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Noakhali-3814
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
1. Cattle Nutrition
1.1 Nutrition
Nutrition is a process by which animals receive a proper and balanced food
and water ration so it can grow, maintain its body, reproduces, and perform.
1.2 Nutrient
Nutrient is a substance or part of feedstuff that is necessary for an organism
to live and grow, also known as a single group of foods of the same general
chemical composition that supports animal life. Required nutrients for cattle
include water, carbohydrates, fats, protein, minerals, and vitamins.
Water
Protein Minerals
Six Basic
Nutrients
Carbohydrates Vitamins
Fats
1.3 Water
Water is the most critical nutrient in all livestock production. Animals can go without food for
several days, but can only survive without water for ~3 days. Water makes up 55-65% of an
animal’s body.
Cattle’s water needs to be clean and fresh. If you look at the water and decide that you wouldn’t
drink it then consider why do you make cattle drink it. We should consider having our water source
tested on a semi-routine basis to check for the incidence of contamination by harmful
microorganisms and or chemicals, additionally checking water levels for mineral and heavy metal
contamination could be beneficial.
To ensure availability and control potential contamination of surface water sources, well derived
water is the best option. Additionally, environmental issues may necessitate the restriction of cattle
from surface water.
1.4 Energy
Energy is derived from digestion of feedstuffs:
1. Protein
2. Carbohydrates
3. Fat
Energy is one of the most important things that cattle require. Energy is derived from the digestion
of dietary carbohydrates including fiber and starch, dietary and microbial protein, and dietary fat.
We measure energy content of feeds and talk about energy requirements of cattle in terms of TDN
(total digestible nutrients).
More advance energy discussion relate the energy content of feeds and the energy requirements of
cattle in the Net energy system. The NE system assigns a proportion of the energy in the feedstuff
to meet the cow’s requirement for maintenance, growth, lactation, and gestation. Common sources
of energy include: forage or hay, citrus pulp, molasses, grain by-products, and fat.
1.4.1 Protein
Proteins are complex nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Purpose:
1. Develop and repairing body organs and tissues (i.e.: muscles, nerves, skin, hair,
hooves, and feathers).
2. Important in the reproduction process of the developing fetus, transmitting DNA,
and development of young.
Protein requirements of cattle
The protein requirements of cattle are met by three different sources.
1. The first source is the diet, protein is derived from digestion of the forage that is consumed
and any supplemental feeds that are offered.
2. The next protein source is the digestion of the rumen microbes that grow in the rumen
and then are passed to the lower GI tract for digestion. Microbial protein is the main source
of protein for most grazing cattle. This protein is high quality and allows ruminants to
flourish on high-forage diets.
3. The final source of protein is actually the recycling of urea back into the rumen for the
rumen microbes to utilize. Recycling of N is again and adaptation that allows cattle to
consume low-quality forages and yet survive and grow.
Common protein sources include forage, which is the primary source of protein and nitrogen for
the animal and the rumen microbes. Supplemental sources included oilseeds and oilseed meals like
soybean and cottonseed meal, grain by-products are sources of protein (distillers grains, corn
gluten feed), finally approved animal by products like feather meal, fish meal, and porcine blood
meal.
1.4.2 Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are feed components that provide energy and are composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen. They are a major component of plant tissues. Carbohydrates should make up about
75 percent of an animal’s diet. Carbohydrates are not stored in the body. They must be provided
in the animal’s diet every day. Unused carbohydrates are converted into fat to be stored. In addition
to energy, carbohydrates aid in the use of proteins and fats by the body.
Types: Sugars, starch, fiber.
Purpose:
1. Supports body functions, breathing, digesting, etc.
2. Stores fat, and produces heat for body warmth.
1.4.3 Fats
Fat or lipid is a food component that provides energy and is also the form in which animals store
energy. Fats contain the highest amounts of energy. They can contain 2.25 times more energy than
carbohydrates. Fats play an important role in supplying the energy needed by an animal for normal
body maintenance. A key role of fats is they are the only way the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and
K can enter the animal’s body. Fats may be supplemented from vegetable sources such as oil seeds,
animal sources such as tallow, and specialty fat sources that are manufactured to be rumen inert,
ie, not interact with the metabolism of rumen microbes.
1.5 Vitamins
A vitamin is an organic substance needed in small quantities to perform specific functions. They
do not provide energy, but are necessary in using energy. Vitamins aid the animal’s body by
assisting to regulate body functions, keeping the body healthy, and developing resistance to
diseases. The deficiency of a vitamin can lead to disease or death. vitamins are separated into two
different classes, water soluble and fat soluble vitamins.
The table on the right breaks down the vitamins according to their
solubility. Ruminants do not normally need to be supplemented
with B vitamins or any of the other water soluble vitamins to meet
their nutritional requirements. The rumen microorganisms
synthesize adequate levels of all of the B vitamins, niacin,
pantothenic acid, and folic acid to satisfy cattle requirements.
The fat soluble vitamins with the exception of vitamin K are often
incorporated into well-formulated good quality vitamin/mineral
supplements. Fat soluble vitamins can be stored in specific tissues
of the body for limited time periods, but cattle benefit by having
adequate levels of fat soluble vitamins supplemented to their diet.
1.6 Minerals
A mineral is an inorganic element found in small amounts in the body. Minerals are essential in
skeleton growth and necessary for body systems to function properly.
There are two groups of minerals:
b) Micro-minerals
a) Macro-Minerals -
1. Chromium (Cr)
1. Salt (NaCl) [Sodium & Chorine] 2. Cobalt (Co)
2. Calcium (Ca) 3. Copper (Cu)
3. Phosphorus (P) 4. Fluorine (F)
4. Magnesium (Mg) 5. Iodine (I)
5. Potassium (K) 6. Iron (Fe)
6. Sulfur (S) 7. Manganese (Mn)
8. Molybdenum (Mo)
9. Selenium (Se)
10. Silicon (Si)
11. Zinc (Zn)
Macro-minerals or major minerals are needed in the diet in relatively large amounts.
Microminerals or trace minerals are minerals that are required in small quantities. The forage base,
pasture or hay, is the most important contributor of minerals for cattle just like it is for energy and
protein. However, because of differences in forage type and quality the forage base also causes
some of the major dietary deficiencies.
The need for minerals is paramount because they are essential for many of the basis physiological
process in the body (regulation of osmotic pressure, transmission of nervous impulses,
antioxidants, bone growth, etc.). Generally, our forages are not just deficient in one mineral, thus
mineral supplements to meet cattle requirements should be well-balanced to address all of the
potential mineral concentration shortfalls in the forage.
2 Cattle Integument
2.3 Epidermis
The Epidermis has five distinct layers:
1. Stratum corneum: “horny layer”
2. Stratum lucidum: “clear layer”
3. Stratum granulosum: “granular layer”
4. Stratum spinosum: “spiny layer”
5. Stratum basale: “basal layer”
References:
1. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Published by Gordon Charles
https://slideplayer.com/slide/8828812/
2. Meeting Nutritional Needs of Animals, Published by Darlene Pearce
https://slideplayer.com/slide/3424441/
3. Nutrition & Feeding, Published by Mabel Goodman
https://slideplayer.com/slide/4403966/
4. The integumentary system, https://www.slideshare.net/amandahendrickson/the-
integumentary-system-14643451
5. Unlocking the Problem of Lumpy Skin Disease in Bangladesh,
https://www.aci-bd.com/research-development/unlocking-the-problem-of-lumpy-skin-
disease-in-bangladesh.html