FLUID MECHANICS LAB

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,

VISVESVARAYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY,NAGPUR.
GROUP-1,BATCH-2

TEAM MEMBERS:
ALI MAULA SHAIKH BT19CME008
ALTI NITIN SAI KUMAR BT19CME009
AMAN RAJ BT19CME010
AMRUTKAR CHETAN CHANDRAKANT BT19CME011
ANAND KUMAR GOPALIKA BT19CME012

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 EXPERIMENT-6

FRICTION IN PIPES

Aim: - To Study losses due to pipe friction for different pipes

Apparatus: - Bucket, different pipe setup.

Theory: -

i. Type of flow :-
a) Laminar flow or streamline flow in pipes (or tubes) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel
layers, with no disruption between the layers. At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without
lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards. There are no cross-
currents perpendicular to the direction of flow, nor eddies or swirls of fluids. In laminar flow,
the motion of the particles of the fluid is very orderly with all particles moving in straight lines
parallel to the pipe walls. Any lateral mixing (mixing at right angles to the flow direction)
occurs by the action of diffusion between layers of the liquid. Diffusion mixing can be slow
however if the diameter of the pipe of tube is small then this diffusive mixing can be very
significant.

b) Turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic property changes. This includes
rapid variation of pressure and flow velocity in space and time. In contrast to laminar flow the
fluid no longer travels in layers and mixing across the tube is highly efficient. Flows at Reynolds
numbers larger than 4000 are typically (but not necessarily) turbulent, while those at low
Reynolds numbers below 2300 usually remain laminar. Flow in the range of Reynolds numbers
2300 to 4000 and known as transition.

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 ii. Friction factor:-
Friction factor, in general, was found to be a function of the Reynolds number and pipe
relative roughness. Relative roughness is defined here as the ratio of the absolute
roughness ε of the pipe inside wall to the pipe inside diameter.

There are several formulae describing friction factors for different flow conditions. Most
of them are included in the Moody diagram , which is a graphical presentation of
Darcy–Weisbach-type f values.

Procedure:-

i. Open the inlet valve of the setup to set water into the pipes and connecting tubes. After
ensuring that there are no bubbles connect the flexible tube back to the manometer.
ii. Record the size of pipes and temperature of water flowing.
iii. Allow the discharge to come to steady state and note the pressure difference.
iv. Now, close the outlet valve of the collecting tank.
v. Repeat the procedure for different values of different discharges and different pipes.

Observations

1. Diameter of pipe 1= 1.27 cm

2. Diameter of pipe 2= 3.77 cm

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Observation Table for pipe 1:-

Sr.No Q V ΔHf Re Fmeasured Fcalculated

( L/hr ) (m/s) (cm)
1 350 0.767 15 9752.9 0.00317 0.00732
2 450 0.98 21 12446 0.00272 0.00697
3 550 1.2 32 15240 0.00276 0.0067
4 600 1.31 35 16637 0.00254 0.00658

Observation Table for pipe 2:-

Sr.No Q V ΔHf Re Fmeasured Fcalculated

( L/hr ) (m/s) (cm)
1 350 0.087 6 3279.9 0.2931 0.0091
2 450 0.112 7.5 4222.4 0.2211 0.00866
3 550 0.136 10.2 5127.2 0.2039 0.00833
4 600 0.149 11.8 5617.3 0.1965 0.00818

Graphs:- Graph has been plotted in Microsoft excel.

Calculations :- calculations have been done using python.

Result:- The losses in pipe due to friction was found to be decrease with increase in flow rate of
water.

THANK YOU