TUTORIAL _Fundamental Laws

 2.0 Fundamental Laws of Dynamic Mathematical Models (CO1,PO2)

• Recall the difference between Total Continuity Equation (TCE) and Component
Continuity Equation (CCE) (CO1, PO2)
• TCE & CCE on mass balance of simple chemical process (CO2, PO2)
• ApplyTCE & CCE on mass balance for constant and variable holdups.(CO2,PO2)
• Apply product rules to simplify developed equations (CO2, PO2)
 EXAMPLE 1
Stream 1 and 2 are being mixed in a well stirred tank (Figure 1), producing a mixture of
the component at stream 3. Each of the feed streams is composed of two components, A
and B with different molar concentrations (mol/m3 ) of CA1 , CB1 , and CA2 . CB2 respectively.
F1 and F2 ate the volumetric rates of the two streams (m3 / min) while T1 and T2 are their
corresponding temperatures. The C A3 , CB3 , F3 are the concentrations, flow rate and
temperature for the stream 3. In order to reach a desired temperature, T3 , a heating coil is
immersed in the liquid tank.
 SOLUTION:
(a) Develop a mathematical model that describes the total mass balance.
Assume that density is constant,perfectly mixing:
 SOLUTION:
 (b) Develop a component continuity equation of component A, (dCA/dt)
in the tank for:
(i) constant hold up (V constant):
 SOLUTION:
(ii)Variable hold up :
 SOLUTION (CONT.):
For variable hold up (V is not constant) – change in time :
Let the volume of the tank,V = 30m2 at t = 0.Find the volume of the tank at t = t.
 EXAMPLE 2
Stream 1 and 2 consist of Mw (kg/hr) of water and Mm (kg/hr) of methanol are mixed in a well –
stirred tank to produce solution at the outlet of the tank, M (kg/hr). Because of effective stirring,
the concentration of the outlet solution is the same as that within the tank.

(a) Develop a total continuity equation for the well stirred tank.
(b) Develop a component continuity equation for methanol.

Mw Mm

(kg/hr) (kg/hr)

M (kg/hr)
 SOLUTION:

kg/hr kg/hr

kg/hr
 EXAMPLE 3
A study on mixing using three tanks in series,as shown in Figure 3 has been performed.
The mixture in each of the tanks is perfectly mixed and the concentrations (mol/m3 ) at
C A0 = 2 C A1 , Cax = 0.1 C A1 , C A4 = 3C A2 and C A7 = 0.5 C A3 . Develop total continuity
equations for each tank, and develop dynamic models which describe the concentrations of
A in tank 1,2,and 3 where the concentrations are expressed in terms of C A1 ,C A2 and C A3
.
 SOLUTION:
For tank 1:
SOLUTION:
 TRY IT YOURSELF FOR TANK 2 & 3
 The solutions for tank 2 and 3 are similar to tank 1.
 Make sure your final answers are in term of C A1 ,C A2 and C A3 .