GLS - Sug - GSS 613 Gis Data Acquisition

TOPIC 3:
DATA ACQUISITION IN GIS
Prepared by: Assoc. Prof. Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

“A GIS without a data like a
car without fuel - without fuel
we cannot go anywhere;
without data a GIS will not
produce any output”
Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

INTRODUCTION
• Experience indicates that in the course of any GIS project

60 to 80 % of the time required to complete the project is
involved in the input, cleaning, linking, and verification
of the data.
DATA
COLLECTIO
N
DATA DATA
CAPTURE TRANSFER

The Data Stream
DATA CAPTURE
DATA VERIFICATION
& EDITING
DATA MANIPULATION
& ANALYSIS

DATA
CAPTURE
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

CAPTURE TECHNIQUES CAPTURE TECHNIQUES
REMOTE SENSING SCANNING

MANUAL DIGITISING
FIELD SURVEYING VECTORISATION
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
COGO
Primary data sources are Secondary data source are

captured specifically for use in those reused from earlier
GIS by direct measurement studies
Classification of geographic data for data collection
purposes
RASTER VECTOR
Primary • Digital remote sensing • GPS measurements
images • Survey measurements
• Digital aerial photographs
Secondary • Scanned maps and • Topographic maps

photographs
• Digital elevation models
from maps

DATA
TRANSFER
(Obtaining data from external
sources)
Major decision that need to be faced at the start of a GIS

Project is whether to build or buy a database
GIS
BUILD? DATAB BUY?
ASE

Examples of digital data sources that can be imported into a GIS - USA

Digital Data Sources in Malaysia
Agency Data Types Website
Department of Survey and Topographic features, land www.jupem.gov.my

Mapping parcel
Satellite Image map (SIM)
Agency of Remote Sensing Satellite images www.arsm.gov.my
Malaysia LANDSAT/IKONOS/
RADARSAT
Town and Country Planning Structure, local, www.jaring.my/sepakat/j
Department development plans, landuse pbd/home.html
map
Forestry Department Forest reserves www.forestry.gov.my
Malaysia Meteorological Meteorological and www.met.gov.my

Department Climatological data
Department of Environment Environment quality (marine, www.jas.sains.my
Alam Sekitar Sdn Bhd water, air) and Climatological www.enviromalaysia.com.
Data my
Department of Geological Geology related information www.gsm.gov.my
Survey
Department of Drainage and Hydrology/Water resources agrolink.moa.my/jps
Irrigation
Department of Agriculture Soil/Land use/Soil erosion agrolink.moa.my/doa
risk/Agroclimatic
MyGDI Services
Providers/Users Users
SPDK GIS
Survey &Mapping Goverment (G)
SPTB GIS
Land & Mines MyGDI
Clearinghouse Business (B)
SUTRA
Public Work
Geolog GIS
y • Data Directory
Public (C)
Mineral & Geoscience
/Catalogue
Others GIS
Agency OTHERs • Metadata
Other User

Topologi Sistem Rangkaian bagi Perkongsian Data Geospatial
Melalui Clearinghouse MyGDI
MyGDI
Kang
ar
Alor Kota
Setar Bharu
Georgeto Kuala Kota
wn Terengganu Kinabalu
WP
Ipo Labuan
h
Kuant
an
Shah
Alam
WP Kuala
Lumpur Seremb
an
Melak
a
Johor
Bahru Legend
Kuchin
g : Clearinghouse Nasional
Clearinghouse Negeri
GEOGRAPHIC DATA FORMATS
• One of the biggest problem with data obtained from

external sources – encoded in different formats
• Many different geographic data formats because no single

format is appropriate for all task
• Many GIS software system are now able to read directly

AutoCAD DWG and DXF, Microstation DGN, Shapefile,
VPF and many other image file format.
• Direct read support can only support relatively simple

product-oriented format

POPULAR GEOGRAPHIC DATA FORMATS
Prepared by: Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

Comparison of data access by translation and direct
read

Questions that need to be address if obtain data in
digital format from another source:
⚫What data are available?
⚫What will the data cost?
⚫On what media will the data be supplied?
⚫What format will the data be in?

MALAYSIAN CONTEXT – POPULAR DATA FORMAT
⚫Vector Data ⚫Raster Data

⚪ ESRI coverage ⚪ Erdas Imagine (.img)
⚪ ArcView GIS (Shapefile)
⚪ ESRI GRID file (GRID)
⚪ AutoCAD DXF
⚪ Erdas 7.5 (GIS)
⚪ AutoCAD DWG
⚪ Tagged Image File Tiff
⚪ MAPINFO (.TAB)
⚪ GeoTIF
⚪ GIF
⚪ ERMapper
⚪ BIL
⚪ BSQ
⚪ JPEG

MALAYSIAN CONTEXT – POPULAR GIS
SOFTWARE
⚫Vector-based GIS ⚫Raster-based GIS

⚫ArcGIS ⚫ArcGIS (Spatial Analyst)
⚫ARC/INFO ⚫ARC/INFO (GRID)

⚫ERDAS IMAGINE
⚫MAPINFO
⚫Object-oriented
GIS
⚫SmallWorld GIS
⚫WinGIS

Data Collection Workflow
⚫Planning includes establishing user requirements, garnering
resources, and developing a project plan.
⚫ Preparation involves obtaining data, redrafting poor-quality map

sources, editing scanned map images, removing noise, setting up
appropriate GIS hardware and software systems to accept data.
⚫Digitizing and transfer are the stages where the majority of the
effort will be expended.
⚫Editing and improvement covers many techniques designed to

validate data, as well as correct errors and improve quality.
⚫Evaluation is the process of identifying project successes and

failures.

DATA CONVERSION - HOW
JUPEM
DIGITAL
DIGITI
DATA
? ? ? GPS
SER GIS
SOFTW
? SCAN
NER
ARE
? ?
PHOTOGRAM
METRY ? REMOTE
SENSING
TOTAL
STATION
GIS Data Source
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
REMOTE SENSING DIGITISING
GROUND SURVEY SCANNING
LiDAR
GLOBAL POSITIONING EXISTING DIGITAL

SYSTEM DATA
Types of data in GIS?
Spatial Attibute
identifier Length Nama Jalan

Vector Raster
15 Jalan Kristal 7/76
Topology Non-topology Object-oriented
FEATURES
15

GIS DATA SOURCES?

Digitizing
⚫There are three primary

methods for digitizing
spatial information:
⚪Manual Methods include:
⯍ Tablet Digitizing
⯍ Heads-up Digitizing
⚪An Automated Method

includes:
⯍ Scanning and Vectorization
On-screen digitizing

Scanning and Vectorization
⚫A document is scanned using a digital

scanner.
⚫Light is emitted onto the document, and

the reflected light is read in by a sensor.
The sensor then records the reflected
brightness to create an image
⚫Specialized software is used to convert

the scanned image into lines. This
process is called raster to vector
conversion (R2V)

PHOTOGRAMMETRY
⚫Aerial Photogrammetry is the science of
making measurements from stereo
aerial photographs taken from aircraft
⚫Current method use digital aerial

camera
⚫Typical output line maps or a 3d model

of some real-world object or scene.
⚫Many of the maps we use today are

created with photogrammetry and
photographs taken from aircraft.

Orthophoto

⚫Is the science and technology of making measurements from pictures, aerial
photographs, and images.
⚫Measurements are captured from overlapping pairs of photographs using

stereo
⚫plotters.
⚫Orientation and triangulation are fundamental photogrammetry processing

tasks.
⚪Orientation is the process of creating a stereo model suitable
for viewing and extracting 3-D vector coordinates that describe
geographic objects.
⚪Triangulation (also called ‗block adjustment‘) is used to
assemble a collection of images into a single model so that
accurate and consistent information can be obtained from
large areas.
⚫Orthoimages are images corrected for variations in terrain using a DEM.

⚫Photogrammetry is a very cost-effective data capture technique that is
sometimes the only practical method of obtaining detailed topographic data

Applications of Photogrammetry
⚫Topographic Mapping – nearly 100% of topo map

compilation of Malaysia
⚫Special purpose topographic maps –

photogrammetrically prepared at various scales
⚫Eg. Planning and designing highways, railroads,

rapid transit system, bridges, pipelines,
transmission lines, hydroelectric dams, flood
control structures, river and harbor improvement,
urban renewal projects etc.

⚫Aerial photography is equally important in medium- to large-scale
projects
⚫Photographs are normally collected by analog optical cameras and
later scanned
⚫Aerial Photographs are usually collected on an ad hoc basis
⚫Can provide stereo imagery for the extraction of digital elevation
models
⚫Advantages are
⚪ Consistency of the data
⚪ Availability of systematic global coverage
⚪ Regular repeat cycles

⚫Disadvantages are
⚪ Resolution is often too coarse
⚪ Many sensors are restricted by cloud cover

⚫Topographic Mapping – nearly 100% of topo map

compilation of Malaysia
⚫Special purpose topographic maps – photogrammetrically

prepared at various scales
⚫Eg. Planning and designing highways, railroads, rapid

transit system, bridges, pipelines, transmission
lines,hydroelectric dams, flood control structures, river and
harbor improvement, urban renewal projects etc.
⚫Newer photogrammeric products

⚪Orthoimage or orthophoto
⚪Digital Elevation Models

OUTPUT FROM DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SYSTEM
Digital Elevation Model
Aerial photo draped

onto DEM
Orthoimage
Contour
Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh (Source : Hwa, 2011)
Ground Surveying
Ground surveying is based on the
principle that the 3-D location of any
point can be
determined by measuring angles and
distances from other known points.
⚫
Traditional equipment like transits and
theodolites have been replaced by total
stations that can measure both angles
and distances to an accuracy of 1 mm
Ground survey is a very time-consuming

and expensive activity, but it is still the
best
way
Typically used for capturing buildings,

land and property boundaries, manholes,
and
other objects that need to be located
accurately.
Also employed to obtain reference marks

for use in other data capture projects
GLOBAL POSITIONING
SYSTEM (GPS)

•The NAVSTAR
(NAVigation
Satellite Timing
And Ranging)
Global
Positioning
System (GPS) is
a satellite-based
navigation
system made up
of a network of
24 satellites
placed into orbit
by the U.S.
GPS works in any weather conditions,
Department of anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day.
Defense. There are no subscription fees or setup
charges to use GPS.
Surveying with
GPS

Applications
▪ Aviation
▪ Navigation
▪ Scientific areas –
weather prediction
and oceanography
▪ Site surveying –
control survey and
setting-out to
machine control
▪ Surveying and
Mapping, on land,
at sea and from the
air.
▪ Military
Applications.
⚫GPS under the control of US Department of Defense (DoD)
⚫Development began in early 1970’s – evolved from space
programme
⚫Initially for worldwide navigation and positioning system
for military users
⚫Development of NAVSTAR (NAVigation Satellite Timing
And Ranging) began in 1973
⚪first satellite launched in 1978
⚪Fully operational in 1991

LiDAR uses laser light to
measure distances..
Airborne laser-scanning
technology is a
specialized, aircraft-
based type of LiDAR that
provides extremely
accurate, detailed 3-D
measurements of the
ground, vegetation, and
buildings.
Developed in just the
last 15 years, one of
lidar’s first commercial
uses in the United States
was to survey powerline
corridors to identify
encroaching vegetation.
LIDAR with digital
imagery - ideal
technology for the rapid
and accurate airborne LiDAR
survey of dam sites,
flood areas and
transmission line data.
(Light Detection And Ranging)
Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh (Source : Nayegandhi, 2003)
Uses for LiDAR Scanning
⚫LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging)

is an optical remote sensing technology
that measures properties of scattered
light to find range and/or other
information of a distant target.
⚪ 3D City Models
⚪ DTM of Large areas
⚪ Calculation of accurate Volumes over large areas,
- cost effective than conventional surveys
⚪ Roads / Rail and Power line routes for Planning
and Design
⚪ Bulk property valuations

3D view of Intensity Image derived from LIDAR
Bangkok New International Airport 2005
PowerLine: Tower Locations, Catenary Models
Ground and Vegetation Clearance.
(Source : Rejean, 2011)
3D Fly-Through Bentong,
Malaysia, 2006
Flood Risk Mapping Lower Manhattan (New York City) after the World Trade
Center bombing(Source : Nasa, 2011)

LiDAR mapping has many advantages over
conventional survey methods including:
Ability to penetrate tree canopy and

vegetation even in densely covered areas
Flexibility to collect data year round and day

or night
Superior accuracy due to data density that

eliminates interpolation
Rapid data collection time frame - up to 100

square miles in a single day
InSAR or IfSAR
⚫Interferometric synthetic
aperture radar, also
abbreviated InSAR or IfSAR, is
a radar technique used
in geodesy and remote sensing.
⚫This geodetic method uses two or

moresynthetic aperture
radar (SAR) images to generate
maps of surface deformation
or digital elevation, using
differences in the phase of the
waves returning to the satellite or
aircraft.

⚫The technique can potentially
measure centimetre-scale
changes in deformation over
timespans of days to years.
⚫Applications for geophysical

monitoring of natural
hazards, for example
earthquakes, volcanoes and
landslides, and also in
structural engineering, in
particular monitoring of
subsidence and structural
stability.

Satellite Remote Sensing
⚫Satellite Remote Sensing involves gathering information

about the earth's surface using satellites orbiting around
the earth. Satellite remote sensing may be done two ways:
⚪ Passive sensor systems - Contains an array of small detectors or

sensors that can detect electro-magnetic radiations emitted from the
earth's surface
⚪ Active sensor systems - The system sends out electro magnetic

radiation towards target object (s) and measures the intensity of the
return signal e.g. include Canada's RADARSAT and the European
Space Agency's (ESA) ERS-1 (ESA Remote Sensing Satellite) and
ERS-2

⚫Information is derived from measurements of the amount of
electromagnetic radiation reflected, emitted, or scattered from
objects.
⚫Resolution is a key physical characteristic of remote sensing

systems.
⚫Spatial resolution refers to the size of object that can be

resolved and the most usual measure is the pixel size.
⚫Spectral resolution refers to the parts of the electromagnetic
spectrum that are measured.
⚫Temporal resolution, or repeat cycle, describes the frequency

with which images are collected for the same area.

SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING –
GLOBAL OR REGIONAL SCALE
⚫NOAA AVHHR Advanced Very High

Resolution Radiometer
⚫MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer)
⚫Indian Regional Navigational Satellite
System (IRNSS)

Sea Surface Temperature from NOAA AVHHR – Gulf of Mexico (Source : NASA, 2011)

An image of Global Surface Temperature acquired from the NOAA/ AVHRR satellite.
Source: NASA, 2011

NOAA AVHRR IMAGERY - HAZE
HIGH - MODERATE RESOLUTION SATELLITE
SENSOR
Satellite Spatial Resolution Temporal Swath width
Sensor (m) Resolution
GeoEye-1 0.41 m panchromatic 8.3/2.8/2.1 days 15.2 km / 9.44 mi at Nadir
1.65 m multispectral
Worldview-1 0.50 1.7 days at 1 meter GSD 17.6km
or less
5.9 days at 20° off-nadir
or less (0.51 meter
GSD)
Quick-Bird 0.61 1-3.5 days, depending 16.5 Km x 16.5 Km at nadir
on latitude (30° off-
nadir)
Ikonos 1.0 meter panchromatic; 14.7, every 24 hours 11.3 kilometers at nadir; 13.8
4.0 meters multispectral kilometers at 26° off-nadir
SPOT-5 2.5/5/10 60 Km x 60 Km to 80 2-3 days, depending on

Km at nadir latitude
Aster 15/30/90 16 days 60 km
Landsat 7 15/30/60 16 days 185 km (115 mi)

IKONOS and QUICKBIRD

Use of High Resolution Satellite Data For Topographic
Mapping
Panchromatic and Multi-spectral imagery :
• QuickBird – 0.6m and 2.4m resolution
(Source : Abdul Kadir Taib, 2011)
• SPOT5 – resolution 2.5m and larger
QUICKBIRD Panchromatic (Kuala QUICKBIRD Multispectral (Kuala

Lumpur) Lumpur)
SPOT 5 Multispectral (Putrajaya)
Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh (Source : Abdul Kadir Taib, 2011)
QuickBird Image -KLCC

High Resolution Satellite – GeoEye1
Hoover Dam, Arizona
Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh Bruj Klalifa Building Dubai
REMOTE SENSING
REMOTE SENSING

SATELLITE SENSOR (e.g)
LANDSAT 7 ETM+
SPOT
IKONOS
QUICKBIRD
NOAA AVHRR
TIUNGSAT/RAZAKSAT
MODIS

Image Multi-spectral ImageThermal
LANDSAT
• oldest imagery enterprise offering satellite imagery in 1972
• Landsat launched its seventh satellite, the LANDSAT 7 satellite
which has an ETM Enhanced thematic mapper instrument on
board –April 1999
• capable of collecting 8- band multi-spectral imagery
• standard LANDSAT Worldwide Reference System which divides
the imagery of the Earth's surface into 57, 784 scenes.
• Each scene is 183 kilometers x 170 kilometers wide – 3.3
gigabits/scene

IMEJ SPOT
• SPOT usahasama Pranchis, Sweden,
dan German
• Satelit SPOT pertama di lancarkan

pada Feb 1986.
• Orbit – 26 hari
• SPOT 4 ( the fourth satellite) has 4

bands that are multi-spectral (20 m) and
1 band that is panchromatic (10 m).
• SPOT 5 – resolusi 2.5 – 5 m

SPOT IMAGE OF SHAH ALAM
LANDSAT IMAGE OF SHAH ALAM

• High Resolution satellite
• IKONOS owns by Space Imaging
• Launched on 24 Sept 1999 at IKONOS Vandenberg Air Force Base,
California.
• IKONOS offers one meter panchromatic, and four meter multi-spectral
imagery.
• IKONOS able to capture information at 90 feet below clear water

QUICKBIRD
• Launched at 18 October 2001.

• Resolutions
• 61 cm - panchromatic
• 2.5 m - multi-spectral
• Revisiting time - 1-3 days

QuickBird Image -KLCC

IMAGE NOAA AVHRR
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

(NOAA) oversee - Advanced Very High Resolution
Radiometer (NOAA AVHHR).
• NOAA AVHRR used for vegetation mapping at large

scale – country and regional
• Weather and forecasting
• Orbit NOAA AVHRR - 14 times perday (2399 km)
• Covers from visible – Infrared range
• Spatial resolution AVHRR - 1100 meters

Data Sources : SHARING and MASHING?

GLS - Sug - GSS 613 Gis Data Acquisition

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TOPIC 3:

DATA ACQUISITION IN GIS

Prepared by: Assoc. Prof. Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

• Experience indicates that in the course of any GIS project

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

REMOTE SENSING SCANNING

Primary data sources are Secondary data source are

Secondary • Scanned maps and • Topographic maps

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

Major decision that need to be faced at the start of a GIS

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

Department of Survey and Topographic features, land www.jupem.gov.my

Malaysia Meteorological Meteorological and www.met.gov.my

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

• One of the biggest problem with data obtained from

• Many different geographic data formats because no single

• Many GIS software system are now able to read directly

• Direct read support can only support relatively simple

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

Prepared by: Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

⚫What data are available?

⚫What will the data cost?

⚫On what media will the data be supplied?

⚫What format will the data be in?

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

⚫Vector Data ⚫Raster Data

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

⚫Vector-based GIS ⚫Raster-based GIS

⚫ARC/INFO ⚫ARC/INFO (GRID)

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

⚫ Preparation involves obtaining data, redrafting poor-quality map

⚫Editing and improvement covers many techniques designed to

⚫Evaluation is the process of identifying project successes and

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

REMOTE SENSING DIGITISING

GROUND SURVEY SCANNING

GLOBAL POSITIONING EXISTING DIGITAL

identifier Length Nama Jalan

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

⚫There are three primary

⚪An Automated Method

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

⚫A document is scanned using a digital

⚫Light is emitted onto the document, and

⚫Specialized software is used to convert

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

⚫Current method use digital aerial

⚫Typical output line maps or a 3d model

⚫Many of the maps we use today are

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

⚫Measurements are captured from overlapping pairs of photographs using

⚫Orientation and triangulation are fundamental photogrammetry processing

⚫Orthoimages are images corrected for variations in terrain using a DEM.

Prepared by: Assoc Prof Sr Dr Siti Aekbal Salleh

⚫Topographic Mapping – nearly 100% of topo map

⚫Special purpose topographic maps –