
rthr
ought
her
espi
rat
orysy
stem:

→ Nost
ri
l:
Airi
stakeni
ntot
hebody
.
→ Nasal
Passage:
Iti
sachannel
forai
rf
lowt
hrought
he
nose.
→ NasalCav
ity
:Iti
sli
nedwithhair
sandmucus
membrane.I
twarms,moist
uri
ze,andf
il
terai
rbef
orei
t
r
eachesthel
ungs.
→ Pharynx:
Itcont
ainsr
ingsofcar
ti
lagewhi
chensur
ethat
t
heair-
passagedoesnotcoll
apse.
→ Lary
nx:Ithousesthevocalcor
dsandmani pul
atespit
ch
andvolume,whichisessent
ialf
orphonat
ion.Iti
salso
knownasv oi
cebox.
→ Trachea:Pharynxspl
it
sint
otracheaandesophagus.I
t
connectsthelar
ynx(orvoi
cebox)tothebronchi
ofthe
l
ungs.Itprovi
desairfl
owtoandf r
om thel
ungsfor
respi
rat
ion.
→ Bronchi:Theyarethemainpassagewayintothelungs.
Theyaretheext ensi
onsofthewindpi
pethatshutt
leairto
andfrom thelungs.Theoxygengoestothelungsand
car
bondi oxideleavethel
ungsthr
oughthem.
→ Bronchiol
es:
Bronchigetsmal l
erwhent heyreaches
cl
osertolungsti
ssuesandar ecall
edBr onchiol
es.They
aret
hepassageway sbywhichai rpassesthroughthe
noseormout htotheal
veoliofthelungs
→ Alv
eol
i:Theyar esmal l
ertubeswhichfi
nal
lyterminate
i
nball
oon-l
ikestructureswhicharecall
edalv
eoli.They
al
lowoxygenandcar bondioxi
detomov ebetweent he
l
ungsandbl oodstr
eam.
→ Bloodcapi
ll
ari
es:Theyar ethesitesofthetransf
erof
oxygenandothernutr
ient
sf rom thebloodstr
eam toother
ti
ssuesint
hebody .Theyalsocollectcarbondioxi
deand
wastemateri
alsandretur
ni ttothev ei
ns.

•Mechani
sm ofBr
eat
hing
Exchangeofgasesbet
weenal
veol
i
,bl
oodandt
issues
(i
)Air(
ri
chinO2)reachesbl
oodwhichcombi
neswi
th
haemoglobi
ninRBCandO2i srel
easedi
n
al
veol
iti
ssues(
thr
oughbl
oodv
essel
s).
(i
i)CO2isreleasedinbloodanddissol
vedintoi
tand
carri
edbybloodv essel
s.Thecarbondi
oxideisr
eleasedi
n
al
v eol
arsacwhi chissentoutt
hroughnostr
il
s.

→ Terr
esti
alor
gani
sms:
Useat
mospher
icoxy
genf
or
r
espir
ati
on.
→ Aquat
icorgani
sms:
Usedi
ssol
vedoxy
genf
or
r
espir
ati
on.
•Respi
rat
ioni
npl
ant
s
Respi
rat
ioninpl
antsissi
mplerthantherespi
rat
ioni
n
ani
mals.Gaseousexchangeoccurthr
ough:
(
a)St
omat
ainl
eav
es
(
b)Lent
icel
sinst
ems
(
c)Gener
alsur
faceoft
her
oot

Tr
anspor
tat
ioni
nHumanBei
ngs
Humanbei ngsli
keothermult
icel
lul
aror
ganism need
regularsupplyoffood,oxy
genetc.Thi
sfuncti
onis
performedbyci r
culator
ysyst
em.

→ Theci
rcul
ator
ysy
stem i
nhumanbei
ngsconsi
stsof
:
(
i)Hear
t(pumpi
ngor
gan)
(
ii
)Ar
ter
iesandVei
ns(
Bloodv
essel
s)
(
ii
i)Bl
oodandl
ymph(
Cir
cul
ator
ymedi
um)
•Ci
rcul
ator
ysy
stem i
nhumanbei
ngs

→ Thelungssuppl
yox
ygen-
ri
chbl
oodt
othet
hel
eft
at
ri
um oftheheart
.
→ Theleftat
rium r
elaxeswheni ti
scol
lect
ingt heblood
andcontract
swhenbl oodistransf
err
edtot heleft
vent
ri
cle.Thelef
tventri
cleexpandswhenitr ecei
vesblood.
→ Thebloodispumpedoutoft
hebodywhent
hemuscl
es
ofl
eftv
entri
clecont
ract
s.
→ De-
oxygenat
edbloodcomesfrom t
hebodyt
otheupper
chamberontheri
ghti
.e.t
her
ightat
ri
um wheni
texpands.
→ Thecor r
espondinglowerchamberi.e.ther
ightvent
ri
cle
expandswhenr i
ghtat
ri
um contract
s.I
ttransf
ersthe
bloodtotherightvent
ri
clewhichintur
npumpsi tt
othe
l
ungsf oroxygenati
on.
→ Ri
ghtv
ent
ri
cleshav
ethickermuscularwal
l
ssot
hat
t
heypumpbl
oodintovar
iousorgans.
→ Val
vesensur
ethatbl
ooddoesnotfl
owbackwar
ds
whent
heatr
iaorvent
ri
clescont
ract
.

Bl
oodci
rcul
ati
oni
nhumanbody
→ Doubl
ecir
culat
ion:Bl
oodtr
av el
stwi
cethr
ought
he
hear
tinonecompletecycl
eofthebody.

Di
rect
ionofbl
oodf
lowt
hroughhumanhear
t
→ Pul
monaryCir
cul
ati
on:
Bloodmov
esf
rom t
hehear
tto
t
helungsandbackt
otheheart
.
→ Syst
emicCir
culat
ion:
Bloodmovesfr
om t
hehear
tto
r
estofthebodyandbacktothehear
t.

•Bl
ood
Bl
oodi
sconnect
ivet
issuewhi
chi
sfl
uidi
nnat
ure.
→ Sol
i
dcomponent
sofbl
ood(
Bloodcor
puscl
es)
:
(i
)RBC(Redbl
oodcel
ls)
:Itcar
ri
esO2andCO2andalso
cont
ainHaemogl
obi
nwhichimpartr
edcol
ourt
otheblood.
(i
i)WBC(Whit
ebloodcel
l
s):Itpr
ovi
desbodydefenceby
engul
fi
ngtheger
msandpr oducesant
ibodi
es.
(
ii
i)Bl
oodPl
atel
ets:
Ithel
psi
nbl
oodcl
ott
ingdur
ingi
njur
y.

→ Liqui
dcomponent
s(Plasma)
:Itisayel
l
owcol
ourf
lui
d
whichcont
ain90%water&10%or gani
c
subst
ances.

•Ly
mph
→I ti
say el
lowi
shf
lui
dwhichescapesfr
om t
hebl
ood
capil
l
ari
esintot
hei
nter
cel
l
ularspaces.
→I
tcont
ainsl
esspr
otei
nst
hanbl
ood.
→I tf
lowsfrom t
het
issuestothehear
twhi
chhel
psi
n
t
ransport
ati
onanddestroy
inggerms.
→Itcarri
esdigest
edandabsorbedf atf
rom i
ntest
ineand
dr
ainsexcessfl
uidfr
om ext
racell
ularspacebackint
othe
bl
ood.
•Ty
pesofBl
oodVessel
s
Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofbl
oodv
essel
s
(
i)Ar
ter
ies
(
ii
)Vei
ns
•Tr
anspor
tat
ioni
nPl
ant
s
Ther
ear
etwomai
nconduct
ingpat
hway
sinapl
ant
.
(
i)Xy
lem
(
ii
)Phl
oem

Tr
anspi
rat
ionandi
tsFunct
ions
I
tistheprocessofl
ossofwat
erasv
apourf
rom aer
ial
par
tsoftheplant
.
Funct
ion:
(
a)Absorpti
onandupwardmov
ementofwat
erand
miner
alsbycreat
ingPULL.
(
b)Hel
psi
ntemper
atur
eregul
ati
oni
npl
ant
.
Transportoffoodfr
om leav
es(f
oodf act
ory
)todi
ff
erent
partoftheplanti
scall
edTransl
ocat
ion.

•Excr
eti
onSy
stem i
nHumanBei
ngs
Excr
etor
y/ur
inar
ysy
stem consi
stsof:
(
1)Theki
dney
s:Theexcr
etor
yor
gan
(2)Theur
eter
s:Theduct
swhi
chdr
ainoutur
inef
rom t
he
kidney
s
(
3)Theur
inar
ybl
adder:
Theur
inar
yreser
voi
r
(
4)Theur
ethr
a:Thechannel
tot
heext
eri
or
Excr
eti
on
(i
)Themet aboli
cacti
vi
ti
esi
nthebodygenerat
esmany
ki
ndsofwast esincl
udi
ngni
tr
ogenouswasteswhichar
e
harmfulfort
hebodyandhenceneededtoberemoved.
Excret
ionisaprocessbywhi
chthesewast
esar er
emoved
fr
om ourbody .
(i
)Unicel
l
ularor
gani
smsr
emov
ethesewast
esbysi
mpl
e
di
ffusi
on.

Excr
etor
ywast
es

Funct
ionsofOr
gansi
nvol
vedi
nExcr
etor
ySy
stem
Eachki
dneycont
ainsmanyf
il
tr
ati
onuni
tscal
l
edas
nephr
ons.
→ Nephronsaremadeupofaclust
erofthi
nwal l
ed
capi
l
lari
escall
edglomerul
uswhi
chisassoci
atedwit
ha
cupli
kestruct
urecal
ledasBowman’
scapsuleandthe
l
ongt
ubewhi
cht
ermi
nat
est
hrought
hiscapsul
e.
→ Ther
enalart
erybri
ngsoxygenat
edbloodtotheki
dneys
al
ongwit
hthenitr
ogenouswastesli
keureaanduri
cacid
andmanyothersubst
ances.
→ Thebloodget
sf i
l
ter
edthr
oughtheglomer
ulusandt
his
f
il
tr
ateenter
sthetubul
arpar
tofnephr
on.
→ Ast hisfil
tr
atemovesdownt hetubul
arpar
t,gl
ucose,
aminoaci ds,sal
tsandexcessofwaterget
sselect
ivel
y
reabsorbedbyt hebl
oodv essel
ssurr
oundi
ngthese
tubules.
→ Theamountofwat
err
eabsor
beddependsupon:
(
i)Howmuchexcessofwat
eri
sther
eint
hebodyand,
(
ii
)Howmuchni
tr
ogenouswast
esneedt
obeexcr
etedout
.
→ Sot
hefl
uidnowfl
owinginthet
ubularpar
tisur
ine
whi
chget
scoll
ect
edincol
lect
ingduct
sofnephrons.
→ Thesecol
l
ecti
ngductst
ogetherl
eavet
heki
dneyata
commonpointbyfor
mingtheuret
er.
→ Eachuret
erdrai
nstheurinei
ntheuri
narybladderwhere
i
tisstor
edunti
lthepr
essureofexpandedbladderleadst
o
anurgetopassi
toutthroughuret
hra.
→ Thi
sbl
adderi
samuscul
arst
ruct
urewhi
chi
sunder
ner
vouscont
rol
.
→ 180li
tr
esoffil
tr
atei
sformeddail
ybutonly2li
tr
esis
excr
etedoutasuri
nesotheresti
sreabsor
bedinthebody
.

•St
ruct
ureofNephr
on

Funct
ionsofNephr
on
→ Excr
eti
onofni
tr
ogenouswast
es.
→ Tomaint
aint
hewat
erandi
oni
cbal
ance(
osmi
c
r
egul
ati
on).
•Ar
ti
fi
cial
Kidney
Haemodial
ysis:Thepr
ocessofpuri
fyi
ngbloodbyan
ar
ti
fi
cial
kidney.Iti
smeantforki
dneyfai
l
urepati
ent
s.

•Excr
eti
oni
nPl
ant
s
Pl
ant
susedi
ff
erentst
rat
egi
esf
orexcr
eti
onofdi
ff
erent
pr
oduct
s:
→ Oxy
genandcar
bondi
oxi
dei
sdi
ff
usedt
hroughst
omat
a.
→ Excesswat
eri
sremov
edbyt
ranspi
rat
ion.
→ Plant
scanevenl
oosesomeoft
hei
rol
dpar
tsl
i
keol
d
l
eavesandbar
koftree.
→ Otherwasteproductsl
iker
aisi
nsandgumsespeci
all
y
i
noldxylem cel
l
swhi chcanalsobel
ostbypl
ant
s.
→ Plant
salsosecr
etesomewast
esubst
ancesi
ntot
he
soi
laroundthem.

•For
mat
ionofur
inei
nHumans
Theur
inef
ormat
ioni
nvol
vest
hreest
eps:
(
i)Glomer
ularf
il
tr
ati
on:Nit
rogenouswast
es,
glucose
water,
aminoaci
dfil
terf
rom thebl
oodint
oBowman
Capsul
eoft
henephr
on.
(i
i)Tubul
arr
eabsorpt
ion:
Now,usef
ulsubst
ancesfr
om the
fi
ltr
atear
ereabsor
bedbackbycapi
ll
ari
essurr
oundi
ngthe
nephron.
(
ii
i)Secreti
on:Urea,
ext
rawaterandsalt
saresecr
etedi
nto
t
het ubulewhichopenupi
ntothecoll
ecti
ngduct&then
i
ntot heuret
er.