Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST)

School of Engineering Physics (SEP)

PHYSICS LABWORK REPORT

(PHYSICS I - PH1016)

Name: Võ Khôi Thành Sơn

Student ID: 20202768
Class: CTTT-TĐH-01-K65
Group: 04

Hanoi, 2022
 Experimental Report 1
DETERMINATION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA BASED ON TORSIONAL VIBRATION

Name: Võ Khôi Thành Sơn Verification of the instructors

Student ID: 20202768

Group: 04

Class: CTTT-TĐH-01-K65

I. EXPERIMENT MOTIVATIONS
- We know how to measure, read Vernier caliper and micrometer.
- Calculate the volume and density of the metal hollow cylinder.
- Calculate the volume of the steel ball.

II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

*VERNIER CALIPER

1, Introduction
- The Vernier is a precision instrument that can be used to measure internal
and external distances extremely.
- When the jaws are closed, the Vernier zero mark coincides with the zero
mark on the scale of the rule. The Vernier scale (T’) slides along the main
rule (T). The main rule allows you to determine the integer part of
measured value. The sliding rule is provided with a small scale which is
 divided into equal divisions. It allows you to determine the decimal part of
measured result in combination with caliper precision (∆), which is
calculated as follows:
1
∆= (1)
𝑁

- Where, N is the number of divisions on the Vernier scale (except the 0-

mark), then, for N= 10 we have ∆= 0.1𝑚𝑚, N=20 we have ∆= 0.05𝑚𝑚.
2, How to use a Vernier caliper
- Preparation to take the measurement, loosen the locking screw and move
the slider to check if the Vernier scale works properly. Before measuring, do
make sure the caliper reads 0 when fully closed.
- Close the jaws lightly on the item which you want to measure. If you are
measuring the full diameter.
3, How to read to Vernier caliper
- In order to determine the measurement result with a Vernier caliper, you
can use the following equation:
𝐷 = 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑚∆ (2)
- Where, 𝑎 in the value of a division on main rule (in millimeter), i.e., 𝑎=
1mm, ∆ is the Vernier precision and also corresponding to the value of a
division on sliding rule that you can either find it on the caliper body or
determine its value using the eq (1).
- Step 1: Count the number of division (n) on the main rule - T, lying to the
left of the 0-mark on the Vernier scale – T’.
- Step 2: Look along the division mark on Vernier scale and the millimeter
marks on the adjacent main rule, until you find the two that most nearly
line up. Then, count the number of divisions (m) on the Vernier scale except
the 0–mark.
- Step 3: Put the obtained values of n and m into eq. (2) to calculate the
measured dimension.
Attention:
The Vernier scale can be divided into three parts called first end part, middle
part, and last end part.
- If the 0-mark on Vernier scale is just adjacently behind the division n on the
main rule, the division m should be on the first end part of Vernier scale.
 - If 0-mark on Vernier scale is in between the division n and n+1 on the main
rule, the division m should be on the middle part of Vernier scale.
- If the 0-mark on the Vernier scale is just adjacently before the division n+1
on the main rule, the division m should be on the last end part of the
Vernier scale.
*MICROMETER

1, Introduction
- The micrometer in a device incorporating a calibrated screw use widely for
precise measurement of small distances in mechanical engineering and
machining. The details of a micrometer principle.
2, How to use a micrometer
- Start by verifying zero with the jaws closed. Turn the ratcheting knob on the
end till it clicks. If it isn’t zero, adjust it.
- Carefully open jaws using the thumb screw. Place the measured object
between the anvil and spindle face. Then turn ratchet knob clockwise to the
close the around the specimen till it clicks. This means that the ratchet
cannot be tightened anymore and the measurement result can be read.
3, How to read a micrometer
- In order to determine the measurement result with a micrometer, you can
also use the following equation:
𝐷 = 𝑚𝑎 + 𝑛∆ (3)
 - Where, 𝑎 is the value of a division on sleeve – double rule (in millimeter), i.e.,
𝑎=0.5 mm, ∆ is the micrometer’s precision and also corresponding to the value of
a division on thimble (usually ∆= 0.01𝑚𝑚).
- Step 1: Count the number of division (n) on the sleeve - T of both the top and
down divisions of the double rule lying to the left of the thimble edge.
- Step 2: Look at the thimble divisions mark – T’ to find the on that coincides
nearly a line with the referent one. Then, count the number of divisions (m) on
the thimble except the 0-mak.
- Step 3: Put the obtained values of n and m into eq. (3) to calculate the
measured dimension.
Attention:
The ratchet is only considered to spin completely a revolution around the sleeve
when the 0-mark on the thimble passes the referent line.
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1, Preparation:
-Vernier Caliper 0÷150mm
- Micrometer 0÷25mm
- A metal hollow cylinder
- A small steel ball

2, Use the Vernier caliper to measure the external and internal diameter (D and d
respectively). And the height (h), of a metal hollow cylinder based on the method
of using and reading this rule presented in part I (2 and 3).
Note: Do 5 trials for each parameter.

3, Use the micrometer to measure the diameter (Db) of small steel ball for 5 trials
based on the method using and reading this device presented in part II (2 and 3).
4, Calculate the volume and density of the metal hollow cylinder and the volume of
the steel ball:
𝜋
Use equation: V̅= ( D̅2 - d̅2).h̅
4

D: is external diameter of metal hollow cylinder

 d: is internal diameter of metal hollow cylinder
h: is the height of metal hollow cylinder
we will use Vernier caliper to measure these.
̅
𝑚
Use equation: ρ̅ = ̅
to calculate the denity of metal hollow
𝑉
cylinder
1
Use equation: V̅b = .π.D̅b to calculate volume of steel ball
6

we will use micrometer to measure the diameter Db of ball.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS.

1, The dimension of the hollow cylinder.

∆ = 0,02 (mm) a = 1 (mm)
m = 89,4 ± 0,2 (g)
trial h(mm) D(mm) d(mm)

1 15,30 49,60 40,06

2 15,28 49,53 40,10
3 15,32 49,44 40,04
4 15,30 49,52 40,00
5 15,26 49,56 40,08

h̅= 15,29 D̅ = 49,53 d̅ = 40,06

√∑5𝑖=1(ℎ𝑖 −ℎ
̅ )2 √∑5𝑖=1(𝐷𝑖 −𝐷
̅ )2 √∑5𝑖=1(𝑑𝑖 −𝑑̅)2
𝑠. 𝑑 = 𝑠. 𝑑 = 𝑠. 𝑑 =
√5 √5 √5
=0,01 =0,02 =0,02
→ ∆h ≈ 𝑆. 𝐷 → ∆D ≈ 𝑆. 𝐷 𝑠. 𝑑
𝑠. 𝑑 𝑠. 𝑑 → ∆d ≈ 𝑆. 𝐷 ≈
≈ ≈ √5
√5 √5 ≈ 0.01
≈ 0.01 ≈ 0.01
2, The dimension of the steel ball.

∆= 0.01(mm)

Trial Db (mm)

1 10.98

2 11.00

3 11.00

4 10.99

5 10.98
̅𝐷̅̅𝑏̅= 10.99 (mm)

2
√∑5𝑖=1(𝐷𝑏𝑖 −𝐷
̅̅̅𝑏 )
𝑠. 𝑑 = = 0.05 (mm)
√5
𝑠. 𝑑
→ ∆𝐷𝑏 ≈ 𝑆. 𝐷 ≈ ≈ 0.02
√5

V. DATA PROCESSING

a, Volume:
𝜋 3,14
V̅ = (D̅ 2 – d̅ 2 ).h̅ = × ( 49,532 – 40,062 ) ×15,29 = 10183,26 ( mm3 ) =
4 4
10,18×10-6 (m3)

Δπ ∆(𝐷 −𝑑 ) ∆ℎ 2 2 2 2 2
 ∆V = V̅ √( ) + ( 2 2 ) + ( )
π 𝐷 −𝑑 ℎ
2
∆𝜋 2 2 ∆𝑑 2
= V̅√( ) + ( 2 √(∆𝐷) + ( ̅) ×
1 ∆ℎ
) + ( ̅ )2
𝜋 ̅
𝐷 𝑑 ̅ 2 −𝑑
𝐷 ̅2 ℎ

2
0,01 2 0,01 2 0,02 2 1 0,02 2
= 10183,26× √( ) + ( 2 √( ) +( ) × ) +( )
3,14 49,53 40,06 49,532 −40,062 15,29

= 35.06 (mm 3) = 0.04 × 10 −6 (m 3)

 Hence: V = (10.18± 0.04) × 10 −6 (m 3)

a. Density:
̅
m 89,4×10−3
ρ̅ = = = 8,78 x 103 (kg/𝑚3 )
̅
v 10,18×10−6
∆𝑚 2 ∆𝑉 2 0,2×10−3 2 0,04×10−6 2
 ∆ρ = ρ̅ √( ) + ( ) = 8,78 × 103 × √( −3
) + ( −6
)
𝑚 𝑉 89,4×10 10,18×10
3 3
= 0,04 × 10 (kg/𝑚 )

Then ρ = (8,78 ± 0.04) × 103 ( 𝑚3)

Hence
ρ = (8.78 ± 0.04 ) × 103 (kg/𝑚3)

Calculate the volume of steel ball:

1 1
V̅ b = π.D̅ b 3 = × 3,14 × 10,993 = 694,66 ( mm 3) = 0,695 × 10−6 ( m3)
6 6

∆𝜋 2 ∆𝐷𝑏 2 0,01 2
0,02 2
 ∆Vb = V̅b √( ) + ( ̅𝑏
) = (694,66× √( ) + ( ) = 2,548(mm3)
𝜋 𝐷 3,14 10,99

= 0,003× 10−6(m3)
Then: V = (0,695 ± 0,003) × 10−6 (m3)

Hence V = (0.695 ± 0.003) × 10−6 (m3)

 Experimental Report 2
MOMENTUM AND KINETIC IN ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS

Name: Võ Khôi Thành Sơn Verification of the instructors

Student ID: 20202768

Group: 04

Class: CTTT-TĐH-01-K65
I. EXPERIMENT MOTIVATIONS
- Calculations of the velocities and momentums of each measurement system
before and after the collision in case of elastic and inelastic collision.
- Evaluation of the average total momentum before and after the collision in case
of elastic and inelastic collision.
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Equipment:
- Aluminum demonstration track.
- Starter system for demonstration track.
- End holder for demonstration track.
- Light barrier (photo-gate).
- Cart having low friction sapphire bearings.
- Digital timers with 4 channels.
- Trigger.
1, Momentum and conservation of momentum.
Momentum is a physics quantity defined as product of the particle's mass and
velocity. T is a vector quantity with the same direction as the particle's velocity.
𝑝⃗ = 𝑚𝑣⃗ (1)
Then we may demonstrate the Newton's second law as
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑝
∑ 𝐹⃗ = (2)
𝑑𝑡

The concept of momentum is particularly important in situations in which we

have two or more interacting bodies. For any system, the forces that the particles
of the system exert on each other are called internal forces. Forces exerted on
any part of the system by some object outside it are called external forces. For the
system, the internal forces are cancelled due to the Newton’s third law. Then, if
the vector sum of the external forces is zero, the time rate of change of the total
momentum is zero. Hence, the total momentum of the system is constant:
𝑑𝑝 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∑ 𝐹⃗ = 0 = ⇒ 𝑝⃗ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 (3)
𝑑𝑡

This result is called the principle of conservation of momentum.

2, Elastic and inelastic collision.
a, Elastic collision.
* Remember this rule:
- In any collision in which external forces can be neglected, momentum is
conserved and the total momentum before equals the total momentum
after that is:
′ ′
𝑚1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣1 + 𝑚2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣2 = 𝑚1⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣1 + 𝑚2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣2 (4)
- In elastic collisions only, the total kinetic energy before equals the total
kinetic energy after that is:
1 2 1 2 1 1
𝑚1𝑣 ′1 + 𝑚1𝑣 ′ 2 = 𝑚1𝑣12 + 𝑚1𝑣22 (5)
2 2 2 2

b, Inelastic collision.
A collision in which the total kinetic energy after the collision is less than
before the collision is called an inelastic collision. An inelastic collision in which
the colliding bodies stick together and move as one body after the collision is
often called a completely inelastic collision.
Conservation of momentum gives the relationship:

𝑚1⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑣1 + 𝑚2𝑣 𝑣′ (6)
In the case that the second mass is initially at rest (v2 = 0), velocity of both
bodies after the collision is:
𝑚1
𝑣′ = 𝑣 (7)
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 1

Let's verify that the total kinetic energy after this completely inelastic collision
is less than before the collision. The motion is purely along the x-axis, so the
kinetic energies 𝐾1 and 𝐾2 before and after the collision, respectively, are:
1
𝐾= 𝑚1𝑣12 (8)
2

1 1 𝑚1 2
𝐾′ = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2)𝑣 ′ 2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2) ( ) 𝑣12 (9)
2 2 𝑚1 +𝑚2

Then, the ratio of final to initial kinetic energy is:

𝐾′ 𝑚1
= (10)
𝐾 𝑚1 +𝑚2

III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.

a, Elastic collision.
- Step 1: Place the cart 1 (𝑚1) on the left of track closer to the starter system.
The cart 𝑚2 is stationary between the photogates. It means that its initial velocity
𝑣2 = 0. In this investigation, cart 2 is attached with a bow-shaped fork with rubber
band facing cart 1 and a needle plug facing the end holder on the right of track.
The photogate 1 should be located at position of 50 cm and photogate 2 at 100
cm. It is also noted that in this case, the weight 𝑚1 should be haft of 𝑚2 due to
cart 2 is attached with an additional weight.
- Step 2: Push the trigger on the top of vertically long stem of the starter system
that enables cart 1 to be released and accelerate in the direction to cart 2. During
this process, it receives an initial velocity 𝑣1that can be calculated by the duration
𝑡1measured by photogate 1. Quickly record the moving time 𝑡1.
- Step 3: After collision, cart 2 moves with the velocity 𝑣 ′ 2 that can be calculated
by the duration 𝑡 ′ 2 measured by photogate 2 and cart 1 moves in the opposite
direction with cart 1. Then, record the time 𝑡 ′ 2 and also total time 𝑡1 + 𝑡 ′ 1
displayed on the timer. The moving time of the cart 1 after collision, 𝑡 ′ 1 is
determined by subtract 𝑡1 by total time 𝑡1 + 𝑡 ′ 1 .
- Step 4: Repeat the measurement procedure from step 1 to 3 for more 9 times
and record all the measurement results in a data sheet 1.
- Step 5: Weight two carts to know their masses by using an electronic balance.
Record the mass of each cart.
b, Inelastic collision.
- Step 1: Place the cart 1 (𝑚1) on the left of track closer to the starter system.
Put off the right plug of cart 1 and attach the other one with a needle facing to
cart 2. Place the cart 2 (𝑚2) also stationary between the photogates as in Part (a).
In this circumstance, the fork plug facing cart 1 is replaced by another one having
plasticine. It is noted that in this case, the weight 𝑚1 should be twice 𝑚2 . In order
to get this condition, take off the additional weight from cart 2 and put it on cart
1.
- Step 2: Push the trigger of the starter system that enables cart 1 to be
released and accelerate in the direction to cart 2 similar previous case. Record the
moving time 𝑡1 that can be considered as t.
- Step 3: After collision, cart 1 sticks with cart 2 then both carts move together
with the same velocity 𝑣 ′ that can be calculated by the duration 𝑡 ′1 = 𝑡 ′ 2 = 𝑡 ′
measured by photogate 2. Record the t’ displayed on the timer.
- Step 4: Repeat the measurement procedure from step 1 to 3 for more 9 times
and record all the measurement results in a data sheet 2.
- Step 5: Weight two carts to know their masses by using an electronic balance.
Record the mass of each cart.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

1, Elastic collision
m1 = 401.8 ± 0.1 𝑔
m2 = 797.6 ± 0.1 𝑔
 Trial t1(s) t(s) t2’(s) t1’ = t – t1(s) t2(s)

1 0.209 0.779 0.334 0.570 0

2 0.208 0.793 0.329 0.585 0

3 0.209 0.784 0.330 0.575 0

4 0.217 0.773 0.335 0.556 0

5 0.209 0.796 0.330 0.587 0

6 0.210 0.788 0.325 0.578 0

7 0.208 0.799 0.329 0.591 0

8 0.211 0.794 0.337 0.583 0

9 0.215 0.776 0.339 0.561 0

10 0.210 0.772 0.329 0.562 0

𝑡̅1 = 0.211 ̅̅̅

𝑡2 ′ = 0.332 𝑡̅1′ = 0.575
∆𝑡1 ∆𝑡2′ ∆𝑡1′
= 0.001 = 0.001 = 0.005

2, Inelastic collision

m1=800.4 ± 0.1 𝑔

m2 = 398.7 ± 0.1 𝑔
 Trial t1(s) t2(s) t2’(s) t1’(s)
1 0.223 0 0.359 0.382
2 0.226 0 0.364 0.389
3 0.227 0 0.365 0.391
4 0.225 0 0.362 0.385
5 0.223 0 0.363 0.391
6 0.222 0 0.360 0.386
7 0.220 0 0.356 0.384
8 0.223 0 0.363 0.392
9 0.225 0 0.365 0.393
10 0.224 0 0.366 0.394
𝑡̅1 = 0.224 ̅̅̅
𝑡2 ′ = 0.362 𝑡̅1′ = 0.389
∆𝑡1 = 0.001 ∆𝑡2′ = 0.001 ∆𝑡1′ = 0.001

𝟏𝟎(𝒕 −𝒕̅)𝟐
√∑𝟏 𝒊
∑𝟏𝟎
𝒊 (𝒕𝟏 +𝒕𝟐 +….+𝒕𝒊 )
𝟏𝟎
With 𝒕̅ = and ∆𝒕 =
𝟏𝟎 √𝟏𝟎

V.DATA PROCESSING
1) Elastic collision
a. Velocities
𝑠 0.1
𝑣1 = ̅̅̅ =
̅̅̅ = 0.474 (m/s)
𝑡1 0.211

∆𝑠 2 ∆𝑡 2 0.001 2 0.001 2
𝑣1 √( ) + ( ̅̅̅1) = 0.474 × √(
∆𝑣1 = ̅̅̅ ) +( ) = 0.001 (m/s)
𝑠 𝑡1 0.1 0.211

Hence: v1 = 0.474 ± 0.001 (m/s)

v2 = 0 (m/s)
̅̅̅̅ 𝑠 0.1
𝑣2 ′ = ̅̅̅̅
= = 0.301 (m/s)
𝑡2 ′ 0.332

∆𝑠 ∆𝑡 ′ 0.001 2 0.001 2
∆𝑣2′ = ̅̅̅̅
𝑣2 ′ √( )2 + ( ̅̅̅̅2 )2 = 0.301 × √( ) +( ) = 0.003 (m/s)
𝑠 𝑡2 ′ 0.1 0.332
Hence: v2’ = 0.301 ± 0.003 (m/s)
̅̅̅̅ 𝑠 0.1
𝑣1′ = ̅̅̅̅ = = 0.174 (m/s)
𝑡1 ′ 0.575

̅̅̅̅ ∆𝑠 2 ∆𝑡1 ′ 2 0.001 2 0.005 2

∆𝑣1′ = 𝑣 1 ′ √( ) + ( ̅̅̅̅ ) = 0.174 × √(
𝑠 𝑡1 ′
) +( ) = 0.002 (m/s)
0.1 0.575

Hence: v1’ = 0.174 ± 0.002 (m/s)

b. Momentum
We have the total momentum before collision are
𝑃̅1 = 𝑚1. ̅̅̅
𝑣1 = 401.8 × 10−3 × 0.474 = 0.190 (kgm/s)

∆𝑚1 2 ∆𝑣 0.1×10−3 0.001 2

∆𝑃1 = 𝑃̅1√( ) + ( ̅̅̅1)2 = 0.190 × √( )2 + ( ) = 0.0004
𝑚1 𝑣1 401.8×10−3 0.474
(kgm/s)
Hence: P1 = 0.190 ± 0.0004 (kgm/s)
We have the total momentum after collision are

𝑃2 = 𝑚2 . ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅ 𝑣2′ − 𝑚1. ̅̅̅̅
𝑣1′ = 796.4 × 10−3 × 0.301 − 401.8 × 10−3 × 0.174 =
0.170 (kgm/s)
2
∆𝑚1 2 ∆𝑣1 ′ 2 ∆𝑣2 ′ ∆𝑚2 2
∆𝑃2 = ̅̅̅
𝑃2 √( ) +( ) +( ) +( )
𝑚1 ̅̅̅̅
𝑣 1 ′ ̅̅̅̅
𝑣 2 ′ 𝑚 2

0.1×10−3 0.002 2 0.003 2 0.1×10−3

= 0.170 × √( −3
)2 + ( ) +( ) +( )2 = 0.003 (kgm/s)
401.8×10 0.174 0.301 796.4×10−3

Hence P2 = 0.170 ± 0.005 ( kgm/s)

The percent change in momentum
̅̅̅2 − 𝑃̅1|
|𝑃 |0.170 − 0.190|
𝐶% = = = 10.53%
𝑃̅1 0.190
c. Kinetic energy
We have the total kinetic energy before collision are
1 1
̅̅̅
𝐾1 = 𝑣1 2 =
. 𝑚1. ̅̅̅ × 401.8 × 10−3 × 0.4742 = 0.045 (J)
2 2
 ∆𝑚1 2 ∆𝑣1 2 0.1 × 10−3 2 0.001 2
̅̅̅
∆𝐾1 = 𝐾1√( ) + (2 × √
) = 0.045 × ( ) + (2 × )
𝑚1 𝑣1
̅̅̅ 401.8 × 10−3 0.474
= 0.0002 (𝐽)
Hence; K1 = 0.045 ± 0.0002 (𝐽)
We have the total kinetic energy after collision are
1 1 1 1
𝐾2 = . 𝑚1. ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅ 𝑣1′2 + 𝑚2 . ̅̅̅̅
𝑣2 ′2 = × 401,8 × 10−3 × 0.1742 + × 796.4 ×
2 2 2 2
−3 2
10 × 0.301 = 0.042 (J)
2
∆𝑚1 2 ∆𝑣1′ 2 ∆𝑣2′ ∆𝑚2 2
∆𝐾2 = ̅̅̅
𝐾2 √( ) + (2 × ) + (2 × ) +( )
𝑚1 ̅̅̅̅
𝑣1′ ̅̅̅̅
𝑣2 ′ 𝑚2

0.1×10−3 0.002 2 0.003 2 0.1×10−3

= 0.042 × √( −3
)2 + (2 × ) + (2 × ) +( )2 = 0.001
401.8×10 0.174 0.301 796.4×10−3
(J)
Hence K2 = 0.042 ± 0.001 (J)
The percent change in kinetic energy:
̅̅̅2 − 𝐾
|𝐾 ̅̅̅1 | |0.042 − 0.045|
𝐶% = = = 6.67%
̅̅̅
𝐾1 0.045
2) Inelastic collision
a. Velocities
𝑠 0.1
𝑣1 = ̅̅̅ =
̅̅̅ = 0.446 (m/s)
𝑡1 0.224

∆𝑠 ∆𝑡 0.001 2 0.001 2
𝑣1 √( )2 + ( ̅̅̅1)2 = 0.446 × √(
∆𝑣1 = ̅̅̅ ) +( ) = 0.005 (m/s)
𝑠 𝑡1 0.1 0.224

Hence: v1 = 0.446 ± 0.005 (m/s)

v2 = 0 (m/s)
̅̅̅̅ 𝑠 0.1
𝑣2 ′ = = = 0.276 (m/s)
𝑡̅̅̅̅
2′ 0.362

∆𝑠 ∆𝑡 ′ 0.001 2 0.001 2
∆𝑣2′ = ̅̅̅̅
𝑣2 ′ √( )2 + ( ̅̅̅̅2 )2 = 0.276 × √( ) +( ) = 0.003 (m/s)
𝑠 𝑡2 ′ 0.1 0.362

Hence: v2’ = 0.276 ± 0.003 (m/s)

̅̅̅̅ 𝑠 0.1
𝑣1′ = ̅̅̅̅ = = 0.257 (m/s)
𝑡1 ′ 0.389

̅̅̅̅ ∆𝑠 2 ∆𝑡1 ′ 2 0.001 2 0.001 2

∆𝑣1′ = 𝑣 1 ′ √( ) + ( ̅̅̅̅ ) = 0.257 × √(
𝑠 𝑡1 ′
) +( ) = 0.003 (m/s)
0.1 0.389

Hence: v1’= 0.257 ± 0.003 (m/s)

Evaluate: In theory, after inelastic collision, cart 1 sticks with cart 2 then both
carts move together with the same velocity 𝑣1′ = 𝑣2 ′. However, in fact, both cart
aren’t same velocity 𝑣1′ ≠ 𝑣2 ′ because they have friction between wheels and
aluminum rod or the aluminum rod is disproportioned.
b. Momentum
We have the total momentum before collision are
𝑃̅1 = 𝑚1. ̅̅̅
𝑣1 = 800.4 × 10−3 × 0.446 = 0.357 (kgm/s)

∆𝑚1 2 ∆𝑣 0.1×10−3 0.005 2

∆𝑃1 = 𝑃̅1√( ) + ( ̅̅̅1)2 = 0.357 × √( )2 + ( ) = 0.004 (kgm/s)
𝑚1 𝑣1 800.4×10−3 0.446

Hence: P1 = 0.357 ± 0.004 (kgm/s)

We have the total momentum after collision are

𝑃2 = 𝑚2 . ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅ 𝑣2′ + 𝑚1. ̅̅̅̅
𝑣1′ = 800.4 × 10−3 × 0.257 + 398.7 × 10−3 × 0.276 =
0.316 (kgm/s)
2
∆𝑚1 2 ∆𝑣1 ′ 2 ∆𝑣2 ′ ∆𝑚2 2
∆𝑃2 = ̅̅̅
𝑃2 √( ) +( ) +( ) +( )
𝑚1 ̅̅̅̅
𝑣 1 ′ ̅̅̅̅
𝑣 2 ′ 𝑚 2

0.1×10−3 0.003 2 0.003 2 0.1×10−3

= 0.316 × √( −3
)2 + ( ) +( ) +( )2 = 0.005 (kgm/s)
800.4×10 0.257 0.276 398.7×10−3

Hence P2 = 0.316 ± 0.005 (kgm/s)

The percent change in momentum
̅̅̅2 − 𝑃̅1|
|𝑃 |0.316 − 0.357|
𝐶% = = = 11.48%
𝑃̅1 0.357
c. Kinetic energy
We have the total kinetic energy before collision are
1 1
̅̅̅
𝐾1 = 𝑣1 2 =
. 𝑚1. ̅̅̅ × 800.4 × 10−3 × 0.4462 = 0.080 (J)
2 2
 ∆𝑚1 2 ∆𝑣1 2 0.1 × 10−3 2 0.005 2
̅̅̅
∆𝐾1 = 𝐾1√( ) + (2 × √
) = 0.080 × ( ) + (2 × )
𝑚1 𝑣1
̅̅̅ 800.4 × 10−3 0.446
= 0.002 (𝐽)
Hence; K1 = 0.080 ± 0.002 (𝐽)
We have the total kinetic energy after collision are
1 1
̅̅̅
𝐾2 = . 𝑚1 . ̅̅̅̅
𝑣1′2 + 𝑚2. ̅̅̅̅
𝑣2′2
2 2
1 1
= × 800.4 × 10−3 × 0.2572 + × 398.7 × 10−3 × 0.2762
2 2
= 0.041 (J)
2
∆𝑚1 2 ∆𝑣1′ 2 ∆𝑣2′ ∆𝑚2 2
∆𝐾2 = ̅̅̅
𝐾2 √( ) + (2 × ) + (2 × ) +( )
𝑚1 ̅̅̅̅
𝑣1′ ̅̅̅̅
𝑣2 ′ 𝑚2

0.1×10−3 0.003 2 0.003 2 0.1×10−3

= 0.041 × √( −3
)2 + (2 × ) + (2 × ) +( )2 = 0.001
800.4×10 0.257 0.276 397.8×10−3
(J)
Hence K2 = 0.041 ± 0.001 (J)
The percent change in kinetic energy
̅̅̅2 − 𝐾
|𝐾 ̅̅̅1 | |0.041 − 0.080|
𝐶% = ̅̅̅ = = 48.75%
𝐾1 0.080
 Experimental Report 3
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE SYMMETRIC RIGID BODIES

Name: Võ Khôi Thành Sơn Verification of the instructors

Student ID: 20202768

Group: 04

Class: CTTT-TĐH-01-K65

I. EXPERIMENT MOTIVATIONS
- Calculating the moment of inertia in the symmetric rigid bodies as:
+ The rod
+ Solid disk
+ Hollow cylinder
+ Supported disk
+ Solid sphere
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
It is known that the moment of inertia of the body about the axis of rotation is
determined by:
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑚 (1)
Where 𝑑𝑚 is the mass element and 𝑟 is the distance from the mass element to
the axis of rotation. In the m.k.s. system of units, the units of 𝐼 are 𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠.
1
- For a long bar: 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝑚𝑙2 (2)
12
1
- For a thin disk or a solid cylinder: 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝑚𝑅 2 (3)
2

- For a hollow cylinder having very thin wall: 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝑚𝑅 2 (4)

2
- For a solid sphere: 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝑚𝑅 2 (5)
5

- 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑐𝑚 + 𝑀𝑑 2 (6)
- If the object is rotated by an angle 𝜑, the torque acting on it will be:
𝜏𝑧 = 𝐷𝑧 . 𝜑 (7)
𝐷𝑧 : elastic constant of spring

𝑑𝐿 𝑑𝜔 𝑑2 𝜑
- 𝜏= =𝐼 =𝐼 (8)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2

- We get the typical equation of oscillation as:

𝑑2 𝐷𝑧
+ 𝜑=0 (9)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐼

𝐼
- 𝑇 = 2𝜋√ (10)
𝐷𝑧

III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1, Measurement of the rod
- Step 1: Equipment is setup. A mask (width ~ 3 mm) is stuck on the rod to
ensure the rod went through the photogate.
- Step 2: Press the button “Start” to turn on the counter
- Step 3: Push the rod to rotate with an angle of 1800 , then let it to oscillate
freely. Make 5 trials and record the measurement result of period T in a data
sheet.
- Step 4: Press the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the rod for next measurement.
2, Measurement of the solid disk

- Using the suitable screws to mount the solid disk on the rotation axle of the
spiral spring. A piece of note paper is stuck on the disk to ensure it passing
through the photogate.
- Perform the measurement procedure similar to that of the rod. Record the
measurement result of period T in a data sheet.
- Press the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the disk for next measurement.
3, Measurement of the hollow cylinder
- Using the suitable screws to mount the hollow cylinder coupled with a
supported disk below on the rotation axle of the spiral spring.
- Perform the measurement procedure similar to that of the disk. Record the
measurement result of period T (5 trials) in a data sheet.
 - Push the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the hollow cylinder and repeat the measurement to get its rotary
period T (5 trials).
- Press the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the supported disk for next measurement.
4, Measurement of the Solid Sphere
- Mount the solid sphere on the rotation axle of the spiral spring
- Push the sphere to rotate with an angle of 2700 , then let it to oscillate
freely. The obtained vibration period of the sphere will be recorded (5
trials) in the data sheet.
- Uninstall the solid sphere and switch off the counter to finish the
measurements.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

1, Measurement of the rod.
Trial T(s)
1 2.640
2 2.634
3 2.634
4 2.633
5 2.636
𝑇̅ = 2.635

√∑5
𝑖=1 (𝑇𝑖 − T̅ )
2

5
∆𝑇 = = 0.001
√5
2, Measurement of the solid disk.
Trial T(s)
1 2.071
2 2.074
3 2.071
4 2.072
5 2.069
𝑇̅ = 2.071

√∑𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − T̅ )
5 2

5
∆𝑇 = = 0.001
√5

3, Measurement of the hollow cylinder.

a, Supported disk + hollow cylinder.
Trial T(s)
1 1.145
2 1.145
3 1.141
4 1.145
5 1.141
𝑇̅ = 1.143

∑ 5 ̅ 2
√ 𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 −T)
5
∆𝑇 = = 0.001
√5
b, Measurement of the supported disk.
Trial T(s)
1 0.324
2 0.325
3 0.328
4 0.326
5 0.324
𝑇̅ = 0.325

∑5 ̅ 2
√ 𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 −T)
5
∆𝑇 = = 0.001
√5

4, Measurement of the solid sphere.

Trial T(s)
1 2.147
2 2.146
3 2.145
4 2.148
5 2.148
𝑇̅ = 2.147

5 ̅ 2
√∑𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 −T)
5
∆𝑇 = = 0.001
√5
V. DATA PROCESSING

1, The rod
a, Moment of inertia obtained by experiment.
2
𝑇̅ 2.635 2
̅̅̅̅
𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝐷𝑧 ( ) = 0.044 ( ) = 7.741 × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2/𝑠)
2𝜋 2 × 3.141

∆𝑇 2 ∆𝜋 2
⇒ ∆𝐼𝑐𝑚 ̅̅̅̅√
= 𝐼𝑐𝑚 (2 ̅ ) + (−2 )
𝑇 𝜋

0.001 2 0.001 2
= 7.741 × 10 −3
× √(2 ) + (−2 )
2.635 3.141

= 0.008 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Then 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (7.741 ± 0.008) × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Hence

𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (7.741 ± 0.008) × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

b, Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula.
1 1
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 = 𝑚𝑙2 = × 0.240 × 0.6202 = 7.688 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)
12 12
The different between theoretical and experimental number:
|𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 − ̅̅̅̅
𝐼𝑐𝑚 | |(7.688 − 7.741) × 10−3|
%𝜎 = = = 0.69%
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 7.688 × 10−3
2, Solid disk

a, Moment of inertia obtained by experiment.

2
𝑇̅ 2.071 2
𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝐷𝑧 ( ) = 0.044 ( ) = 4.782 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2/𝑠)
2𝜋 2 × 3.141
 2
∆𝑇 ∆𝜋 2
⇒ ∆𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝐼𝑐𝑚 √(2 ) + (−2 )
𝑇 𝜋

0.001 2 0.001 2
= 4.782 × 10 −3
× √4 ( ) +4( )
2.071 3.141

= 0.006 × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Then 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (4.870 ± 0.006) × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Hence

𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (4.870 ± 0.006) × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

b, Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula.

1 2
1 0.220 2
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 = 𝑚𝑅 = 0.795 × ( ) = 4.810 × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑠 /𝑠)
12 2 2
The different between theoretical and experimental number:

|𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 − 𝐼𝑐𝑚 | |(4.810 − 4.782) × 10−3|

%𝜎 = = = 0.58%
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 4.810 × 10−3
3, Hollow cylinder

a, Moment of inertia obtained by experiment.

+) Moment of inertia of the supported disk.

2
𝑇̅ 0.325 2
𝐼𝑠𝑝 = 𝐷𝑧 ( ) = 0.044 ( ) = 0.118 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2/𝑠)
2𝜋 2 × 3.141

2
∆𝑇 ∆𝜋 2
⇒ ∆𝐼𝑠𝑝 = 𝐼𝑠𝑝 √(2 ) + (−2 )
𝑇 𝜋

0.001 2 0.001 2
= 0.118 × 10 −3
× √4 ( ) +4( )
0.325 3.141

= 0.001 × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Then 𝐼𝑠𝑝 = (0.118 ± 0.001) × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2/𝑠)

+) Moment of inertia of the couple object (supported disk + hollow cylinder)

2
𝑇̅ 1.143 2
𝐼𝑐𝑜 = 𝐷𝑧 ( ) = 0.044 ( ) = 1.457 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)
2𝜋 2 × 3.141

2
∆𝑇 ∆𝜋 2
⇒ ∆𝐼𝑐𝑜 = 𝐼𝑐𝑜 √(2 ) + (−2 )
𝑇 𝜋

0.001 2 0.001 2
= 1.457 × 10 −3
× √4 ( ) +4( )
1.143 3.141

= 0.003 × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Then 𝐼𝑐𝑜 = (1.457 ± 0.003) × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2/𝑠)

⇒Moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder

𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝐼𝑐𝑜 − 𝐼𝑠𝑝 = (1.457 − 0.118) × 10−3 = 1.339 × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

2
⇒ ∆𝐼𝑐𝑚 = √(∆𝐼𝑐𝑜 )2 + (∆𝐼𝑠𝑝 )

= √(0.003 × 10−3)2 + (0.001 × 10−3)2

= 0.003 × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Then 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (1.339 ± 0.003) × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Hence

𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (1.339 ± 0.003) × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

a) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

2
0.089 2
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 = 𝑚𝑅 = 0.780 × ( ) = 1.545 × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑠 /𝑠)
2
The different between theoretical and experimental number:

|𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 − 𝐼𝑐𝑚 | |(1.545 − 1.339) × 10−3|

%𝜎 = = = 13.3%
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 1.545 × 10−3
4, Solid sphere

a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

2
𝑇̅ 2.147 2
𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝐷𝑧 ( ) = 0.044 ( ) = 5.140 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2/𝑠)
2𝜋 2 × 3.141

2
∆𝑇 ∆𝜋 2
⇒ ∆𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝐼𝑐𝑚 √(2 ) + (−2 )
𝑇 𝜋

0.001 2 0.001 2
= 5.140 × 10 −3
× √4 ( ) +4( )
2.147 3.141

= 0.006 × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Then 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (5.140 ± 0.006) × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

Hence

𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (5.140 ± 0.006) × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

2 2
2 0.146 2
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 = 𝑚𝑅 = 2.290 × ( ) = 4.881 × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑠 /𝑠)
5 5 2
The different between theoretical and experimental number:

|𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 − 𝐼𝑐𝑚 | |(4.881 − 5.140) × 10−3|

%𝜎 = = = 5.3%
𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑇𝐻 4.881 × 10−3
 Experimental Report 4

DETERMINATION OF GRAVIRATIONAL ACCELERATION USING SIMPLE

PENDULUM OSCILLATION WITH PC INTERFACE

Name: Võ Khôi Thành Sơn Verification of the instructors

Student ID: 20202768

Group: 04

Class: CTTT-TĐH-01-K65

I. EXPERIMENT MOTIVATIONS
- Understanding more about the harmonic oscillation.

- Verifying the value of gravity acceleration.

- Improving experimental skills.

II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

As a good approximation, the pendulum used here can be treated as a

mathematical (simple) one having mass m and a length l. When pendulum mass m
is deviated to a small angle γ, a retracting force acts on it to the initial balanced
position:

𝐹 (𝛾) = −𝑚𝑔. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾 ≈ −𝑚𝑔. 𝛾 (1)

𝑑2 𝛾
𝐼 = −𝑔𝛾 (2)
𝑑𝑡 2
- The solution of eq. (2) can be written as follows:

𝑙
𝛾 = 𝛾0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (√ . 𝑡) (3)
𝑔

𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋. √ (4)
𝑔

If one rotates the oscillation plane around the angle 𝜃 with respect to the vertical
plane, the components of the acceleration of gravity g(𝜃 ) which are effective in its
oscillation plane are reduced to g(𝜃 ) = g.cos 𝜃 , that is only the force component
mg.sin γ .cos𝜃 is effective and the following is obtained for the oscillation period:
 𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋. √ (5)
𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1, Cobra interface.

The Cobra3-Basic-Unit is an interface for measuring, controlling and

regulating in physics and technology. It can be operated with a computer using
serial USB interface and suitable software corresponding to the certain sensor.

2, Pendulum with vertical oscillation plan.

a, Preparation.

- Set up the experiment according to Fig such that the oscillating plane runs
vertically.

- In this case adjust the measurement sampling rate appropriately. The <Start>
button must then be pressed. A new measurement can be initiated any time with
the <Reset> button, the number of measurement points “n” is reset to zero. In total,
about n = 250 measurement values are recorded and then the <Stop> button is
pressed.

b, Investigation for various pendulum lengths.

- Step 1: Choose an arbitrary pendulum length (may be 400 mm or 500 mm).

Note that the pendulum length l was the distance of the center of the supported
mass from the center of the rotational axis.
 - Step 2: Move the 1-g weight holder, which tenses the coupling thread between
the pendulum sphere and the movement sensor, manually downward and the
release it. Set the pendulum in motion (small oscillation amplitude) and click on
the” Start measurement” icon. After approximately 5 oscillations click on the”
Stop measurement” icon. Determine the period duration with the aid of the cursor
lines, which can be freely moved and shifted onto the adjacent maxima or minima
of the oscillation curve. Record the measurement result in a data sheet.

- Step 3: Repeat the measurement several times (5 to 10) to get the average value
of the oscillation period.

c, Pendulum with inclined oscillation plan.

- Rebuild the experimental set-up according to Fig. The oscillation plane is

initially vertical. The round level located on top of the movement sensor housing
facilitates the exact adjustment. Determine g for various deflection angles such that
the oscillation plane is not vertical but rather at an angle θ
to the perpendicular. The following angles are recommended for measurement:
θ = 0°, 10°, 20°, 40°, 60°, 80°.
- Perform the measurement several times (5 to10) for each case of angle to get the
average value of oscillation period.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1, Pendulum with vertical oscillation plan.
Trial L1= 0.400(m) L2= 0.500(m) L3= 0.600(m)
T1(s) T2(s) T3=(s)
1 1.363 1.474 1.533
2 1.342 1.492 1.579
3 1.323 1.461 1.523
4 1.301 1.432 1.563
5 1.314 1.496 1.559
𝑇̅1 = 1.329 𝑇̅2 = 1.471 𝑇̅3 = 1.552

∆𝑇 ∆𝑇 ∆𝑇
5 ̅̅̅̅ 2 5 ̅̅̅̅ 2 5 ̅̅̅̅ 2
√∑𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇1 ) √∑𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇2 ) √∑𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇3 )
5 5 5
= = =
√5 √5 √5
= 0.010 = 0.010 = 0.010

2, Pendulum with inclined oscillation plan.

Trial 𝜃1 = 0𝑜 𝜃2 = 10𝑜 𝜃3 = 20𝑜
T1(s) T2(s) T3(s)
1 0.771 0.811 0.754
2 0.758 0.799 0.776
3 0.752 0.753 0.756
4 0.745 0.788 0.778
5 0.752 0.801 0.794
𝑇̅1 = 0.756 𝑇̅2 = 0.790 𝑇̅3 = 0.772

∆𝑇 ∆𝑇 ∆𝑇
5 ̅̅̅̅ 2 5 ̅̅̅̅ 2 5 ̅̅̅̅ 2
√∑𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇1 ) √∑𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇2 ) √∑𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇3 )
5 5 5
= = =
√5 √5 √5
= 0.004 = 0.009 = 0.007
 Trial 𝜃4 = 40𝑜 𝜃5 = 60𝑜 𝜃6 = 80𝑜
T4(s) T5(s) T6(s)
1 0.891 1.177 1.924
2 0.888 1.210 1.917
3 0.894 1.192 1.864
4 0.891 1.153 1.831
5 0.897 1.149 1.872
̅
𝑇4 = 0.892 ̅
𝑇5 = 1.176 ̅
𝑇6 = 1.882

∆𝑇 ∆𝑇 ∆𝑇
5 (𝑇 − ̅̅̅̅ 2 5 (𝑇 − ̅̅̅̅ 2 5 (𝑇 − ̅̅̅̅ 2
∑
√ 𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑇 4 ) ∑
√ 𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑇 5 ) ∑
√ 𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑇 6 )
5 5 5
= = =
√5 √5 √5
= 0.014 = 0.010 = 0.016

V. DATA PROCESSING
1, Pendulum with vertical oscillation plan.
* Determination of the oscillation period of a thread pendulum as a function
of the pendulum length:
𝑙
Pendulum with vertical oscillation plane: 𝑇 = 2𝜋√ (𝑠)
𝑔

2𝜋 2
⇒ 𝑔 = 𝑙 ( ) (𝑚/𝑠 2 )
𝑇
a, L1= 0.400 (m)

2𝜋 2 2 × 3.141 2
𝑔1 = 𝐿1 ( ̅ ) = 0.400 (
̅̅̅ ) = 8.9(𝑚/𝑠 2 )
𝑇1 1.329

2
∆𝑇1 2 ∆𝑙1 ∆𝜋 2
𝑔1 × √(−2 ̅ ) + ( ̅ ) + (2 )
∆𝑔1 = ̅̅̅
𝑇1 𝑙1 𝜋̅

0.010 2 0.001 2 0.001 2

= 8.9 × √4 ( ) +( ) +4( ) = 0.1(𝑚/𝑠 2)
1.329 0.400 3.141
Then, 𝑔1 = 8.9 ± 0.3(𝑚/𝑠 2)

Hence:

𝑔1 = 8.9 ± 0.1(𝑚/𝑠 2 )

b, L2= 0.500 (m)

2𝜋 2 2 × 3.141 2
𝑔2 = 𝐿2 ( ̅ ) = 0.500 (
̅̅̅ ) = 9.1(𝑚/𝑠 2)
𝑇2 1.471

2
∆𝑇2 2 ∆𝑙2 ∆𝜋 2
𝑔2 × √(−2 ̅ ) + ( ̅ ) + (2 )
∆𝑔2 = ̅̅̅
𝑇2 𝑙2 𝜋̅

0.010 2 0.001 2 0.001 2

= 9.1 × √4 ( ) +( ) +4( ) = 0.1(𝑚/𝑠 2)
1.471 0.500 3.141

Then, 𝑔2 = 9.1 ± 0.1(𝑚/𝑠 2)

Hence:

𝑔2 = 9.1 ± 0.1(𝑚/𝑠 2)

c, L3= 0.600 (m)

2𝜋 2 2 × 3.141 2
𝑔3 = 𝐿1 ( ̅ ) = 0.600 (
̅̅̅ ) = 9.8(𝑚/𝑠 2)
𝑇3 1.552

2
∆𝑇3 2 ∆𝑙3 ∆𝜋 2
𝑔3 × √(−2
∆𝑔3 = ̅̅̅ ) + ( ) + (2 )
𝑇̅3 𝑙̅3 𝜋̅
 0.010 2 0.001 2 0.001 2
= 9.8 × √4 ( ) +( ) +4( ) = 0.1(𝑚/𝑠 2)
1.552 0.600 3.141

Then, 𝑔3 = 9.8 ± 0.3(𝑚/𝑠 2)

Hence:

𝑔3 = 9.8 ± 0.1(𝑚/𝑠 2)

2, Pendulum with inclined oscillation plan:

*Determination of the gravitational acceleration as a function of the

inclination of the pendulum force:

𝑙
Pendulum with inclined oscillation plan: 𝑇 = 2𝜋√ (𝑠)
𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑙 2𝜋 2
⇒𝑔 = ( ) (𝑚/𝑠 2)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑇
a, 𝜃1 = 0𝑜

𝑙 2𝜋 2 0.140 2 × 3.141 2
𝑔1 =
̅̅̅ ( ) = ( ) = 9.7(𝑚/𝑠 2 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑇1 cos 0 0.756

2
∆𝑇1 2 ∆𝑙1 ∆𝜋 2 ∆𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 2
𝑔1 × √(−2 ̅ ) + ( ̅ ) + (2 ) + (
∆𝑔1 = ̅̅̅ )
𝑇1 𝑙1 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1

0.004 2 0.001 2 0.001 2 0.001 2

= 9.7 × √4 ( ) +( ) +4( ) +( ) = 0.2(𝑚/𝑠 2)
0.756 0.140 3.141 1

Then, 𝑔1 = 9.7 ± 0.2(𝑚/𝑠 2)

Hence:

𝑔1 = 9.7 ± 0.2(𝑚/𝑠 2 )

b, 𝜃2 = 10𝑜

𝑙 2𝜋 2 0.140 2 × 3.141 2
𝑔2 =
̅̅̅ ( ) = 𝑜 ( ) = 9.0(𝑚/𝑠 2)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 𝑇2 cos 10 0.790
 2
∆𝑇2 2 ∆𝑙2 ∆𝜋 2 ∆𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 2
𝑔2 × √(−2 ̅ ) + ( ̅ ) + (2 ) + (
∆𝑔2 = ̅̅̅ )
𝑇2 𝑙2 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2

0.009 2 0.001 2 0.001 2 0.001 2

= 9.0 × √4 ( ) +( ) +4( ) +( 𝑜 ) = 0.2(𝑚/𝑠 2)
0.790 0.140 3.141 cos 10

Then, 𝑔2 = 9.0 ± 0.2(𝑚/𝑠 2)

Hence:

𝑔2 = 9.0 ± 0.2(𝑚/𝑠 2)

c, 𝜃3 = 20𝑜

𝑙 2𝜋 2 0.140 2 × 3.141 2
𝑔3 =
̅̅̅ ( ) = ( ) = 9.9(𝑚/𝑠 2)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃3 𝑇3 cos 20𝑜 0.772

2
∆𝑇3 2 ∆𝑙3 ∆𝜋 2 ∆𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃3 2
𝑔3 × √(−2
∆𝑔3 = ̅̅̅ ) + ( ) + (2 ) + ( )
𝑇̅3 𝑙̅3 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃3

0.007 2 0.001 2 0.001 2 0.001 2

= 9.9 × √4 ( ) +( ) +4( ) +( 𝑜
) = 0.2(𝑚/𝑠 2)
0.772 0.140 3.141 cos 20

Then, 𝑔3 = 9.9 ± 0.2(𝑚/𝑠 2)

Hence:

𝑔3 = 9.9 ± 0.2(𝑚/𝑠 2)

d, 𝜃4 = 40𝑜

𝑙 2𝜋 2 0.140 2 × 3.141 2
𝑔4 =
̅̅̅ ( ) = ( ) = 9.1(𝑚/𝑠 2 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃4 𝑇4 cos 40𝑜 0.892

2
∆𝑇4 2 ∆𝑙4 ∆𝜋 2 ∆𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃4 2
𝑔4 × √(−2 ̅ ) + ( ̅ ) + (2 ) + (
∆𝑔4 = ̅̅̅ )
𝑇4 𝑙4 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃4
 0.014 2 0.001 2 0.001 2 0.001 2
= 9.1 × √4 ( ) +( ) +4( ) +( ) = 0.3(𝑚/𝑠 2)
0.892 0.140 3.141 cos 40𝑜

Then, 𝑔4 = 9.1 ± 0.3(𝑚/𝑠 2)

Hence:

𝑔4 = 9.1 ± 0.3(𝑚/𝑠 2)

e, 𝜃5 = 60𝑜

𝑙 2𝜋 2 0.140 2 × 3.141 2
𝑔5 =
̅̅̅ ( ) = 𝑜 ( ) = 8.0(𝑚/𝑠 2)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃5 𝑇5 cos 60 1.176

2 2
∆𝑇5 ∆𝑙5 ∆𝜋 2 ∆𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃5 2
𝑔5 × √(−2 ̅ ) + ( ̅ ) + (2 ) + (
∆𝑔5 = ̅̅̅ )
𝑇5 𝑙5 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃5

0.010 2 0.001 2 0.001 2 0.001 2

= 8.0 × √4 ( ) +( ) +4( ) +( 𝑜
) = 0.2(𝑚/𝑠 2)
1.176 0.140 3.141 cos 60

Then, 𝑔4 = 8.0 ± 0.2(𝑚/𝑠 2)

Hence:

𝑔5 = 8.0 ± 0.2(𝑚/𝑠 2)

f, 𝜃6 = 80𝑜

𝑙 2𝜋 2 0.140 2 × 3.141 2
𝑔6 =
̅̅̅ ( ) = 𝑜
( ) = 9.0(𝑚/𝑠 2)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃6 𝑇6 cos 80 1.882

2 2
∆𝑇6 ∆𝑙6 ∆𝜋 2 ∆𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃6 2
∆𝑔6 = ̅̅̅ √
𝑔6 × (−2 ̅ ) + ( ̅ ) + (2 ) + ( )
𝑇6 𝑙6 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃6

0.016 2 0.001 2 0.001 2 0.001 2

= 9.0 × √4 ( ) +( ) +4( ) +( 𝑜 ) = 0.2(𝑚/𝑠 2)
1.882 0.140 3.141 cos 80
Then, 𝑔6 = 9.0 ± 0.2(𝑚/𝑠 2)

Hence:

𝑔6 = 9.0 ± 0.2(𝑚/𝑠 2)

Experimental Report 5

INVESTIGATION OF TORSIONAL VIBRATION

Name: Võ Khôi Thành Sơn Verification of the instructors

Student ID: 20202768

Group: 04

Class: CTTT-TĐH-01-K65
I. EXPERIMENT MOTIVATIONS.
- Verifying the linear relationship between  and  .
- Understanding about the moment of inertia, torsion modulus...
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND.
If a body is regarded as a continuum, and if 𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗0 and 𝑟⃗ denote the position
vector of a point p in the undeformed and deformed states of the body, then for
small displacement vectors:
𝑢
⃗⃗ = 𝑟⃗ − 𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗0 = (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ) (1)
𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑘
and the deformation tensor 𝜀⃗ is: 𝜀𝑖𝑘 = −
𝑑𝑥𝑘 𝑑𝑥𝑖

The forces d𝐹⃗ which act on a volume element of the body, the edges of the
element being cut parallel to the coordinate planes, are described by the stress
tensor 𝜎⃗ :
𝑑𝐹⃗
𝜎⃗ = (2)
𝑑𝐴

Hooke’s law: 𝜎 = 𝐸 , where E is elastic modulus.

The angular restoring torque or torsion modulus Dτ can be determined:
 𝜏𝑧 = Dτ.𝜃 (3)
𝑑𝐿 𝑑
Rotary motion: 𝜏 = = (𝐼𝑧 , 𝜔) (4)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝜃 𝐷𝜏
Combination eq. 3 and 4: + =0 (5)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐼𝑧

𝐼𝑧
The period of this vibration is: T = 2𝜋√ (6)
𝐷𝜏

III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

- Step 1: Assemble the steel rod on the torsion apparatus.

- Step 2: Use the spring balance of force to turn the disk being deflected an angle
φ.
- Step 3: Record the value of force F shown on the spring balance and the distance
of the lever arm.
- Step 4: Pull out to turn the disk being deflected an angle φ, then let it vibration
and use the stopwatch to determine the vibration period.

IV. EXPERIMENT RESULTS

1, Measurement of Force (F)

a. 1  10

Trial r (m) F (N)

1 0,10
2 0,11
3 0.100 0,12
4 0,10
5 0,11
𝐹̅1 = 0,11 (N)
∑5 (𝐹𝑖 −𝐹
̅̅̅̅
1)
2
√𝑖=1
r  0.001 5
∆𝐹1 = = 0,003 (N)
√5

𝜏̅1 = 𝐹̅1 𝑟 = 0,11 × 0,100 = 0,011 (Nm)

∆𝑟 ∆𝐹 2 2 0,001 0,003 2 2
∆𝜏1 =𝜏̅1 × √( ) + ( ̅̅̅1 ) = 0,011 √( ) + ( ) = 0,003 (Nm)
𝑟 𝐹1 0,100 0,11

b.  2  20

Trial r (m) F (N)

1 0,25
2 0,24
3 0.100 0,23
4 0,22
5 0,25
̅̅̅
𝐹2 = 0,24 (N)
∑5 (𝐹𝑖−𝐹
̅̅̅̅
2)
2
√ 𝑖=1
r  0.001 5
∆𝐹2 = = 0,005 (N)
√5

𝜏̅2 = ̅̅̅
𝐹2𝑟 = 0,24× 0,100 = 0,024 (Nm)
 ∆𝑟 2 ∆𝐹 2 0,001 2 0,005 2
∆𝜏2 =𝜏̅2 × √( ) + ( ̅̅̅2 ) =0,024 √( ) + ( ) = 0,006 (Nm)
𝑟 𝐹2 0,100 0,24

c. 3  30

Trial r (m) F (N)

1 0,40
2 0,41
3 0.100 0,39
4 0,38
5 0,40
̅̅̅
𝐹3 = 0,40 (N)
∑5 (𝐹𝑖 −𝐹
̅̅̅̅
3)
2
√ 𝑖=1
r  0.001 5
∆𝐹3 = = 0,007 (N)
√5

= ̅̅̅
𝐹3 𝑟 = 0,40× 0,100 = 0,040 (Nm)

∆𝑟 2 ∆𝐹 2 0,001 2 0,007 2
∆𝜏3 = 𝜏̅3 × √( ) + ( ̅̅̅3 ) = 0,040 √( ) + ( ) = 0,001 (Nm)
𝑟 𝐹3 0,100 0,40

2, Measurement of vibration period (T):

Tria 1  10 2  20 3  30

l T1 (s) T2 (s) T3 (s)

1 2,23 2,27 2,25

2 2,27 2,28 2,27

3 2,25 2,28 2,23

4 2,26 2,22 2,25

5 2,25 2,28 2,29

𝑇̅1 = 2,25 (s) 𝑇̅2 = 2,27 (s) 𝑇̅3 = 2,26 (s)

 ∑5 (𝐹𝑖−𝐹
̅̅̅̅
1)
2 ∑5 (𝐹𝑖 −𝐹
̅̅̅̅
2)
2 ∑5 (𝐹𝑖 −𝐹
̅̅̅̅
3)
2
√ 𝑖=1 √𝑖=1 √ 𝑖=1
5 5 5
∆𝑇1 = ∆𝑇2 = ∆𝑇3 =
√5 √5 √5

= 0,01 (s) = 0,01 (s) = 0,01 (s)

̅̅̅
𝑇 ̅̅̅
1+ 𝑇 ̅̅̅
2 +𝑇 2,25+2,27+2,26
𝑇̅ = 3
= = 2,26 (s)
3 3
∆𝑇1 +∆𝑇2 +∆𝑇3 0,01+0,01+0,01
∆𝑇 = = = 0,01 (𝑠)
3 3

V. DATA PROCESSING
1, Graph showing the relationship of torsion on deflection angle θ:
torque 0.045
y = 0.0015x - 0.004
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025 Series1
0.02 Linear (Series1)
0.015
0.01
0.005
0 angle
0 10 20 30 40

Note: The uncertainty of torque is indicated by the width of rectangle ( all is

2×0.001) and the uncertainty of angle ( in degree) is indicated by the length of
rectangle ( = 2×1×2×1∕360≈ 0,001).
2, Determination of the torsion modulus D as the slope m of the above graph
and its uncertainty.
Using the above graph, we can see that:
The “best fit” line passes through the points (10; 0.011) and (30; 0.040).
∆𝜏 0,040−0,011
̅̅̅
𝐷𝜏 = = 2𝜋 = 0,083 (Nm/rad)
∆𝜃 (30−10)360

0,041−0,010
𝐷𝜏 + = 2𝜋 = 0,089 (Nm/rad)
(30−10)360
 0,039−0,012
𝐷𝜏 − = 2𝜋 = 0,077 (Nm/rad)
(30−10)360

𝐷𝜏 + − 𝐷𝜏 − 0,089−0,077
∆𝐷𝜏 = = = 0,006 (Nm/rad)
2 2

Hence
𝐷𝜏 = 0,083 ± 0,006 (Nm/rad)

3, Calculation of the moment of inertia of the long rod

2
Iz  T 
We have T  2  I z  D   
D  2 
2
𝑇̅ 2.26 2
𝐼̅𝑧 = ̅̅̅
𝐷𝜏 ( ) = 0.083 ( ) = 11 × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2 )
2𝜋 2𝜋

∆𝑇 2 ∆𝐷𝑧 2 ∆𝜋 2
∆𝐼𝑧 = 𝐼̅𝑧 √(2 ) + ( ) + (−2 )
𝑇̅ 𝐷𝑧 𝜋

3√
0.01 2 0.006 2 0.01 2
= 11 × 10 (2 ) +( ) + (−2 )
2.26 0.083 3.14

Hence
𝐼𝑧 = (11 ± 1) × 10−3(𝑘𝑔𝑚2)
 Experimental Report 6

DETERMINATION OF SOUND WAVELENGTH AND VELOCITY USING STANDING

WAVE PHENOMENON

Name: Võ Khôi Thành Sơn Verification of the instructors

Student ID: 20202768

Group: 04

Class: CTTT-TĐH-01-K65

I. EXPERIMENT MOTIVATIONS
-Determine sound wavelength and velocity using standing wave phenomenon.
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Considering a suitable initial moment 𝒕 so that the incoming wave with frequency
𝒇 making an oscillation at point N in form:
𝒙𝟏𝑵 = 𝒂𝟎 . 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒕 (1)
where a0 is the amplitude of the wave.
Because of N does not move (𝑥𝑁 = 0) then the reflective wave also creates
an oscillation of which phase is opposite at N.
𝒙𝟐𝑵 = −𝒂𝟎 . 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒕 (2)
It means that the algebraic sum of two oscillation is equal to 0 at N:
𝒙𝑵 = 𝒙𝟏𝑵 + 𝒙𝟐𝑵 = 𝟎 (3)
On the other hand, considering at point M which is separated from point a
distance of: y=MN
Let the velocity of sound traveling in the air is v, then the phase of the
coming wave at M will be earlier than at N
𝒚
In this case, the phase difference is denoted as: 𝛥𝒕 =
𝒗

The oscillation made by the incoming wave at M at moment t is the

𝑦
same as at N at moment 𝑡 +
𝑣
 Then, we have:
𝒚
𝒙𝟏𝑴 = 𝒂𝟎 . 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝝅𝒇 (𝒕 − ) (4)
𝒗

In opposite, the oscillation made by the reflected wave at M will be later

than that at N
𝑦
with an amount of :
𝑣
𝒚
𝒙𝟐𝑴 = −𝒂𝟎 . 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝝅𝒇 (𝒕 − ) (5)
𝒗
Using a trigonometric identity to simplify, the resultant wave equation
will be:
𝒚
𝒙𝑴 = 𝒙𝟏𝑴 + 𝒙𝟐𝑴 = 𝟐𝒂𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝝅𝒇 ( ) . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒕 (6)
𝒗
The sound wavelength λ (in meters) is related with the frequency f as
the follows:
𝒗
𝝀=
𝒇 (7)
The amplitude of the resultant wave at M is
𝒚
𝒂 = |𝟐𝒂𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝝅 ( )| (8)
𝝀
Hence:
• The positions of nodes where the amplitude equals to zero are
corresponding to
𝒚 𝝀
𝟐𝝅 ( ) = 𝒌𝝅 𝒐𝒓 𝒚 = 𝒌. ( )
𝝀 𝟐 (9)
where k = 0,1,2,3,…

• The positions of antinodes where the amplitude is maximum are

corresponding to
𝒚 𝝅 𝝀
𝟐𝝅 ( ) = (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏). 𝒐𝒓 𝒚 = (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏). ( )
𝝀 𝟐 𝟒 (10)
where k = 0,1,2,3,…

It can be seen from eq. (9) and (10) that the distance between two
𝝀
conjugative nodes or antinodes is , that is:
𝟐
 𝝀
𝒅 = 𝒚𝒌+𝟏 − 𝒚𝒌 =
𝟐 (11)
Therefore, if the water column in the glass tube is adjusted so that the
distance L between

its open-end and point N is determined as:

𝝀 𝝀
𝑳 = 𝒌. ( ) + ( )
𝟐 𝟒
where k=0,1,2,3,… (12)
- The equation of wavelength (λ):

λ =2 (𝐿2 − 𝐿1 ) (m)
- L2 , L1 : position of two antinodes

- The equation of the speed of sound (v)

v = λ.f (m/s)

- The speed of sound at temperature (T):

v = v0 √1 + αT (m/s)
-v=332m/s: the speed of sound at T=0
- α=1/273 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 −1
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

- Step 1: Switch the frequency knob on the surface of the base-box

to the position of 500Hz.
- Step 2: Turn slowly the crank to move up the pistol and
simultaneously observe the movement of ampere meter’s hand
until it get the maximum deviation.
- Step 3: Record the position L1 of the piston corresponding to the
maximum deviation of ampere meter’s hand in the table 1 of the
report sheet.
- Step 4: Continue to move up the piston and observe the
movement of the micro ampere meter’s hand until it gets the
position of maximum deviation once again.
- Step 5: Again, record the second position L2 in the piston in table
1.
- Step 6: Repeat the experimental from step 2 to 5 for more four
times.
- Step 7: perform again all the procedure (from 1 to 6)
corresponding to the frequency of 600Hz and 700Hz.
The measurement results is recorded in the table 2 and 3
respectively.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Table 1
 𝑓1 = 500 ± 1𝐻𝑧
Trail 𝐿1(𝑚𝑚) 𝐿2(𝑚𝑚) 𝑑1 = 𝐿2 − 𝐿1 (𝑚𝑚)
1 166 516 350
2 167 518 351
3 167 519 352
4 167 519 352
5 165 517 352
d1 = 351(mm)
∑5i=1(di − d1 )2
𝑠. 𝑑 = √ =1
5
𝑠.𝑑
Δd1 = ≈ 𝑆. 𝐷 ≈ ≈ 0.4(𝑚𝑚)
√5

Table 2
𝑓1 = 600 ± 1𝐻𝑧
Trail 𝐿1(𝑚𝑚) 𝐿2(𝑚𝑚) 𝑑1 = 𝐿2 − 𝐿1 (𝑚𝑚)
1 136 429 293
2 136 428 292
3 137 428 291
4 136 430 294
5 137 430 293
d1 = 293 (mm)
∑5i=1(di − d1 )2
𝑠. 𝑑 = √ =1
5
𝑠.𝑑
Δd1 = ≈ 𝑆. 𝐷 ≈ ≈ 0.4(𝑚𝑚)
√5

Table 3
𝑓1 = 700 ± 1𝐻𝑧
Trail 𝐿1(𝑚𝑚) 𝐿2(𝑚𝑚) 𝑑1 = 𝐿2 − 𝐿1 (𝑚𝑚)
 1 108 361 253
2 108 358 250
3 107 357 250
4 108 357 249
5 109 359 250
d1 = 250(mm)
∑5i=1(di − d1 )2
𝑠. 𝑑 = √ =1
5
𝑠.𝑑
Δd1 = ≈ 𝑆. 𝐷 ≈ ≈ 0.4(𝑚𝑚)
√5

V. DATA PROCESSING
1, Calculation of Average Value and Absolute Error of Wavelength.

a.𝑓1 = 500 ± 1𝐻𝑧:

𝜆1 = 2 ⋅ 𝑑1 =2x351 =702 (mm) = 702x10−3 (m)

𝛥𝜆1 = √(2. 𝛥𝑑1 )2 = √4( 0.4)2 = 0.8 (mm) = 0.8 x10−3 (m)

Hence:

𝜆1 = (702.0±0.8) x10−3 (m)

b.𝑓2 = 600 ± 1𝐻𝑧:

𝜆2 = 2 ⋅ 𝑑2 = 2 x 293 = 586 (mm)= 586 x10−3 (𝑚)

 𝛥𝜆2 = √(2𝛥𝑑2 )2 = 0.8 (mm)= 0.8 x10−3 (𝑚)

Hence:

2  (586.0±0.8) x10−3 (m)

c.𝑓3 = 700 ± 1𝐻𝑧:

𝜆3 = 2 ⋅ 𝑑3 = 2 x 250 = 500 (mm) = 500x10−3 (m)

𝛥𝜆3 = √(2𝛥𝑑3 )2 = 0.8 (mm)= 0.8x10−3 (m)

Hence:

𝜆3 = (500.0±0.8) x10−3 (m)

2, Calculation of Average Value and Absolute Error of Sound Velocity.

a. 𝑓1 = 500 ± 1𝐻𝑧

𝑣1 = 𝜆1 ⋅ 𝑓1 =702 x 10−3 x500 = 351 (m/s)

 𝛥𝜆1 2 𝛥𝑓1 2
⇒ 𝛥𝑣1 = 𝑣1 √( ) +( )
𝜆1 𝑓1

0.8 2 1 2
= 351√( ) + ( ) =0.8(m/s)
702 500

Hence:

𝑣1 = (351.0±0.8) x10−3 (m/s)

b. 𝑓2 = 600 ± 1𝐻𝑧
𝑣2 = 𝜆2 ⋅ 𝑓2 =586 x 600 x 10−3 = 352 (m/s)

𝛥𝜆2 2 𝛥𝑓2 2
⇒ 𝛥𝑣2 = 𝑣2 √( ) +( ) =
𝜆2 𝑓2

0.8 2 1 2
352√( ) + ( ) =0.8(m/s)
586 600

Hence:

𝑣2 = (352.0±0.8) x10−3 (m/s)

c. 𝑓3 = 700 ± 1𝐻𝑧

𝑣3 = 𝜆3 ⋅ 𝑓3 =500x10−3 x700= 350 (m/s)

𝛥𝜆3 2 𝛥𝑓3 2
⇒ 𝛥𝑣3 = 𝑣3 √( ) +( )
𝜆3 𝑓3

0.8 2 1 2
= 350√( ) + ( ) =0.8(m/s)
500 700

Hence:

𝒗𝟑 = (350.0±𝟎. 𝟖) 𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟑 (m/s)

3, Theoretical velocity of sound wave and experimental values.

Theoretically, the velocity of sound wave at a temperature T can be

calculated as follows:
𝑣 = 𝑣0 ⋅ √1 + 𝛼. 𝑇

At room temperature T= 30:

 30
𝑣 = 332√1 + = 349.8 (m/s)
273

=>Conclusion: By comparing 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 to 𝑣, we can

conclude that the experiment values are acceptable
because they approximate to theoretical values.