Class 10: Biology - Cell Cycle and Cell Division

1. Cells –These are the structural and functional unit of life.

2. Cytokinesis- It is the division of the cytoplasm.

3. Chromosomes-Chromosomes are the carrier of heredity. Cell has a definite

number of chromosomes in it and it is a characteristic of a species. The
shape and size of a chromosome is best seen at metaphase. During the cell
division, chromatin material recognizes to form chromosomes.

4. Crossing-over- It is the process of exchange of genetic material between the

non-sisters chromatids of the homologous chromosomes. It occurs during
meiosis.

5. Karyokinesis-It is the division of nucleus.

6. -Mitosis- It is the cell division of a cell into two identical daughter cells with
each cell having the same number of chromosomes as in parent cell. It
occurs in the somatic(body) cells. Thus, is also called as equational cell
division.

7. Meosis-It is the kind of cell division that occurs in reproductive cells to

produce the gametes. The number of chromosomes is reduced to half. Thus,
it is also called reductional division. It occurs in reproductive cells or germ
cells.

8. Synapsis. During meiosis, the pairing of homologous chromosomes takes

place which is called synapsis and the pair is called bivalent.

9. Sat-Chromosomes. Sometimes, a few chromosomes have a secondary

constriction. The part of the chromosomes beyond the secondary constriction
is called satellite .Such chromosomes are called sat chromosomes.

10.Based on the position of centromere, the chromosomes are of four types

telocentric –centromere is at the tip of the chromosome, acrocentric-
centromere is near to one end of the chromatids where one arm is longer,
submetacentric-centromere is slightly away from the centre of the
chromatids, metacentric-centromere is in the centre of the chromatid.
 ASSIGNMENT
Self evaluation test.
1. Name the following:
i-The process of exchange of genetic material between non sister cromatids.
ii-Division of cytoplasm.
iii-The stage of mitosis where chromosomes are seen upon the equator.

2. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following ;

i-Meiosis is called _____ division. Equational, reduction.
ii- __________ is the stage of mitosis in which nuclear membrane reappears.
Metaphase, telophase.
iii-During cytokinesis________ is formed in the plant cell to separate the two
daughter nuclei. Cell plate, constriction.

3. Give reasons.
i-Mitosis is called eqational division .
ii-cell division is a must for all living organisms.

4-State the difference between the following.

i-Autosomes and sex chromosomes.
ii-Cromatin and cromatid
iii-Genes and DNA

5-Draw all the stages of mitosis in an animal cell.