Topic 5: The Law of Gas

(The Respiratory Ward)

• Respiration is an act where the oxygen and
other gases would get into and out of the
body.
• In other words, this is breathing- inhaling and
exhaling of air/gases.
• It is a known fact that an alive human being
would breathe, but what is the most
biological(or mathematical) possible
explanation of breathing?
 The Internal Part of Human
• It should be maintained; if not, then problems
on body functioning may arise.
• For instance, the completely isolated cells
deep within the body need atmospheric
oxygen.
• But how could this atmospheric oxygen enter
the human body and
• what are the signals of abnormal
entering/outing (breathing) into and out of
the body could be partially discussed in this
topic.
 ventilation
• One of the points that must be considered if
breathing is ventilation.
• a latin word which means ‘wind blowing’.
• Now, why do wind blows?
• because there is difference in air pressure.
• Have there could be equilibrium in air
pressure, then there could be no blowing of
wind.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
• But recall what pressure is? It is a .
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
 Why there is wind?
• When the pressure is high, it connotes a lot of
air. Remember air has weight.
• Hence, due to the weight of the air pressing
down towards on the surface of the earth, the
lower pressure nearby will experience flowing
of air from the high pressure area towards the
low pressure area.
• The flowing of air is called the wind.
 The Lungs
• In like manner, in a human body, to have an air
flow into the lungs, the pressure inside the
lungs must be lower than the pressure
outside.
• Hence, inhaling (or inspire) will make the
pressure in the lungs lower.
• And to get out the air from the lungs, make
sure that the pressure in the lungs is greater
that the outside pressure so that air will flow
out.
• This will happen in exhaling time.
Pressure During Breathing
 3 Components of Air Pressures
• in-between breath, inhalation(inspiration),
and exhalation (expiration).
• In in-between breath, the pressure inside the
lungs is the same pressure of the atmosphere,
which is appropriately 101.3 kPa or 760 mm Hg.
• But during inhalation, the size (volume) of the
lungs increases due to the contraction of the
diaphragm.
• The air inside the lungs is the same but in a
larger space because of the expanding of the
lungs, hence the pressure inside the lungs is
now reduced by 1 kPa ( or 7.5 mm Hg).
• That is, the pressure inside the lungs during
inhalation is 100.3 kPa or 752.5 mm Hg
causing the air to flow from outside.
• The amount of air that enters the lungs during
inhalation is referred to a tidal volume (TV)
with a unit of millimeter (mL).
• For a young and healthy adult, the tidal
volume is approximately 500 mL (or 500 cc).
see the figure 5.1
• Finally, during exhalation (expiration), the
volume of the lungs decreases due to the
slight collapsing of the lungs inward (since
lungs a bit elastic).
• The extra tidal volume gained during
inhalation is now squeeze into a bit smaller
space which causes the pressure inside the
lungs to increase to about 102.3 kPa or 767.5
mm Hg (Strube, 2003).
• Since the pressure is larger than the outside
atmospheric pressure, hence the air will flow
out.
• This extra pressure during exhalation is
referred as positive pressure, which is 1 kPa
larger than the atmospheric pressure.
 The Human Anatomy
• It is learned that lungs is elastic and tend to
deflate like balloon.
• But don’t you know that a lung could collapse
known as atelectasis?
• One of the main reasons why this condition
occurs is the absence of negative pressure
that holds the lung open.
• For more information on this topic, please
read more on higher anatomy and physiology
of human body.
Lungs Expand Like Inflating Balloon
• As more air getting inside the balloon, great
air molecules moving in remarkable speed will
hit the skin of the balloon causing it to
expand.
• If the elastic pull of the balloon (rubber) is
equal the outside push of the air, then
equilibrium occurs.
• The push of the air inside the balloon is the
force and the size of the balloon’s skin is the
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
area, hence, air pressure is define, i.e., .
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
 Boyle’s Law
• If the volume of the balloon is increases, that
is, increasing the area of the balloon with
adding more air, then the pressure inside gets
smaller.
• This changes of pressure with the change of
area or volume is called the Boyle’s Law of gas
written mathematically as
𝑘
• 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑉 = ,
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒,𝑃
• where k represents the constant such as type
of balloon, etc.
 Example 1
• Determine the constant k, for a pressure of
150 Pa in an area of 3 cm3 ?
• Solution:
𝑘
• 𝑉=
𝑃
• 𝑘 = 𝑃𝑉 = 150𝑃𝑎 3 𝑐𝑚3
• = 300 𝑃𝑎. 𝑐𝑚3
 Example 2
• If the volume is doubled in example 1,
determine the pressure?
• Solution:
𝑘 𝑘
• From 𝑉 =  𝑃=
𝑃 𝑉
300 𝑃𝑎.𝑐𝑚3
• 𝑃=
6 𝑐𝑚3
• 𝑃 = 50 Pa
• This means that doubling the volume means
the pressure goes down by two-thirds (50 is
1/3 of 150)
 Example 3
• A balloon with a volume of 2.0 L is filled with a gas at 3 atmospheres.
If the pressure is reduced to 0.5 atmospheres without a change in
temperature, what would be the volume of the balloon?
• Solution:
• Using Boyle's law, it can be expressed as:
• PiVi = PfVf , since the temperature is constant
• where
• Pi = initial pressure, Vi = initial volume
• = 3 atm = 2.0 L
• Pf = final pressure , Vf = final volume
• = 0.5 atm =?
• To find the final volume, solve the equation for Vf:
• Vf = PiVi/Pf
• Vf = (2.0 L) (3 atm) / (0.5 atm)
• Vf = 6 L / 0.5 atm
• Vf = 12 L
 Example 4
• A gas occupies 12.3 liters at a pressure of 40.0
mmHg. What is the volume when the pressure is
increased to 60.0 mmHg?
• Solution:
• Given: 𝑉𝑖 = 12.3 𝐿 , 𝑃𝑖 = 40 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔, 𝑃𝑓 =
60 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 , 𝑉𝑓 =?
• From 𝑘 = 𝑉𝑃, then 𝑘𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑃𝑖 and 𝑘𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓 𝑃𝑓 .
Since 𝑉𝑖 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑉𝑓 𝑃𝑓 then
𝑉𝑖 𝑃𝑖
• 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑃
𝑓
12.3 𝐿 (40 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)
• =
60 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
• 𝑉𝑓 = 8.2 𝐿
 Charle’s Law
• If there is change in temperature
• This change in temperature is explained by the
Charle’s Law of gas, which says that the volume is
directly proportional to the temperature,
provided the pressure is constant.
Mathematically,
• 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑇 , where T is the
temperature and k is a constant.
• Note: temperature is always express in SI unit,
the Kelvin K, where
• K = Celsius (centigrade) + 273, because 0 0C =
273 Kelvin
 STP
(Standard Temperature and Pressure)
• the pressure is in 100 kPa (approximately 1
atm). This is known as the STP (Standard
Temperature and Pressure).
• Defining STP allows us to compare more
directly the properties of gases that differ
from each other.
• The purpose of STP is to provide chemists with
a common experimental baseline from which
to interpret and compare data.
 Example 5
• Determine the constant k if the volume is 5 cm3
and the temperature is 100 0C.
• Solution:
𝑉
• From 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑇  𝑘=
𝑇
5 𝑐𝑚3
• 𝑘=
100+273 𝐾
• 𝑘 = 0.0134 𝑐𝑚3 /𝐾
 Example 6
• If the temperature in example 3 is reduced to 50
0C, determine the volume.

• Solution:
𝑐𝑚3
• From 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑇  𝑉 = 0.0134 (500 𝐶)
𝐾
• 𝑉 = 0.0134 𝑐𝑚3 /𝐾(50 + 273 𝐾)
• 𝑉 = 4.3282 𝑐𝑚3
• This means that reducing the temperature to 50
0C would reduce the volume to 4.3282 cm3.
 Example 7
• A gas occupies 900.0 mL at a temperature of 27.0
°C. What is the volume at 132.0 °C?
• Solution:
• Given: 𝑉𝑖 = 900 𝑚𝐿 , 𝑇𝑖 = 27 0 𝐶 , 𝑇𝑓 = 132 0 ,
𝑉𝑓 =?
𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑓
• Now, from =
𝑇𝑖 𝑇𝑓
𝑉𝑖 𝑇𝑓 900 𝑚𝐿 132+273 𝐾
• 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑇𝑖
= 27+273 𝐾
• 𝑉𝑓 = 1,215 𝑚𝐿
 Example 8
• When the volume of a gas is changed from ___
mL to 852 mL, the temperature will change from
315 °C to 452 °C. What is the starting volume?
• Solution:
0 0
• Given: 𝑉𝑖 =? , 𝑇𝑖 = 315 𝐶 , 𝑇𝑓 = 452 ,
𝑉𝑓 = 852 𝑚𝐿
𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑓
• Now, from =
𝑇𝑖 𝑇𝑓
𝑉𝑓 𝑇𝑖 852 𝑚𝐿 315+273 𝐾
• 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑇 = 452+273 𝐾
𝑓
• 𝑉𝑖 = 691.001 𝑚𝐿
To Be Continued