5 Urinalysis

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
When yOu have
compleed this nit, vou should be able to.

List the
methods used to obtain samples for urinalysis.
Describe proper
sample handling of urine samples.
3.
Prepare urine for
microscopic examination.
4. Perform physical and chemical evaluation of urine.
Perform
microscopic examination of urine.
6. List crystals that may be encountered in urine sediment.
.

Describe the formation of casts and explain their

significance in a urine
sampl
S. List and describe parasites that may be encountered in urine sediment.

EXERCISE 5.1: FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

nstructiOns: Fill in each
of the spaces provided with the missing word or words that conplete the
sentence
.Pigments that give color to urine are called AYOCWYOMR
2 Iak:ui i s defined increase in the
as an
frequency of urination.
3. A decrease in the volume of urine
produced is called Qli Gu
4. A Yet ctACnurine sample is collected while the animal urinates.

5.(Hhelrizaiemis a method of collecting urine for culture and sensitivity and can be used if a
/6JGCCiNCSK
cannot be performed.

6.ssSRUYIOoccurs when the specific gravity of urine approaches that of the glomerular filtrate (1.008-1.012).
7. PhySI CO properties of urine include volume, color, odor,
turbidity, and specific gravity.
8. An increase in the total volume of urine produced is called
OiulY
9 Che miCC properties of urine are usually evaluated with the use of reagent strips or reagent tablets.

10 A SVuv _crystal is commonly seen in alkaline to slightly acidic urine; sometimes referred to as a triple
phosphate crystal.

11.
Colctum
Loionalecrystals are commonly seen in the urine ofrabbits and horses.

12. The presence of calculi (stones) in the urinary tract is called LAVbJhoJS

13.
ColCium
GeJe crystals are 1ormed in aCidic and neutral urine; commonly resemble the back of an envelope.

68
Chapter 5 Urinalysis Lopyright 2020 Elsevier, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
14. CaSs 1 O e d in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney, where the cocentration
and acidity of urine are
greatest.
15. The three types of HY&IQ cells found in urinary sediment are squamous, transitional, and renal

EXERCISE 5.2: URINALYSIS CROSSWORD PUZZLE

elyhroues

C
emaA Julria

yoRLObMo
1e ko cye
Across Down
WBC; may be smooth,
smaller than a Instrument used to determine specific gravity
ells Sterile collection of urine; can be used for culture
biconcave disk shape
Term used for presence of RBCs in urine and sensitivity
7
Urine specific gravity approaches glomerular pH above 7.0
Formed in the lumen of the distal
Kfiltrate referred to as triple phosphate crystals and collecting tubules of the kidney
Crystals
of water used to calibrate a refractometer Presence of crystals in urine
Type
Protein found in muscle; urine is very dark brownStain used for observing cells in urine sedimernt
1 Cells larger than RBCs and smaller
than renal 19 Physical properties of urine include color, odor,
epithelial cells turbidity, specific gravity, and
bodies are formed during incomplete
catabolism of fatty acids

69
Copyright 2020 Elsevier, Inc. All Aights Reserved. Chapter 5 Urinalysis
 EXERCISE 5.3:
lnstructions: FindURINALYSIS
or the words
WORD SEARCH
diagonallr and nar beathat
t are defined by the are
the clues
reversed.
chues given belon:
Deto" The words may be locaied

M
orizontally,
horizontally, vertically,
W H
C G L WA T
W C
V M S
M D
Z O
U G K A
B
K TX G A M
A
K B
R
Z B
A
LMME
A E U UU O E
R S E B A
M W VXG
B J W
Y
M
S
RXEM LX W V F
R
N
C
A C
M E
E R
S
C
MOU NN Z H E V
Z H
T P o G W R H
R u Q a S
L D N F G J

U/ G U R A L
CR R U U H RR K X G Y Y
S s H A T LO R
V S A T FL T Y G N H J M V

BILIRUBINURIA MYOGLOBINURIIA
CAST OLIGURIA
LCENTRIFUGE
CYSTOCENTESi^ UREFRACTOMETER
GLUCOSURIA STRUVITE
HEMATURIA WROLITHIASIS

70
Chapter 5 Urinalysis
LOpyright© 2020 Elsevier, inc. All Rights Reserv
EXERCISE 5.4: LABORATORY EXERCISE: URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION BY
Prxedure:
CATHETERIZATION
1. Choose the proper type and size
urinary catheter for a dog.
a. For female dogs:

i. Clip the area free of hair, and prepare the site aseptically.
i. Use a sterile vaginal speculum to visualize the urethra.
b. For male dogs:

i. Extrude the penis aseptically, and prepare the area without touching the prepuce.
2. Lubricate the distal end of the catheter, and handle the catheter
aseptically.
3. Introduce and pass the catheter into the bladder, and avoid
contamination.
4. Empty the bladder with a syringe or attach a collection system to the catheter.

EXERCISE 5.5: LABORATORY EXERCISE: URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION BY CYSTOCENTESIs

Procedure:

1. Select a 22- or 20-gauge needle by 1 inch or 1% inches and a 10-mL syringe.

2. Place the animal in lateral recumbency, ventral recumbency, or in the standing position.

3. Palpate and immobilize the bladder.

4. Insert the needle into the caudal abdomen in the dorsocaudal direction.

a. For male dogs, insert the needle caudal to the umbilicus and to the side of the sheath.

b. For female dogs and for cats, insert the needle on the ventral midline caudal to the umbilicus.

5. Gently aspirate urine into the syringe, and properly label it with the patient's information.

EXERCISE 5.6 URINALYSIS REVIEW QUESTIONS

Instructions: Answer the following questions.

1. Describe four methods of urine collection. Include the technique used for each, and describe which method is best
used for culture and sensitivity.

Yoided /Seee Cokh Cakhiaq animal inac, holding_Conlainerunde

Biardder E2Dreson Gpply_rxuc to animalcausina uinw
releas

.CAhedeizalion-insced calhalee inlo ucedhra tocll

Cuslocencsis- needle inscried hrouh skin inlo biaddeyl
collcc BEST SOX C/s
71

Copyight 2020 Elsevier, Inc. All Rights Reservea. Chapter 5 Urinalysis

 2.List the
physical properties evaluated in a
urinalysis
Odo

Voitn
3. Why is horse urine
normally cloudy'?
oudy due le h high ConcedDAIU
aicum ioan.adc (LSas-

4. Why is it important to use a fresh urine sample when performing a complete urinaiysis
T norderdo avoid pesJCOlleciin
Oriloc 5 and deqenaaiivc clae

5. What should be performed to a refractometer before each use?

Tne velociomade should be Caliaaded o LOGO

disledwae

6. Define specific gravity.

The Densiy ol a quonluy of hsuid as Comparcd

4o 4ha a an equai amorun o dislledtuoJe

7. List the factors that may cause a decrease as well as an increase in the urine pH.

DEcr0K: ievê iayalisn, ngh-preliio cdiei_acidsis,

exCsmuscie ociividy, dru

Locca ploni ocsed diel, husinq,siress,CXCskmund

UTI

72 H e s e r v e u

Chapter 5 Urinalysis Copyright O 2020 Elsevier, Inc. All

Rights
S.hen prepaingurne sediment for microscopic examination, what is the maximum amount of urine (in millnliters)
thatshould be placed into a labeled conical centriluge tube? How long and at what speed should a urine sampie Dbe
centrifuged?

IOml uriar a Oe vin aA 0O0 2000 fra

9. Briefly describe the procedure for urine sediment examination.

.
Paur 10imi sample iaConical{u
2. ce ikugg 3-lo min
3. Pou silsupxnaan
4lick dubc/ qenily mix ssdimod Siain
5 p l deop on slda
enlice slicle 02
iiallu close_iis disphcaqm Scan on
Vecord esulls

10. When examining urine sediment under a microscope, what objective should be used?|

Use he YOx( highdy)objcclve

that may be seen in acidic and alkaline urine.

11. List and describe the crystals

Acidic Caictum ckalalc, uei ad, fysiA leiuuiae, Cyslha

Alkalin SAmvilk, GmorprioLs CrYRIailina malerial, Calciil carbonaie

Ammorum bUrale

73

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LILL LLLA
 26. Define ghost cells.
EXERCISE 5.7: LABORATORY EXERCISE: MICROScOPIC EVALUATION OF URINE
Procedure
lystdBC I. Pour approximaleiy 10 mL (5 mL minimum) of the urine sample into a labeled conical centriruge tube
2. Centrifuge the sample for 3 to 6 minutes at 1000 to 2000 rpm.
27. From where do transitional epithelial cells originate
eivis,uveles,preximal
CrAhra 3. Pour off the
he Biadde, enal
supernatant, leaving approximately 0.5 to
I mL in the tube.
4. Resuspend the sediment by flicking the tube with your fingers or by gently mixing the sediment and supernatant
with a pipette.
28. How are granular casts formed?
5. Transter I drop of resuspended sediment near the end of a microscope slide with a uransfer pipette, and place a
lkai CeAS, KBCs/BCs
heyoainade lvom ubulay epilhe
coverslip over it.
decaMreAi¢d Ca3 AVun
ho became incor poroied in h
6. Optional: Add I drop of Sedi-Stain or new methylene blue (NMB) stain to I drop of urine sediment on the other
end of the microscope slide, and place a coverslip over it.
29. Name the type of urine crystal often referred to as triple phosphate.
7. Subdue the light of the microscope by partially closing the iris diaphragm.
Sruvle Crusial 8. Scan the entire unstained slide for the presence of large formed elements. such as casts and clusters of cells.
30. Name the type of urinary crystal most commonly associated with ethylene elycol poisorning.
9. Examine the entire specimen under the coverslip with the high-power (40x) objective to identify and quantity
Calcium Cxalalc mononydralC formed elements. Use the stained sediment, as needed, to confirm identification of the formed element.
10. Examine a minimum of 10 microscopie fields with the high-power lens.
EXERCISE5.8: LABORATORYEXERCISE:PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL EVALUATIONS OF URINE 11. Record the results. Report cells and bacteria in numbers/high-power field (HPF) and castsa inrange
list either the average number seen in 10 microscope fields
numbers/low-power
representing the
field (LPF). The report can or
Procedure lowest and the highest numbers of each element seen in l0 microscopic fields.
1. Obtain 10-mL urine
a
sample. (Smaller volumes can be used, but test results may be
inaccurate.)
2. Pour the
EXERCISE 5.8: PHOTO UIZ: URINALYSIS
sample into a clean, dry, clear container (test tube or Instructions: Answer the following questions.
specimen cup).
3. Evaluate the sample's colo.
4. Evaluate the
sample's turbidity.
5. Evaluate the
specimen's odor.
6. Perform specific gravity evaluation with a
refractometer.
7. Note the condition and expiration date of urine
dipstick test strips.
8. Immerse the dipstick in the urine
sample. Note the time.
9. Remove the dipstick, and place il on a
paper towel.
10. Tilt the
dipstick on its long edge to wick
away excess urine from
the
11. Evaluate the color changes at the
dipstick.
prescnoDed times as stated on the
12. Record the results on the
dipstick package.
urinalysis report form. What cells are observed in this urine sediment slide?
Lcdlood cells areokened
6
Cnapter 5 Urinalysis
77
Chapter 5 Urinalysis
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 A.
What ceils are observed in this urine sediment slide?
a. What are the clusters of cells?
hik Blood cils -laug han KBC,Smaller ven reralepilheliolcal iransidinal Epilhelial Cels_
Badlerie
b. Describe the characteristics of this cell
type, and explain from where it is derived.
suReund, maybe Gshapcd or Kaudaie
Derived cm ureses bladde NCna rls, proximal uíeles
a. What is the name of the
large cell?
AnCis cpidhelial Calls
b. Describe the
characteristics of this cell, and
explain from where it is
hia cells w derived.
derive homgunRcus oppcoranc
Om disal
welhra, vine Vulva , or prcpuCR
a. What is the name of the structure present?
yalihe S
b. Describe the characteristics of this formed element.
Cleae colocdcss somewhai iNsAVAVV-mde alpcjeo
18 Cylicleienl aralicl siBes.kcundeé edgcs
Criapter5 Urinalysis
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Inc. All Rights Hesel v Chapter 5 Urinalysis
 8.
a. What is the name of this cast?
a. Name the crystal.
Granula CQ81
b. Describe the characteristics of this cast.
Slvuvil Cusjal
b. In what pH is this crystal found?
Scon Aubulor cpdheur cels_PAcs_orLels alkalin o sliadlu ocidc
c. Describe the shape of the erystal.
s i d d YiSm i tapsinsides ane tnds
Coli lid
9.
a. What is the name of this cast?
b. Describe the characteristics of this cast.
-rekmbe huolina ou ulo Gr0. a. Name the crystal on this slide
- dull or, rode, Squorends
dlorkS lerel mcphaus phosphale
b. In what pH is this crystal found?
Alkalin
80
Chapter 5 urinalysis
31
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Inc. All HigitS
 2
10.
Name the crystal on this slide.
Calcium Carbonauie a. Name the crystal on this slide.
b. In what two species are these normally seen
Calcium0xalauc (elhydxalc kam
horscs and rabbis b. In what pH is this crystal found?
OCiclic aned naudral
c. Describe the shape of this crystal.
ASquave shapc i l h cn y acOSS
13
a. Name the crystal on this slide.
Aam aniLAm_biuxt
b. In what pH is this crystal found?
c.

slisytidiCneulra alkali
Describe the shape of this
crystal.
YOund lonq iuealse spiCules -
looic ie ades
Name the cells and erystals observed in this urine sediment slide
aleum Oxalade, Siruv1de, KBCs
82
napter 5 Urinalysis
83
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14
slide.
a. Name the crystals observed in this urine sediment
uit iAtid cuysials
b. Describe the shape of this crystal.
a. Name the crystal on this slide.
DiamondOr hcmboid Sheped
Cysine Cruslel
b. In what pH is this crystal found?
CIcdue
C. Describe the shape of this crystal.
hexaanal Shapa
11.
a. Name these erystals.
Tryosi Cuslals
b. In what pH is this crystal found?
Ocidic
sediment slide.
ova in this urine
c. Describe the characteristics of this Name the parasite
crystal.
Ova
RaY Sonuma plic e
dokw hizdle ika
84 rccchcrckraRi 85
Chapter 5 urinalysis Cnapter 5 Urinalysis
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hte Reserveu
 20.
Name the cells in the upper left side of this urine sediment.
Name the seen in this urine sediment slide.
parasite
oria Lmmlis merol(onb enal eplhehal eMS
19
Name the structures or cells observed in this urine
sediment.
Gronular (6 ( Droplel epuhelial Co
Chapter 5 Urinalysis
87
Chapter 5 Urinalysis
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 8

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