Practical Research 1

Quarter 3 – Module 11:

Plagiarism and Paraphrasing
Practical Research 1
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 11: Plagiarism and Paraphrasing
First Edition, 2020

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Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 – Module 11
Plagiarism and Paraphrasing

Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-bystep
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
 Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here
to help you master types of plagiarism and proper paraphrasing. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Types of Plagiarism

• Lesson 2 – Proper Paraphrasing

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. cite related literature using standard style

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 What I Know
Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answers on your notebook.
1. What is the best paraphrase of the following sentence? “A type of shark
called a shortfin mako can leap 20 feet above the surface of the water.”
a. The shortfin mako shark can jump above the surface of water.
b. A shark can leap 20 feet out of the water, it is called a shortfin mako.
c. A shortfin mako is a kind of shark that can leap 20 feet out of the
water.
2. Which is the best paraphrase of the following sentence? “Deserts cover one
fifth of the surface of the Earth.”
a. Deserts cover one fifth of the Earth.
b. One fifth of the Earth's surface is desert.
c. Deserts cover one fifth of the Earth.
3. What is the best paraphrase of the following sentence? “Brazil is the largest
country in South America and Suriname is the smallest.”
a. Suriname and Brazil the largest and smallest countries in Brazil.
b. The two countries of Brazil and Suriname are two countries in Brazil.
c. The biggest country in South America is Brazil, while the tiniest is
Suriname.
4. Choose the best paraphrase of this sentence: “Tashkent, the capital of
Uzbekistan, has been an important market and trading place for hundreds of
years.”
a. The Uzbekistan capital city of Tashkent has been a major market and
trading place for centuries.
b. Tashkent and Uzbekistan are important places to trade hundreds of
things in the market.
c. For hundreds of years, Tashkent has been the capital of Uzbekistan
and trading places now is important for the market.
5. Which is the best paraphrase of the following sentence? “Dragonflies have six
legs, but they can’t walk.”
a. Dragonflies have six legs but cannot walk, and I think that this is odd.
b. Even though they have six legs, dragonflies can’t walk.
c. Although Dragonflies have six legs, they cannot walk at all

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 Lesson

1 Types of Plagiarism

Responsible writing is necessary for writing academic text (Louw, 2017). As a novice
researcher, you need to take note that you ought to be responsible for the things
that you write in your research. One of the elements in writing responsibly is through
proper citation both in-text and reference citation. Aside from it, it is proper to list
your sources on the information that you are bringing out. Furthermore, you need
to give proper credit to the author by acknowledging his or her ideas. Nonetheless,
you are avoiding plagiarism that is usually done when you quote words or ideas
created or first used by others. By doing it, your readers can track down the sources
that you utilized by citing them properly through footnotes, bibliography, or
reference list.

What’s In

Read each statement carefully. Write T if the citation is correct, F if otherwise. Write
your answers on your notebook.

1. We can just copy from others work when we make research.

2. It is important to know paraphrasing to properly cite others works.
3. All articles in the internet can be copied without acknowledging the original
author.
4. We cannot commit plagiarism if we take use ideas from our previous work.
5. Original ideas need to be paraphrased and properly cited.

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 Notes to the Teacher
This module prepares the students to make their own literature
review by knowing the types of plagiarism, paraphrasing, APA 6 th

edition in -text, and reference citation style in presenting written

review of literature.

What’s New

4
The misAdventures of Bok and Nonoy

Do you have a similar experience with Nonoy? Not that a skeleton has risen from the
grave but on copying something whether intentional or unintentional from others'
work and making it as your own? We call this plagiarism. Even though this may
sound so simple, but to tell you, plagiarism is a serious academic matter
(Shahabuddin, 2003). Some call it an intellectual robbery wherein you rob others'
work (Bahadori & Hoseinpourfard, 2012). Well, very serious isn’t it? But do not
worry, we can overcome those academic mistakes.

What is It

To properly cite your sources, you need to learn first the types of plagiarism.
Plagiarism is often committed when you use words and ideas without making credit
to the person who formulated it, making those words and ideas your own (Sulaiman,
2018).
Types of Plagiarism:

1. Direct Plagiarism. This type of plagiarism is committed when you copy word-
forword a section of others’ works without quotation marks (Roig, 2002).

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Example
The stage of dialogue was the action of conversation. On this manner, the incident
was immediately addressed and effects were identified.
from the research titled, “The Die is Cast: Experiences of Novice Teachers in Handling Verbal
Bullying Incidents in a Middle School” written by Dexter V. Fernandez, MAED. and Arnel T.
Sicat, Ph.D.

This is the proper way of citing a direct quotation.

“The stage of dialogue was the action of conversation. On this manner, the incident
was immediately addressed and effects were identified”.

2. Self-Plagiarism. This plagiarism is often committed when you mix your

previous works to come up with new article without proper citation and permission
to the teacher you previously submitted the work (Helgesson & Eriksson, 2014;
Plagiarism.org, 2011).
Example
You submitted a research for manner novice teachers handle verbal
Practical Research 1
bullying
The occurrence of verbal bullying was a
incidents.
typical scenario in middle school. This A year later, you submitted it again
in Practical Research 2
kind of abuse was commonly committed
The occurrence of verbal bullying was a
by students towards their peers. With the
typical scenario in middle school. This
literature about this matter, little less

From the research titled, “The Die is Cast:

Experiences of Novice Teachers in Handling
Verbal Bullying Incidents in a Middle School”
written by Dexter V. Fernandez, MAED. and
Arnel T. Sica t, Ph.D.

3. Mosaic Plagiarism. It is committed when you take phrases from a source without
using quotation marks or citation; thus, you just find synonyms to the authors’
words while keeping the same though as it is in the original (Roka, 2017).

has been conducted about the kind of abuse was commonly

committed by students towards their

6
peers. With the literature about this
matter, little less has been conducted
about the manner novice teachers
handle verbal bullying incidents.
Example
A research taken from the Internet
The occurrence of verbal bullying was a
typical scenario in middle school. This
kind
of abuse was commonly committed by
students towards their peers. With the
study investigated the practices of novice
teachers in handling bullying in a middle
school.
From the research titled, “The Die is Cast:
Experiences of Novice Teachers in Handling
Verbal Bullying Incidents in a Middle School”
written by Dexter V. Fernandez, MAED. and
Arnel T. Sicat, Ph.D.
Plagiarized
The event of verbal bullying was a
common situation in secondary school.
This kind of abuse was commonly
committed by students towards their
classmates. With the literature about
this matter, little less has been

literature about this matter, little less conducted about the manner new
has teachers handle verbal bullying
incidents. Thus, this phenomenological
been conducted about the manner novice
study investigated the practices of novice
teachers han dle verbal bullying
teachers in handling bullying in a
incidents. Thus, this phenomenological
secondary school.
4. Accidental Plagiarism. This is committed when unintentionally neglected to cite a
source or quoted by using similar words or sentence structure. This can be avoided
through responsible writing and running your work in an initial plagiarism test
available in internet (Learning Services Writing Center, 2018).

What’s More

Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answers on your notebook.

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 1. What do you call type of plagiarism that happens when you read, cite others
work and put them on your research without proper citation?
a. mosaic plagiarism
b. direct plagiarism
c. self-plagiarism
2. How direct plagiarism is committed?
a. copying word-for-word of others’ work
b. properly citing other work from the internet
c. mentioning others idea supported with citation
3. How can we avoid self-plagiarism?
a. using intuition when citing from others work
b. properly citing your previous work
c. following personal way of making citation
4. What do you call a plagiarism that is committed when the researcher directly
cites a research without proper citation?
a. mosaic plagiarism
b. self-plagiarism
c. direct citation
5. How can we avoid plagiarism?
a. using intuition when citing from others work
b. being aware of the different types of plagiarism
c. following personal way of making citation

What I Have Learned

Read the statements carefully. Write T if the statement is True, F if
otherwise. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. Self-plagiarism is committed when unintentionally neglected to cite a source
or quoted by using similar words or sentence structure.
2. Direct plagiarism is committed when you take phrases from a source without
using quotation marks or citation.

8
 3. Accidental plagiarism can be avoided through responsible writing and running
your work in an initial plagiarism test available in internet.
4. Accidental plagiarism is committed when you mix your previous works to
come up with new article without proper citation and permission to the
teacher you previously submitted the work.
5. Self-plagiarism is committed when you copy word-for-word a section of others’
works without quotation marks.

What I Can Do
Read each statement carefully. Identify the type of plagiarism being asked in each
item. Write your answers on your notebook.

1. What do you call the plagiarism that happens when you buy a paper from a
student in another section then submit it to your teacher?
2. What is the type of plagiarism that is committed when you resulted to ask a
friend to help you out by copying all his work?
3. This plagiarism happens when you mix your previous works to come up with
new article without proper citation.
4. This plagiarism is committed when unintentionally neglected to cite a source
or quoted by using similar words or sentence structure.

5. This plagiarism happens when you get parcels of other work and paste them
as one article.

Assessment

9
Read each statement carefully. Write T if the statement is True, F if otherwise. Write
your answer on your notebook.
1. Direct plagiarism happens borrow an essay made by your best friend and
then submit it as your own work.
2. Mosaic plagiarism happens when You borrow an essay made by your best
friend and then submit it as your own work.
3. Self-plagiarism happens when you hand in an essay for one subject that you
have already submitted for another.
4. Direct plagiarism is committed when you download an article from the
internet and submit it to your teacher.
5. Accidental plagiarism happens when you copy down exact sentences or
paragraphs from others’ work.
6. Direct plagiarism is committed when you have read an idea that you really
like and put it in your own essay.
7. Accidental plagiarism happens when you have unintentionally come up with
sentence related to others.
8. Mosaic plagiarism happens when you copy every line of others work.
9. Self-plagiarism is committed when you find a great source for research on the
internet then put it on your essay.
10. Accidental plagiarism happens when you take information from an outside
source and presenting it as your own.

Additional Activities

Search for ten (10) words in the box that are related to plagiarism. Write your answers
on your notebook.

S Y N O N Y M S O N R D I

I M O S A I C G A T I I N

C I T A T I O N O D Q R Q

C R E D I T L M N A R E U

A C C I D E N T A L E C O

10
 S T R U C T U R E A D T T

C E R C O P I E D L E M E

P L A G I A R I Z E D T E

1. ___________________________ 6. ___________________________

2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________
5. ___________________________
7. ___________________________
8. ___________________________
9. ___________________________
10. __________________________

Lesson

2 Proper Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is the answer for us not to fall to any type of plagiarism (Wallwork,
2011). However, this needs your attention to learn the competencies in achieving
proper paraphrasing. Careful reading, in-depth comprehension, and good writing are
the skills you need to improve for you to come up with good paraphrased sentences.

What’s In

Read each statement carefully. Write T if the statement is True, F if otherwise. Write
your answer on your notebook.
1. Direct plagiarism happens when you have read an idea that you really like and
put it in your own essay.
2. Self-plagiarism happens when you have unintentionally come up with sentence
related to others.

11
3. Mosaic plagiarism happens when you hand in an essay where almost every line
is copied.
4. Accident plagiarism happens when you find a great source for research on the
internet then put it on your essay.
5. Accident plagiarism happens when information from an outside was
unintentionally the same.

Notes to the Teacher

This module prepares the students to make their own literature
review by knowing the types of plagiarism, paraphrasing, APA 6 th

edition in -text, and reference citation style in presenting written

review of literature.

What’s New

12
The misAdventures of Bok and Nonoy

Is there anything wrong with the action of Nonoy? Well, he misinterpreted what his
Nanay told him. He thought that doing something productive was the same as doing
what he liked the most. If you are going to paraphrase what his Nanay told him,
would you think he might understand it? Let us do paraphrasing!

What is It

The big question now is how to paraphrase? There is no perfect way of paraphrasing
a sentence or paragraph. It is because it will depend on the manner you understand
what you have read. So, what you need is a better understanding. Below is the
suggested way for you to come up with good paraphrasing.

Five (5) Ways to Paraphrase

1. Take time to read. Careful reading of the text enables you to grasp the meaning
of the sentence you are going to paraphrase. It is recommended to read it three times
or even more. This is to give you enough time to comprehend the meaning of what
you are reading (University of New England, 2020).
2. Take note of the key points. This is done through highlighting or listing the
points or ideas presented in the text that you are reading. Through this, you will see

13
the things that the author wanted to impart in his or her write ups. However, for you
as a reader, those will also be the bases on how you will explain the ideas that were
presented (Chi & Nguyen, 2017).

3. Rewrite what you have read but use your own words. Rewriting what you have
read does not mean you will just copy it. Nevertheless, you are going to write what
you have read based from what you have understood from it. However, you need to
be careful not to eliminate the ideas of what you have paraphrased (Oshima, 1999).

4. Compare what you have written with the original text. Through this, you may
be able to see the similarities and difference between the original text and what you
have paraphrased. You need to remember that the paraphrased sentence or
paragraph has structural difference from the original even the choice of words.
However, the thought presented in the original text must not be different from the
paraphrased text.

5. Make citation. There are so many citation styles available to you. But, always
refer back to what is prescribed to you by the organization or institution you are
writing. If they prescribe you to use a particular citation style, then you need to follow
that standard. For example, many colleges and universities in the Philippines use
American Psychological Association (APA) 6 th edition citation style. On the other
hand, in the Department of Education (DepEd), they use DepEd Manual of Style and
Chicago Manual of Style.

Let us paraphrase these:

Original
The occurrence of verbal bullying was a typical scenario in middle school. This kind of
abuse was commonly committed by students towards their peers.
Paraphrase
Verbal bullying is common in high school. Students usually commit this towards their
classmates.

Another example
Original
The interview was directed to the five (5) novice teachers who were identified through
criterion sampling.
Paraphrase
Five new teachers are chosen to be participants through criterion sampling.

14
 What’s More

Read each statement carefully. Write T if the statement is True, F if otherwise. Write
your answers on your notebook.
1. To come up with a good paraphrased sentence, you need to be careful in
reading for you to grasp the meaning of the sentence you are going to
paraphrase.
2. You don’t need to highlight or list the points or ideas presented in the text that
you are reading.
3. Rewriting is an additional work. You need to be contented with what you have
paraphrased even it is wrong.
4. You need to remember that the paraphrased sentence or paragraph has
structural difference from the original even the choice of words.
5. There are so many citation styles available to you. It is important to refer back
to what is prescribed by your organization or institution.

What I Have Learned

Read and paraphrase the following statements. Write your answers
on your notebook.

1. Her life spanned years of incredible change for women as they gained more
rights than ever before.
2. Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay, and they can consume 75 pounds of food
a day.
3. Any trip to Italy should include a visit to Tuscany to sample the region's
exquisite wines.
4. Symptoms of influenza include fever and nasal congestion.
5. The price of a resort vacation typically includes meals, tips and equipment
rentals, which makes your trip more cost-effective.

15
adopted from https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-paraphrasing.html

What I Can Do
Read and paraphrase the following statements. Write your answers
on your notebook.

1. Flu symptoms include nasal congestion and fever.

2. He needs to throw a lot of things.
3. This brand has been preferred by most professional plumbers.
4. This product can breakdown excess body fat, thus help in shedding some
pounds.
5. Uploading a Youtube video can help your business be exposed even further to
the online.
adopted from https://www.behance.net/paraphrexample

Assessment

Read and paraphrase the following statements. Write your answers on your
notebook.

1. The boy quickly ran across the finish line, seizing yet another victory.
2. Puppies were adopted by numerous kind souls at the puppy drive.
3. While I understand where you’re coming from, and truly respect your
opinion, I wish you would express yourself more clearly, like Clara does.
4. The older citizens were honored with a parade for those once in the military.
5. She angered me with her inappropriate comments, rumor-spreading, and
disrespectfulness at the formal dinner table.
adopted from https://literaryterms.net/paraphrase/

Additional Activities

16
Search for ten (10) words in the box that are related to plagiarism. Write your answers
on your notebook.
P A R A P H R A S E R D I

I M O S A I C G A R E A D

K E Y P O I N T S D Q R Q

C O M P A R E W R I T E U

T E X T D E R E W R I T E

S T R U N D E R S T A N D

C O M P R E H E N D E M E

G R A S P A R I Z E D T E

1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________
5. ___________________________
6. ___________________________
7. ___________________________
8. ___________________________
9. ___________________________
10. __________________________

17
Lesson 1

Lesson 2

References
Bahadori, M., & Hoseinpourfard, M. (2012). Plagiarism: Concepts, factors and
solutions. Iranian Journal of Military Medicine, 14(3), 168–177.

Chi, D., & Nguyen, X. (2017). Paraphrasing in academic writing: A case study of
Vietnamese learners of English. Language Education in Asia, 8(1), 9–24.
https://doi.org/10.5746/LEiA/17/V8/I1/A02/Na

DCU Library. (2017). APA style of citing and referencing.

FANSHAWE Library and Media Services. (2018). APA 6th edition.

George Brown College. (2014). APA In-text citations frequently. Tutoring and Learning
Centre. Retrieved from
https://www.georgebrown.ca/uploadedFiles/TLC/_documents/APA FAQ
Citations.pdf

Hacker, D. (2010). Guide to APA In-text citations.

Retrieved from http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/p04_c09_s1.html

Helgesson, G., & Eriksson, S. (2014). Plagiarism in research. Medicine Health Care
and Philosophy, (July), 262–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-014-9583-8

Indiana Wesleyan University. (2019). APA 6e guide: Based on publication manual of

the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.

Learning Services Writing Center. (2018). Six common types of plagiarism.

Louw, H. (2017). Defining plagiarism: Student and staff perceptions of a grey concept.
South African Journal of Higher Education, 31(5),
116–135. https://doi.org/10.20853/31-5-580

Oshima, H. A. (1999). Writing academic English. Retrieved from

http://www.higherscore.ca/downloads/Higher Score Free Advice 2 -
Paraphrasing.pdf

Plagiarism.org. (2011). Types of plagiarism. Retrieved from

http://www.plagiarism.org/plag_article_types_of_plagiarism.html.

Roig, M. (2002). Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing

practices: A guide to ethical writing (pp. 1–63). pp. 1–63. Retrieved from
http://web2.uconn.edu/rusling/plagiarism.pdf

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Roka, Y. B. (2017). Plagiarism: Types, causes and how to avoid this worldwide
problem. Nepal Journal of Neuroscience, 14(3), 2–6.
https://doi.org/10.3126/njn.v14i3.20517

Shahabuddin, S. (2003). Plagiarism in academia: Trends and implications.

International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 10(4), 229–
252. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2003.9714386

Sulaiman, R. (2018). Types and factors causing plagiarism in papers of English

education students. Journal of English Education, 3(1), 17–22.
https://doi.org/10.31327/jee.v3i1.471

University of New England. (2020). Paraphrasing and summarizing. Retrieved from

http://www.une.edu.au/current-students/resources/academic-
skills/factsheets

Waikato Institute of Technology. (2010). APA Referencing (6th edition). Wintec.

https://doi.org/10.1036/0070349320

Wallwork, A. (2011). English for writing research

papers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7922-3

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